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Anilkumar AT, Manoharan S, Balasubramanian S, Perumal E. Garcinia gummi-gutta: Phytochemicals and pharmacological applications. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36785888 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia gummi-gutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, is a member of the Guttiferae family. Garcinia is a polygamous genus consisting 200 species of trees and shrubs. It is found in different zones of the planet including Asia's tropical regions. In India alone, around 30 species have been discovered. They are widely used as a flavoring agent to garnish fish curry in southern India, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka. The fruit rind of G. gummi-gutta has traditionally been used to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, and ulcers. South Indian people have been utilizing it traditionally as evidenced by its ethnobotanical properties. In vivo and in vitro effects of the crude fruit extract showed anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anthelmintic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities. G. gummi-gutta fruit rind is medicinally significant and is frequently used in ayurvedic and traditional medicine for many diseases. Various secondary metabolites such as organic acids-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides and polyisoprenylated benzophenones-garcinol, xanthochymol, guttiferone, benzophenone, xanthone, biflavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins isolated from the G. gummi-gutta have diverse pharmacological activities. This review provides a summary of G. gummi-gutta, including its biological activities, phytochemistry, and ethnobotanical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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H. Baky M, Fahmy H, Farag MA. Recent Advances in Garcinia cambogia Nutraceuticals in Relation to Its Hydroxy Citric Acid Level. A Comprehensive Review of Its Bioactive Production, Formulation, and Analysis with Future Perspectives. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25948-25957. [PMID: 35936438 PMCID: PMC9352243 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. (known as Malabar tamarind) is a popular traditional herbal medicine and is one of the well-known folk medicines reported for the treatment of obesity and incorporated in several nutraceuticals worldwide. These effects are mediated by a myriad of bioactive compounds with most effects attributed to its hydroxy citric acid (HCA) content. This review aims to present a holistic overview on novel trends in the production of G. cambogia bioactive components and how extraction optimization is important to ensure best product quality with its reported nanoformulations with particular emphasis on HCA content. Further, an overview of the different analytical approaches used for quality control assessment of G. cambogia plant and its nutraceuticals is presented highlighting both advantages and limitations. Moreover, analytical approaches for detecting G. cambogia metabolites in biological fluids with emphasis on HCA level to determine its pharmacokinetics and proof of efficacy are presented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa H. Baky
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian
Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Heba Fahmy
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern
University for Technology & Information, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
- . Tel: +011-202-2362245. Fax: +011-202-25320005
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Mena-García A, Bellaizac-Riascos AJ, Rada-Mendoza M, Chito-Trujillo DM, Ruiz-Matute AI, Sanz ML. Quality Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss Based on Garcinia cambogia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153077. [PMID: 35893931 PMCID: PMC9332841 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supplements of plant origin for weight control are increasingly being demanded by consumers as a way to promote good health. Among them, those based on Garcinia cambogia (GCFS) are widely commercialized considering their bioactive properties, mainly due to (-)-hydroxycitric acid ((-)-HCA). However, recently, controversy has arisen over their safety; thus, further research and continuous monitoring of their composition is required. Hence, in this work, a multi-analytical approach was followed to determine not only (-)-HCA but also other constituents of 18 GCFS, which could be used as quality markers to detect fraudulent practices in these samples. Discrepancies between the declared (-)-HCA content and that experimentally determined were detected by LC–UV in 33% of the samples. Moreover, GC–MS analyses of GCFS allowed the detection of different compounds not present in G. cambogia fruits and not declared on supplement labels, probably related to heat exposure or to the addition of excipients or other extracts. This multi-analytical methodology is shown to be advantageous to address different fraudulent practices affecting the quality of these supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adal Mena-García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (A.I.R.-M.)
| | - Angie Julieth Bellaizac-Riascos
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Calidad Medioambiental y Seguridad Agroalimentaria (BICAMSA), Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia; (A.J.B.-R.); (M.R.-M.); (D.M.C.-T.)
| | - Maite Rada-Mendoza
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Calidad Medioambiental y Seguridad Agroalimentaria (BICAMSA), Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia; (A.J.B.-R.); (M.R.-M.); (D.M.C.-T.)
| | - Diana María Chito-Trujillo
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Calidad Medioambiental y Seguridad Agroalimentaria (BICAMSA), Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia; (A.J.B.-R.); (M.R.-M.); (D.M.C.-T.)
| | - Ana Isabel Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (A.I.R.-M.)
