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Liaqat A, Salisu IB, Bakhsh A, Ali Q, Imran A, Ali MA, Farooq AM, Rao AQ, Shahid AA. A sub-chronic feeding study of dual toxin insect-resistant transgenic maize (CEMB-413) on Wistar rats. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285090. [PMID: 37556453 PMCID: PMC10411795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops expressing insecticidal crystal proteins are widely accepted worldwide, but their commercial utilization demands comprehensive risk assessment studies. A 90-day risk assessment study was conducted on Wistar rats fed with GM maize (CEMB-413) expressing binary insect-resistant genes (cry1Ac and cry2Ab) at low (30%) and high (50%) dose along with a control diet group. The study used fifty Wistar rats randomly distributed in five treatment groups. Our study revealed that compared to controls, GM diet had no adverse effects on animal's health, including body weight, food consumption, clinical pathological parameters, serum hormone levels and histological parameters of testes and ovaries of rats. Differences were observed in transcripts levels of fertility related genes, but these were independent of treatment with GM diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Liaqat
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Bala Salisu
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Imran
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azam Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Munim Farooq
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Chiab N, Aoiadni N, Nouri-Ellouz O, Ghorbel-Koubaa F, Mellouli M, Sellami-Boudawara T, Kallel C, Makni-Ayadi F, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Subacute toxicity studies of meals prepared from genetically modified potato overexpressing the StDREB1 or the VvWRKY2 transcription factor in rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5883-5890. [PMID: 35426948 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato tubers from genetically modified plants overexpressing the StDREB1 or the VvWRKY2 transcription factors that exhibited improved tolerance to salt and resistance to Fusarium solani infection were characterized and evaluated for safety in a 30 day rat feeding study. Male Wistar rats were split into four groups and provided with a diet composed of 33% (w/w) of either one of the two genetically modified potatoes (GMPs), 33% of the commercial Spunta variety (Sp), or a control group fed with the basal rats' diet. The influence of the GMPs on rat behavior and overall health parameters was evaluated and compared with that of commercial potato (i.e. the Sp group) and control diet. RESULTS Small differences were noticed in the chemical composition of the different tubers, but all the diets were adjusted to an identical caloric level. Results showed no sign of toxic or detrimental effects on the rats' overall health as a result of these diets. The rats fed with the GMPs meal showed hematological and biochemical compositions of the plasma comparable to the control groups. No histopathological damage nor any structural disorganization, severe congestion, or acute inflammation were noticed in the rats' tissues. CONCLUSION Under these study conditions, the GMP diets did not induce any apparent or significant adverse effects on rats after 30 days of dietary administration in comparison with rats fed diets with the corresponding non-transgenic diet and the standard diet group. These two GMPs were therefore considered to be as safe as their commercial comparator. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Chiab
- Laboratory of Plant amelioration and valorization of Agri-Resources, National school of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nissaf Aoiadni
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Oumèma Nouri-Ellouz
- Laboratory of Plant amelioration and valorization of Agri-Resources, National school of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Manel Mellouli
- Anatomy and Pathological Cytology Laboratory, The University Hospital Complex (UHC) Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahya Sellami-Boudawara
- Anatomy and Pathological Cytology Laboratory, The University Hospital Complex (UHC) Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Chomous Kallel
- Hematology Laboratory, The University Hospital Complex (UHC) Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Makni-Ayadi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, The University Hospital Complex (UHC) Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri-Bouzid
- Laboratory of Plant amelioration and valorization of Agri-Resources, National school of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
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Herbivorous Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed with Genetically Modified MON 810 and DAS-59122 Maize Varieties Containing Cry Toxins: Intestinal Histological, Developmental, and Immunological Investigations. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020153. [PMID: 35202180 PMCID: PMC8875443 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding experiments with juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with genetically modified maize MON 810 or DAS-59122 dried leaf biomass were carried out with 1-, 3- and 6-month exposures. Dosages of 3–7 μg/fish/day Cry1Ab or 18-55 μg/fish/day Cry34Ab1 toxin did not cause mortality. No difference occurred in body or abdominal sac weights. No differences appeared in levels of inorganic phosphate, calcium, fructosamine, bile acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alanine and aspartame aminotransferases. DAS-59122 did not alter blood parameters tested after 3 months of feeding. MON 810 slightly decreased serum albumin levels compared to the control, only in one group. Tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) infection changed the levels of inorganic phosphate and calcium. Cry34Ab1 toxin appeared in blood (12.6 ± 1.9 ng/mL), but not in the muscle. It was detected in B. acheilognathi. Cry1Ab was hardly detectable in certain samples near the limit of detection. Degradation of Cry toxins was extremely quick in the fish gastrointestinal tract. After 6 months of feeding, only mild indications in certain serum parameters were observed: MON 810 slightly increased the level of apoptotic cells in the blood and reduced the number of thrombocytes in one group; DAS-59122 mildly increased the number of granulocytes compared to the near-isogenic line.
