1
|
Habrowska-Górczyńska DE, Kozieł MJ, Urbanek KA, Kowalska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. FOXO3a/PI3K/Akt pathway participates in the ROS- induced apoptosis triggered by α-ZEL and β-ZEL. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13281. [PMID: 38858492 PMCID: PMC11164887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin, is one of the most common food and feed contaminants. Also, its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) are considered to induce oxidative stress, however its effect in prostate cells is not known yet. Our previous observations showed that forehead box transcription factor 3a (FOXO3a) expression is modified in hormone- sensitive cells in the response to mycotoxins, similar to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Thus, this study evaluated the direct molecular effect of α-ZEL and β-ZEL in a dose of 30 µM in hormone-dependent human prostate cancer (PCa) cells with the focus of the involvement of FOXO3a and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in that effect. We observed that both active metabolites of ZEN reduced cell viability, induced oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PCa cells. Furthermore, we observed that FOXO3a as well as PI3K/Akt signaling pathway participate in ZELs induced toxicity in PCa cells, indicating that this signaling pathway might be a regulator of mycotoxin-induced toxicity generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Justyna Kozieł
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
- BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Anna Urbanek
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
- BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen SR, Chen LH, Pan L, Wang B. Application of luminescent Photobacterium Phosphoreum T3 for the detection of zearalenone and estimating the efficiency of their enzymatic degradation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38857317 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2363397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, causes enormous economic losses in the food and feed industries. Simple, rapid, low-cost, and quantitative analysis of ZEN is particularly urgent in the fields of food safety and animal husbandry. Using the bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum T3, we propose a bioluminescence inhibition assay to evaluate ZEN levels quickly. The limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and quantitative working range of this bioluminescence inhibition assay were 0.1 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, and 5-100 µg/mL, respectively. The concentration-response curve of the bioluminescence inhibition rate and ZEN concentration was plotted within the range 5 to 100 μg/mL, as follows: y = 0.0069x2 - 0.0190x + 7.9907 (R2 = 0.9943, y is luminescence inhibition rate, x is ZEN concentration). First, we used the bioluminescence inhibition assay to detect the remaining ZEN in samples treated with purified lactonohydrolase ZHD101. The bioluminescence inhibition assay results showed a strong correlation with the HPLC analysis. Furthermore, we successfully evaluated the overall toxicity of samples treated with purified peroxidase Prx and H2O2 using the P. phosphoreum T3 bioluminescence inhibition assay. The results indicate that the degradation products of ZEN created by purified peroxidase Prx and H2O2 showed little toxicity to P. phosphoreum T3. In this study, a simple, rapid, and low-cost assay method of zearalenone by bioluminescent P. phosphoreum T3 was developed. The bioluminescence inhibition assay could be used to estimate the efficiency of enzymatic degradation of ZEN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dai C, Hou M, Yang X, Wang Z, Sun C, Wu X, Wang S. Increased NAD + levels protect female mouse reproductive system against zearalenone-impaired glycolysis, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity and inflammation. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 124:108530. [PMID: 38159578 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The reproductive system is a primary target organ for zearalenone (ZEN, a widespread fusarium mycotoxin) to exert its toxic effects, including decreased antioxidant capacity and aggravated inflammatory response. These ZEN-induced reproductive abnormalities are partially caused by the declining levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which results in an imbalance in lipid/glucose metabolism. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate whether supplements of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN, a NAD+ precursor) in female mice could protect against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity. In this study, thirty female mice were randomly divided into three groups that were intragastrically administered with i) 0.5% DMSO (the Ctrl group), ii) 3 mg/(kg bw.d) ZEN (the ZEN group), or iii) ZEN + 500 mg/(kg bw.d) NMN (the ZEN/NMN group) for two weeks. The results revealed that, compared with the Ctrl group, animals exposed to ZEN exhibited reproductive toxicity, such as decreased antioxidant capacity and aggravated inflammatory response in reproductive tissues. These effects were strongly correlated with lower activities in key glycolytic enzymes (e.g., ALDOA and PGK), but increased expressions in key lipid-synthesis genes (e.g., LPIN1 and ATGL). These changes contribute to lipid accumulation, specifically for diacylglycerols (DAGs). Furthermore, these ZEN-induced changes were linked with disturbed NAD+ synthesis/degradation, and subsequently decreased NAD+ levels. Notably, NMN supplements in mice protected against these ZEN-induced reproductive abnormalities by boosting NAD+ levels. Herein, the present findings demonstrate that potential strategies to enhance NAD+ levels can protect against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400032, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqian Hou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400032, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Zhefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; Standards and Quality Center of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Shujin Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai J, Yuan X, Sun Y, Chen J, Li P, Yang S, Long M. Bacillus velezensis A2 Can Protect against Damage to IPEC-J2 Cells Induced by Zearalenone via the Wnt/FRZB/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:44. [PMID: 38251260 PMCID: PMC10818814 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) has adverse effects on human and animal health, and finding effective strategies to combat its toxicity is essential. The probiotic Bacillus velezensis A2 shows various beneficial physiological functions, including the potential to combat fungal toxins. However, the detailed mechanism by which the Bacillus velezensis A2 strain achieves this protective effect is not yet fully revealed. This experiment was based on transcriptome data to study the protective mechanism of Bacillus velezensis A2 against ZEA-induced damage to IPEC-J2 cells. The experiment was divided into CON, A2, ZEA, and A2+ZEA groups. This research used an oxidation kit to measure oxidative damage indicators, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) method to detect cell apoptosis, flow cytometry to determine the cell cycle, and transcriptome sequencing to screen and identify differentially expressed genes. In addition, gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were adopted to screen out relevant signaling pathways. Finally, to determine whether A2 can alleviate the damage caused by ZEA to cells, the genes and proteins involved in inflammation, cell apoptosis, cell cycles, and related pathways were validated using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. Compared with the CON group, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the ZEA group increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Compared with the ZEA group, the A2+ZEA group showed a significant decrease in ROS and MDA levels (p < 0.01), while the levels of T-SOD, GSH-PX, T-AOC, and CAT increased significantly (p < 0.01). TUNEL and cell cycle results indicated that compared with the ZEA group, the A2+ZEA group demonstrated a significant decrease in the cell apoptosis rate (p < 0.01), and the cell cycle was restored. Combining transcriptome data, qRT-PCR, and Western blot, the results showed that compared with the CON group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Wnt10 and β-catenin increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the expression level of FRZB decreased significantly (p < 0.01); compared with the ZEA group, the expression levels of these mRNA and proteins were reversed. Bacillus velezensis A2 can increase the antioxidant level, reduce inflammatory damage, decrease cell apoptosis, and correct the cell cycle when that damage is being caused by ZEA. The protective mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Wnt/FRZB cell/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.C.); (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (J.C.); (P.L.); (S.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Damiano S, Longobardi C, Ferrara G, Piscopo N, Riccio L, Russo V, Meucci V, De Marchi L, Esposito L, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Oxidative Status and Histological Evaluation of Wild Boars' Tissues Positive for Zearalenone Contamination in the Campania Region, Southern Italy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1748. [PMID: 37760051 PMCID: PMC10525666 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi belonging to the genera Fusarium spp. and commonly found in feed and food. It is frequently related to reproductive disorders in farm animals and, occasionally, to hyperestrogenic syndromes in humans. Nowadays, knowledge about ZEN effects on wild boars (Sus scrofa) is extremely scarce, despite the fact that they represent one of the most hunted game species in Italy. The aim of this study was to investigate how ZEN affects the liver, kidney, and muscle oxidative status and morphology of wild boars hunted in various locations throughout the province of Avellino, Campania Region, Southern Italy, during the 2021-2022 hunting season. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, were assessed by colorimetric assays; tissue morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's stains. Our data showed that ZEN contamination might result in oxidative stress (OS) and some histopathological alterations in wild boars' livers and kidneys rather than in muscles, emphasizing the importance of developing a wildlife monitoring and management strategy for dealing not only with the problem of ZEN but the surveillance of mycotoxins in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Nadia Piscopo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Riccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luigi Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (S.D.); (C.L.); (G.F.); (L.R.); (V.R.); (L.E.