| | - María Luz Sanz
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (A.I.R.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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Mutlu E, Pierfelice J, Cao Y, Djonabaye A, Gleason S, Burback B, Waidyanatha S. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Quantitate Hydroxycitric Acid, the Key Constituent in Garcinia cambogia Extract, in Rodent Plasma and Fetus. ANAL LETT 2021; 55:1382-1397. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2005618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Yu Cao
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Andueza N, Giner RM, Portillo MP. Risks Associated with the Use of Garcinia as a Nutritional Complement to Lose Weight. Nutrients 2021; 13:450. [PMID: 33572973 PMCID: PMC7911601 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, obesity is one of the great nutritional problems facing public health. The prevalence of this pathology has increased in a worrying way over recent years, currently reaching epidemic proportions. In this context, nutritional supplements are presented as a therapeutic alternative to which more and more people are turning to. Nutritional supplements to lose weight based on the Garcinia plant, specifically on Garcinia cambogia, are commonly used. The active principle of this plant to which these properties have been attributed, is hydroxycitric acid (HCA). The aim of the present review is to gather reported data concerning the effectiveness of nutritional supplements based on Garcinia extracts on weight loss and their possible negative effects. Contradictory results have been observed regarding the effectiveness of the supplements. While statistically significant weight loss was observed in some studies, no changes were found in others. Regarding safety, although Garcinia supplements have been revealed as safe in the vast majority of the studies carried out in animal models and humans, some cases of hepatotoxicity, serotonin toxicity and mania have been reported. In conclusion, the results suggest that Garcinia-based supplements could be effective in short-term weight loss, although the data are not conclusive. In addition, the safety of the complement should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Andueza
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Giner
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
- Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria P. Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain;
- Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01009 Vitoria, Spain
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
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Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr.: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235690. [PMID: 33276654 PMCID: PMC7730552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. is an evergreen tree that yields edible fruits, oil, and resin. It is a source of “gamboge”, a gum/resin that has a wide range of uses. The fruits, leaves, and seeds of this tree are rich in bioactive compounds, including xanthones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, and terpenoids. Evidence from different studies has demonstrated the antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and larvicidal activities of the fruit, leaf, and seed extracts of G. morella. This review summarizes the information on the phytochemicals of G. morella and the biological activities of its active constituents.
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Feng X, Zhang L, Xu S, Shen AZ. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis: An updated review. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 77:101006. [PMID: 31499095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is an important enzyme linking carbohydrate to lipid metabolism by generating acetyl-CoA from citrate for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Mendelian randomization of large human cohorts has validated ACLY as a promising target for low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering and cardiovascular protection. Among current ACLY inhibitors, Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is a first-in-class, prodrug-based direct competitive inhibitor of ACLY which regulates lipid metabolism by upregulating hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) expression and activity. ACLY deficiency in hepatocytes protects from hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of ACLY by bempedoic acid, prevents dyslipidemia and attenuates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice, LDLr-/- mice, and LDLr-/- miniature pigs. Convincing data from clinical trials have revealed that bempedoic acid significantly lowers LDL-C as monotherapy, combination therapy, and add-on with statin therapy in statin-intolerant patients. More recently, a phase 3 CLEAR Harmony clinical trial ("Safety and Efficacy of Bempedoic Acid to Reduce LDL Cholesterol") has shown that bempedoic acid reduces the level of LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic patients receiving guideline-recommended statin therapy with a good safety profile. Hereby, we provide a updated review of the expression, regulation, genetics, functions of ACLY in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, and highlight the therapeutic potential of ACLY inhibitors (such as bempedoic acid, SB-204990, and other naturally-occuring inhibitors) to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. It must be pointed out that long-term large-scale clinical trials in high-risk patients, are warranted to validate whether ACLY represent a promising therapeutic target for pharmaceutic intervention of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis; and assess the safety and efficacy profile of ACLY inhibitors in improving cardiovascular outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ai-Zong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China.
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Hydroxycitrate: a potential new therapy for calcium urolithiasis. Urolithiasis 2019; 47:311-320. [PMID: 30915494 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-019-01125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkali supplements are used to treat calcium kidney stones owing to their ability to increase urine citrate excretion which lowers stone risk by inhibiting crystallization and complexing calcium. However, alkali increases urine pH, which may reduce effectiveness for patients with calcium phosphate stones and alkaline urine. Hydroxycitrate is a structural analog of citrate, widely available as an over-the-counter supplement for weight reduction. In vitro studies show hydroxycitrate has the capacity to complex calcium equivalent to that of citrate and that it is an effective inhibitor of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization. In fact, hydroxycitrate was shown to dissolve calcium oxalate crystals in supersaturated solution in vitro. Hydroxycitrate is not known to be metabolized by humans, so it would not be expected to alter urine pH, as opposed to citrate therapy. Preliminary studies have shown orally ingested hydroxycitrate is excreted in urine, making it an excellent candidate as a stone therapeutic. In this article, we detail the crystal inhibition activity of hydroxycitrate, review the current knowledge of hydroxycitrate use in humans, and identify gaps in knowledge that require appropriate research studies before hydroxycitrate can be recommended as a therapy for kidney stones.