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Panevska A, Glavan G, Jemec Kokalj A, Kukuljan V, Trobec T, Žužek MC, Vrecl M, Drobne D, Frangež R, Sepčić K. Effects of Bioinsecticidal Aegerolysin-Based Cytolytic Complexes on Non-Target Organisms. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:457. [PMID: 34208927 PMCID: PMC8310125 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegerolysin proteins ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6), pleurotolysin A2 (PlyA2) and erylysin A (EryA) produced by the mushroom genus Pleurotus bind strongly to an invertebrate-specific membrane sphingolipid, and together with a protein partner pleurotolysin B (PlyB), form transmembrane pore complexes. This pore formation is the basis for the selective insecticidal activity of aegerolysin/PlyB complexes against two economically important coleopteran pests: the Colorado potato beetle and the western corn rootworm. In this study, we evaluated the toxicities of these aegerolysin/PlyB complexes using feeding tests with two ecologically important non-target arthropod species: the woodlouse and the honey bee. The mammalian toxicity of the EryA/PlyB complex was also evaluated after intravenous administration to mice. None of the aegerolysin/PlyB complexes were toxic against woodlice, but OlyA6/PlyB and PlyA2/PlyB were toxic to honeybees, with 48 h mean lethal concentrations (LC50) of 0.22 and 0.39 mg/mL, respectively, in their food. EryA/PlyB was also tested intravenously in mice up to 3 mg/kg body mass, without showing toxicity. With no toxicity seen for EryA/PlyB for environmentally beneficial arthropods and mammals at the tested concentrations, these EryA/PlyB complexes are of particular interest for development of new bioinsecticides for control of selected coleopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Veronika Kukuljan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Monika Cecilija Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
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Carlson AB, Mukerji P, Mathesius CA, Huang E, Herman RA, Hoban D, Thurman JD, Roper JM. DP-2Ø2216-6 maize does not adversely affect rats in a 90-day feeding study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104779. [PMID: 32888975 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maize plants containing event DP-2Ø2216-6 (DP202216), which confers herbicide tolerance through expression of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and enhanced grain yield potential via temporal modulation of the native ZMM28 protein, were developed for commercialization. To address current regulatory expectations, a mandatory 90-day rodent feeding study was conducted to support the safety assessment. Diets containing 50% by weight of ground maize grain from DP202216, non-transgenic control, and 3 non-transgenic reference varieties, were fully characterized, along with the grain, and diets were fed to Crl:CD®(SD) rats for at least 90 days. As anticipated, no biologically-relevant effects or toxicologically-significant differences were observed on survival, body weight/gain, food consumption/efficiency, clinical and neurobehavioral evaluations, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, or gross and microscopic pathology parameters in rats fed a diet containing up to 50% DP202216 maize grain when compared with rats fed diets containing control or reference maize grains. The results of this study support the conclusion that maize grain from plants containing event DP-2Ø2216-6 is as safe and nutritious as maize grain not containing the event and add to the significant existing database of rodent subchronic studies demonstrating the absence of hazards from consumption of edible fractions of genetically modified plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Carlson
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Pushkor Mukerji
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | | | - Emily Huang
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Denise Hoban
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - J Dale Thurman
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - Jason M Roper
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 20, Newark, DE, 19714, USA.
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Safety evaluation of E12, W8, X17, and Y9 potatoes: Nutritional evaluation and 90-day subchronic feeding study in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104712. [PMID: 32540328 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional and health effects of four biotech potato events, E12, W8, X17, and Y9, were evaluated in a subchronic rodent feeding study. E12 contains pSIM1278 insert DNA derived from potato and designed to down regulate potato genes through RNAi. These changes result in reduced black spot and reduced acrylamide. W8, X17, and Y9 contain the DNA inserts from pSIM1278 and pSIM1678 to further reduce acrylamide and express a gene from wild potato that protects against late blight. Rats were fed diets containing 20% cooked, dried potatoes from these four events and three conventional potato varieties. Compositional analyses of the processed potatoes and the rodent diets demonstrated comparability between the four events and their respective conventional varieties. Rats consumed the diets for 90 days and were evaluated for body weight, dietary intake, clinical signs, ophthalmology, neurobehavioral parameters, clinical pathology, organ weights, gross pathology, and histopathology. No adverse effects were observed as a result of test diet consumption. These results support the conclusion that foods containing E12, W8, X17, or Y9 potatoes are as safe, wholesome and nutritious as foods from conventional potato varieties.
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Bhatti F, Asad S, Khan QM, Mobeen A, Iqbal MJ, Asif M. Risk assessment of genetically modified sugarcane expressing AVP1 gene. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:267-275. [PMID: 31132391 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biosafety is a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses social, societal, ethical issues and policies for the regulations of genetically modified (GM) organisms. The potential health risks associated with GM sugarcane containing AVP1 gene confers resistance against drought and salinity were evaluated by animal feeding studies and some genotoxicity assays. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity examinations were carried out via oral dose administration of GM sugarcane juice supplemented with the normal diet (modified from certified rodent standard diet) on Wistar rats. AVP1 protein concentration in sugarcane juice was 1mg/1 mL. Biochemical, haematological blood analyses were performed and the results revealed that there were non-significant differences among all the treatment groups; GM sugarcane juice, non-GM sugarcane juice and the control group (normal diet and water). Genotoxicity assessment based on the comet assay and the micronucleus assay data exhibited that AVP1 GM sugarcane was not genotoxic or cytotoxic in rat's peripheral blood. These research findings supported the conclusion that GM AVP1 sugarcane was non-toxic in experimental animals. Therefore, data generated through this research work would be helpful for the commercial release of GM AVP1 sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Bhatti
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Asad
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Qaiser Mahmood Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameena Mobeen
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zou S, Lang T, Liu X, Huang K, He X. Safety evaluation of genetically modified DAS-40278-9 maize in a subchronic rodent feeding study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:146-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Delaney B, Goodman RE, Ladics GS. Food and Feed Safety of Genetically Engineered Food Crops. Toxicol Sci 2017; 162:361-371. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Delaney
- DuPont Pioneer, International, Inc, 8325 N 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 1901 North 21St Street, Lincoln Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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Teradal D, Joshi N, Aladakatti RH. Therapeutic evaluation of grain based functional food formulation in a geriatric animal model. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:2789-2796. [PMID: 28928518 PMCID: PMC5583108 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of wholesome grain based functional food formulation, on clinical and biochemical parameters in 24-30 months old Wistar albino geriatric rats, corresponding to human age 60-75 years. Animals were randomly divided into five, groups. Experimental diets were compared to the basal rat diet (Group I). Four food, formulation were-wheat based (Group II), finger millet based (Group III), wheat based, diet + fenugreek seed powder (Group IV), finger millet based diet + fenugreek powder, (Group V). These five types of diets were fed to the experimental rats for 6 weeks. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. The results showed that, feed intake was influenced by the type of feed. Diets supplemented with, fenugreek (Group IV) caused a significant increase in serum hemoglobin. The total serum protein values were significantly highest in Group III. Total serum albumin was found to be lower in Group I and highest in Group II. The concentration of BUN was highest in Group I and the lowest in control diet. Serum cholesterol and glucose were significantly reduced in Group IV. Several hematological and serum mineral values were influenced by the type of diet. The type of diet did not influence the organs weight. A moderate hypoglycemic and hypercholesterolemic effect was observed in composite mix fed rats. This study clearly justifies the recommendation to use wholesome grain based functional foods for geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Teradal
- Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Science, Bagalkot, 587 104 Karnataka India
| | - Neena Joshi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru, 560 065 Karnataka India
