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Pool KR, Chazal F, Smith JT, Blache D. Estrogenic Pastures: A Source of Endocrine Disruption in Sheep Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:880861. [PMID: 35574027 PMCID: PMC9097266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.880861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens can impact on reproductive health due to their structural similarity to estradiol. Initially identified in sheep consuming estrogenic pasture, phytoestrogens are known to influence reproductive capacity in numerous species. Estrogenic pastures continue to persist in sheep production systems, yet there has been little headway in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that link phytoestrogens with compromised reproduction in sheep. Here we review the known and postulated actions of phytoestrogens on reproduction, with particular focus on competitive binding with nuclear and non-nuclear estrogen receptors, modifications to the epigenome, and the downstream impacts on normal physiological function. The review examines the evidence that phytoestrogens cause reproductive dysfunction in both the sexes, and that outcomes depend on the developmental period when an individual is exposed to phytoestrogen.
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Nakamura N, Sloper DT, Del Valle PL. Evaluation of an in vitro mouse testis organ culture system for assessing male reproductive toxicity. Birth Defects Res 2018; 111:70-77. [PMID: 30575315 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of an in vitro system capable of producing mature sperm remains a challenging goal, with only few successes reported. Such a system, could be used to test agents for potential toxicity to the male reproductive system; to explore this, we exposed immature mouse testis fragments in culture to ethinylestradiol (EE), a well-known testicular toxicant in vivo. METHODS Testis fragments from postnatal day 5 mice were cultured in Albumax I medium. After 24 hr of culture, fragments were treated with 0.01, 0.1 or 1 nM EE, then harvested after 20 days in culture and examined for histology or gene expression measures by quantitative PCR. RESULTS There was substantial variability between fragments in the degree of spermatogenesis observed. The percentage of seminiferous tubules containing any dead germ cells increased as a result of EE exposure in a dose dependent fashion. This was accompanied with a decreased percentage of tubules with round spermatids. Expression of estrogen receptor 1, cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily a, and polypeptide 1 also was reduced, depending on the dose. CONCLUSION These gene expression changes in the testis fragments are similar to those seen after animals have been exposed to EE. Gene expression changes in testis fragments are encouraging, but the variability across samples will need to be reduced for this in vitro system to become a generally applicable method for assessing testicular toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakamura
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Daniel T Sloper
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Pedro L Del Valle
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Phytochemicals Targeting Estrogen Receptors: Beneficial Rather Than Adverse Effects? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071381. [PMID: 28657580 PMCID: PMC5535874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the effects of estrogen are mainly mediated by two different estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. These proteins are members of the nuclear receptor family, characterized by distinct structural and functional domains, and participate in the regulation of different biological processes, including cell growth, survival and differentiation. The two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes are generated from two distinct genes and have partially distinct expression patterns. Their activities are modulated differently by a range of natural and synthetic ligands. Some of these ligands show agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on ER subtype and are described as selective ER modulators (SERMs). Accordingly, a few phytochemicals, called phytoestrogens, which are synthesized from plants and vegetables, show low estrogenic activity or anti-estrogenic activity with potentially anti-proliferative effects that offer nutraceutical or pharmacological advantages. These compounds may be used as hormonal substitutes or as complements in breast cancer treatments. In this review, we discuss and summarize the in vitro and in vivo effects of certain phytoestrogens and their potential roles in the interaction with estrogen receptors.
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Güven C, Dal F, Aydoğan Ahbab M, Taskin E, Ahbab S, Adin Çinar S, Sırma Ekmekçi S, Güleç Ç, Abacı N, Akçakaya H. Low dose monoethyl phthalate (MEP) exposure triggers proliferation by activating PDX-1 at 1.1B4 human pancreatic beta cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hu JL, Nie SP, Li N, Min FF, Li C, Gong D, Xie MY. Effect of gum arabic on glucose levels and microbial short-chain fatty acid production in white rice porridge model and mixed grain porridge model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6408-6416. [PMID: 24941348 DOI: 10.1021/jf501557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
White rice porridge and mixed grain porridge, which are often consumed in many countries, were used as two models to evaluate the effects of gum arabic on glucose levels and microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Gum arabic was incorporated into the two porridges individually. Apparent viscosity of the two porridges was significantly increased, and their glucose productions during gastrointestinal digestion were notably lowered (p < 0.05). Diffused glucose amount was significantly decreased after gum arabic addition (p < 0.05). Furthermore, blood glucose rise after oral administration of porridges in mice was considerably lowered after fortified with gum arabic (p < 0.05). Microbial SCFA production during in vitro fermentation of porridges was significantly increased after gum arabic addition, which may also have beneficial effects on reducing postprandial glycemic response. Therefore, gum arabic may be a helpful ingredient, which could be added in porridges to have benefits for the reduction of postprandial glycemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
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Hu JL, Nie SP, Wu QM, Li C, Fu ZH, Gong J, Cui SW, Xie MY. Polysaccharide from seeds of Plantago asiatica L. affects lipid metabolism and colon microbiota of mouse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:229-234. [PMID: 24341731 DOI: 10.1021/jf4040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. was given via oral administration to mice (0.4 g/kg body weight, 30 days) to observe its effects on mouse nutrient metabolism and colon microbiota. It was found the polysaccharide intake could lower the apparent absorption of lipid. Total triglyceride, cholesterol, and atherogenic index in blood serum with total lipid and cholesterol levels in liver of polysaccharide group mice were all significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the effect of the polysaccharide intake on mouse colon bacterial communities was investigated. Mice from the polysaccharide group showed a higher colon bacterial diversity than the control group. Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., butyrate-producing bacteria Butyrivibrio sp., and probiotics Bifidobacterium bifidum , Lactobacillus fermentum , and Lactobacillus reuteri in mouse colon were all increased after polysaccharide intake. These indicated that the intake of polysaccharide from P. asiatica L. could be beneficial for lipid metabolism and colon microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
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Salian-Mehta S, Doshi T, Vanage G. Exposure of neonatal rats to the endocrine disrupter Bisphenol A affects ontogenic expression pattern of testicular steroid receptors and their coregulators. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:307-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Salian-Mehta
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR); J M Street, Parel Mumbai 400 012 Maharashtra India
| | - Tanvi Doshi
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR); J M Street, Parel Mumbai 400 012 Maharashtra India