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Bhutani KK, Birari R, Kapat K. Potential Anti-obesity and Lipid Lowering Natural Products: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults overweight - at least 300 million of them clinically obese. In Ayurveda, obesity is called ‘medoroga’. The detailed features and treatments of the disease have been described in an old Ayurvedic text, Charak and Sushrut Samhita. There are some native plants that are commonly used for the treatment of obesity in Ayurveda. Unfortunately, only few medications are available in the market, with side effects and unacceptable efficacy. With the current view that botanical drugs can be developed faster and more cheaply than conventional single entity pharmaceuticals, the review mainly focuses on the rationality of their use with appropriate literature data support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Kumar Bhutani
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab - 160 062, India
| | - Rahul Birari
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab - 160 062, India
| | - Kausik Kapat
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab - 160 062, India
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Risks associated with fat burners: A toxicological perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitors: An anti-cancer strategy at the crossroads of glucose and lipid metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1276-1291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Peng M, Li L, Yu L, Ge C, Ma H. Effects of (−)‐hydroxycitric acid on lipid droplet accumulation in chicken embryos. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:237-249. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Longlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Chongyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
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Ghosh I, Mukherjee A. In Vitro Cyto-genotoxicity of Hydroxycitric Acid: A Weight-loss Dietary Supplement. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 2:41-48. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bakhiya N, Ziegenhagen R, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Dusemund B, Richter K, Schultrich K, Pevny S, Schäfer B, Lampen A. Phytochemical compounds in sport nutrition: Synephrine and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as examples for evaluation of possible health risks. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Bakhiya
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Ziegenhagen
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Karen I. Hirsch-Ernst
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Birgit Dusemund
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Katharina Schultrich
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Sophie Pevny
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
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Brown AC. Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 2 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 107:472-501. [PMID: 27402097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No online current list of potentially life-threatening, hepatotoxic herbs and dietary supplements based on PubMed case reports exists in a summarized tabular form. METHODS Documented case reports of herbs or dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) appearing to contribute to liver injury were used to create an online "DS Toxic Table" of potentially hepatotoxic herbs and dietary supplements (PubMed, 1966 to June, 2016, and cross-referencing). The spectrum of DS induced liver injuries (DSILI) included elevated liver enzymes, hepatitis, steatosis, cholestasis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, veno-occlusive disease, acute liver failure requiring a liver transplant, and death. RESULTS Over the past 50 years, approximately 21 herbs (minus germander and usnic acid that are no longer sold) and 12 dietary supplements (minus the nine no longer sold and vitamin A & niacin due to excess intake) posed a possible risk for liver injures in certain individuals. The herbs with the most number of reported publications (but not cases studies) in descending order, were germander, black cohosh, kava extract, and green tea extract. CONCLUSION These online DS Toxic Tables will contribute to continued Phase IV post marketing surveillance to detect possible liver toxicity cases and serve to forewarn consumers, clinicians, and corporations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christine Brown
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, MEB 223, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Sripradha R, Sridhar MG, Maithilikarpagaselvi N. Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates high-fructose-induced redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases in male Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:349-56. [PMID: 26974136 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess fructose consumption causes dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and various complications. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), one of the principal components of the fruit Garcinia cambogia, has been shown to possess antiobesity properties. The objective was to investigate the effects of HCA on redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases in high fructose-fed rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided into four groups with 10 rats in each group. The rats were fed with either standard rodent diet or 60% fructose diet and administered with HCA at a dose of 400 mg/kg body wt/day for 10 weeks. Body weight was measured once a week, and food intake was noted daily. At the end of the study, lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters were estimated. Expressions of stress sensitive kinases were analyzed in liver homogenates. RESULTS Fructose-fed rats displayed elevated body weight, higher levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lower levels of HDL-C, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Fructose feeding caused higher phosphorylation of stress sensitive kinases ERK ½ and p38. Administration with HCA lowered body weight, food intake, TAG, non-HDL-C, MDA, TOS, and OSI and elevated GSH, GPx, and TAS levels. Reduced phosphorylation of ERK ½ and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed upon HCA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Thus, HCA improved fructose induced redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases through its hypolipidemic effects.