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Hong B, Du Y, Mukerji P, Roper JM, Appenzeller LM. Safety Assessment of Food and Feed from GM Crops in Europe: Evaluating EFSA's Alternative Framework for the Rat 90-day Feeding Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5545-5560. [PMID: 28573861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory-compliant rodent subchronic feeding studies are compulsory regardless of a hypothesis to test, according to recent EU legislation for the safety assessment of whole food/feed produced from genetically modified (GM) crops containing a single genetic transformation event (European Union Commission Implementing Regulation No. 503/2013). The Implementing Regulation refers to guidelines set forth by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for the design, conduct, and analysis of rodent subchronic feeding studies. The set of EFSA recommendations was rigorously applied to a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats. After study completion, the appropriateness and applicability of these recommendations were assessed using a battery of statistical analysis approaches including both retrospective and prospective statistical power analyses as well as variance-covariance decomposition. In the interest of animal welfare considerations, alternative experimental designs were investigated and evaluated in the context of informing the health risk assessment of food/feed from GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Hong
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. , Johnston, Iowa 50131, United States
| | - Yingzhou Du
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. , Johnston, Iowa 50131, United States
- Iowa State University , Snedecor Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Pushkor Mukerji
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences , Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Jason M Roper
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences , Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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Koch MS, DeSesso JM, Williams AL, Michalek S, Hammond B. Adaptation of the ToxRTool to Assess the Reliability of Toxicology Studies Conducted with Genetically Modified Crops and Implications for Future Safety Testing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:512-26. [PMID: 25208336 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.788994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the reliability of food safety studies carried out in rodents with genetically modified (GM) crops, a Food Safety Study Reliability Tool (FSSRTool) was adapted from the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods' (ECVAM) ToxRTool. Reliability was defined as the inherent quality of the study with regard to use of standardized testing methodology, full documentation of experimental procedures and results, and the plausibility of the findings. Codex guidelines for GM crop safety evaluations indicate toxicology studies are not needed when comparability of the GM crop to its conventional counterpart has been demonstrated. This guidance notwithstanding, animal feeding studies have routinely been conducted with GM crops, but their conclusions on safety are not always consistent. To accurately evaluate potential risks from GM crops, risk assessors need clearly interpretable results from reliable studies. The development of the FSSRTool, which provides the user with a means of assessing the reliability of a toxicology study to inform risk assessment, is discussed. Its application to the body of literature on GM crop food safety studies demonstrates that reliable studies report no toxicologically relevant differences between rodents fed GM crops or their non-GM comparators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Koch
- a Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne Michalek
- c Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - Bruce Hammond
- a Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
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Abstract
A number of genetically modified (GM) crops bioengineered to express agronomic traits including herbicide resistance and insect tolerance have been commercialized. Safety studies conducted for the whole grains and food and feed fractions obtained from GM crops (i.e., bioengineered foods) bear similarities to and distinctive differences from those applied to substances intentionally added to foods (e.g., food ingredients). Similarities are apparent in common animal models, route of exposure, duration, and response variables typically assessed in toxicology studies. However, because of differences in the nutritional and physical properties of food ingredients and bioengineered foods and in the fundamental goals of the overall safety assessment strategies for these different classes of substances, there are recognizable differences in the individual components of the safety assessment process. The fundamental strategic difference is that the process for food ingredients is structured toward quantitative risk assessment whereas that for bioengineered foods is structured for the purpose of qualitative risk assessment. The strategy for safety assessment of bioengineered foods focuses on evaluating the safety of the transgenic proteins used to impart the desired trait or traits and to demonstrate compositional similarity between the grains of GM and non-GM comparator crops using analytical chemistry and, in some cases, feeding studies. Despite these differences, the similarities in the design of safety studies conducted with bioengineered foods should be recognized by toxicologists. The current paper reviews the basic principles of safety assessment for bioengineered foods and compares them with the testing strategies applied to typical food ingredients. From this comparison it can be seen that the strategies used to assess the safety of bioengineered foods are at least as robust as that used to assess the safety of typical food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Delaney
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, Johnston, Iowa, USA
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Narva KE, Wang NX, Herman R. Safety considerations derived from Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 structure and function. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 142:27-33. [PMID: 27480405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insecticidal proteins developed for in-plant protection against crop pests undergo extensive safety testing during the product development process. Safety considerations for insecticidal proteins expressed in crops follow recommended, science-based guidelines and specific studies are conducted on a case by case basis. Corn events expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 were developed to protect maize from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (western corn rootworm) feeding damage. The protein crystal structures of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 are different from the more common three-domain Cry or Vip3 proteins expressed in insect resistant maize varieties. Cry34Ab1 is a single domain protein that folds into a beta sandwich structure that resembles membrane-active proteins, including several cytolysins, from a variety of natural sources. Cry35Ab1 has two domains, one domain with structural relatedness to sugar binding motifs and a second domain with an extended beta sheet structure that is clearly related to beta pore forming proteins, some of which are insecticidal, e.g. B. sphaericus BinA/BinB. In this review we discuss Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 structure and function in the context of protein safety studies for insect resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Narva
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Nick X Wang
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Rod Herman
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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Delaney B. Safety assessment of foods from genetically modified crops in countries with developing economies. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:132-43. [PMID: 26456807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Population growth particularly in countries with developing economies will result in a need to increase food production by 70% by the year 2050. Biotechnology has been utilized to produce genetically modified (GM) crops for insect and weed control with benefits including increased crop yield and will also be used in emerging countries. A multicomponent safety assessment paradigm has been applied to individual GM crops to determine whether they as safe as foods from non-GM crops. This paper reviews methods to assess the safety of foods from GM crops for safe consumption from the first generation of GM crops. The methods can readily be applied to new products developed within country and this paper will emphasize the concept of data portability; that safety data produced in one geographic location is suitable for safety assessment regardless of where it is utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Delaney
- Global Industry Affairs and Regulatory, DuPont Pioneer, 7100 NW 62nd Avenue, P.O. Box 1004, Johnston, IA 50131, United States.
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16
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Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG. The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25972882 PMCID: PMC4413729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). Additionally, the domains of different but structurally conserved Cry proteins can be combined to produce chimeric proteins with enhanced insecticidal properties. Environmental studies are performed and include invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Mammalian studies used to support the food and feed safety assessment are also used to support the wild mammal assessment. In addition to the NTO assessment, the environmental assessment includes a comparative assessment between the Bt crop and the appropriate conventional control that is genetically similar but lacks the introduced trait to address unintended effects. Specific phenotypic, agronomic, and ecological characteristics are measured in the Bt crop and the conventional control to evaluate whether the introduction of the insect resistance has resulted in any changes that might cause ecological harm in terms of altered weed characteristics, susceptibility to pests, or adverse environmental impact. Additionally, environmental interaction data are collected in field experiments for Bt crop to evaluate potential adverse effects. Further to the agronomic and phenotypic evaluation, potential movement of transgenes from a genetically modified crop plants into wild relatives is assessed for a new pest resistance gene in a new crop. This review summarizes the evidence for safety of crops containing Cry proteins for humans, livestock, and other non-target organisms.