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guan H, Ma W, Wu Q, Cai J, Zhang Z. Exploring the Toxic Effects of ZEA on IPEC-J2 Cells from the Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2731. [PMID: 37684994 PMCID: PMC10487149 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is the most common fungal toxin contaminating livestock and poultry feeding, especially in pigs, causing severe toxic effects and economic losses. However, the mechanism of ZEA damage to the intestine is unknown. We constructed an in vitro model of ZEA toxicity in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) line. ZEA causes severe oxidative stress in porcine small intestine cells, such as the production of ROS and a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes GSH, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC. ZEA also caused apoptosis in porcine small intestine cells, resulting in a significant reduction in protein and/or mRNA expression of apoptosis-related pathway factors such as P53, caspase 3, caspase 9, Bax, and Cyt-c, which in turn caused a significant decrease in protein and/or mRNA expression of inflammatory-related factors such as IL-1β, IL-2, Cox-2, NF-κD, NLRP3, IL-6, and IL -18, which in turn caused a significant increase in protein and/or mRNA expression levels. The final results suggest that ZEA can cause a severe toxic response in porcine small intestine cells, with oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and inflammatory damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenxue Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Qiong Wu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang K, Zhou M, Du Y, Li P, Huang Z. Zearalenone induces the senescence of cardiovascular cells in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:56037-56053. [PMID: 36913015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a contaminant in food and feed products. It has been reported that zearalenone could lead to serious damage to health. So far, it is unclear whether zearalenone could lead to cardiovascular aging-related injury. For this, we assessed the effect of zearalenone on cardiovascular aging. Cardiomyocyte cell lines and primary coronary endothelial cells were used as two cell models in vitro experiments, and Western-blot, indirect immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were performed to study the effect of zearalenone on cardiovascular aging. Experimental results indicated zearalenone treatment increased Sa-β-gal positive cell ratio, and the expression of senescence markers (p16 and p21) was significantly upregulated. Additionally zearalenone upregulated the inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular cells. Furthermore, the effect of zearalenone on cardiovascular aging was also evaluated in vivo, and the results indicated that zearalenone treatment also led to the aging of myocardial tissue. These findings suggest that zearalenone could lead to cardiovascular aging-related injury. Furthermore, we also preliminarily explored the potential effect of zeaxanthin (which is a powerful antioxidant) on zearalenone-caused aging-related damage in vitro cell model, and found that zeaxanthin could alleviate zearalenone-induced aging-related damage. Collectively, the most important finding of the current work is that zearalenone could lead to cardiovascular aging. Next in importance, we also found that zeaxanthin could partially alleviate zearalenone-induced cardiovascular aging in vitro, indicating that zeaxanthin can be used as a drug or functional food to treat cardiovascular damage caused by zearalenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaihao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yipeng Du
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peixin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang C, Li C, Liu K, Zhang Y. Characterization of zearalenone-induced hepatotoxicity and its mechanisms by transcriptomics in zebrafish model. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136637. [PMID: 36181844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, which contaminates crop and cereal products worldwide. It is widely distributed and can be transported from agricultural fields to the aquatic environment via soil run-off. Zearalenone exposure can cause serious health problems to humans and animals, including estrogenic, immunotoxic, and xenogenic effects. Though its hepatotoxicity has been reported by few studies, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be investigated. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of zearalenone and its molecular mechanism in the zebrafish model system. First, we found zearalenone exposure can cause liver injury, as evidenced by reduced liver size, decreased liver-specific fluorescence, increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, delayed yolk sac absorption and lipid accumulation. Then, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed using dissected zebrafish fry liver, which found genes involved in oxidation and reduction were significantly enriched. Quantitative real-time PCR further confirmed the dysregulated expression of several antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, lipid peroxidation was proved by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) production and gene expression at the mRNA level. In contrast to the previous study, apoptosis was likely decreased in response to zearalenone exposure. Last, glucuronidation and amino acid metabolism were also disrupted by zearalenone. Our results revealed the complex mechanism of zearalenone-induced hepatotoxicity, which is a valuable contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of zearalenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chenqinyao Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu F, Cui J, Yang X, Chen B. Effects of zearalenone on vulva area, liver function, serum immunoglobulin, antioxidant capability and sex hormone secretion of prepubertal gilts. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zearalenone Exposure Affects the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Glucose Nutrient Absorption Related Genes of Porcine Jejunal Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110793. [PMID: 36422967 PMCID: PMC9696209 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the impact of zearalenone (ZEA) on glucose nutrient absorption and the role of the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in zearalenone-induced oxidative stress of porcine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). For 24 and 36 h, the IPEC-J2 cells were exposed to ZEA at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 40 (Control, ZEA10, ZEA20, ZEA40) mol/L. With the increase of ZEA concentration and prolongation of the action time, the apoptosis rate and malondialdehyde level and relative expression of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 (Sglt1), glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), Nrf2, quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), and hemeoxygenase 1 (Ho1) at mRNA and protein level, fluorescence intensity of Nrf2 and reactive oxygen species increased significantly (p < 0.05), total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and relative expression of Keap1 at mRNA and protein level, fluorescence intensity of Sglt1 around the cytoplasm and the cell membrane of IPEC-J2 reduced significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ZEA can impact glucose absorption by affecting the expression of Sglt1 and Glut2, and ZEA can activate the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway by enhancing Nrf2, Nqo1, and Ho1 expression of IPEC-J2.
Collapse
|
11
|
Reiner G. Entzündungs- und Nekrosesyndrom des Schweins (SINS) – eine Übersicht. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:323-332. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1950-7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEntzündungen und Teilverluste des Schwanzes treten in hoher Frequenz auf und müssen bekämpft werden, wenn das Tierwohl beim Schwein verbessert werden soll. Dabei greift die alleinige Berücksichtigung des Schwanzbeißens zu kurz. Entzündungen und Nekrosen des Schwanzes treten regelmäßig auch ohne Zutun anderer Schweine auf. Der Nachweis entsprechender Veränderungen bereits zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt, das gehäuft synchrone Auftreten an so verschiedenen Körperlokalisationen wie Schwanz, Ohren, Zitzen, Klauen und anderen Partien, sowie der pathohistologische Nachweis Blutgefäß-assoziierter Veränderungen sprechen für eine primär endogene Ursache und ein Syndrom, auch wenn die Symptomatik mit Umweltfaktoren interagiert. Die Veränderungen können bei Saug- und Absatzferkeln sowie in der Mast beobachtet werden. Die Verbesserung der Umwelt kann zu erheblicher Reduktion von Entzündungen und Nekrosen führen. Gleichzeitig zeigen sich erhebliche genetische Effekte der Eber und Sauen. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel beleuchtet alle bislang bekannten Facetten von SINS (Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome) und gibt einen Einblick in die Eckpunkte der Pathogenese. Das Bewusstsein für ein neues und vom Schwanzbeißen abzugrenzendes Krankheitsbild soll einen Beitrag zu dessen Bekämpfung und somit zur Steigerung des Tierwohls beim Schwein leisten.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jing S, Liu C, Zheng J, Dong Z, Guo N. Toxicity of zearalenone and its nutritional intervention by natural products. Food Funct 2022; 13:10374-10400. [PMID: 36165278 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01545e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a toxic secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, and is often present in various food and feed ingredients such as corn and wheat. The structure of ZEN is similar to that of natural estrogen, and it can bind to estrogen receptors and has estrogenic activity. Therefore, it can cause endocrine-disrupting effects and promote the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive cell lines. In addition, ZEN can cause oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and other hazards, resulting in systemic toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the past few decades, researchers have tried many ways to remove ZEN from food and feed, but it is still a challenge to eliminate it. In recent years, natural compounds have become of interest for their excellent protective effects on human health from food contaminants. Researchers have discovered that natural compounds often used as dietary supplements can effectively alleviate ZEN-induced systemic toxic effects. Most of the compounds mitigate ZEN-induced toxicity through antioxidant effects. In this article, the contamination of food and feed by ZEN and the various toxic effects and mechanisms of ZEN are reviewed, as well as the mitigation effects of natural compounds on ZEN-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Zhijian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adverse Effects of Fusarium Toxins in Ruminants: A Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increased knowledge of the mechanism of action of Fusarium mycotoxins, the concept that these substances are deleterious only for monogastric species is obsolete. Indeed, most mycotoxins can be converted into less toxic compounds by the rumen microflora from healthy animals. However, mycotoxin absorption and its conversion to more toxic metabolites, as well as their impact on the immune response and subsequently animal welfare, reproductive function, and milk quality during chronic exposure should not be neglected. Among the Fusarium mycotoxins, the most studied are deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins from the B class (FBs). It is remarkable that there is a paucity of in vivo research, with a low number of studies on nutrient digestibility and rumen function. Most of the in vitro studies are related to the reproductive function or are restricted to rumen incubation. When evaluating the production performance, milk yield is used as an evaluated parameter, but its quality for cheese production is often overlooked. In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the adverse effects of these mycotoxins with special attention to dairy cattle.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mycotoxins in livestock feed in China - Current status and future challenges. Toxicon 2022; 214:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
15
|