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Han J, Li L, Wang D, Ma H. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid reduced fat deposition via regulating lipid metabolism-related gene expression in broiler chickens. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:37. [PMID: 26912252 PMCID: PMC4765117 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken as a delicious food for a long history, and it is well known that excess fat deposition in broiler chickens will not only induced metabolic diseases, but also lead to adverse effect in the consumer's health. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a major active ingredient of Garcinia Cambogia extracts, had shown to suppress fat accumulation in animals and humans. While, the precise physiological mechanism of HCA has not yet been full clarified, especially its action in broiler chickens. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of (-)-HCA on lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. METHODS A total of 120 1-day-old broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four groups, with each group was repeated three times with 10 birds. Birds received a commercial diet supplemented with (-)-HCA at 0, 1000, 2000 or 3000 mg/kg, respectively, for a period of 4 weeks ad libitum. RESULTS Body weight (BW) in the 2000 and 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) than that in control group. A significantly decreased of serum triglyceride (TG) and density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) content were observed in 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA group (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens supplmented with 2000 and 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA had pronouncedly higher hepatic lipase (HL) activity, hepatic glycogen and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents in liver (P < 0.05). Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxin (T4) contents were significantly higher in 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA group (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Supplemental (-)-HCA markedly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) (P < 0.05) mRNA levels, while the mRNA abundance of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinaseβ2 (AMPKβ2) (P < 0.05) was significantly increased. In addition, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) mRNA level (P < 0.05) was significantly decreased in broiler chickens supplemented with 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA. No differences was observed on carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I(CPT-I), while peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) mRNA level (P < 0.05) was significantly increased in broiler chickens supplemented with 2000 and 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental (-)-HCA inhibited lipogenesis by inhibiting ACLY, SREBP-1c and FAS expression, and accelerated lipolysis through enhancing HL activity and PPARα expression, which eventually led to the reduced abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Graphical abstract Mechanism of (-)-HCA effect on hepatic lipids metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Longlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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18
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A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:134-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Ezhilarasi PN, Indrani D, Jena BS, Anandharamakrishnan C. Microencapsulation of Garcinia fruit extract by spray drying and its effect on bread quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1116-1123. [PMID: 23996701 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is the major acid present in the fruit rinds of certain species of Garcinia. HCA has been reported to have several health benefits. As HCA is highly hygroscopic in nature and thermally sensitive, it is difficult to incorporate in foodstuffs. Hence, Garcinia cowa fruit extract was microencapsulated using three different wall materials such as whey protein isolate (WPI), maltodextrin (MD) and a combination of whey protein isolate and maltodextrin (WPI + MD) by spray drying. Further, these microencapsulated powders were evaluated for their impact on bread quality and HCA retention. RESULTS Maltodextrin (MD) encapsulates had higher free (86%) and net HCA (90%) recovery. Microencapsulates incorporated breads had enhanced qualitative characteristics and higher HCA content than water extract incorporated bread due to efficient encapsulation during bread baking. Comparatively, bread with MD encapsulates showed softer crumb texture, desirable sensory attributes with considerable volume and higher HCA content. CONCLUSION The higher HCA contents of encapsulate incorporated breads were sufficient to claim for functionality of HCA in bread. Comparatively, MD had efficiently encapsulated Garcinia fruit extract during spray drying and bread baking. Spray drying proved to be an excellent encapsulation technique for incorporation into the food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Natarajan Ezhilarasi
- Food Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India; Acadamy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 001, India
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20
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Sudhakara G, Mallaiah P, Sreenivasulu N, Sasi Bhusana Rao B, Rajendran R, Saralakumari D. Beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in Wistar male rats. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:311-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Torres-Fuentes C, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. A natural solution for obesity: Bioactives for the prevention and treatment of weight gain. A review. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:49-65. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Astell KJ, Mathai ML, Su XQ. A review on botanical species and chemical compounds with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 68:213-21. [PMID: 23666454 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As obesity has reached epidemic proportions, the management of this global disease is of clinical importance. The availability and popularity of natural dietary supplements for the treatment of obesity has risen dramatically in recent years. The purpose of this paper was to review the effect of commonly available over the counter plant-derived supplements used to suppress appetite for obesity control and management. The data were obtained from the electronic databases PubMed, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE with full text (via EBSCOHost) and the databases were accessed during late 2012 - early January 2013. The botanical species discussed in this review include Camellia sinensis, Caralluma fimbriata, Citrus aurantium, Coleus forskohlii, Garcinia cambogia and Phaseolus vulgaris. This review found that many botanical species including crude extracts and isolated compounds from plants have been shown to provide potentially promising therapeutic effects including appetite control and weight loss. However, many of these crude extracts and compounds need to be further investigated to define the magnitude of the effects, optimal dosage, mechanisms of action, long term safety, and potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Astell
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Kim YJ, Choi MS, Park YB, Kim SR, Lee MK, Jung UJ. Garcinia Cambogia attenuates diet-induced adiposity but exacerbates hepatic collagen accumulation and inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4689-4701. [PMID: 23922466 PMCID: PMC3732841 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i29.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice.