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Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG. The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25972882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). Additionally, the domains of different but structurally conserved Cry proteins can be combined to produce chimeric proteins with enhanced insecticidal properties. Environmental studies are performed and include invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Mammalian studies used to support the food and feed safety assessment are also used to support the wild mammal assessment. In addition to the NTO assessment, the environmental assessment includes a comparative assessment between the Bt crop and the appropriate conventional control that is genetically similar but lacks the introduced trait to address unintended effects. Specific phenotypic, agronomic, and ecological characteristics are measured in the Bt crop and the conventional control to evaluate whether the introduction of the insect resistance has resulted in any changes that might cause ecological harm in terms of altered weed characteristics, susceptibility to pests, or adverse environmental impact. Additionally, environmental interaction data are collected in field experiments for Bt crop to evaluate potential adverse effects. Further to the agronomic and phenotypic evaluation, potential movement of transgenes from a genetically modified crop plants into wild relatives is assessed for a new pest resistance gene in a new crop. This review summarizes the evidence for safety of crops containing Cry proteins for humans, livestock, and other non-target organisms.
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18
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Lin HT, Yen GC, Lee WC, Tsai YT, Wu JH, Yeh SD, Cheng YH, Chang SC, Liao JW. Repeated Dose 90-Day Feeding Study of Whole Fruits of Genetically Modified Papaya Resistant to Papaya Ringspot Virus in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1286-1292. [PMID: 25578800 DOI: 10.1021/jf5048404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) papaya plants resistant to infection by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) have been successfully generated by cloning the coat protein (CP) gene of PRSV to increase fruit production. In this study, the GM papaya line 823-2210 was used to conduct a 90-day feeding toxicity study and compared to its parent plant of non-GM papaya, Tainung-2 (TN-2) based on the experimental guidance reported by the European Food Safety Authority.1 Ten male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were gavaged at low (1 g/kg bw) and high (2 g/kg bw) doses of non-GM and GM lyophilized papaya fruits for 90 days. Hematology, coagulation, biochemistry, urinalysis, and pathology were examined in all animals. Although some differences were found in feed consumption, hematology, and serum chemistry examinations between non-GM and GM papaya, the results were within historical control values and not considered biologically significant in rats. In addition, there were no treatment-related gross or microscopic lesions in male or female rats attributable to the non-GM or GM papaya fruit. This 90-day feeding study of GM papaya fruit did not reveal adverse effects in rats and indicates that GM papaya fruits may be substantially equivalent to their non-GM parent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- College of Bioresources, National I-Lan University , I-Lan 260, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- National Plant Genetic Resources Center, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute , Taichung 413, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Thirteen week rodent feeding study with processed fractions from herbicide tolerant (DP-Ø73496-4) canola. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:173-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Bartholomaeus A, Parrott W, Bondy G, Walker K. The use of whole food animal studies in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: limitations and recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43 Suppl 2:1-24. [PMID: 24164514 PMCID: PMC3833814 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.842955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is disagreement internationally across major regulatory jurisdictions on the relevance and utility of whole food (WF) toxicity studies on GM crops, with no harmonization of data or regulatory requirements. The scientific value, and therefore animal ethics, of WF studies on GM crops is a matter addressable from the wealth of data available on commercialized GM crops and WF studies on irradiated foods. We reviewed available GM crop WF studies and considered the extent to which they add to the information from agronomic and compositional analyses. No WF toxicity study was identified that convincingly demonstrated toxicological concern or that called into question the adequacy, sufficiency, and reliability of safety assessments based on crop molecular characterization, transgene source, agronomic characteristics, and/or compositional analysis of the GM crop and its near-isogenic line. Predictions of safety based on crop genetics and compositional analyses have provided complete concordance with the results of well-conducted animal testing. However, this concordance is primarily due to the improbability of de novo generation of toxic substances in crop plants using genetic engineering practices and due to the weakness of WF toxicity studies in general. Thus, based on the comparative robustness and reliability of compositional and agronomic considerations and on the absence of any scientific basis for a significant potential for de novo generation of toxicologically significant compositional alterations as a sole result of transgene insertion, the conclusion of this review is that WF animal toxicity studies are unnecessary and scientifically unjustifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bartholomaeus
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of Health, School of Pharmacy, Canberra UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GAUSA
| | - Genevieve Bondy
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health CanadaOttawa, OntarioCanada
| | - Kate Walker
- ILSI International Food Biotechnology CommitteeWashington, DCUSA
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21
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Van Eenennaam AL. GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:37. [PMID: 24066781 PMCID: PMC4015968 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2012, genetically engineered (GE) crops were grown by 17.3 million farmers on over 170 million hectares. Over 70% of harvested GE biomass is fed to food producing animals, making them the major consumers of GE crops for the past 15 plus years. Prior to commercialization, GE crops go through an extensive regulatory evaluation. Over one hundred regulatory submissions have shown compositional equivalence, and comparable levels of safety, between GE crops and their conventional counterparts. One component of regulatory compliance is whole GE food/feed animal feeding studies. Both regulatory studies and independent peer-reviewed studies have shown that GE crops can be safely used in animal feed, and rDNA fragments have never been detected in products (e.g. milk, meat, eggs) derived from animals that consumed GE feed. Despite the fact that the scientific weight of evidence from these hundreds of studies have not revealed unique risks associated with GE feed, some groups are calling for more animal feeding studies, including long-term rodent studies and studies in target livestock species for the approval of GE crops. It is an opportune time to review the results of such studies as have been done to date to evaluate the value of the additional information obtained. Requiring long-term and target animal feeding studies would sharply increase regulatory compliance costs and prolong the regulatory process associated with the commercialization of GE crops. Such costs may impede the development of feed crops with enhanced nutritional characteristics and durability, particularly in the local varieties in small and poor developing countries. More generally it is time for regulatory evaluations to more explicitly consider both the reasonable and unique risks and benefits associated with the use of both GE plants and animals in agricultural systems, and weigh them against those associated with existing systems, and those of regulatory inaction. This would represent a shift away from a GE evaluation process that currently focuses only on risk assessment and identifying ever diminishing marginal hazards, to a regulatory approach that more objectively evaluates and communicates the likely impact of approving a new GE plant or animal on agricultural production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, 2113 Meyer Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Hardisty JF, Banas DA, Gopinath C, Hall WC, Hard GC, Takahashi M. Spontaneous renal tumors in two rats from a thirteen week rodent feeding study with grain from molecular stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran resistant (DP-ØØ4114-3) maize. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:428-31. [PMID: 23246460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thirteen week feeding study was conducted by feeding young adult male and female Sprague Dawley [Crl:CD®(SD)] rats diets containing grain from genetically modified (GM) DP-ØØ4114-3 maize that was either untreated (4114) or treated in the field with glufosinate ammonium (4114GLU). Control rats were fed diets containing the same concentration of near isogenic, non-GM maize grain (091) or one of three types of commercially available non-GM maize grain. At the end of the in-life phase, renal tubule tumors were reported in two male rats consuming diets containing 4114 maize grain. An expert panel of pathologists was convened as a Pathology Working Group (PWG) to review coded kidney histology sections from control (091) and treated (4114 and 4114GLU) male rats. The objectives were for the panel to characterize the histopathologic findings and to interpret their relationship to consumption of the indicated diet. The PWG concluded unanimously that the kidney tumors were characteristic of amphophilic-vacuolar (AV) tumors and AV atypical tubular hyperplasia which represent a distinctive phenotype that has been reported to occur sporadically in young Sprague Dawley Rats. The PWG determined that the neoplasms and atypical tubular hyperplasias were multicentric and bilateral which typifies tumors of familial origin. Degenerative/regenerative or cytotoxic changes consistent with nephrotoxicity leading to tumor induction were not observed in these rats and thus supports the conclusion that tumors were unrelated to consumption of the test diet. It was the unanimous opinion of the PWG that the proliferative renal tubule cell lesions were spontaneous and not related to consumption of diets containing 4114 maize grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry F Hardisty
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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23
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Lee JH, Lee EN, Nam SH. The short-term effects of repetitiveE. coli-derived rhBMP-2 administration through intravenous injection in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:40-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.806530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Scientific Opinion on an application from Pioneer Hi‐Bred International and Dow AgroSciences LLC (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐23) for placing on the market of genetically modified maize 59122 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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25
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Delaney B, Karaman S, Roper J, Hoban D, Sykes G, Mukerji P, Frame SR. Thirteen week rodent feeding study with grain from molecular stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran protected (DP-ØØ4114-3) maize. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:417-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Lundry DR, Burns JA, Nemeth MA, Riordan SG. Composition of grain and forage from insect-protected and herbicide-tolerant corn, MON 89034 × TC1507 × MON 88017 × DAS-59122-7 (SmartStax), is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1991-1998. [PMID: 23311749 DOI: 10.1021/jf304005n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monsanto Company and Dow AgroSciences LLC have developed the combined-trait corn product MON 89034 × TC1507 × MON 88017 × DAS-59122-7 (SmartStax, a registered trademark of Monsanto Technology LLC). The combination of four biotechnology-derived events into a single corn product (stacking) through conventional breeding provides broad protection against lepidopteran and corn rootworm insect pests as well as tolerance to the glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium herbicide families. The purpose of the work described here was to assess whether the nutrient, antinutrient, and secondary metabolite levels in grain and forage tissues of the combined-trait product are comparable to those in conventional corn. Compositional analyses were conducted on grain and forage from SmartStax, a near-isogenic conventional corn hybrid (XE6001), and 14 conventional reference hybrids, grown at multiple locations across the United States. No statistically significant differences between SmartStax and conventional corn were observed for the 8 components analyzed in forage and for 46 of the 52 components analyzed in grain. The six significant differences observed in grain components (p < 0.05) were assessed in context of the natural variability for that component. These results demonstrate that the stacked product, SmartStax, produced through conventional breeding of four single-event products containing eight proteins, is compositionally equivalent to conventional corn, as previously demonstrated for the single-event products.
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27
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Zhu Y, He X, Luo Y, Zou S, Zhou X, Huang K, Xu W. A 90-day feeding study of glyphosate-tolerant maize with the G2-aroA gene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:280-7. [PMID: 23000447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maize is not only a staple food crop but also an important raw material for feed and industry; however, the threat of weeds leads to a serious decline in its output and quality. The G2-aroA gene confers glyphosate herbicide tolerance to crops. In this study, the food safety of genetically modified (GM), glyphosate-tolerant maize with the G2-aroA gene was evaluated in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Maize grain from GM or non-GM isogenic control lines were separately formulated into rodent diets at concentrations of 12.5% (low level), 25% (middle level), and 50% (high level). An additional group of rats were fed a commercialized diet as a control. The toxicological response variables, including body weights, food consumption, serum biochemistry, hematology, and absolute and relative organ weights, were compared between rats fed GM maize and those fed non-GM maize after consumption of test diets for 90days. In addition, gross and microscopic pathology were conducted among treatment groups. No adverse effects related to the consumption of GM maize were detected in the subchronic feeding study. These results indicated that the GM glyphosate-tolerant maize was as safe and nutritious as conventional maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Grünwald S, Adam IV, Gurmai AM, Bauer L, Boll M, Wenzel U. The Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum as a Model to Monitor Food Safety and Functionality. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:111-22. [PMID: 23748350 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