Bai J, Zhou Y, Luo X, Hai J, Si X, Li J, Fu H, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Roles of stress response-related signaling and its contribution to the toxicity of zearalenone in mammals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3326-3345. [PMID: 35751400 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereal crops and cereal-derived foodstuffs worldwide. It affects plant productivity, and is also a serious hazard to humans and animals if being exposed to food/feed contaminated by ZEA. Studies over the last decade have shown that the toxicity of ZEA in animals is mainly mediated by the various stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and others. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and ER stress signaling are actively implicated in and contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biochemically, the deleterious effects of ZEA are associated with apoptosis, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of genes implicated in these biological processes. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. This review summarized the characteristics, metabolism, toxicity and the deleterious effects of ZEA exposure in various tissues of animals. Stress response signaling implicated in the toxicity as well as potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of ZEA in animals were highlighted and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, #1, Yuda Road, Pinggu, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taranu I, Marin D, Pistol G, Untea A, Vlassa M, Filip M, Gras M, Rotar C, Anghel A. Assessment of the ability of dietary yeast-fermented rapeseed
meal to modulate inflammatory and oxidative stress
in piglets after weaning. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/148055/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Jia H, Zhang T, Liu N, Si X, Bai J, Yang Y, Chen Z, Wu Z. 4-Phenylbutyric acid alleviated 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol-induced immune cells response by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse spleen. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113002. [PMID: 35413383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), an acetylated derivative of deoxynivalenol (DON), has contaminated grains and grain-based products in general and been harmful to human and animal health. However, the damage effects and regulatory mechanisms to the host immune system have not been well explored. In the present study, our results revealed that 3-Ac-DON significantly decreased spleen index, elevated MPO activity, upregulated mRNA and protein levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, M-CSF, G-CSF, CCL2, IFN-β, and IL-10 in the spleen and serum. Interestingly, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, largely abolished the above adverse effects. Importantly, 3-Ac-DON enhanced the mRNA abundances of ER stress-related indicators, such as BIP, IRE1A, ATF6, XBP-1, EIF2A, ATF4, and CHOP, which were abolished by 4-PBA, indicating the inhibiting effects of ER stress by 4-PBA in the spleen. Furthermore, 3-Ac-DON reshaped the populations of innate immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells) and adaptive immune cells (T lymphocytes, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and B lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that the adverse effects of 3-Ac-DON on immune cells response could be implemented by ER stress and the ameliorative effect of 4-PBA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tongkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elweza AE, Marey MA, Elesh IF, Zinnah MA, Akthar I, Kanno C, Takagi M, Miyamoto A. Zearalenone interferes with the sperm-triggered inflammation in the bovine uterus in vitro: Negative impact on sperm motility and survival. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:81-89. [PMID: 34864119 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN)-contaminated diets induce detrimental effects on the bovine reproduction. Recently, we reported that active sperm induce pro-inflammatory responses in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the impact of presence of ZEN on the sperm-uterine crosstalk in vitro. BEECs monolayers were stimulated by ZEN (10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL) for 0, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h and gene expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR. Moreover, BEECs were pre-exposed to ZEN (10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL) for 24 h then, co-incubated with sperm for 6 h. Conditioned media (CM) from a sperm-BEECs co-culture, after pre-exposure to ZEN, were harvested and exploited to challenge either polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) or sperm. Both PMNs phagocytic activity toward sperm and sperm motility parameters were then assessed. Results showed that ZEN alone induced pro-inflammatory responses in BEECs through the induction of mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFA and IL1B) and PGES1 at different time points. Pre-exposure of BEECs to ZEN, amplified the sperm-triggered upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFA and IL1B) and chemokine IL8 mRNA abundance in BEECs. Sperm-BEECs conditioned media, primed by ZEN, stimulated the PMNs phagocytosis for sperm whereas suppressed sperm motility parameters. Taken together, these findings indicate that the presence of ZEN augments the pro-inflammatory cascade triggered by sperm in BEECs, provokes PMNs phagocytosis for sperm, and reduces sperm motility parameters. Such immunological reactions may create a hostile environment for sperm competence and survival in the bovine uterus, thus impair fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Elweza
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080 8555, Japan; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menofia, 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Marey
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080 8555, Japan; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Behera, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim F Elesh
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080 8555, Japan; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Behera, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Zinnah
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080 8555, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Ihshan Akthar
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080 8555, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 1677-1, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080 8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santos EV, Fontes DO, Benfato MDS, Hackenhaar FS, Salomon T, Jacob DV, Prévéraud D, Araujo WAG, da Glória EM, Domingos RL, Lopes IMG, Guedes LLM, Lima VR, Cardoso LA, Silva BAN. Mycotoxin deactivator improves performance, antioxidant status, and reduces oxidative stress in nursery pigs fed diets containing mycotoxins. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6380201. [PMID: 34599328 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of mycotoxins can result in many problems, including decreased growth rates and immune suppression. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the supplementation of a mycotoxin deactivator composed by adsorbent clay minerals; inactivated fermentation extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and blend of antioxidants, organic acids, and botanicals in diets containing added mycotoxins for nursery pigs on their performance and antioxidant status. Ninety pigs weaned with 24 d of age (7.12 ± 0.68 kg of BW) were used. Pigs were housed in pens of three animals each according to body weight, litter origin, and sex. The dietary treatments consisted of feeding the pigs with a standard control diet as negative control (NC; mycotoxin levels at accepted regulatory Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture standards; deoxynivalenol (DON): <100 μg/kg; zearalenone (ZEA): <20 μg/kg; fumonisins (FB): <1 mg/kg); the standard diet added with mycotoxins to reach a low contamination level is considered as positive low (PCL-; DON: 900 μg/kg; ZEA: 100 μg/kg; FB: 5,000 μg/kg) without deactivator; a positive low added the deactivator at an inclusion rate of 1 kg/ton (PCL+); the standard diet added with mycotoxins to reach a high contamination level is considered as positive high (PCH-; DON: 4,500 μg/kg; ZEA: 500 μg/kg; FB: 18,000 μg/kg) without the deactivator; and a positive high added the deactivator at an inclusion rate of 5 kg/ton (PCH+). Pigs were individually weighed at the beginning and at the end of each phase and feed intake recorded based on daily pen intake during the experiment. On days 7, 19, 34, and 43 post-weaning, blood samples were drawn for antioxidant analyses. Antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and total superoxide dismutase [TSOD]), vitamins [Vit A, E, and C], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were evaluated in erythrocyte and plasma samples. Pigs challenged with mycotoxins presented lower performance traits, decrease in the efficiency of central antioxidant systems (↓GPx, ↓TSOD, ↓Vit A, ↓Vit E, and ↓Vit C), and a higher oxidative damage to lipids (↑MDA) when compared with the control and deactivator-associated treatments. Our findings showed that the use of a mycotoxin deactivator can mitigate the negative impacts on performance and oxidative stress when animals are subjected to diets contaminated by different levels of mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vivian Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences/ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Brazil.,Veterinary School/VET, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dalton Oliveira Fontes
- Veterinary School/VET, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mara da Silveira Benfato
- Institute of Biosciences/IBIO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Schäfer Hackenhaar
- Institute of Biosciences/IBIO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Tiago Salomon
- Institute of Biosciences/IBIO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90650-001, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wagner Azis Garcia Araujo
- Animal Science Unit, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Norte de Minas Gerais (IFNMG), Januária, Minas Gerais, 39480-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maria da Glória
- Biological Science Department, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz/ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Idael Mateus Goes Lopes
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences/ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Brazil
| | - Lis Lorena Melúcio Guedes
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences/ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Brazil
| | - Valesca Ribeiro Lima
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences/ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Brazil
| | - Larissa Alves Cardoso