METHODS: Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The HFD contained 45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein and 35 kcal% carbohydrate. They were given free access to food and distilled water, and food consumption and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for the social science software program. Student’s t test was used to assess the differences between the groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
RESULTS: There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake between the groups. However, the supplementation of GC significantly lowered visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, along with enhanced enzymatic activity and gene expression involved in adipose fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, GC supplementation resulted in significant reductions in glucose intolerance and the plasma resistin level in the HFD-fed mice. However, we first demonstrated that it increased hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and inflammatory responses (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) as well as plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, although HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not altered.
CONCLUSION: GC protects against HFD-induced obesity by modulating adipose fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation but induces hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity/drug effects
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/toxicity
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/blood
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/genetics
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/immunology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Collagen/metabolism
- Cytokines/blood
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/metabolism
- Fatty Liver/blood
- Fatty Liver/chemically induced
- Fatty Liver/genetics
- Fatty Liver/immunology
- Fatty Liver/pathology
- Garcinia cambogia
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucose Intolerance/blood
- Glucose Intolerance/drug therapy
- Glucose Intolerance/etiology
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Insulin/blood
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/drug effects
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/blood
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/toxicity
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Resistin/blood
- Time Factors
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24
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Ezhilarasi P, Indrani D, Jena B, Anandharamakrishnan C. Freeze drying technique for microencapsulation of Garcinia fruit extract and its effect on bread quality. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Kang ES, Hwang JS, Kim MH, Kim HJ, Lee CK, Seo HG. Effect of Garcinia cambogia Extract-containing Dip-sauce for Meat on Lipid Accumulation and Body Weight Reduction in Rats Fed High-fat Diet. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2013. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2013.33.2.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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26
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In vitro and in vivo toxicity of garcinia or hydroxycitric Acid: a review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:197920. [PMID: 22924054 PMCID: PMC3424601 DOI: 10.1155/2012/197920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the pandemic chronic diseases commonly associated with health disorders such as heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes or even cancer. Among the current natural products for obesity and weight control, Garcinia or more specifically hydroxycitric acid (HCA) extracted from Garcinia has been widely used. The evaluation of the potential toxicity of weight control supplement is of the utmost importance as it requires long term continuous consumption in order to maintain its effects. Majority of reports demonstrated the efficacy of Garcinia/HCA without any toxicity found. However, a few clinical toxicity reports on weight-loss diet supplements of which some were combinations that included Garcinia/HCA as an active ingredient showed potential toxicity towards spermatogenesis. Nonetheless, it cannot be concluded that Garcinia/HCA is unsafe. Those products which have been reported to possess adverse effects are either polyherbal or multi-component in nature. To date, there is no case study or report showing the direct adverse effect of HCA. The structure, mechanism of action, long history of the use of Garcinia/HCA and comprehensive scientific evidence had shown “no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)” at levels up to 2800 mg/day, suggesting its safety for use.
