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Tekin A, Güner A, Akkan T. Protective Effect of Boric Acid Against Ochratoxin A-Induced Toxic Effects in Human Embryonal Kidney Cells (HEK293): A Study on Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04194-5. [PMID: 38713435 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the protective properties of boric acid (BA) against the toxic effects induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). The focus is on various parameters such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. OTA is a known mycotoxin that has harmful effects on the liver, kidneys, brain, and nervous system. BA, on the other hand, a boron-based compound, is known for its potential as a vital micronutrient with important cellular functions. The results show that BA administration not only increases cell viability but also mitigates the cytotoxic effects of OTA. This is evidenced by a reduction in the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating less damage to cell membranes. In addition, BA shows efficacy in reducing genotoxic effects, as the frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) decreases significantly, suggesting a protective role against DNA damage. In addition, the study shows that treatment with BA leads to a decrease in oxidative stress markers, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention against the deleterious effects of OTA. These results emphasize the need for further research into the protective mechanisms of boron, particularly BA, in combating cell damage caused by OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aşkın Tekin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Health and Safety,, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye.
| | - Adem Güner
- Şebinkarahisar Vocational School of Health Services, Giresun,, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Tamer Akkan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Biology Department of Biology, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye
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Ozawa S, Ojiro R, Tang Q, Zou X, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. In vitro and in vivo induction of ochratoxin A exposure-related micronucleus formation in rat proximal tubular epithelial cells and expression profiling of chromosomal instability-related genes. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114486. [PMID: 38301995 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a renal carcinogen in rats, and repeated administration induces karyomegaly in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) of the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) before inducing proliferative lesions. To investigate whether OTA induces micronuclei (MN) in PTECs, we performed an in vitro MN assay using rat renal NRK-52E PTECs after treatment for ≤21 days, and an in vivo OSOM MN assay in rats treated with OTA, other renal carcinogens, or non-carcinogenic renal toxicants for 4 or 13 weeks. The in vitro assay revealed an increased frequency of micronucleated cells from the acceptable dose level for cell viability, even after 21 days of treatment. The in vivo assay also revealed a dose- and treatment period-dependent increase in PTECs with γ-H2AX+ MN. OTA-specific gene expression profiling by OSOM RNA sequencing after week 13 revealed the altered expression of genes related to microtubule-kinetochore binding, the kinesin superfamily, centriole assembly, DNA damage repair, and cell cycle regulation. MN formation was also observed with other renal carcinogens that induce karyomegaly similarly to OTA. These results imply that γ-H2AX+ MN formation by OTA treatment is related to the induction of chromosomal instability accompanying karyomegaly formation before proliferative lesions form, providing a new insight into the carcinogenic mechanism that may be relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Fu M, Chen Y, Yang A. Ochratoxin A induces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to retinal damage in mice. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:72. [PMID: 38349605 PMCID: PMC10864473 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of food and feed is a serious problem worldwide. OTA is considered a carcinogen and immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic mycotoxin. The present study aims to determine the toxic effects of OTA on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and assess the resulting impairment of retinal function in mice. METHODS RGC-5 cells were exposed to OTA (100 and 200 μg/L) for 3 days, and the mice were fed OTA-contain (100 and 200 μg/kg) diets for 4 weeks. Antioxidant indices were detected by spectrophotometer. The apoptosis of RGC-5 cells was determined by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by immunofluorescence. RGC survival was determined by immunofluorescence staining with Brn3a. Flash electroretinography (ERG) was conducted to assess visual function. RESULTS The oxidative-antioxidant balance suggested that OTA-induced severe oxidative stress, including increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the OTA-exposed RGC-5 cells, and the reduced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the OTA exposed group. Furthermore, OTA exposure led to remarkable apoptosis in RGC-5 cells. The mitochondrial detection showed that OTA caused significant mitochondrial membrane potential reduction and mitochondrial fragmentation, which may be the cause of apoptosis of RGC-5 cells. Additionally, in vivo experiments demonstrated that OTA resulted in significant death of RGCs and subsequent retinal dysfunction in mice. CONCLUSION Ochratoxin A induces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and RGCs death in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anhuai Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Kharboush TG, Ahmed IA, Farag AA, Kharboush T, Sayed AEDH, Abdel-Kareim AM, Al Mohaini M, Attia H, Eid RA, Zaki MSA, Al-Tabbakh ASM. Epigenetic alterations of miR-155 and global DNA methylation as potential mediators of ochratoxin A cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity in human lung fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:5473-5483. [PMID: 38114706 PMCID: PMC10799132 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a well-known mycotoxin that adversely affects different human cells. Inhalational exposure to OTA and subsequent pulmonary diseases have been previously reported, yet its potential carcinogenicity and underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the OTA-induced cytotoxicity and the epigenetic changes underlying its potential carcinogenicity in fetal lung fibroblast (WI-38) cells. OTA cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay; RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression of BAX, BCL-2, TP53, and miR-155, while ELISA was used for measuring 5-methyl cytosine percentage to assess global DNA methylation in OTA-treated versus control cells. WI-38 cells demonstrated sensitivity to OTA with IC50 at 22.38 μM. Though BAX and Bcl-2 were downregulated, with low BAX/BCL-2 ratio, and TP53 was upregulated, their fold changes showed decline trend with increasing OTA concentration. A significant dose-dependent miR-155 upregulation was observed, with dynamic time-related decline. Using subtoxic OTA concentrations, a significant global DNA hypermethylation with significant dose-dependent and dynamic alterations was identified. Global DNA hypermethylation and miR-155 upregulation are epigenetic mechanisms that mediate OTA toxicity on WI-38 cells. BAX downregulation, reduced BAX/BCL-2 ratio together with miR-155 upregulation indicated either the inhibition of TP53-dependent apoptosis or a tissue specific response to OTA exposure. The aforementioned OTA-induced variations present a new molecular evidence of OTA cytotoxicity and possible carcinogenicity in lung fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid G Kharboush
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Inas A Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
- Central Laboratory for Research, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Amina A Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Tayseir Kharboush
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyut, 71516, Egypt.