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences/ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alexander Nunes Silva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences/ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li L, Zhang T, Ren X, Li B, Wang S. Male reproductive toxicity of zearalenone-meta-analysis with mechanism review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112457. [PMID: 34175827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an oestrogen-like mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, which has a considerable impact on human and animal health and results in substantial economic losses worldwide. This study aimed to demonstrate the reproductive injury induced by ZEA in rodents. We conducted a rigorous meta-analysis of the related literature via PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The scope of the study includes the following: development of reproductive organs, serum testosterone, oestradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; parameters of Leydig cells; and parameters of semen. In total, 19 articles were reviewed. Compared with the control group, the increased relative epididymis weight, increased serum oestradiol level, and decreased LH levels in the prenatally exposed group were observed. In pubertal and adult rodents, the relative testicular weight, serum oestradiol level, Leydig cell number, and percentage of ST (+) Leydig cells decreased under ZEA exposure. In rodents at all ages, decreased serum testosterone level, sperm concentration, sperm motility rate, and increased serum deformity rate were observed in exposed groups compared with control groups. Although subgroup analysis failed to identify a clear dose-response relationship between ZEA exposure and reproductive system damage in male rodents, we still managed to confirm that zearalenone could decrease the serum testosterone level at the dosage of 50 mg/kg*day, 1.4 mg/kg*day, and 84 mg/kg*day, of prenatal, pubertal, and mature rodents respectively; pubertal zearalenone exposure impairs the quality and quantity of sperms of rodents at the dosage of 1.4 mg/kg*day and mature zearalenone exposure has the same effect at the dosage of 84 mg/kg*day. In conclusion, we found that ZEA exposure can cause considerable damage to the reproductive system of rodents of all ages. While the exact underlying mechanism of ZEA-induced toxicity in the reproductive system remains largely unknown, the theories of oestrogen-like effects and oxidative stress damage are promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu F, Cui J, Yang X, Chen B. Effects of zearalenone on liver development, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory factors of prepubertal gilts. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:832-840. [PMID: 34494684 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a kind of mycotoxin that pose great threat to the liver of human and livestock due to its toxicity to eukaryotic cells, however, its toxicity mechanism on prepubertal gilts liver development and function is not known. The study aimed to examine the effects of ZEA on liver development, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory factors of prepubertal gilts. Forty-eight prepubertal gilts (Landrace ×Yorkshire) were randomly divided into four groups: three treatment (T1, T2 and T3) groups and a control group. Prepubertal gilts in the control group were fed with basal diet, and those in T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with basal diets supplemented with low, medium and high doses (200 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg and 1,600 μg/kg, respectively) of ZEA during the experiment period. The results showed that diets supplemented with ZEA significantly increased the activity of alanine aminotransferase of serum in the T3 group (p < 0.05). Besides, compared to the control group, the activities of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, the content of tumour necrosis factor-alpha of liver in the T3 group and the relative expression level of manganese-superoxide dismutase mRNA of liver in the T2 group were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). We also performed correlation analysis among caecal microorganisms and antioxidant enzyme activities and inflammatory factor concentrations of liver. In conclusion, diets supplemented with ZEA has no obvious effect on liver development, but it can cause liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jakimiuk E, Radwińska J, Woźny M, Pomianowski A, Brzuzan P, Wojtacha P, Obremski K, Zielonka Ł. The Influence of Zearalenone on Selected Hemostatic Parameters in Sexually Immature Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090625. [PMID: 34564628 PMCID: PMC8473075 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular toxicity induced by xenobiotics is associated with dysfunctions or damage to endothelial cells, changes in vascular permeability or dysregulation of the vascular redox state. The aim of this study was to determine whether per os administration of zearalenone (ZEN) influences selected hemostatic parameters in prepubertal gilts. This study was performed on female gilts divided into a control group which received placebo and an experimental group which received ZEN at a dose of 5.0 µg·kg−1 b.w. × day−1. On days 14, 28 and 42, blood samples were collected from the animals for analyses of hematological, coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters, nitric oxide, von Willebrand factor antigen content and catalase activity. The results demonstrated that the treatment of gilts with ZEN at a dose below no observable adverse effect level did not affect the primary hemostasis and the blood coagulation cascade. However, ZEN could have temporarily affected the selected indicators of endothelial cell function (increase of von Willebrand factor, decrease of nitric oxide levels) and the oxidative status plasma (decrease of catalase activity) of the exposed gilts. In summary, these results suggest that the adaptive response to ZEN-exposure can induce a transient imbalance in the vascular system by acting on vascular endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jakimiuk
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.O.); (Ł.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (M.W.)
| | - Justyna Radwińska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Maciej Woźny
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (M.W.)
| | - Andrzej Pomianowski
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Paweł Wojtacha
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszynski 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Kazimierz Obremski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.O.); (Ł.Z.)
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.O.); (Ł.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs-Current State of Knowledge and Analytics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:586. [PMID: 34437457 PMCID: PMC8402396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig' exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique-tandem mass spectrometry-is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Owumi SE, Najophe SE, Idowu TB, Nwozo SO. Protective mechanisms of gallic acid on hepatorenal dysfunction of zearalenone treated rat. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
25
|
Recombinant expression and surface display of a zearalenone lactonohydrolase from Trichoderma aggressivum in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 187:105933. [PMID: 34273541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the most dangerous mycotoxins, causes enormous economic losses in the food and feed industries. To solve the problem of ZEN pollution, ZEN detoxifying enzymes are in emergent need. In this study, a zearalenone lactonohydrolase from Trichoderma aggressivum, denoted as ZHD-P, was heterologously expressed and characterized. The intracellular ZHD-P from E. coli BL21(DE3) exhibited high activity for ZEN degradation (191.94 U/mg), with the optimal temperature and pH of 45 °C and 7.5-9.0, respectively. With excellent temperature stability, the intracellular ZHD-P retained 100% activity when it was incubated at 25-40 °C for 1 h. Furthermore, we firstly constructed an E. coli cell surface display system for ZHD-P. The surface-displayed ZHD-P exhibited high activity against ZEN and showed optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 9.0. With superior pH stability, the surface-displayed ZHD-P retained 80% activity when it was incubated at pH 5.0-11.0 for 12 h. Interestingly, the metal ions tolerance of the surface-displayed ZHD-P was better than the intracellular form. Additionally, the surface-displayed ZHD-P could be reused four times with the residual enzyme activity of more than 50%. The biotoxicity assessment using P. phosphoreum T3 indicated that ZEN could be degraded into hypotoxic products by the intracellular or surface-displayed ZHD-P. ZHD-P could be feasible for ZEN detoxification.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ali O, Mézes M, Balogh K, Kovács M, Szabó A. The Effects of Mixed Fusarium Mycotoxins at EU-Permitted Feed Levels on Weaned Piglets' Tissue Lipids. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:444. [PMID: 34199083 PMCID: PMC8309798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At exactly the individual permitted EU-tolerance dietary limits, fumonisins (FB: 5 mg/kg diet) and mixed fusariotoxins (DZ: 0.9 mg deoxynivalenol + 0.1 mg zearalenone/kg diet, and FDZ: 5 mg fumonisins + 0.9 mg deoxynivalenol + 0.1 mg zearalenone/kg diet) were administered to piglets (n = 6/group) for three weeks. Bodyweights of intoxicated piglets increased, while feed conversion ratios decreased. In FDZ, both the absolute and relative weight of the liver decreased. In the renal-cellular membrane, the most pronounced alterations were in FDZ treatment, followed by individual FB exposure. In both treatments, high proportions of C20:0 and C22:0 with low fatty acid (FA) unsaturation were found. In hepatocyte phospholipids, FDZ toxins exerted antagonistic interactions, and FB had the strongest increasing effect on FA monounsaturation. Among all investigated organs, the spleen lipids were the least responsive, in which FDZ expressed synergistic reactions on C20:0 (↑ FDZ vs. FB) and C22:0 (↓ FDZ vs. DZ). The antioxidant defense of the kidney was depleted (↓ glutathione concentration by FB-exposure). Blood plasma indicated renal injury (profound increase of urea and creatinine in FB vs. DZ and FDZ). FB strongly increased total-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein concentrations, whereas FDZ synergistically increased gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline-phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus levels. Summarized, individual and combined multiple fusariotoxins modified the membrane lipid profile and antioxidant defense of splanchnic organs, and serum biochemicals, without retarding growth in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Feed Toxicology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő Campus, Páter K. u. 1., 2053 Gödöllő, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Feed Toxicology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő Campus, Páter K. u. 1., 2053 Gödöllő, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Melinda Kovács
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reiner G, Kuehling J, Loewenstein F, Lechner M, Becker S. Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1670. [PMID: 34205208 PMCID: PMC8228460 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tail biting is a prevalent and undesirable behaviour in pigs and a major source of significant reduction in well-being. However, focusing on biting considers only one part of the solution, because tail damage can be found with a high prevalence without any action by other pigs. The lesions are not limited to the tail but can also be found in the ears, heels, soles, claw coronary bands, teats, navel, vulva, and face. Environmental improvement alone often fails to overcome the problem. This review addresses a new inflammation and necrosis syndrome in swine (SINS). It shows the clinical signs and the frequencies of occurrence in different age groups. It compiles scientific evidence from clinical and histopathological studies in newborn piglets that argue for a primary endogenous aetiology of the disease. Bringing together the findings of a broad body of research, the possible mechanisms leading to the disease are identified and then discussed. This part will especially focus on microbe-associated molecular patterns in the circulation and their role in activating defence mechanisms and inflammation. Finally, the methods are identified to ameliorate the problem by optimizing husbandry and selecting a suitable breeding stock.