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27
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Márquez F, Babio N, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of hydroxycitric acid or Garcinia cambogia extracts in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:585-94. [PMID: 22530711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.500551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that Garcinia cambogia plays an important role in the regulation of endogenous lipid biosynthesis. This effect is specially attributed to (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) inhibiting the enzyme ATP-dependent citrate lyase, which catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA. Although several studies have found that the administration of G. cambogia extracts is associated with body weight and fat loss in both experimental animals and humans, we should be cautious when interpreting the results as other randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials have not reported the same outcomes. Furthermore, most studies in humans have been conducted on small samples and mainly in the short term. None of them have shown whether these effects persist beyond 12 weeks of intervention. Therefore, there is still little evidence to support the potential effectiveness and long-term benefits of G. cambogia extracts. With regard to toxicity and safety, it is important to note that except in rare cases, studies conducted in experimental animals have not reported increased mortality or significant toxicity. Furthermore, at the doses usually administered, no differences have been reported in terms of side effects or adverse events (those studied) in humans between individuals treated with G. cambogia and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Márquez
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
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28
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Dutt HC, Singh S, Avula B, Khan IA, Bedi YS. Pharmacological Review ofCarallumaR.Br. with Special Reference to Appetite Suppression and Anti-Obesity. J Med Food 2012; 15:108-19. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Surjeet Singh
- Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Product Research, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yashbir S. Bedi
- Plant Biotechnology Divisions, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
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29
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Li JW, Bordelon P. Hydroxycitric acid dietary supplement-related herbal nephropathy. Am J Med 2011; 124:e5-6. [PMID: 21531369 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janette W Li
- Department of Family Medicine, St Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
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30
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Oral hydroxycitrate supplementation enhances glycogen synthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1048-55. [PMID: 21824444 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen stored in skeletal muscle is the main fuel for endurance exercise. The present study examined the effects of oral hydroxycitrate (HCA) supplementation on post-meal glycogen synthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle. Eight healthy male volunteers (aged 22·0 (se 0·3) years) completed a 60-min cycling exercise at 70-75 % VO₂max and received HCA or placebo in a crossover design repeated after a 7 d washout period. They consumed 500 mg HCA or placebo with a high-carbohydrate meal (2 g carbohydrate/kg body weight, 80 % carbohydrate, 8 % fat, 12 % protein) for a 3-h post-exercise recovery. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from vastus lateralis immediately and 3 h after the exercise. We found that HCA supplementation significantly lowered post-meal insulin response with similar glucose level compared to placebo. The rate of glycogen synthesis with the HCA meal was approximately onefold higher than that with the placebo meal. In contrast, GLUT4 protein level after HCA supplementation was significantly decreased below the placebo level, whereas expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 mRNA was significantly increased above the placebo level. Furthermore, HCA supplementation significantly increased energy reliance on fat oxidation, estimated by the gaseous exchange method. However, no differences were found in circulating NEFA and glycerol levels with the HCA meal compared with the placebo meal. The present study reports the first evidence that HCA supplementation enhanced glycogen synthesis rate in exercised human skeletal muscle and improved post-meal insulin sensitivity.
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31
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Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Natural products in anti-obesity therapy. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1493-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Onakpoya I, Hung SK, Perry R, Wider B, Ernst E. The Use of Garcinia Extract (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Weight loss Supplement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. J Obes 2011; 2011:509038. [PMID: 21197150 PMCID: PMC3010674 DOI: 10.1155/2011/509038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to examine the efficacy of Garcinia extract, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as a weight reduction agent, using data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Electronic and nonelectronic searches were conducted to identify relevant articles, with no restrictions in language or time. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Twenty-three eligible trials were identified and twelve were included. Nine trials provided data suitable for statistical pooling. The meta-analysis revealed a small, statistically significant difference in weight loss favouring HCA over placebo (MD: -0.88 kg; 95% CI: -1.75, -0.00). Gastrointestinal adverse events were twice as common in the HCA group compared with placebo in one included study. It is concluded that the RCTs suggest that Garcinia extracts/HCA can cause short-term weight loss. The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain. Future trials should be more rigorous and better reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igho Onakpoya
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon EX2 4NT, UK
- *Igho Onakpoya:
| | - Shao Kang Hung
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon EX2 4NT, UK
| | - Rachel Perry
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon EX2 4NT, UK
| | - Barbara Wider
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon EX2 4NT, UK
| | - Edzard Ernst
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon EX2 4NT, UK
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33
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Tinworth KD, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Noble GK. Potential treatments for insulin resistance in the horse: A comparative multi-species review. Vet J 2010; 186:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Stohs SJ, Lau FC, Kim D, Kim SU, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Safety assessment of a calcium-potassium salt of (−)-hydroxycitric acid. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:515-25. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.521207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Ohia SE, Kaats GR, Keen CL, Williams LD, Burdock GA. No evidence demonstrating hepatotoxicity associated with hydroxycitric acid. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4087-9. [PMID: 19705510 PMCID: PMC2731965 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a number of cases of hepatotoxicity are associated with the use of Hydroxycut weight management products, it has been alleged that their effects are primarily due to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA, as Super CitriMax) in the formulations. However, while these products contain up to 20 different ingredients, some do not contain HCA. Case studies reported to date have not considered in depth the literature on the numerous animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and efficacy of HCA. No HCA-associated hepatotoxicity or treatment-related adverse effects have been reported in these studies, and thus it is premature to make the assumptions presented in the recent case studies regarding Hydroxycut. If it is established in well controlled studies that the use of these formulations with and/or without HCA can result in the occurrence or progression of hepatotoxicity, additional studies should be conducted to characterize the causative factor(s).