| | - Geeta Vanage
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR); J M Street, Parel Mumbai 400 012 Maharashtra India
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8
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Hu JL, Nie SP, Xie MY. High pressure homogenization increases antioxidant capacity and short-chain fatty acid yield of polysaccharide from seeds of Plantago asiatica L. Food Chem 2012; 138:2338-45. [PMID: 23497894 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Physiological properties of homogenized and non-homogenized polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L., including antioxidant capacity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, were compared in this study. High pressure homogenization decreased particle size of the polysaccharide, and changed the surface topography from large flake-like structure to smaller porous chips. FT-IR showed that high pressure homogenization did not alter the primary structure of the polysaccharide. However, high pressure homogenization increased antioxidant capacity of the polysaccharide, evaluated by 4 antioxidant capacity assays (hydroxyl radical-scavenging, superoxide radical-scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH)-scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition). Additionally, the production of total SCFA, propionic acid and n-butyric acid in ceca and colons of mice significantly increased after dieting supplementation with homogenized polysaccharide. These results showed that high pressure homogenization treatment could be a promising approach for the production of value-added polysaccharides in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Greathouse KL, Bredfeldt T, Everitt JI, Lin K, Berry T, Kannan K, Mittelstadt ML, Ho SM, Walker CL. Environmental estrogens differentially engage the histone methyltransferase EZH2 to increase risk of uterine tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:546-57. [PMID: 22504913 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures during sensitive windows of development can reprogram normal physiologic responses and alter disease susceptibility later in life in a process known as developmental reprogramming. For example, exposure to the xenoestrogen diethylstilbestrol during reproductive tract development can reprogram estrogen-responsive gene expression in the myometrium, resulting in hyperresponsiveness to hormone in the adult uterus and promotion of hormone-dependent uterine leiomyoma. We show here that the environmental estrogens genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, and the plasticizer bisphenol A, differ in their pattern of developmental reprogramming and promotion of tumorigenesis (leiomyomas) in the uterus. Whereas both genistein and bisphenol A induce genomic estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in the developing uterus, only genistein induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT nongenomic ER signaling to the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). As a result, this pregenomic signaling phosphorylates and represses EZH2 and reduces levels of H3K27me3 repressive mark in chromatin. Furthermore, only genistein caused estrogen-responsive genes in the adult myometrium to become hyperresponsive to hormone; estrogen-responsive genes were repressed in bisphenol A-exposed uteri. Importantly, this pattern of EZH2 engagement to decrease versus increase H3K27 methylation correlated with the effect of these xenoestrogens on tumorigenesis. Developmental reprogramming by genistein promoted development of uterine leiomyomas, increasing tumor incidence and multiplicity, whereas bisphenol A did not. These data show that environmental estrogens have distinct nongenomic effects in the developing uterus that determines their ability to engage the epigenetic regulator EZH2, decrease levels of the repressive epigenetic histone H3K27 methyl mark in chromatin during developmental reprogramming, and promote uterine tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leigh Greathouse
- Science Park Research Division, Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
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Influence of royal jelly on the reproductive function of puberty male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1834-40. [PMID: 22426244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of royal jelly on the reproductive system of puberty male rats were investigated. Royal jelly was daily administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The body weight and organ coefficients were determined. Sperm count, spermatozoa abnormality, and testicular histopathology were examined through light microscopy. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect serum hormones. The dietary exposure to royal jelly did not affect body weight, but the organ coefficients for the pituitary and testis in the high-dose group were decreased significantly compared with the control group, and significant changes in the microstructure of the testis were observed. No significant differences in sperm count were observed among all groups, however, the sperm deformity rate in the high-dose group increased significantly. Serum hormones in the high-dose group were significantly different from the control group. After royal jelly was stopped for 14 days, the adverse changes were partially reversed and returned to levels close to those in the control group. In conclusion, high-dose royal jelly oral administration for 4 weeks adversely affected the reproductive system of pubescent male rats, but the unfavorable effects are alleviated to some extent by cessation of administration.
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McCarver G, Bhatia J, Chambers C, Clarke R, Etzel R, Foster W, Hoyer P, Leeder JS, Peters JM, Rissman E, Rybak M, Sherman C, Toppari J, Turner K. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the developmental toxicity of soy infant formula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:421-68. [PMID: 21948615 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soy infant formula contains soy protein isolates and is fed to infants as a supplement to or replacement for human milk or cow milk. Soy protein isolates contains estrogenic isoflavones (phytoestrogens) that occur naturally in some legumes, especially soybeans. Phytoestrogens are nonsteroidal, estrogenic compounds. In plants, nearly all phytoestrogens are bound to sugar molecules and these phytoestrogen-sugar complexes are not generally considered hormonally active. Phytoestrogens are found in many food products in addition to soy infant formula, especially soy-based foods such as tofu, soy milk, and in some over-the-counter dietary supplements. Soy infant formula was selected for National Toxicology Program (NTP) evaluation because of (1) the availability of large number of developmental toxicity studies in laboratory animals exposed to the isoflavones found in soy infant formula (namely, genistein) or other soy products, as well as few studies on human infants fed soy infant formula, (2) the availability of information on exposures in infants fed soy infant formula, and (3) public concern for effects on infant or child development. On October 2, 2008 (73 FR 57360), the NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) announced its intention to conduct an updated review of soy infant formula to complete a previous evaluation that was initiated in 2005. Both the current and previous evaluations relied on expert panels to assist the NTP in developing its conclusions on the potential developmental effects associated with the use of soy infant formula, presented in the NTP Brief on Soy Infant Formula. The initial expert panel met on March 15 to 17, 2006, to reach conclusions on the potential developmental and reproductive toxicities of soy infant formula and its predominant isoflavone constituent genistein. The expert panel reports were released for public comment on May 5, 2006 (71 FR 28368). On November 8, 2006 (71 FR 65537), CERHR staff released draft NTP Briefs on Genistein and Soy Formula that provided the NTP's interpretation of the potential for genistein and soy infant formula to cause adverse reproductive and/or developmental effects in exposed humans. However, CERHR did not complete these evaluations, finalize the briefs, or issue NTP Monographs on these substances based on this initial evaluation. Between 2006 and 2009, a substantial