Collapse
Grants
- 123 Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany
- 456 Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Hessen, Germa-ny
- 789 Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Josef Kuehling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | - Sabrina Becker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gajęcka M, Majewski MS, Zielonka Ł, Grzegorzewski W, Onyszek E, Lisieska-Żołnierczyk S, Juśkiewicz J, Babuchowski A, Gajęcki MT. Concentration of Zearalenone, Alpha-Zearalenol and Beta-Zearalenol in the Myocardium and the Results of Isometric Analyses of the Coronary Artery in Prepubertal Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060396. [PMID: 34199438 PMCID: PMC8228058 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carry-over of zearalenone (ZEN) to the myocardium and its effects on coronary vascular reactivity in vivo have not been addressed in the literature to date. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that low ZEN doses (MABEL, NOAEL and LOAEL) administered per os to prepubertal gilts for 21 days affect the accumulation of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL in the myocardium and the reactivity of the porcine coronary arteries to vasoconstrictors: acetylcholine, potassium chloride and vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. The contractile response to acetylcholine in the presence of a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, indomethacin and / or an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME was also studied. The results of this study indicate that the carry-over of ZEN and its metabolites to the myocardium is a highly individualized process that occurs even at very low mycotoxin concentrations. The concentrations of the accumulated ZEN metabolites are inversely proportional to each other due to biotransformation processes. The levels of vasoconstrictors, acetylcholine and potassium chloride, were examined in the left anterior descending branch of the porcine coronary artery after oral administration of ZEN. The LOAEL dose clearly decreased vasoconstriction in response to both potassium chloride and acetylcholine (P < 0.05 for all values) and increased vasodilation in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (P = 0.021). The NOAEL dose significantly increased vasoconstriction caused by acetylcholine (P < 0.04), whereas the MABEL dose did not cause significant changes in the vascular response. Unlike higher doses of ZEN, 5 μg/kg had no negative influence on the vascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (M.T.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał S. Majewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (M.T.G.)
| | - Waldemar Grzegorzewski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Interdisciplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biol-ogy and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Po-land
| | - Ewa Onyszek
- Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoranów 1, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland; (E.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk
- Independent Public Health Care Centre of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, and the Warmia and Mazury Oncology Centre in Olsztyn, Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Department of Biological Function of Foods, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Division of Food Science, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Babuchowski
- Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoranów 1, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland; (E.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Maciej T. Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (M.T.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mechanism of action, sources, and application of peroxidases. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110266. [PMID: 33992367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase is an enzyme in the group of oxidoreductases that is widely distributed in nature. It can catalyze the oxidation of various organic and inorganic substrates by reacting with hydrogen peroxide and similar molecules. Due to its wide catalytic activity, peroxidases can act in the removal of both phenolic compounds and peroxides, in chemical synthesis and, according to recent studies, in mycotoxin degradation. Therefore, this study aimed at introducing an overview of the mechanism of peroxidase action, extraction sources, mycotoxin degradation capacity and other potential applications in the food industry.
Collapse
|
30
|
Al-Jaal B, Latiff A, Salama S, Hussain HM, Al-Thani NA, Al-Naimi N, Al-Qasmi N, Horvatovich P, Jaganjac M. Analysis of Multiple Mycotoxins in the Qatari Population and Their Relation to Markers of Oxidative Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040267. [PMID: 33917988 PMCID: PMC8068385 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring food toxins worldwide that can cause serious health effects. The measurement of mycotoxin biomarkers in biological fluids is needed to assess individuals' exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of mycotoxins in the Qatari population. Serum samples from 412 adults and urinary samples from 559 adults were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxin biomarkers. Multimycotoxin approaches have been applied, using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Samples were further analyzed for the oxidative stress markers and compared with regard to the incidence of mycotoxins. The presence of mycotoxins was identified in 37% of serum samples and in less than 20% of urine samples. It was found that 88% of positive of the samples were positive for only one mycotoxin, while 12% of positive samples had two or more mycotoxins. Trichothecenes and zearalenone metabolites were most commonly detected mycotoxins, followed by aflatoxins, roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid. The presence of mycotoxins was found to positively correlate with oxidative stress markers. The obtained results illustrate the importance of mycotoxin biomonitoring studies in humans and the need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belqes Al-Jaal
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (B.A.-J.); (S.S.); (H.M.H.); (N.A.A.-T.); (N.A.-N.); (N.A.-Q.)
| | - Aishah Latiff
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Gelugor 11700, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Sofia Salama
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (B.A.-J.); (S.S.); (H.M.H.); (N.A.A.-T.); (N.A.-N.); (N.A.-Q.)
| | - Huda Mohamed Hussain
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (B.A.-J.); (S.S.); (H.M.H.); (N.A.A.-T.); (N.A.-N.); (N.A.-Q.)
| | - Noora Abdulaziz Al-Thani
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (B.A.-J.); (S.S.); (H.M.H.); (N.A.A.-T.); (N.A.-N.); (N.A.-Q.)
| | - Noor Al-Naimi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (B.A.-J.); (S.S.); (H.M.H.); (N.A.A.-T.); (N.A.-N.); (N.A.-Q.)
| | - Noof Al-Qasmi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (B.A.-J.); (S.S.); (H.M.H.); (N.A.A.-T.); (N.A.-N.); (N.A.-Q.)
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zearalenone and the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040248. [PMID: 33807171 PMCID: PMC8066068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. The review cited more than 150 publications and discuss the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments exploring the immunotoxicity produced by ZEA on different type of immune cells (phagocytes related to innate immunity and lymphocytes related to acquired immunity) as well as on immune organs. The review indicates that despite the increasing number of studies analyzing the mechanisms used by ZEA to modulate the immune response the available data are unsubstantial and needs further works.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kaempferol Inhibits Zearalenone-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt-Mediated Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010217. [PMID: 33379332 PMCID: PMC7794799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, kaempferol (KFL) shows hepatoprotective activity against zearalenone (ZEA)-induced oxidative stress and its underlying mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo models were investigated. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of various hepatic ailments and is normally regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ZEA is a mycotoxin known to exert toxicity via inflammation and ROS accumulation. This study aims to explore the protective role of KFL against ZEA-triggered hepatic injury via the PI3K/Akt-regulated Nrf2 pathway. KFL augmented the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, which may stimulate antioxidative and antiapoptotic signaling in hepatic cells. KFL upregulated Nrf2 phosphorylation and the expression of antioxidant genes HO-1 and NQO-1 in a dose-dependent manner under ZEA-induced oxidative stress. Nrf2 knockdown via small-interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited the KFL-mediated defence against ZEA-induced hepatotoxicity. In vivo studies showed that KFL decreased inflammation and lipid peroxidation and increased H2O2 scavenging and biochemical marker enzyme expression. KFL was able to normalize the expression of liver antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GSH and showed a protective effect against ZEA-induced pathophysiology in the livers of mice. These outcomes demonstrate that KFL possesses notable hepatoprotective roles against ZEA-induced damage in vivo and in vitro. These protective properties of KFL may occur through the stimulation of Nrf2/HO-1 cascades and PI3K/Akt signaling.