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Bousová I, Bacílková E, Dobrijević S, Drsata J. Glycation of aspartate aminotransferase by methylglyoxal, effect of hydroxycitric and uric acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 331:215-23. [PMID: 19449196 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycation is a process closely related to the aging and pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Reactive alpha-dicarbonyl compounds (e.g., methylglyoxal) are formed during middle stage of glycation reaction. Compounds that would inhibit the glycation process have been seeked for years. The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of hydroxycitric (0.25-2.5 mM) and uric acid (0.4-1.2 mM) on middle stage of protein glycation in vitro using the model containing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and 0.5 mM methylglyoxal. Hydroxycitric acid, at all tested concentrations, reduced AST activity decrease and formation of fluorescent AGEs during incubation of the enzyme with methylglyoxal at 37 degrees C. This compound also prevented formation of high-molecular weight protein cross-links and changes in molecular charge of AST caused by glycation. Uric acid showed no positive anti-glycation activity. The results support the hypothesis that hydroxycitric acid has beneficial effects in controlling protein glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bousová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovského 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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37
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Deshmukh NS, Bagchi M, Yasmin T, Bagchi D. Safety of a Novel Calcium/Potassium Salt of Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA-SX): I. Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:433-42. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510802084030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Deshmukh NS, Bagchi M, Yasmin T, Bagchi D. Safety of a Novel Calcium/Potassium Saltof (-)-Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA-SX): II.Developmental Toxicity Study in Rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:443-51. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510802055022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Lau FC, Bagchi M, Sen C, Roy S, Bagchi D. Nutrigenomic analysis of diet-gene interactions on functional supplements for weight management. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:239-51. [PMID: 19452041 PMCID: PMC2682937 DOI: 10.2174/138920208784533638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology combined with the wealth of information generated by the Human Genome Project have fostered the emergence of nutrigenomics, a new discipline in the field of nutritional research. Nutrigenomics may provide the strategies for the development of safe and effective dietary interventions against the obesity epidemic. According to the World Health Organization, more than 60% of the global disease burden will be attributed to chronic disorders associated with obesity by 2020. Meanwhile in the US, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in adults and tripled in children during the past three decades. In this regard, a number of natural dietary supplements and micronutrients have been studied for their potential in weight management. Among these supplements, (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a natural extract isolated from the dried fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia, and the micronutrient niacin-bound chromium(III) (NBC) have been shown to be safe and efficacious for weight loss. Utilizing cDNA microarrays, we demonstrated for the first time that HCA-supplementation altered the expression of genes involved in lipolytic and adipogenic pathways in adipocytes from obese women and up-regulated the expression of serotonin receptor gene in the abdominal fat of rats. Similarly, we showed that NBC-supplementation up-regulated the expression of myogenic genes while suppressed the expression of genes that are highly expressed in brown adipose tissue in diabetic obese mice. The potential biological mechanisms underlying the observed beneficial effects of these supplements as elucidated by the state-of-the-art nutrigenomic technologies will be systematically discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- InterHealth Research Center, Benicia, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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40
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Hayamizu K, Tomi H, Kaneko I, Shen M, Soni MG, Yoshino G. Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects. Fitoterapia 2008; 79:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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41
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Lau FC, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Refuting "Evaluation of the genotoxitocity of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) isolated from Garcinia Cambogia" by Lee and Lee, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 70:388-392, 2007. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:348-351. [PMID: 18214809 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701738525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Peal A, D'Altilio M, Simms C, Alvey M, Gupta RC, Goad JT, Canerdy TD, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of undenatured type-II collagen (UC-II) alone or in combination with (?)-hydroxycitric acid and chromemate in arthritic dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:275-8. [PMID: 17472662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Peal
- Toxicology Department, Murray State University, Hopkinsville/Murray, KY 42240, USA
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Asghar M, Monjok E, Kouamou G, Ohia SE, Bagchi D, Lokhandwala MF. Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) attenuates increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and body weight in developing obese Zucker rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:93-9. [PMID: 17503004 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) is a novel calcium/potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid extracted from the dried fruit rind of the plant Garcinia cambogia, and commonly consumed as weight loss dietary supplement. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HCA-SX on inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in developing obese Zucker rats, an animal model of type II diabetes associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Male Zucker rats (5-week old) were supplemented with vehicle (control) and HCA-SX in drinking water for 7 weeks. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (DNPH), and protein tyrosine nitration (tyr-NO(2)) were measured in the liver and kidney tissues using biochemical and immunoblotting techniques. Compared to controls, the levels of MDA, DNPH and tyr-NO(2) were lower in the liver and kidney of HCA-SX-treated animals. Furthermore, the levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, markers of inflammation measured by ELISA, were lower in the plasma of HCA-SX-supplemented animals compared to controls, as were levels of fasting plasma insulin, glucose, and triglycerides. Interestingly, insulin resistance did not develop in HCA-SX-supplemented rats. Food-intake and body weight gain was also lower in rats supplemented with HCA-SX compared to their control counterparts. These results suggest that HCA-SX supplementation in obese Zucker rats reduces food-intake, body weight gain, and also attenuates the increases in inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance observed in untreated animals. Therefore, HCA-SX may be used as an intervention to overcome obesity-related complications, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asghar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Brandt K, Langhans W, Geary N, Leonhardt M. Beneficial and deleterious effects of hydroxycitrate in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Nutrition 2006; 22:905-12. [PMID: 16829028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study assessed whether long-term supplementation of a high-fructose diet with hydroxycitrate (HCA), an inhibitor of de novo lipogenesis that is widely used as a non-prescription dietary aid, decreases food intake, visceral fat accumulation, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperinsulinemia in rats. METHODS We examined the effects of HCA (1.8% of diet) on food intake, body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperinsulinemia in rats during a 4-wk period of ad libitum access to a 50% fructose diet after a 3-wk period of food restriction in which they lost about 20% of their body weight. RESULTS HCA decreased food intake and weight gain throughout the test and reduced visceral fat accumulation compared with control rats fed ad libitum (CON). Rats that were pair-fed (PF) to the HCA rats showed similar decreases in weight gain and visceral fat. HCA did not ameliorate the hypertriglyceridemia induced by high-fructose feeding. HCA improved insulin sensitivity on day 10 in comparison with CON rats, but by day 27 insulin levels were similarly higher and liver glycogen levels were similarly lower in HCA and CON rats in comparison with PF rats. Liver lipid content was elevated in HCA rats compared with CON and PF rats. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that, although HCA attenuates body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation by reducing food intake under these conditions, it has no lasting beneficial effects on hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia and leads to the accumulation of liver lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Brandt
- Institute of Animal Sciences, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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45
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Ohama H, Ikeda H, Moriyama H. Health foods and foods with health claims in Japan. Toxicology 2006; 221:95-111. [PMID: 16488527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The terms 'nutraceuticals' and 'dietary or food supplements' are not very popular in Japan as compared to most of other countries. However, the concept of 'functional foods', which benefits the structure and function of the human body, is known as a result of research studies initiated on the health benefits of foods in 1984. The Ministry of Education organized a national research and development project to evaluate the functionalities of various foods. Researchers from diverse scientific fields succeeded to define new functions of food, successfully incorporating the previously recognized functions of nutrition, sensory/satisfaction and physiological effects of ingredients in foods. Some of the food manufacturers and distributors unfortunately capitalized on such food functionalities to promote 'health foods' by claiming drug-like effects and violating laws. In 1991, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) now as the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) introduced a 'foods for specified health uses' (FOSHU) system, for the control of such exaggerated and misleading claims. The other reason for such enforcement is due to an increase in the population of elderly people and lifestyle-related diseases that include obesity, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In 2001, a new regulatory system, 'foods with health claims' (FHC) with a 'foods with nutrient function claims' (FNFC) system and newly established FOSHU was introduced. In addition, MHLW has changed the existing FOSHU, FNFC and other systems in 2005. Such changes include the new subsystems of FOSHU such as (1) standardized FOSHU, (2) qualified FOSHU and (3) disease risk reduction claims for FOSHU. In the present chapter, two guidelines that require good manufacturing practice (GMP) and self-investigative systems for ensuring the safety of raw materials used for products in the dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, etc. have been discussed. Furthermore, issues related to positioning and definition of supplements are also discussed in the light of the enhancement of understanding the beneficial roles that supplements may play for human health in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirobumi Ohama
- Biohealth Research Ltd., 6-26-12 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Ono H, Tamura H, Yamashita Y, Tamura K, Iwakura K. In vitro Chromosome Aberration Test and in vivo Micronucleus Test of Ca-type Garcinia Extract. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2006; 47:80-4. [PMID: 16729669 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.47.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The induction of chromosome aberration of Ca-type Garcinia cambogia extract containing about 65% (-)-hydroxycitric acid was investigated by use of the chromosome aberration test in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU) and the micronucleus test in mice. In the chromosome aberration test, Ca-type Garcinia cambogia extract did not increase the number of cells with structural aberration and/or numerical aberrations. The micronucleus test was carried out with bone marrow cells of Slc : ddY male mice after single oral administration of up to 2,000 microg/kg. There was no significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. These results indicate that Ca-type Garcinia cambogia extract does not induce chromosome aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Ono
- Food Development Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
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