number of new publications related to human exposure or reproductive and/or developmental toxicity were published for these substances. Thus, CERHR determined that updated evaluations of genistein and soy infant formula were needed. However, the current evaluation focuses only on soy infant formula and the potential developmental toxicity of its major isoflavone components, e.g. genistein, daidzein (and estrogenic metabolite, equol), and glycitein. This updated evaluation does not include an assessment on the potential reproductive toxicity of genistein following exposures during adulthood as was carried out in the 2006 evaluation. CERHR narrowed the scope of the evaluation because the assessment of reproductive effects of genistein following exposure to adults was not considered relevant to the consideration of soy infant formula use in infants during the 2006 evaluation. To obtain updated information about soy infant formula for the CERHR evaluation, the PubMed (Medline) database was searched from February 2006 to August 2009 with genistein/genistin, daidzein/daidzin, glycitein/glycitin, equol, soy, and other relevant keywords. References were also identified from the bibliographies of published literature. The updated expert panel report represents the efforts of a 14-member panel of government and nongovernment scientists, and was prepared with assistance from NTP staff. The finalized report, released on January 15, 2010 (75 FR 2545), reflects consideration of public comments received on a draft report that was released on October 19, 2009, for public comment and discussions that occurred at a public meeting of the expert panel held December 16 to 18, 2009 (74 FR 53509). The finalized report presents conclusions on (1) the strength of scientific evidence that soy infant formula or its isoflavone constituents are developmental toxicants based on data from in vitro, animal, or human studies; (2) the extent of exposures in infants fed soy infant formula; (3) the assessment of the scientific evidence that adverse developmental health effects may be associated with such exposures; and (4) knowledge gaps that will help establish research and testing priorities to reduce uncertainties and increase confidence in future evaluations. The Expert Panel expressed minimal concern for adverse developmental effects in infants fed soy infant formula. This level of concern represents a "2" on the five-level scale of concern used by the NTP that ranges from negligible concern ("1") to serious concern ("5"). The Expert Panel Report on Soy Infant Formula was considered extensively by NTP staff in preparing the 2010 NTP Brief on Soy Infant Formula, which represents the NTP's opinion on the potential for exposure to soy infant formula to cause adverse developmental effects in humans. The NTP concurred with the expert panel that there is minimal concern for adverse effects on development in infants who consume soy infant formula. This conclusion was based on information about soy infant formula provided in the expert panel report, public comments received during the course of the expert panel evaluation, additional scientific information made available since the expert panel meeting, and peer reviewer critiques of the draft NTP Brief by the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC) on May 10, 2010 (Meeting materials are available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/9741.). The BSC voted in favor of the minimal concern conclusion with 7 yes votes, 3 no votes, and 0 abstentions. One member thought that the conclusion should be negligible concern and two members thought that the level of concern should be higher than minimal concern. The NTP's response to the May 10, 2010 review ("peer-review report") is available on the NTP website at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/9741. The monograph includes the NTP Brief on Soy Infant Formula as well as the entire final Expert Panel Report on Soy Infant Formula. Public comments received as part of the NTP's evaluation of soy infant formula and other background materials are available at http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/evals/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail McCarver
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Neonatal exposure to genistein ameliorates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:105-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a prevalent disease in developing countries with no effective therapy. Isoflavones such as genistein have been shown to prevent NASH in a rat model, but the effects of neonatal exposure to genistein on lipid metabolism have been rarely studied. In the present study, three doses of genistein (30, 300 or 1200 μg/rat per d) were injected (subcutaneously) into neonatal male Sprague–Dawley rats at postnatal days 1–5. After weaning, these rats were allowed free access to a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. The results demonstrate that NASH was induced by high fat feeding in the control rats, whereas genistein-treated rats displayed smaller body weight, and lower hepatic inflammation and steatosis. The mid dose of genistein was most effective. Neonatal exposure to genistein also resulted in a lower incidence of apoptotic cells in the liver. Additionally, neonatal genistein-treated rats showed lower hepatic expression of fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, but higher expression of PPARα, indicative of lower rates of lipid synthesis and higher rates of β-oxidation. These results indicate that neonatal treatment with genistein has a prolonged effect on hepatic lipid metabolism that is maintained post-weaning, offering a potential approach for the prevention of hepatic steatosis and NASH.
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Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on the testes and seminal vesicles in adult male bank voles. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Emamuzo ED, Miniakiri SI, Tedwin EJO, Delesi KH, Precious A. Effects of ethanol extract of leaves of Helianthus annus on the fecundity of Wistar rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Albini A, Indraccolo S, Noonan DM, Pfeffer U. Functional genomics of endothelial cells treated with anti-angiogenic or angiopreventive drugs. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:419-39. [PMID: 20383568 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a highly regulated physiological process that has been studied in considerable detail given its importance in several chronic pathologies. Many endogenous factors and hormones intervene in the regulation of angiogensis and classical as well as targeted drugs have been developed for its control. Angiogenesis inhibition has come off the bench and entered into clinical application for cancer therapy, particularly for metastatic disease. While the clinical benefit is currently in terms of months, preclinical data suggest that novel drugs and drug combinations could lead to substantial improvement. The many targets of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors reflect the complexity of the process; in contrast, current clinical therapies mainly target the vascular endothelial growth factor system. Cancer chemopreventive compounds can retard tumor insurgence and delay or prevent metastasis and many of these molecules hinder angiogenesis, a mechanism that we termed angioprevention. Angiopreventive drugs appear to prevalently act through the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic player NFkappaB, thus contrasting inflammation dependent angiogenesis. Relatively little is known concerning the effects of these angiogenesis inhibitors on gene expression of endothelial cells, the main target of many of these molecules. Here we provide an exhaustive list of anti-angiogenic molecules, and summarize their effects, where known, on the transcriptome and functional genomics of endothelial cells. The regulation of specific genes can be crucial to preventive or therapeutic intervention. Further, novel targets might help to circumvent resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. The studies we review are relevant not only to cancer but also to other chronic degenerative diseases involving endothelial cells, such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and retinopaties, as well as vessel aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- MultiMedica Castellanza (VA) and Oncology Research, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy.