Collapse
|
33
|
Marin DE, Bulgaru CV, Anghel CA, Pistol GC, Dore MI, Palade ML, Taranu I. Grape Seed Waste Counteracts Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity in Piglet Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120800. [PMID: 33333857 PMCID: PMC7765275 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin that frequently contaminates cereals and cereal byproducts. This study investigates the effect of AFB1 on the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of piglets and evaluates if a diet containing grape seed meal (GSM) can counteract the negative effect of AFB1 on inflammation and oxidative stress. Twenty-four weaned piglets were fed the following diets: Control, AFB1 group (320 μg AFB1/kg feed), GSM group (8% GSM), and AFB1 + GSM group (8% GSM + 320 μg AFB1/kg feed) for 30 days. AFB1 has an important antioxidative effect by decreasing the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant status. As a result of the exposure to AFB1, an increase of MAP kinases, metalloproteinases, and cytokines, as effectors of an inflammatory response, were observed in the MLNs of intoxicated piglets. GSM induced a reduction of AFB1-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of GPx and SOD and by decreasing lipid peroxidation. GSM decreased the inflammatory markers increased by AFB1. These results represent an important and promising way to valorize this waste, which is rich in bioactive compounds, for decreasing AFB1 toxic effects in mesenteric lymph nodes.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sadeghi E, Oskoei LB, Nejatian M, Mehr SS. Effect of microwave, deep frying and oven cooking on destruction of zearalenone in spiked maize oil. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are one of the most common types of chemical hazards related to edible oils. Although the refining process can remove such contaminations, they may still be present in the final oils due to defects during the refining steps. In addition, most oils produced in local manufactories are not refined and as such may be contaminated with mycotoxins. However, the effect of various cooking methods on the stability of mycotoxins in edible oils has rarely been studied. Hence, this study evaluated the impact of microwave, deep frying and oven cooking on the degradation of spiked zearalenone (50, 100 and 200 μg/l) in maize oil. Measurements were done by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. The results showed that the majority of treatments, including time-temperature combinations of frying (130-190 °C for 2.5 and 5 min), oven cooking (110-230 °C for 2.5 and 5 min) and exposure time of microwave (2.5, 5 and 10 min) reduced zearalenone levels. Microwave cooking of samples containing 200 μg/l of zearalenone for 10 min showed the highest degradation of the toxin (~ 38%) following first order kinetics. The extent of destruction achieved by frying and oven cooking was also dependent on the initial concentration of zearalenone. These findings can be helpful to evaluate the chemical safety of edible oils or foods prepared by them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Sadeghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - L. Bohlouli Oskoei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Nejatian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - S. Solaimani Mehr
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu F, Cui J, Yang X, Liu S, Han S, Chen B. Effects of zearalenone on genital organ development, serum immunoglobulin, antioxidant capacity, sex hormones and liver function of prepubertal gilts. Toxicon 2020; 189:39-44. [PMID: 33197481 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to examine the effects of zearalenone on genital organ development, serum immunoglobulin, antioxidant capacity, sex hormones and liver function of prepubertal gilts. Forty-eight prepubertal gilts (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into three treatment (T1, T2 and T3) groups and a control group (12 replicates per group, 1 gilt per replicate). Prepubertal gilts in the control group were fed with basal diet, and those in T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with basal diets supplemented with 200 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg and 1600 μg/kg zearalenone during the experiment period, which lasted for 14 d. Feed intake was counted and vulvar area was measured. The blood samples were collected from the anterior vena cava of 6 prepubertal gilts in each group, and immunoglobulins, antioxidant indexes, inflammatory cytokines, genital hormones, and biochemical indexes were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the average daily feed intake of prepubertal gilts in each group had no significant change (p > 0.05). On 14 d, compared with the control group, the vulva area of prepubertal gilts in each treatment group was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin G content in the T3 group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The activities of total antioxidant capacity and the superoxide dismutase of serum in the T3 group were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum interleukin-4 content in each test group were extremely significantly increased (p < 0.01). The serum contents of luteinizing hormone in the T2 and T3 groups and estradiol in the T3 group were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than that of control group. Compared with the control group, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase in T3 group was significantly increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, zearalenone has no significantly effect on the feed intake of prepubertal gilts, but it can reduce its serum immunoglobulin contents and antioxidant properties, disrupt the secretion of sex hormones, increase the vulva area, produce reproductive toxicity and cause liver damage. Therefore, in pig production, the use of antimould reagent together with products of immunity-boosting, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective may enhance protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuaijuan Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xin J, Wang X, Li N, Liu L, Lian Y, Wang M, Zhao RS. Recent applications of covalent organic frameworks and their multifunctional composites for food contaminant analysis. Food Chem 2020; 330:127255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
37
|
Jia R, Liu W, Zhao L, Cao L, Shen Z. Low doses of individual and combined deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in naturally moldy diets impair intestinal functions via inducing inflammation and disrupting epithelial barrier in the intestine of piglets. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:159-169. [PMID: 32783910 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is the first barrier against food contaminants and is highly sensitive to Fusarium toxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). Here, we explored the effects of low doses of DON and/or ZEA in naturally moldy diets on intestinal functions in piglets, including inflammatory responses, epithelial barrier, and microbial composition. Piglets were treated with a control diet (CON), DON diet (1000.6 μg/kg), ZEA diet (269.1 μg/kg), and DON + ZEA diet (1007.5 + 265.4 μg/kg), respectively, for 3 weeks and then switched to the same CON diet for another 2 weeks. In the first period, even the selected low doses of DON or ZEA in the diet resulted in intestinal inflammation, diminish protein expression (claudin-4) and altered gut microbiota populations. Whereas upon switching to the CON diet for another 2 weeks, the deleterious effect of ZEA and DON on IL-1β and Bifidobacterium population could not be recovered. Additionally, combined DON and ZEA negatively affected body weight gain and feed consumption of piglets, as well as shown synergistic effects on evoking pro-inflammatory cytokines contents (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and perturbing the cecum microbiota profile (E. coli, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium). Collectively, chronic consumption of DON and ZEA contaminated feed or food, even at low doses, can induce intestinal damage and may have consequences for animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lirong Cao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Shen
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karaman E, Ariman I, Ozden S. Responses of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines after zearalenone exposure in human kidney cells. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin widely found worldwide that is produced by several fungal species. Due to its similarity to estradiol, it has been shown to have toxic effects on the reproductive system. Although various animal studies have been conducted to investigate the toxic effects of zearalenone, the mechanisms of toxicity have not been fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the dose-dependent toxic effects of zearalenone exposure in human kidney cells. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of zearalenone in HK-2 cells were found to be 133.42 and 101.74 µM in MTT- and NRU-tests, respectively. Zearalenone exposure at concentrations of 1, 10 and 50 µM decreased cell proliferation by 2.1, 11.07 and 24.34%, respectively. Reactive oxygen species levels increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase was observed in the expressions of MGMT, α-GST, Hsp70 and HO-1 genes, which are associated with oxidative damage, while a significant decrease in L-Fabp gene expression was observed. Moreover, zearalenone increased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNFα and MAPK8. Significant increases were observed at the level of global DNA methylation and expression of DNMT1 in all exposure groups. These results indicate that changes in DNA methylation and oxidative damage may play an important role in the toxicity of zearalenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E.F. Karaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116-Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, 34010-Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I. Ariman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116-Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S. Ozden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116-Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer's Patches. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060350. [PMID: 32471145 PMCID: PMC7354554 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zearalenone (ZEN), administered per os to gilts at doses equivalent to 50%, 100%, and 150% of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) values for 14, 28, and 42 days during weaning, on changes in the parameters of the oxidoreductive balance, cytokine secretion, and basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches. Immunoenzymatic ELISA tests and biochemical methods were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin 1α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 12/23p40, interleukin 2, interferon γ, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, fructose, glucose, and proline, as well as the activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The study demonstrated that ZEN doses corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of NOAEL values, i.e., 5 µg, 10 µg, and 15 µg ZEN/kg BW, respectively, have proinflammatory properties, exacerbate oxidative stress responses, and disrupt basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches in gilts.