: Food quality is a fundamental issue all over the world. There are two major requirements to provide the highest quality of food: having the lowest reachable concentrations of health-threatening ingredients or contaminants and having the optimal concentrations of health-improving functional ingredients. Often, the boundaries of both requirements are blurred, as might be best exemplified by nutraceuticals (enriched food products invented to prevent or even treat diseases), for which undesirable side effects have been reported sometimes. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for reliable methods to screen for health effects of wanted or unwanted ingredients in a complex food matrix before more complex model organisms or human probands become involved. In this chapter, we present the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model organism to screen for effects of complex foods on healthspan or lifespan by assessing the survival of the beetles under heat stress at 42 °C after feeding different diets. There is a higher genetic homology between T. castaneum and humans when compared to other invertebrate models, such as Drosophila melanogaster or Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, the red flour beetle appears as an interesting model to study interactions between genes and food ingredients, with relevance for stress resistance and lifespan. In that context, we provide data showing reduced lifespans of the beetles when the food-relevant contaminant benz(a)pyrene is added to the flour they were fed on, whereas a lifespan extension was observed in beetles fed on flour enriched with an extract of red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grünwald
- Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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29
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Grunewald W, Bury J. Comment on "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize" by Séralini et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:447-8. [PMID: 23142390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Yong L, Liu YM, Jia XD, Li N, Zhang WZ. Subchronic toxicity study of GH transgenic carp. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3920-6. [PMID: 22889892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A subchronic toxicity study of GH (growth hormone) transgenic carp was carried out with 60 SD rats aged 4 weeks, weight 115∼125 g. Ten male and 10 female rats were allotted into each group. Animals of the three groups (transgenic carp group (GH-TC), parental carp group (PC) and control group) were fed soy- and alfalfa-free diet (SAFD) with 10% GH transgenic carp powder, 10% parental carp powder or 10% common carp powder for 90 consecutive days, respectively. In the end of study, animals were killed by exsanguination via the carotid artery under diethyl ether anesthesia, then weights of heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, thymus, brain, ovaries and uterus/testis were measured. Pathological examination of organs was determined. Endocrine hormones of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormone (T4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) levels were detected by specific ELISA kit. Parameters of blood routine and blood biochemical were measured. The weights of the body and organs of the rats, food intake, blood routine, blood biochemical test and serum hormones showed no significant differences among the GH transgenic carp-treated, parental carp-treated and control groups (P>0.05). Thus, it was concluded that at the dose level of this study, GH transgenic carp showed no subchronic toxicity and endocrine disruption to SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yong
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC, Beijing 100021, China
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31
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Do genetically modified crops affect animal reproduction? A review of the ongoing debate. Animal 2012; 5:1048-59. [PMID: 22440100 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, genetically modified (GM) crops aimed at producing food/feed that became part of the regular agriculture in many areas of the world. However, we are uncertain whether GM food and feed can exert potential adverse effects on humans or animals. Of importance, the reproductive toxicology of GM crops has been studied using a number of methods, and by feeding GM crops to a number species of animals to ensure the safety assessment of GM food and feed. It appears that there are no adverse effects of GM crops on many species of animals in acute and short-term feeding studies, but serious debates of effects of long-term and multigenerational feeding studies remain. The aims of this review are to focus on the latest (last 3 to 4 years) findings and debates on reproduction of male and female animals after feeding daily diets containing the GM crops, and to present the possible mechanism(s) to explain their influences.
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A 90-day subchronic feeding study of genetically modified maize expressing Cry1Ac-M protein in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3215-21. [PMID: 22709787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cry1Ac-M gene, coding one of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal proteins, was introduced into maize H99 × Hi IIB genome to produce insect-resistant GM maize BT-38. The food safety assessment of the BT-38 maize was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats by a 90-days feeding study. We incorporated maize grains from BT-38 and H99 × Hi IIB into rodent diets at three concentrations (12.5%, 25%, 50%) and administered to Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10/sex/group) for 90 days. A commercialized rodent diet was fed to an additional group as control group. Body weight, feed consumption and toxicological response variables were measured, and gross as well as microscopic pathology were examined. Moreover, detection of residual Cry1Ac-M protein in the serum of rats fed with GM maize was conducted. No death or adverse effects were observed in the current feeding study. No adverse differences in the values of the response variables were observed between rats that consumed diets containing GM maize BT-38 and non-GM maize H99 × Hi IIB. No detectable Cry1Ac-M protein was found in the serum of rats after feeding diets containing GM maize for 3 months. The results demonstrated that BT-38 maize is as safe as conventional non-GM maize.
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A three generation study with high-lysine transgenic rice in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1902-10. [PMID: 22510491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-rich rice (LR) is a transgenic rice produced by fusion protein expressed genes into the germline of rice seeds. Compositional analysis of LR showed that the absolute concentration of lysine was significantly higher as compared to a near-isogenic non-transgenic rice. Lysine is believed to be the first limiting essential amino acid in rice, it is important to improve lysine content on rice nutritional quality. Here we report the results of a three generation study comparing the outcome in rats fed the transgenic rice to those fed conventional, near-isogenic rice or a control diet. In the study, both clinical performance variables and pathological responses such as body weight, food consumption, reproductive data, hematological parameters, serum chemistry and relative organ weights were examined respectively. It was evident that there were no adverse effects observed in rats that were fed transgenic rice compared with non-transgenic rice. There were significant differences in some hematology, serum chemistry parameters and relative organ weights in rats consuming the transgenic rice diet or non-transgenic rice diet compared with the control diet, but no macroscopic or histological adverse effects were observed. So the results from this study demonstrate that LR rice is as safe as near-isogenic non-transgenic rice.