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Cederroth CR, Auger J, Zimmermann C, Eustache F, Nef S. Soy, phyto-oestrogens and male reproductive function: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:304-16. [PMID: 19919579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by the effects of endocrine disruptors on reproduction. Soy and soy-derived products contain isoflavones that mimic the actions of oestrogens and may exert adverse effects on male fertility. The purpose of this review was to examine the evidence regarding the potential detrimental effects of soy and phyto-oestrogens on male reproductive function and fertility in humans and animals. Overall, there are some indications that phyto-oestrogens, alone or in combination with other endocrine disruptors, may alter reproductive hormones, spermatogenesis, sperm capacitation and fertility. However, these results must be interpreted with care, as a result of the paucity of human studies and as numerous reports did not reveal any adverse effects on male reproductive physiology. Further investigation is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. In the meantime, caution would suggest that perinatal phyto-oestrogen exposure, such as that found in infants feeding on soy-based formula, should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Cederroth
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sato K, Fukata H, Kogo Y, Ohgane J, Shiota K, Mori C. Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol alters expression of DNA methyltransferases and methylation of genomic DNA in the mouse uterus. Endocr J 2009; 56:131-9. [PMID: 18997445 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k08e-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) can have numerous adverse effects on the reproductive organs later in life, such as vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma. Epigenetic processes including DNA methylation may be involved in the mechanisms. We subcutaneously injected DES to neonatal C57BL/6 mice. At days 5, 14, and 30, expressions of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b, and transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 were examined. We also performed restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) to detect aberrant DNA methylation. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that expressions of Dnmt1, Dnmt3b, and Sp3 were decreased at day 5 in DES-treated mice, and that those of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Sp1 were also decreased at day 14. RLGS analysis revealed that 5 genomic loci were demethylated, and 5 other loci were methylated by DES treatment. Two loci were cloned, and differential DNA methylation was quantified. Our results indicated that DES altered the expression levels of Dnmts and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sato
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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Buck WR, Waring JF, Blomme EA. Use of traditional end points and gene dysregulation to understand mechanisms of toxicity: toxicogenomics in mechanistic toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 460:23-44. [PMID: 18449481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microarray technologies can be used to generate massive amounts of gene expression information as an initial step to decipher the molecular mechanisms of toxicologic changes. Identifying genes whose expression is associated with specific toxic end points is an initial step in predicting, characterizing, and understanding toxicity. Analysis of gene function and the chronology of gene expression changes represent additional methods to generate hypotheses of the mechanisms of toxicity. Follow-up experiments are typically required to confirm or refute hypotheses derived from toxicogenomic data. Understanding the mechanism of toxicity for a compound is a critical step in forming a rational plan for developing counterscreens for toxicity and for increasing productivity of research and development while decreasing the risk of late-stage failure in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Buck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
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19
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Yoshida S, Hirano S, Shikagawa K, Hirata S, Rokuta S, Takano H, Ichinose T, Takeda K. Diesel exhaust particles suppress expression of sex steroid hormone receptors in TM3 mouse Leydig cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 24:292-296. [PMID: 21783824 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Murine Leydig TM3 cells, derived from mouse testis, were exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and DEP components for 24h. mRNA expression of estrogen receptor (ER) α and CYP1A1 were then measured by real-time PCR. Exposure to DEP (10μg/ml) reduced ERα mRNA expression by approximately 50% and increased P450 1A1 mRNA expression by approximately fivefold. Cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, abolished the DEP-induced effects on ERα mRNA expression. Thus, protein synthesis mediated the DEP-induced reduction of ERα mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yoshida
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; Department of Health and Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita, Oita 870-1201, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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20
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Warita K, Okamoto K, Mutoh KI, Hasegawa Y, Yue ZP, Yokoyama T, Matsumoto Y, Miki T, Takeuchi Y, Kitagawa H, Sugawara T, Hoshi N. Activin A and equine chorionic gonadotropin recover reproductive dysfunction induced by neonatal exposure to an estrogenic endocrine disruptor in adult male mice. Biol Reprod 2007; 78:59-67. [PMID: 17928631 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.059857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of estrogenic endocrine disruptors and the rescue of reproductive function, particularly the responsiveness of testes to eCG and/or activin A (ACT) after establishing reproductive disorders. Newborn male mice (n = 29) were randomly divided into an untreated group and three treatment groups that received diethylstilbestrol (DES; 100 mug per animal) subcutaneously on Postnatal Day 3 to establish reproductive disorders and daily treatment with PBS (controls: DES + PBS), eCG (eCG group: DES + eCG), or eCG + ACT (eCG + ACT group: DES + eCG + ACT) at 6-8 wk of age prior to mating. After treatment, the controls showed diminished Leydig cells in the testes and thin germ cell layers containing pyknotic germ cells and multinucleated cells. In the eCG and eCG + ACT groups, spermatids and Leydig cells increased markedly. The immunoexpression of androgen receptors in the eCG group and steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein in the eCG and eCG + ACT groups recovered to approximately the levels in the untreated group; plasma LH and testosterone levels also increased relative to those in the controls. In addition, the cell proliferation index, which is estimated from 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine immunoexpression in spermatogonia, increased significantly under eCG treatment, and even more with eCG + ACT. However, the numbers of germ and Leydig cells decreased at 12 wk of age. Thus, ACT and eCG help the testes to recover from the dysfunction induced by neonatal DES administration. Furthermore, the permanent male reproductive disorder induced by neonatal exposure to estrogenic agents may be more likely to result from dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis than from dysfunction of the lower reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Warita