Collapse
|
40
|
Soler L, Stella A, Seva J, Pallarés FJ, Lahjouji T, Burlet-Schiltz O, Oswald IP. Proteome changes induced by a short, non-cytotoxic exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone in the pig intestine. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103842. [PMID: 32454255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. Among them is estrogen signaling, important for the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, immune signaling and metabolism. The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogen disruptor naturally found in food and feed. The exposure of the intestine to ZEN has toxic effects including alteration of the immune status and is possibly implicated in carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms linked with these effects are not clear. Our objective was to explore the proteome changes induced by a short, non-cytotoxic exposure to ZEN in the intestine using pig jejunal explants. Our results indicated that ZEN promotes little proteome changes, but significantly related with an induction of ERα signaling and a consequent disruption of highly interrelated signaling cascades, such as NF-κB, ERK1/2, CDX2 and HIF1α. The toxicity of ZEN leads also to an altered immune status characterized by the activation of the chemokine CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and an accumulation of MHC-I proteins. Our results connect the estrogen disrupting activity of ZEN with its intestinal toxic effect, associating the exposure to ZEN with cell-signaling disorders similar to those involved in the onset and progression of diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomics results presented in our study indicate that the endocrine disruptor activity of ZEN is able to regulate a cascade of highly inter-connected signaling events essential for the small intestinal crypt-villus cycle and immune status. These molecular mechanisms are also implicated in the onset and progress of intestinal immune disorders and cancer indicating that exposure to ZEN could play an important role in intestinal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandre Stella
- Toulouse Proteomics Infrastructure, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tarek Lahjouji
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Toulouse Proteomics Infrastructure, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chang J, Wang T, Wang P, Yin Q, Liu C, Zhu Q, Lu F, Gao T. Compound probiotics alleviating aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone toxic effects on broiler production performance and gut microbiota. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110420. [PMID: 32151861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to alleviate toxic effects of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEA) on broiler production performance and gut microbiota, three kinds of compound probiotics (CP) were selected. The optimal ratios of Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei and Candida utilis in broiler diets were 7, 5 and 6 log CFU/g for ZEA biodegradation (CP1); 6, 7 and 7 log CFU/g for AFB1 biodegradation (CP2); 7, 6 and 7 log CFU/g for ZEA + AFB1 biodegradation (CP3). A total of 350 1-day-old Ross broilers were randomly divided into 7 groups. Group A was the basal diet, group B-G contained ZEA, AFB1, ZEA + AFB1, ZEA + CP1, AFB1+CP2, ZEA + AFB1+CP3, respectively. The experiment showed that AFB1 or AFB1+ZEA significantly decreased broiler production performance, damaged liver and jejunum, increased mycotoxin residues in broiler body; however, three kinds of compound probiotics additions could alleviate mycotoxin negative effects on the above parameters (p < 0.05). The gut microbiota analysis indicated that AFB1+ZEA increased jejunal microbial richness, but which were decreased to almost the same level as the control group by CP3 addition. CP3 addition significantly increased jejunal Firmicutes and Lactobacillus aviarius abundances. The correlative analysis showed that gut Lactobacillus aviarius abundance was positively correlated with average daily gain (ADG) of broilers (p < 0.05), while AFB1+ZEA addition decreased its relative abundance, indicating that CP3 addition increased broiler growth by increasing Lactobacillus aviarius abundance. AFB1 and ZEA residues in broiler body were negatively correlated with the gut beneficial bacterial abundances (p < 0.01), but positively correlated with the potentially harmful bacterial abundances (p < 0.05), which inferred that CP3 addition could decrease mycotoxin residues through positively regulating gut relative bacterial abundances. In conclusion, compound probiotics could keep gut microbiota stable, degrade mycotoxins, alleviate histological lesions, increase production performance and reduce mycotoxin toxicity for broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Qingqiang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Qun Zhu
- Henan Delin Biological Product Co., Ltd., Xinxiang, 453000, China.
| | - Fushan Lu
- Henan Puai Feed Co., Ltd., Zhoukou, 466000, China.
| | - Tianzeng Gao
- Henan Guangan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lahjouji T, Bertaccini A, Neves M, Puel S, Oswald IP, Soler L. Acute Exposure to Zearalenone Disturbs Intestinal Homeostasis by Modulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020113. [PMID: 32053894 PMCID: PMC7076757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN), which frequently contaminates cereal-based human food and animal feed, is known to have an estrogenic effect. The biological response associated with exposure to ZEN has rarely been reported in organs other than the reproductive system. In the intestine, several studies suggested that ZEN might stimulate molecular changes related to the activation of early carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms behind these events are not yet known. In this study, we investigated gene expression and changes in protein abundance induced by acute exposure to ZEN in the jejunum of castrated male pigs using an explant model. Our results indicate that ZEN induces the accumulation of ERα but not ERβ, modulates Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling pathways, and induces molecular changes linked with energy sensing and the antimicrobial activity without inducing inflammation. Our results confirm that the intestine is a target for ZEN, inducing changes that promote cellular proliferation and could contribute to the onset of intestinal pathologies.
Collapse
|
43
|
de Oliveira Garcia S, Sibaja KVM, Nogueira WV, Feltrin ACP, Pinheiro DFA, Cerqueira MBR, Badiale Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Peroxidase as a simultaneous degradation agent of ochratoxin A and zearalenone applied to model solution and beer. Food Res Int 2020; 131:109039. [PMID: 32247492 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of the commercial peroxidase (POD) enzyme (Armoracia rusticana) on the simultaneous degradation of ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) in model solution and beer. For this purpose, the reaction parameters for POD action were optimized, POD application in the degradation of mycotoxins in model solution and beer was evaluated and the kinetic parameters of POD were defined (Michaelis-Menten constant - KM and maximal velocity - Vmax). In the reaction conditions (pH 7, ionic strength of 25 mM, incubation at 30 °C, addition of 26 mM H2O2 and 1 mM potassium ion), POD (0.6 U mL-1) presented the maximum activity for simultaneous degradation of OTA and ZEA of 27.0 and 64.9%, respectively, in model solution after 360 min. The application of POD in beer resulted in the simultaneous degradation of OTA and ZEA of 4.8 and 10.9%, respectively. The kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for degradation of OTA and ZEA were 50 and 10,710 nM and 0.168 and 72 nM min-1, respectively. Therefore, POD can be a promising alternative to mitigate the contamination of OTA and ZEA in model solution and beer, minimizing their effects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina de Oliveira Garcia
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Penteado Feltrin
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Diean Fabiano Alvares Pinheiro
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale Furlong
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhao X, Yang R, Bi Y, Bilal M, Kuang Z, Iqbal HMN, Luo Q. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Leaf Polysaccharides on Immune Parameters of Weanling Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010035. [PMID: 31878017 PMCID: PMC7022547 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of dietary supplementation of mulberry leaf polysaccharides (MLPs) on the immune parameters-i.e., the immune organ weight, serum immunoglobulins, cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) production, and insulin-Like growth factor-1 (IGF1) mRNA expression-of weanling pigs as a model animal was investigated. A total of 120 healthy weanling pigs (aged 28 ± 2 d) with the same body weights were randomly divided into four groups: (1) Control treatment (CT), basal diet (BD), (2) MLP low-dose treatment (MLT), 0.6 g/kg MLP + BD, (3) MLP high-dose treatment (MHT), 1.2 g/kg MLP + BD, and (4) antibiotic treatment (AT), 0.15 g/kg chlortetracycline + BD. The results revealed that the thymus and spleen indices were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in both MLT and MHT groups in comparison with the CT group, while the serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-8, and interferon (IFN-γ) in the MLT group and IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the MHT group were also considerably greater (P < 0.05) than the corresponding levels in the CT group. The serum contents of IgG, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-8 in the MLT group and IL-2 and IL-6 in the MHT group were significantly increased in comparison with the corresponding contents in the AT group (P < 0.05). The transformation rate of lymphocytes in the MLT and MHT groups was higher compared to the CT and AT groups. However, a notable difference was found between the MLT group and the two control groups. The peripheral lymphocyte NO production in the MLT, MHT, and AT groups was significant relative to the CT group. The expression levels of IGF1 mRNA in the liver and muscle longissimus tissues of both the MLT and MHT groups showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) over those in the CT group. Moreover, the IGF1 mRNA expression in the muscle longissimus from the MLT group was significantly higher than in the AT group. In conclusion, the results suggest that incorporating MLPs into the diets of weanling pigs improves the animals' metabolisms and immune functions, and the effects of the MLT group were superior to those of both the MHT and AT groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Zhao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.B.)
- Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Z.K.); (Q.L.)