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34
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Snell C, Bernheim A, Bergé JB, Kuntz M, Pascal G, Paris A, Ricroch AE. Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: A literature review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1134-48. [PMID: 22155268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Chukwudebe A, Privalle L, Reed A, Wandelt C, Contri D, Dammann M, Groeters S, Kaspers U, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B. Health and nutritional status of Wistar rats following subchronic exposure to CV127 soybeans. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:956-71. [PMID: 22146086 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This subchronic duration feeding study evaluated the nutritional and health status of rats fed diets containing CV127 at incorporation levels of 11% and 33%. For control comparisons, rats were also exposed to similar incorporation levels of the near isogenic conventional soybean variety (Conquista) and two other conventional soybean varieties (Monsoy, Coodetec). In spite of phenotypic differences among these four soybean varieties, there were no quantitative differences in their respective proximate and other compositional properties, including proteins, amino acids, antinutrients and nutritional cofactors. All diets were prepared by blending the respective processed soybean meal with ground Kliba maintenance meal at high (33%) and low (11%) incorporation levels, and the blended diets were fed to Wistar rats for about 91 days. Although there were some isolated parameters indicating statistically significant changes, these lacked consistency and a plausible mechanism and were thus assessed to be incidental. The totality of results demonstrate that CV127 soybeans are similar with respect to their nutritional value and systemic effects as its near isogenic conventional counterpart, as well as other conventional soybean varieties. Hence, introduction of AHAS gene into soybeans does not substantially alter its compositional properties, nor adversely affect its nutritional or safety status to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amechi Chukwudebe
- BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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36
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Zhou XH, Dong Y, Xiao X, Wang Y, Xu Y, Xu B, Shi WD, Zhang Y, Zhu LJ, Liu QQ. A 90-day toxicology study of high-amylose transgenic rice grain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3112-8. [PMID: 21967780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A transgenic rice line (TRS) with high amylose level has been developed by antisense RNA inhibition of starch branching enzymes. Compositional analysis of TRS demonstrated that the content of resistant starch (RS) was significantly higher compared to conventional non-transgenic rice. High level of RS is an important raw material in food industry and has various physiological effects for human health. In order to provide the reliable theory basis for field release of TRS rice, we evaluated the potential health effects of long-term consumption of the TRS. The 90-day toxicology feeding experiment was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with diets containing 70% of either TRS rice flour, its near-isogenic rice flour or the control diet. The clinical performance variables (body weight, body weight gain and food consumption) were measured and pathological responses (hematological parameters and serum chemistry at the midterm and the completion of the experiment, urinalysis profile and serum sex hormone response at the completion of the experiment) were performed. Besides, clinical signs, relative organ weights and microscopic observations were also compared between TRS group and its near-isogenic rice group. The combined data indicates that high-amylose TRS grain is as safe as the conventional non-transgenic rice for rat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hua Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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37
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Khan SH, Butt MS, Sharif MK. Biological quality and safety assessment of rice bran protein isolates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J. A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:734-42. [PMID: 21296423 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a notable concern on the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods/plants, an important and complex area of research, which demands rigorous standards. Diverse groups including consumers and environmental Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) have suggested that all GM foods/plants should be subjected to long-term animal feeding studies before approval for human consumption. In 2000 and 2006, we reviewed the information published in international scientific journals, noting that the number of references concerning human and animal toxicological/health risks studies on GM foods/plants was very limited. The main goal of the present review was to assess the current state-of-the-art regarding the potential adverse effects/safety assessment of GM plants for human consumption. The number of citations found in databases (PubMed and Scopus) has dramatically increased since 2006. However, new information on products such as potatoes, cucumber, peas or tomatoes, among others was not available. Corn/maize, rice, and soybeans were included in the present review. An equilibrium in the number research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was currently observed. Nevertheless, it should be noted that most of these studies have been conducted by biotechnology companies responsible of commercializing these GM plants. These findings suggest a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies. All this recent information is herein critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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39
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Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Ø9814Ø-6 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2269-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Tauseef Sultan M, Butt MS, Anjum FM. Safety assessment of black cumin fixed and essential oil in normal Sprague Dawley rats: Serological and hematological indices. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2768-75. [PMID: 19699773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is unique in its nutritional profile and it's fixed and essential oils are phytochemicals rich fractions. However, safety assessment is required before recommending their use. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of black cumin fixed oil (BCFO) and black cumin essential oil (BCEO) through animal modeling using Sprague dawley rats as test animals. The results indicated that BCFO @ 4.0% and BCEO @ 0.30% are safe as serological indices like liver and kidney functioning tests, serum protein profile, level of cardiac enzymes, electrolytes balance were remained in the normal ranges even after 56days of study. Similarly, indices of red and white blood cells remained within the defined limits. Moreover, diets were insignificant in their impression regarding organs to body weight ratio. However, group of rats fed on BCFO gained less weight as compared to control that shows slight anorexic effect of BCFO which can be useful in obesity related disorders. In the nutshell, presence of phytochemicals in black cumin fixed and essential oils as well as their safe status can positively be used against lifestyle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tauseef Sultan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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41
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Appenzeller LM, Malley L, MacKenzie SA, Hoban D, Delaney B. Subchronic feeding study with genetically modified stacked trait lepidopteran and coleopteran resistant (DAS-Ø15Ø7-1xDAS-59122-7) maize grain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1512-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Acute and repeated dose (28 day) mouse oral toxicology studies with Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 Bt proteins used in coleopteran resistant DAS-59122-7 corn. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:154-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Singh AK, Praveen S, Singh BP, Varma A, Arora N. Safety assessment of leaf curl virus resistant tomato developed using viral derived sequences. Transgenic Res 2009; 18:877-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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McNaughton J, Roberts M, Smith B, Rice D, Hinds M, Rood T, Layton R, Lamb I, Delaney B. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass yields when fed diets containing transgenic maize grains from event DP-O9814O-6 (Optimum GAT), near-isogenic control maize grain, or commercial reference maize grains. Poult Sci 2009; 87:2562-72. [PMID: 19038812 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetically modified maize (Zea mays L.) line that contains the Optimum GAT trait (event DP-Ø9814Ø-6; 98140) was produced by integration of the gat4621 and zm-hra genes. The expressed GAT4621 and ZM-HRA proteins confer tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate and acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, respectively. The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional performance of 98140 maize grain to nontransgenic maize grain in a 42-d feeding trial in broiler chickens. Diets were prepared using grain from untreated 98140 plants and from plants treated with an in-field application of herbicides (98140 + Spray). For comparison, additional diets were produced with maize grain obtained from the nontransgenic near-isogenic control (control) and nontransgenic commercial reference Pioneer brand hybrids 33J56, 33P66, and 33R77. Diets were fed to Ross x Cobb broilers (n = 120/group, 50% male and 50% female) in 3 phases: starter, grower, and finisher containing 58.5, 64, and 71.5% maize grain, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in mortality, growth performance variables, or carcass and organ yields between broilers consuming diets produced with maize grains from unsprayed or sprayed 98140 and those consuming diets produced with near-isogenic control maize grain. Additionally, all performance and carcass variables from control, 98140, and 98140 + Spray test maize treatment groups were within tolerance intervals constructed using data from reference maize groups. Based on these results, it was concluded that 98140 maize grain (unsprayed or sprayed with a herbicide mixture) was nutritionally equivalent to nontransgenic control maize with comparable genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McNaughton
- AHPharma, 116 W. Chestnut St, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA.