- Department of Bioresource and Agrobiosciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Abstract
HOXA10 is necessary for normal development of the Müllerian duct, and continued adult expression in the uterus is necessary for female fertility. HOXA10 expression is altered by diethylstilbestrol, leading to uterine anomalies. Other endocrine disruptors may potentially lead to reproductive anomalies or dysfunction by altering HOXA10 expression. Here we investigated the effect of isoflavones on HOXA10 expression after in utero or adult exposure in the mouse. Genistein, but not diadzein, regulated HOXA10 mRNA and protein expression in the adult mouse uterus. In contrast, in utero genistein or diadzein exposure had no lasting effect on HOXA10 expression in the exposed offspring. Reporter gene expression driven by the HOXA10 estrogen response element was increased in a dose-responsive manner by genistein, but not daidzein. Neither estrogen receptor-alpha nor estrogen receptor-beta binding to the HOXA10 estrogen response element was affected by genistein or daidzein. In utero exposure to isoflavones is unlikely to result in HOXA10-mediated developmental anomalies. Adult genistein exposure alters uterine HOXA10 expression, a potential mechanism by which this agent affects fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eda Akbas
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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22
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Assinder S, Davis R, Fenwick M, Glover A. Adult-only exposure of male rats to a diet of high phytoestrogen content increases apoptosis of meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells. Reproduction 2007; 133:11-9. [PMID: 17244728 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a critical role in regulating sperm production. Removal of androgens and gonadotropins, or estrogen administration induces germ cell apoptosis. It is hypothesized that dietary phytoestrogens increase apoptosis of developing germ cells, decreasing sperm production. This study aimed to test this in rats fed a high phytoestrogen diet only during adulthood. Male Wistar rats used in this study were offspring of females maintained on a low phytoestrogen diet prior to conception through to weaning. After weaning, juveniles were fed the same low phytoestrogen diet into adulthood. A cohort of males were transferred to a high phytoestrogen diet for 24 days and subsequently testes were collected from all animals. In the high phytoestrogen fed group, homogenization-resistant sperm counts were significantly decreased, as were epididymal sperm counts. Morphometric analysis determined round and elongated spermatid volumes to be significantly decreased, but seminiferous tubule lumen diameters to be significantly increased. TUNEL analysis determined that apoptosis of spermatocytes and round spermatids was significantly greater in the high phytoestrogen fed rats. Neither plasma gonadotropin concentrations nor testicular testosterone were altered. In conclusion, exposure of the adult male rat to a high phytoestrogen diet disrupts spermatogenesis, increasing germ cell apoptosis. This effect is independent of the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular axis and is likely due to disruption of estrogen’s actions in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Assinder
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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23
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Rozman KK, Bhatia J, Calafat AM, Chambers C, Culty M, Etzel RA, Flaws JA, Hansen DK, Hoyer PB, Jeffery EH, Kesner JS, Marty S, Thomas JA, Umbach D. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of genistein. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2006; 77:485-638. [PMID: 17186522 PMCID: PMC2020434 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl K Rozman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Hamann I, Seidlova-Wuttke D, Wuttke W, Köhrle J. Effects of isoflavonoids and other plant-derived compounds on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid hormone axis. Maturitas 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Hilakivi-Clarke L, de Assis S. Fetal origins of breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:340-8. [PMID: 16997567 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to breast cancer might be pre-determined in utero. Alterations in the fetal hormonal environment, caused by either maternal diet or exposure to environmental factors with endocrine activities, can modify the epigenome, and these modifications are inherited in somatic daughter cells and maintained throughout life. These epigenetic modifications might lead to changes in mammary gland development, such as increased vulnerability of epithelial targets for malignant transformation. According to this hypothesis, on post-pubertal exposure to an initiating factor, such as a carcinogen, high levels of hormones and radiation, the mammary epithelial targets, perhaps stem cells, in terminal end buds/terminal ductal lobular units would be at an increased risk of malignant transformation. The increased susceptibility for cancer initiation might result from high levels of cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis and/or altered stromal regulation. Thus, maternal diet and environmental exposure might increase the risk of breast cancer by inducing permanent epigenetic changes in the fetus that alter the susceptibility to factors that can initiate breast cancer. Identifying the epigenetically altered target genes and their ligands might lead to strategies to prevent this disease in some women.
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26
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Delbès G, Levacher C, Habert R. Estrogen effects on fetal and neonatal testicular development. Reproduction 2006; 132:527-38. [PMID: 17008464 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, evidences have accumulated that exposure to environmental components with estrogenic activity causes reproductive disorders in human populations. Studies conducted over the past 50 years have clearly shown a continual decline in semen quality accompanied by an increase in male reproductive disorders during this period in industrial countries. As healthy gametes are a prerequisite for healthy children, such disorders are a significant problem not only for the current society, but also for future generations. These male reproductive disorders have been attributed to xenobiotics, and particularly to xenoestrogens, which have steadily increased in diversity and concentration in the environment and food. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have suggested that excessive exposure to estrogens and xenoestrogens during fetal and neonatal development may induce testicular developmental disorders, leading to alterations in the adult male fertility. Recently, we have clearly demonstrated that fetal and neonatal testes are very sensitive to estrogens, as the inactivation of estrogen receptor α increases steroidogenesis and the inactivation of estrogen receptor β enhances development of the germ cell lineage in the male.