| | - Rongling Yang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-719-8529-1044; Fax: +86-719-8529-1044
| | - Yanhong Bi
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Zheshi Kuang
- Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Z.K.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., CP 64849, Mexico;
| | - Qiulan Luo
- Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; (Z.K.); (Q.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marin DE, Braicu C, Dumitrescu G, Pistol GC, Cojocneanu R, Neagoe IB, Taranu I. MicroRNA profiling in kidney in pigs fed ochratoxin A contaminated diet. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109637. [PMID: 31499447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OTA is a toxic metabolite produced by fungus belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. Kidney is the main target of this toxin; OTA is considered as one of the etiological factors at the origin of the human Balkan endemic nephropathy. microRNA are short non-coding transcrips (18-22 nucleotides in length) regulating key cellular processes. Various miRNAs have been established to play important roles in development of renal carcinoma and urothelial cancer. The objective of this study is to analyse the miRNA profiling in the kidney of piglets experimentally intoxicated with feed contaminated with OTA. Fifteen piglets (five pigs/group) were randomly distributed into 3 groups, fed normal diet (Group 1: control), or diets contaminated with OTA in two concentrations: 50 μg OTA/kg feed (Group 2: 50 μg OTA/kg feed) or 200 μg OTA/kg feed (Group 3: 200 μg OTA/kg feed) for 28 days. At the end of the experiment blood samples were taken for serological analyses. Animals from control group and 200 μg OTA/kg feed were sacrificed and kidney samples were taken for histological and molecular analyses. As resulted from molecular profiling study there are 8 miRNA differentially expressed in OTA kidney vs control kidney, in which five miRNA were overexpressed in the kidney of OTA intoxicated animals: miR-497 (FC = 6.34), miR-133a-3p (FC = 5.75), miR-423-3p (FC = 5.48), miR-34a (FC = 1.68), miR-542-3p (1.65) while three miRNA were downregulated: miR-421-3p (FC = -3.96); miR-490 (FC = -3.87); miR-9840-3p (FC = -2.13). The altered miRNAs as effect of OTA are strongly connected to the engine of cancer, disturbing nodal points in different pathways, as TP53 signalling. This proof-of-concept study proves the actual utility of miRNAs as biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure, including OTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Eliza Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabi Dumitrescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat, King Mihai I of Romania, Calea Aradului nr. 119, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gina C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, No. 23, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" Universty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Republicii 34 Street, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen Y, Cheng Y, Wen C, Wang W, Kang Y, Wang A, Zhou Y. The protective effects of modified palygorskite on the broilers fed a purified zearalenone-contaminated diet. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3802-3810. [PMID: 30839081 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of dietary modified palygorskite (Pal) supplementation on broiler chickens fed a purified zearalenone (ZEN)-contaminated diet. A total of 144 1-day-old male chicks were allocated to one of the 3 treatments, with each treatment being composed of 6 replicates of 8 birds each. The birds were fed with a control diet (Control group), the ZEN-contaminated diet (2.0 mg ZEN/kg diet), and the ZEN-contaminated diet supplemented with 1.0 g/kg diet of modified Pal for 42 d, respectively. Compared with control group, feeding ZEN-contaminated diet reduced weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of broilers during the finisher and overall experimental period (P < 0.05), while the values of these parameters in broilers fed the diet contaminated with ZEN increased after modified Pal administration (P < 0.05). ZEN challenge increased the 21-d serum aspartate aminotransferase and 42-d serum alanine aminotransferase activities, 42-d relative liver weight, and ZEN residues in the liver at both 21 and 42 d and kidney at 42 d (P < 0.05). In contrast, birds fed the ZEN-contaminated diet that was supplemented with modified Pal exhibited lower serum alanine aminotransferase activity at 42 d, relative liver weight at 42 d, and hepatic and renal ZEN accumulation at both 21 and 42 d (P < 0.05), when compared with their counterparts fed the contaminated diet. ZEN contamination decreased superoxide dismutase activity in the serum at 21 d, kidney at 42 d, and liver at both 21 and 42 d, respectively (P < 0.05). The hepatic and renal malondialdehyde accumulation at 42 d increased, while renal glutathione level at 42 d decreased, when feeding broilers with the ZEN-contaminated diet (P < 0.05). Dietary modified Pal supplementation reduced hepatic malondialdehyde accumulation, whereas increased renal superoxide dismutase activity in broilers fed a ZEN-contaminated diet at 42 d (P < 0.05). This finding suggested that dietary modified Pal administration could promote growth performance, reduce hepatonephric ZEN residues, and improve liver function and antioxidant status of broiler chickens receiving a ZEN-contaminated diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Postdoctoral Research Station of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefei Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,R&D Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Kang
- Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,R&D Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,R&D Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zearalenone Biodegradation by the Combination of Probiotics with Cell-Free Extracts of Aspergillus oryzae and its Mycotoxin-Alleviating Effect on Pig Production Performance. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100552. [PMID: 31547122 PMCID: PMC6832534 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to remove zearalenone (ZEA) detriment—Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis, and cell-free extracts from Aspergillus oryzae were used to degrade ZEA in this study. The orthogonal experiment in vitro showed that the ZEA degradation rate was 92.27% (p < 0.05) under the conditions that Candida utilis, Bacillus subtilis SP1, and Bacillus subtilis SP2 were mixed together at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.0%. When cell-free extracts from Aspergillus oryzae were combined with the above probiotics at a ratio of 2:1 to make mycotoxin-biodegradation preparation (MBP), the ZEA degradation rate reached 95.15% (p < 0.05). In order to further investigate the MBP effect on relieving the negative impact of ZEA for pig production performance, 120 young pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 3 replicates in each group and 8 pigs for each replicate. Group A was given the basal diet with 86.19 μg/kg ZEA; group B contained 300 μg/kg ZEA without MBP addition; and groups C, D, and E contained 300 μg/kg ZEA added with 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% MBP, respectively. The results showed that MBP addition was able to keep gut microbiota stable. ZEA concentrations in jejunal contents in groups A and D were 89.47% and 80.07% lower than that in group B (p < 0.05), indicating that MBP was effective in ZEA biodegradation. In addition, MBP had no significant effect on pig growth, nutrient digestibility, and the relative mRNA abundance of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) genes in ovaries and the uterus (p > 0.05).
Collapse
|
48
|
Cheng Q, Jiang S, Huang L, Ge J, Wang Y, Yang W. Zearalenone induced oxidative stress in the jejunum in postweaning gilts through modulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and relevant genes1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1722-1733. [PMID: 30753491 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Researches have shown that dietary zearalenone (ZEA) caused oxidative stress in the liver and reproductive organs of postweaning gilts. However, information on the effects of ZEA on oxidative stress of the small intestine in the piglets is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ZEA exposure on oxidative stress, the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and on immunohistochemistry of the jejunum in postweaning gilts. A 35-d feeding experiment using 40 postweaning gilts (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) with an average BW of 14.01 ± 0.86 kg in 4 groups fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg ZEA/kg was conducted. The jejunum was obtained at the end of the experiment and used for analyses. The results showed that the activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the relative expressions of Keap1 mRNA and protein in the jejunum linearly and quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of ZEA in the diets. The malondialdehyde content, the integrated optical density of Nrf2 and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and the relative expressions of Nrf2, GPX1, quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) mRNA and proteins linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of ZEA. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Nrf2 and GPX1 immunoreactivity was enhanced by the ZEA treatments, and block localization of yellow and brown immunoreactive substances in the jejunum was observed with increasing levels of ZEA. The results suggest that ingested ZEA induced oxidative stress in the jejunum in postweaning gilts through upregulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and downstream target genes NQO1, HO1, and GCLM, indicating the important role of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in oxidative stress induced by ZEA in the jejunum of the postweaning piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cheng
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Libo Huang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinshan Ge
- Shandong Zhongcheng Feed Technology Co., Ltd., Feicheng, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Weiren Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang YL, Zhou XQ, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wang SW, Kuang SY, Tang L, Feng L. Effects of Dietary Zearalenone on Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Tight Junction in the Intestine of Juvenile Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060333. [PMID: 31212760 PMCID: PMC6628422 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a prevalent mycotoxin with high toxicity in animals. In order to study its effect on juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), six diets supplemented with different levels of ZEA (0, 535, 1041, 1548, 2002, and 2507 μg/kg diet) for 10 weeks were studied to assess its toxicity on intestinal structural integrity and potential mechanisms of action. Our report firstly proved that ZEA led to growth retardation and body deformity, and impaired the intestinal structural integrity of juvenile grass carp, as revealed by the following findings: (1) ZEA accumulated in the intestine and caused histopathological lesions; (2) ZEA resulted in oxidative injury, apoptosis, and breached tight junctions in the fish intestine, which were probably associated with Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38MAPK), and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling pathways, respectively. ZEA had no influence on the antioxidant gene levels of Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1)b (rather than Keap1a), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)P1, GSTP2 (not in the distal intestine (DI)), tight junctions occludin, claudin-c (not in the proximal intestine (PI)), or claudin-3c (not in the mid intestine (MI) or DI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Shang-Wen Wang
- Tongwei Research Institute, Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu 600438, China.
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan Animtech Feed. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan Animtech Feed. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Qiu J, Xu J, Shi J. Fusarium Toxins in Chinese Wheat since the 1980s. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050248. [PMID: 31052282 PMCID: PMC6562770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium species, is a widespread and destructive fungal disease. In addition to the substantial yield and revenue losses, diseased grains are often contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, making them unsuitable for human consumption or use as animal feed. As a vital food and feed ingredient in China, the quality and safety of wheat and its products have gained growing attention from consumers, producers, scientists, and policymakers. This review supplies detailed data about the occurrence of Fusarium toxins and related intoxications from the 1980s to the present. Despite the serious situation of toxin contamination in wheat, the concentration of toxins in flour is usually lower than that in raw materials, and food-poisoning incidents have been considerably reduced. Much work has been conducted on every phase of toxin production and wheat circulation by scientific researchers. Regulations for maximum contamination limits have been established in recent years and play a substantial role in ensuring the stability of the national economy and people's livelihoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/ Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/ Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/ Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/ Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/ Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/ Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|