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45
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A 90-day toxicology study of transgenic lysine-rich maize grain (Y642) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:425-32. [PMID: 19073230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene for a lysine-rich protein (sb401) obtained from potatoes (Solanum berthaultii) was inserted into maize seed to produce Y642 transgenic maize. Compositional analysis of Y642 grain demonstrated that the concentrations of lysine and total protein were higher than those observed in maize grain from a near-isogenic non-genetically modified (non-GM) commercially available control quality protein maize (Nongda 108). The safety of Y642 maize grain was assessed by comparison of toxicology response variables in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats consuming diets containing Y642 maize grain with those containing Nongda 108 maize grain. Maize grains from Y642 or Nongda 108 were incorporated into rodent diets at low (30%) or high concentrations (76%) and administered to SD rats (n=10/sex/group) for 90 days. An additional group of negative control group of rats (n=10/sex/group) were fed AIN93G diets. No adverse diet-related differences in body weights, feed consumption/utilization, clinical chemistry, hematology, absolute and relative organ weights were observed. Further, no differences in gross or microscopic pathology were observed between rats consuming diets with Y642 maize grain compared with rats consuming diets containing Nongda 108 maize grain. These results demonstrated that Y642 lysine-rich maize is as safe and nutritious as conventional quality protein maize.
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46
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McNaughton J, Roberts M, Smith B, Rice D, Hinds M, Sanders C, Layton R, Lamb I, Delaney B. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-3O5423-1, nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2549-61. [PMID: 19038811 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
DP-3Ø5423-1 (305423) is a genetically modified soybean that was produced by biolistic insertion of the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and gm-hra genes into the germline of soybean seeds. Expression of gm-fad2-1 results in greater concentrations of oleic acid (18:1) by suppressing expression of the endogenous FAD2-1 gene, which encodes an n-6 fatty acid desaturase enzyme that catalyzes desaturation of 18:1 to linoleic acid (18:2). The GM-HRA protein expressed by the gm-hra gene is a modified version of the soybean acetolactate synthase enzyme that is used as a selectable marker during transformation. A 42-d feeding trial was conducted with broiler chickens to compare the nutritional performance of 305423 soybeans with nontransgenic soybeans. Diets were prepared using processed fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) from 305423 soybean plants. For comparison, additional diets were produced with soybean fractions obtained from a nontransgenic near-isoline (control) and nontransgenic commercial Pioneer brand varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Diets were fed to Ross x Cobb broilers (n = 120/group, 50% male and 50% female) in 3 phases. Starter, grower, and finisher diets contained 26.5, 23, and 21.5% soybean meal, respectively. Soybean hulls and oil were added at 1.0 and 0.5%, respectively, across all diets in each phase. No statistically significant differences were observed in growth performance (BW, mortality, feed efficiency), organ yield (liver and kidney), or carcass yield (breast, thigh, leg, wing, and abdominal fat) variables between broilers consuming diets prepared with isolated fractions from 305423 or near-isoline control soybean. Additionally, all performance and carcass variables from control and 305423 soybean treatment groups fell within tolerance intervals constructed for each response variable using data from broilers fed diets prepared with reference soybean fractions. Based on the results from this study, it was concluded that 305423 soybeans were nutritionally equivalent to non-transgenic control soybeans with a comparable genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McNaughton
- AHPharma, 116 W. Chestnut St., Salisbury, MD 21801, USA.
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47
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Delaney B, Appenzeller LM, Munley SM, Hoban D, Sykes GP, Malley LA, Sanders C. Subchronic feeding study of high oleic acid soybeans (Event DP-3Ø5423-1) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3808-17. [PMID: 18952136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DP-3Ø5423-1 (305423) is a genetically-modified (GM) soybean that was produced by biolistic insertion of a gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and the gm-hra gene into the germline of soybean seeds. The gm-fad2-1 gene fragment cosuppresses expression of the endogenous FAD2-1 gene encoding the seed-specific omega-6 fatty acid desaturase resulting in higher concentrations of oleic acid (18:1) relative to linoleic acid (18:2). The gm-hra gene encoding a modified acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme was used as a selectable marker. In the current study, processed fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) from 305423 soybeans, non-GM soybeans with a similar genetic background (near isoline control) and three commercially-available non-GM varieties were used to formulate diets that were nutritionally comparable to PMI Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002. Diets were fed to young adult Crl:CD(SD) rats (12/sex/group) for approximately 90 days. Compared with rats fed the non-GM control diet, no biologically relevant differences were observed in rats fed the 305423 diet with respect to body weight/gain, food consumption/efficiency, mortality, clinical signs of toxicity, or ophthalmological observations. No test diet-related effects were observed on neurobehavioral assessments, organ weights, or clinical or anatomic pathology. These results demonstrated that 305423 soybeans are as safe and wholesome as non-GM soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Delaney
- Pioneer, A DuPont Company, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc., Johnston, IA 50131-0552, USA.
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48
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Healy C, Hammond B, Kirkpatrick J. Results of a 13-week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn rootworm-protected, glyphosate-tolerant MON 88017 corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2517-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Appenzeller LM, Munley SM, Hoban D, Sykes GP, Malley LA, Delaney B. Subchronic feeding study of herbicide-tolerant soybean DP-356Ø43-5 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2201-13. [PMID: 18403083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimum GAT1 soybean is a genetically modified (GM) soybean containing event DP-356Ø43-5 (356043) that was produced by integration of the coding sequences of the GAT4601 and GM-HRA proteins. In planta expression of these proteins confers tolerance to glyphosate and sulfonylurea/imidazolinone herbicides, respectively. This paper reports the results from a subchronic rat feeding study conducted with 356043 soybeans. Dehulled/defatted toasted meal and toasted ground hulls were prepared from soybeans from untreated plants (356043), herbicide-treated plants (356043+Gly/SU), non-transgenic isoline control (091), and three commercial non-transgenic reference varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Individual diets conforming to standard certified rodent chow formulation (Purina Rodent LabDiet) 5002) were prepared with 20% meal (w/w) and 1.5% hulls (w/w). Diets were fed to young adult Sprague-Dawley rats (12/sex/group) for at least 93 days. Compared with rats fed the isoline control or conventional reference diets, no biologically-relevant, adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing 356043 or 356043+Gly/SU soybean with respect to body weight/gain, food consumption/efficiency, clinical signs, mortality, ophthalmology, neurobehavioral assessments (sensory response, grip strength, motor activity), clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, serum chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology. The results from this study indicate that 356043 soybeans are as safe and nutritious as conventional non-GM soybeans.
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50
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He X, Huang K, Li X, Qin W, Delaney B, Luo Y. Comparison of grain from corn rootworm resistant transgenic DAS-59122-7 maize with non-transgenic maize grain in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1994-2002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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