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Sato K, Fukata H, Kogo Y, Ohgane J, Shiota K, Mori C. Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol alters the expression of DNA methyltransferases and methylation of genomic DNA in the epididymis of mice. Endocr J 2006; 53:331-7. [PMID: 16714842 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k06-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) is known to cause many abnormalities, such as cancer, in the male and female reproductive tracts later in life, and epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, may be involved in these processes. In the present study, newborn C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 3 mug of DES from postnatal days 1 to 5. Subsequently, the expression levels of the DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b and the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3, which have been reported to regulate the expression of Dnmts, were examined at days 5, 14 and 30. Furthermore, restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS), which can analyze genome-wide DNA methylation, was performed to clarify whether or not aberrant DNA methylation was present in the epididymis of the DES-treated mice at day 30. Increased expression of Dnmt3b was observed at days 5 and 14, followed by increased expression of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a at day 30, as evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of Sp1 was also increased at day 30. The RLGS analysis revealed that 7 loci of the genomic DNA were demethylated and 1 locus was methylated in the epididymis of the DES-treated mice. Four of these loci specifically demethylated in DES-treated mice were cloned, and all were found to be located within CpG islands near genes. In conclusion, our results indicated the possibility that DES-induced abnormalities of reproductive organs are associated with altered expression levels of DNA methyltransferases and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sato
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Yasuda K, Adachi T, Kikuchi N, Tsujimoto G, Aoki N, Tsuda K, Ishihara A. Effects of running exercise on fibre-type distribution of soleus and plantaris muscles in diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8:311-21. [PMID: 16634991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Effect of running exercise on fibre-type distributions of the slow soleus and fast plantaris muscles was investigated in male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats (OLETF) as an animal model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Five-week-old OLETF rats were allowed to exercise voluntarily in running wheels for 32 days and the data were compared with those of age-matched non-exercised OLETF and non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats (LETO). RESULTS In the soleus muscle, a higher percentage of type I fibres was observed in non-exercised OLETF rats compared with LETO rats, and there were no type IIA fibres in non-exercised OLETF rats. In the plantaris muscle, a higher percentage of type IIB fibres and a lower percentage of type I and type IIA fibres were observed in non-exercised OLETF rats compared with LETO rats. In contrast, there were no differences in the fibre-type distribution of soleus and plantaris muscles between exercised OLETF and LETO rats. The body weight and type I fibre percentage of the soleus muscle were related to the running distance in exercised OLETF rats. White adipose tissue weight, HbA(1c) and blood insulin and glucose concentrations were lower in exercised OLETF rats than in non-exercised OLETF rats, irrespective of the running distance. There was a difference in the gene-expression pattern of the soleus muscle among LETO rats, non-exercised OLETF and exercised OLETF rats. CONCLUSION Running exercise can inhibit diabetes-associated type shifting of fibres, which is more apparent with postnatal growth, in skeletal muscles of diabetic OLETF rats, as a result of mRNA expression change in muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/pathology
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Body Weight
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Eating
- Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Male
- Motor Activity
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Organ Size
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred OLETF
- Succinate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yasuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
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Yamazaki K, Fukata H, Adachi T, Tainaka H, Kohda M, Yamazaki M, Kojima K, Chiba K, Mori C, Komiyama M. Association of increased type I collagen expression and relative stromal overgrowth in mouse epididymis neonatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 72:291-8. [PMID: 16086434 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular changes that underlie morphological changes in the epididymis following neonatal exposure to potent synthetic estrogen, namely diethylstilbestrol (DES). Newborn male mice were subcutaneously injected with DES or endogenous estrogen, namely 17 beta-estradiol (E2) (5 microg/mouse/day), for the first 5 days. At the age of 2, 4, and 8 weeks, epididymides of the mice were dissected. Characteristic morphological abnormality, such as relative stromal overgrowth, was observed at the age of 2 weeks in the epididymis of DES-treated mice, but not in E2-treated mice. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression levels of procollagen type I alpha 1 (col1a1) and col1a2 genes were markedly upregulated at the age of 2 weeks in the epididymis of DES-treated mice in comparison with the control. Western blot analysis revealed that type I collagen protein expression level in epididymis of DES-treated mice was elevated at the age of 2 weeks. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the signals of col1a1 mRNA were detected similarly throughout the stromal tissue of epididymis at the age of 2 weeks in control and DES- and E2-treated mice. The gene expression level of epididymal type III collagen (col3a1), which is found in many stromal connective tissues as well as type I collagen, did not change at the age of 2 weeks in all groups. These results suggest that the increased type I collagen expression is associated with the relative stromal overgrowth in the epididymis of DES-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamazaki
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Mantovani A, Maranghi F. Risk assessment of chemicals potentially affecting male fertility. Contraception 2005; 72:308-13. [PMID: 16181977 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Male reproductive toxicity involves a broad range of targets and mechanisms such as direct effects on the seminiferous epithelium and/or on Leydig and Sertoli cells supporting spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm maturation as well as endocrine disruption. Direct effects on spermatogenesis may be adequately revealed through both reproduction and repeated-dose toxicity studies; however, more research is needed on early markers of effect and on long-term sequelae of short-term exposures. Endocrine-related mechanisms are particularly relevant to subtle, but persistent effects on reproductive development due to altered early programming; the two-generation study is the test of choice, whereas targeted studies on the prepubertal phase are also desirable. Studies using in vitro methods as well as toxicogenomics are increasing; although gaps exist and much validation work is needed, in perspective, such approaches may be important in order to select compound, understand mechanisms, as well identify biomarkers of potential use also in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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31
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Todaka E, Sakurai K, Fukata H, Miyagawa H, Uzuki M, Omori M, Osada H, Ikezuki Y, Tsutsumi O, Iguchi T, Mori C. Fetal exposure to phytoestrogens--the difference in phytoestrogen status between mother and fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 99:195-203. [PMID: 16194669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate fetal exposure to phytoestrogens, estrogenic compounds derived from plants, by measuring serum concentrations of phytoestrogens in maternal and cord blood. This study included 51 mothers scheduled for cesarean section (C-section), to obtain the serum of mother and fetus at almost the same time. Serum concentrations of phytoestrogens, including genistein (Gen), daidzein (Dai), coumestrol (Cou), equol (Equ; a metabolite of Dai), and sulfate-conjugated Gen, were measured in maternal and cord blood samples by LC-MS/MS and HPLC. It was found that phytoestrogens were transferred from mother to fetus. The detection rates of Gen, Dai, Equ, and Cou in cord serum were 100%, 80%, 35%, and 0%, respectively. Levels of Gen and Dai were higher in cord than in maternal serum (mean=19.4 ng/ml vs.7.2 ng/ml and 4.3 ng/ml vs.1.8 ng/ml for Gen and Dai, respectively). However, a reverse pattern was seen for Equ (cord mean=0.9 ng/ml, maternal mean=2.0 ng/ml). The correlations were significant between the concentration levels of Gen and Dai, Gen and Equ, and Gen and Dai plus Equ in cord serum. However, in maternal serum, the correlations were weak. Also, in 8 of 10 cord serum samples, sulfate-conjugated Gen was detected (mean=5.2 ng/ml, standard deviation=4.7), but it was detected from only one maternal serum (8.7 ng/ml). This study demonstrates placental transfer of phytoestrogens from mother to fetus. It is suggested that the metabolic and/or excretion rates of phytoestrogens are different between mother and fetus and once phytoestrogens are transferred to the fetus, they tend to stay in the fetal side longer than in the maternal side. While the implications for the health and development of the newborn are not known, these data suggest that the effects of fetal exposure to phytoestrogens should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Todaka
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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32
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Ekins S. Systems-ADME/Tox: resources and network approaches. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2005; 53:38-66. [PMID: 16054403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing cost of drug development is partially due to our failure to identify undesirable compounds at an early enough stage of development. The application of higher throughput screening methods have resulted in the generation of very large datasets from cells in vitro or from in vivo experiments following the treatment with drugs or known toxins. In recent years the development of systems biology, databases and pathway software has enabled the analysis of the high-throughput data in the context of the whole cell. One of the latest technology paradigms to be applied alongside the existing in vitro and computational models for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicology (ADME/Tox) involves the integration of complex multidimensional datasets, termed toxicogenomics. The goal is to provide a more complete understanding of the effects a molecule might have on the entire biological system. However, due to the sheer complexity of this data it may be necessary to apply one or more different types of computational approaches that have as yet not been fully utilized in this field. The present review describes the data generated currently and introduces computational approaches as a component of ADME/Tox. These methods include network algorithms and manually curated databases of interactions that have been separately classified under systems biology methods. The integration of these disparate tools will result in systems-ADME/Tox and it is important to understand exactly what data resources and technologies are available and applicable. Examples of networks derived with important drug transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes are provided to demonstrate the network technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- GeneGo, 500 Renaissance Drive, Suite 106, St. Joseph, MI 49085, USA.
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Adachi T, Yasuda K, Mori C, Yoshinaga M, Aoki N, Tsujimoto G, Tsuda K. Promoting insulin secretion in pancreatic islets by means of bisphenol A and nonylphenol via intracellular estrogen receptors. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:713-9. [PMID: 15778011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of endocrine disrupters bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) on insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets. Following acute exposure to BPA and NP, neither BPA nor NP (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 microg/l) affected insulin secretion in concentrations of 16.7 mM glucose. However, insulin secretion following long-term exposure to BPA or NP for 24 h in 16.7 mM glucose was significantly higher than without exposure. To determine whether increased insulin secretion resulting from long-term exposure to BPA and NP is induced via intracellular estrogen receptors, we blocked the cytosolic/nuclear estrogen receptors, using actinomycin-D (Act-D), an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, and ICI 182,780 (ICI), an estrogen receptor inhibitor. Following long-term exposure to BPA (10 microg/l) or NP (10 microg/l), Act-D or ICI treatment eliminated the facilitation of insulin secretion. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that long-term exposure to endocrine disrupters, such as BPA and NP, promotes in vitro insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets, via cytosolic/nuclear estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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34
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Adachi T, Okuno Y, Takenaka S, Matsuda K, Ohta N, Takashima K, Yamazaki K, Nishimura D, Miyatake K, Mori C, Tsujimoto G. Comprehensive analysis of the effect of phytoestrogen, daidzein, on a testicular cell line, using mRNA and protein expression profile. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:529-35. [PMID: 15721199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of exposure to phytoestrogen (daidzein), 17beta-estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and staurosporin on the TM4 testicular cell line, using comprehensive analysis, such as cDNA microarray and two-dimension polyacrylamide gel electropholesis (2D-PAGE) analysis, and we demonstrated if these toxicogenomic analyses could classify the chemical compounds. First, RNA was extracted from TM4 cells that had been treated with daidzein (80 microM), DES, E2 (40 microM) and stauroporin (100 nM) for 30 min. We performed cDNA microarray analysis, and the expression ratio data thus obtained were then analyzed using hierarchical clustering. This hierarchical clustering showed that daidzein exposure induced a different effect on gene expression change from that of E2, DES and staurosporin. Next, protein extracted from TM4 cells also underwent cDNA microarray analysis for 3 h. We performed 2D-PAGE analysis, and the spot intensity ratio data thus obtained were analyzed using hierarchical clustering. As with cDNA microarray, the hierarchical clustering of protein spot ratios showed that daidzein exposure induced a different effect on gene expression change from that of the other substances. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that classification of these chemicals can be performed by clustering analysis, using data from cDNA microarray and 2D-PAGE analyses, and that exposure to daidzein induces effects different from those of E2, DES and staurosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Shimoadachicho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Yang Y, Blomme EAG, Waring JF. Toxicogenomics in drug discovery: from preclinical studies to clinical trials. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 150:71-85. [PMID: 15522262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis applied to toxicology studies, also referred to as toxicogenomics, is rapidly being embraced by the pharmaceutical industry as a useful tool to identify safer drugs in a quicker, more cost-effective manner. Studies have already demonstrated the benefits of applying gene expression profiling towards drug safety evaluation, both for identifying mechanisms underlying toxicity, as well as for providing a means to identify safety liabilities early in the drug discovery process. Furthermore, toxicogenomics has the potential to better identify and assess adverse drug reactions of new drug candidates or marketed products in humans. While much still remains to be learned about the relevance and the application of gene expression changes in human toxicology, the next few years should see gene expression technologies applied to more stages and more programs of the drug discovery and development process. This review will focus on how toxicogenomics can or has been applied in drug discovery and development, and will discuss some of the challenges that still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA
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Ise R, Han D, Takahashi Y, Terasaka S, Inoue A, Tanji M, Kiyama R. Expression profiling of the estrogen responsive genes in response to phytoestrogens using a customized DNA microarray. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1732-40. [PMID: 15757668 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we examined phytoestrogens, isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A and ipriflavone), flavones (chrysin, luteolin and apigenin), flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin), and a coumestan, a flavanone and a chalcone (coumestrol, naringenin and phloretin, respectively) by means of a DNA microarray assay. A total of 172 estrogen responsive genes were monitored with a customized DNA microarray and their expression profiles for the above phytoestrogens were compared with that for 17beta-estradiol (E2) using correlation coefficients, or R values, after a correlation analysis by linear regression. While R values indicate the similarity of the response by the genes, we also examined the genes by cluster analysis and by their specificity to phytoestrogens (specific to genistein, daidzein or glycitein) or gene functions. Several genes were selected from p53-related genes (CDKN1A, TP53I11 and CDC14), Akt2-related genes (PRKCD, BRCA1, TRIB3 and APPL), mitogen-activated protein kinase-related genes (RSK and SH3BP5), Ras superfamily genes (RAP1GA1, RHOC and ARHGDIA) and AP-1 family and related genes (RIP140, FOS, ATF3, JUN and FRA2). We further examined the extracts from two local crops of soy beans (Kuro-daizu or Mochi-daizu) by comparing the gene expression profiles with those of E2 or phytoestrogens as a first step in utilizing the expression profiles for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ise
- InfoGenes Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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Naciff JM, Torontali SM, Overmann GI, Carr GJ, Tiesman JP, Daston GP. Evaluation of the gene expression changes induced by 17-?-ethynyl estradiol in the immature uterus/ovaries of the rat using high density oligonucleotide arrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 74:164-84. [PMID: 15834898 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, we determined the effects of 17-alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE) on gene expression using microarrays that represented approximately 9,000 genes, which was the state of-the-art. Higher content arrays with almost double the number of genes have since become available. In order to better determine whether common sets of gene expression changes can be predictive of estrogenic activity, we have replicated the previous experiment using the more comprehensive microarray. METHODS Immature 20-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 microg EE/kg/day ( subcutaneously [s.c.]), for four days, dosing from postnatal day (PND) 20-23). Changes in a more comprehensive expression level of 15,923 rat annotated genes and expressed sequence tags were evaluated on PND 24. RESULTS By comparing the response of the treatment groups versus controls using various statistical parameters, we determined that the expression of 1,394 genes showed a significant change with respect to control (p< or =0.0001), to at least one of the EE dosages. The tissues from animals exposed to 0.1 microg EE/kg/day showed changes in the expression of only 33 genes, whereas when they were exposed to 1 or 10 microg EE/kg/day, the expression of 409 and 548 genes was modified, respectively. A dose-dependent analysis indicated that 592 genes showed a robust and significant response to EE exposure (increased or decreased). Our analysis confirmed the regulation of previously identified estrogen-sensitive genes, and clearly identified novel mediators of estrogen actions, both in the uterus as well as in the ovary. CONCLUSIONS This compendium of genes represents the largest compilation of estrogen-responsive genes that has ever been identified for the immature uterus and ovary of any species, and can be used to generate testable hypothesis to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways associated with physiological and pathophysiological responses to exposure to chemicals with estrogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Naciff
- Miami Valley Innovation Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707, USA.
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Wetherill YB, Fisher NL, Staubach A, Danielsen M, de Vere White RW, Knudsen KE. Xenoestrogen Action in Prostate Cancer: Pleiotropic Effects Dependent on Androgen Receptor Status. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.54.65.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Androgen is critical for prostate development, growth, and survival. Therapies for advanced prostate cancer aim to block androgen receptor (AR) action. However, recurrent tumors ultimately arise, which harbor restored AR activity. One mechanism of such reactivation occurs through AR mutations, rendering the receptor responsive to noncanonical ligands. We have shown previously that a known xenoestrogen, bisphenol A (BPA), activates a tumor-derived AR mutant (T877A), leading to androgen-independent prostate cancer cell proliferation. Here, we show that BPA cooperates with androgen to activate AR-T877A as shown by both reporter assays and increased levels of prostate-specific antigen expression. Further investigations using both yeast and mammalian model systems revealed that multiple AR alleles are responsive to BPA, thus expanding the potential influence of xenoestrogens on prostate cancer. Moreover, in vitro radioligand binding assay revealed that BPA alters 5α-dihydrotestosterone binding to AR-T877A likely through noncompetitive inhibition. We also show that higher concentrations of BPA block proliferation of AR-positive, androgen-dependent prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP and LAPC-4), with a more modest inhibitory effect on androgen-independent cells (22Rv-1). By contrast, AR-negative prostate cancer cells failed to show growth inhibition after exposure to high BPA dose. Together, these data show that BPA can serve as a potential “hormone sensitizer” of the mutant ARs present in advanced prostate adenocarcinomas, thereby possibly contributing toward therapeutic relapse in advanced prostate cancer patients and supporting the notion that nonsteroidal environmental compounds can alter the function of nuclear receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Danielsen
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; and
| | - Ralph W. de Vere White
- 4Department of Urology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- 1Department of Cell Biology and
- 2Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Mori C. High-risk group and high-risk life stage: Key issues in adverse effects of environmental agents on human health. Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3:51-58. [PMID: 29699184 PMCID: PMC5904755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2004.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies analyzing umbilical cords show that human fetuses are exposed to multiple environmental agents. Fetuses are at a high-risk life stage in human life and our results revealed that there is a presence of potential high-risk group in Japanese babies. It suggests the necessity to develop a new method of evaluating health risk factors to human fetuses of the possible long-term effects caused by prenatal exposure to multiple environmental agents. Its main goal is to find the potential high-risk group in the next generation and to prevent the long-term effects caused by fetal exposure to multiple chemicals. Recently, we introduced our attempts to apply toxicogenomic analysis of gene expressions in umbilical cords using DNA microarray to the future health risk assessment. Our trial showed that it could be used as an effective newborn screening to detect potential high-risk groups focusing on the exposure level and the susceptibility. To improve future children's health, it is necessary to develop a risk reduction method, in addition to the establishment of the new risk assessment, to avoid multiple chemical exposures and to reduce the concentration level of persistent chemicals in the human body. Worldwide cooperation is urgently required focusing on the high-risk group and high-risk life stage. (Reprod Med Biol 2004; 3: 51-58).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Mori
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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