- Molecular Biology Research & Studies Institute, Assiut University, Asyut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Amal M Abdel-Kareim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al Mohaini
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 31982, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, 31982, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend Attia
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Samir A Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al-Shaimaa M Al-Tabbakh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
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He Z, Chen Q, Ding S, Wang G, Takarada T, Maeda M. Suppressed DNA base pair stacking assembly of gold nanoparticles in an alcoholic solvent for enhanced ochratoxin A detection in Baijiu. Analyst 2023; 148:1291-1299. [PMID: 36846974 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The currently established DNA nanoprobes for the detection of mycotoxin from beverages have been limited by complicated sample pretreatment and uncontrollable nanoparticle flocculation in complex systems. We develop a rapid colorimetric approach for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection in Baijiu in a sample-in/"yes" or "no" answer-out fashion through target-modulated base pair stacking assembly of DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (DNA-AuNPs). The colorimetric signification of OTA relies on the competition of OTA with the AuNP surface-grafted DNA in binding with an OTA-targeted aptamer. The specific recognition of OTA by the aptamer prevents DNA duplex formation on the AuNP surface, thereby inhibiting the base pair stacking assembly of the DNA-AuNPs and giving rise to a "turn-on" color. By further suppressing DNA hybridization using a bulged loop design and an alcohol solution, the DNA-AuNPs exhibit an improved reproducibility for OTA sensing while maintaining excellent susceptivity to OTA. A detection limit of 88 nM was achieved along with high specificity towards OTA, which is lower than the maximum tolerated level of OTA in foodstuffs defined by countries worldwide. The entire reaction time, avoiding sample pretreatment, is less than 17 min. The DNA-AuNPs with anti-interference features and sensitive "turn-on" performance promise convenient on-site detection of mycotoxin from daily beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Qianyuan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shansen Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tohru Takarada
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mizuo Maeda
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Xie H, Wang J, Zhang X, Shi Z, Liu Y. Protective effect of selenomethionine on kidney injury induced by ochratoxin A in rabbits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29874-29887. [PMID: 36417076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of selenomethionine (SeMet) on ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. In total, sixty Ira rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups (the control group, OTA group, 0. 2 mg/kg SeMet + OTA group, 0. 4 mg/kg SeMet + OTA group, and 0. 6 mg/kg SeMet + OTA group). The rabbits were fed diets supplemented with different doses of SeMet for 21 days and given 0. 2 mg/kg OTA starting on day 15 for a week. The results showed that the SeMet supplementation could improve the changes in blood physiological indices and renal function decline caused by OTA poisoning, and alleviate pathological kidney injury in the rabbits. SeMet also increased the activities of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the contents of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species and the expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the damaged kidneys of the rabbits. In addition, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream gene heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) was also inhibited after OTA poisoning, while SeMet activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and enhanced the expression of Nrf2 and the downstream gene HO-1. In conclusion, SeMet protected against kidney injury caused by OTA in rabbits, and the mechanism may be the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Hui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Zhangyu Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China.
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Tseng CY, Yu PR, Hsu CC, Lin HH, Chen JH. The effect of isovitexin on lipopolysaccharide-induced renal injury and inflammation by induction of protective autophagy. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113581. [PMID: 36572206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a systemic inflammatory syndrome that includes tubulointerstitial inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, can increase reactive oxygen species production (ROS) that triggers cell inflammation. Isovitexin (IV) is a flavone that has the potential for anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to hypothesize that IV inhibited LPS-induced renal injury in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study, IV prevented LPS-induced ROS production and increased cell viability on SV40-MES-13 cells. Additionally, IV ameliorated mitochondrial membrane potential, downregulated inflammation and pyroptosis factors on LPS treatment. We found that LPS treatment reduced the expression of autophagy, however, this effect was reversed by IV. In vivo study, the renal injury model in C57BL/6 mice cotreatment with IV was examined. In addition, IV decreased LPS-induced glomerular atrophy and reduced inflammation-related cytokines releases. Further showed that IV could significantly reduce LPS-induced inflammation and pyroptosis factors in mice. Under the immunostaining, increased fluorescence of LC3 autophagy-related protein was recovered by IV. In summary, IV ameliorated renal injury, inflammation and increased protected autophagy by anti-ROS production, anti-inflammation, and anti-pyroptosis. In the future, the safety of isovitexin as a novel perspective for CKD patients should be evaluated in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yun Tseng
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rong Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hsien Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
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Soares RB, Manguinhas R, Costa JG, Saraiva N, Gil N, Rosell R, Camões SP, Batinic-Haberle I, Spasojevic I, Castro M, Miranda JP, Amaro F, Pinto J, Fernandes AS, Guedes de Pinho P, Oliveira NG. MnTnHex-2-PyP 5+ Displays Anticancer Properties and Enhances Cisplatin Effects in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2198. [PMID: 36358570 PMCID: PMC9686800 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The manganese(III) porphyrin MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ (MnTnHex) is a potent superoxide dismutase mimic and modulator of redox-based transcriptional activity that has been studied in the context of different human disease models, including cancer. Nevertheless, for lung cancer, hardly any information is available. Thus, the present work aims to fill this gap and reports the effects of MnTnHex in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, more specifically, A549 and H1975 cells, in vitro. Both cell lines were initially characterized in terms of innate levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and peroxiredoxins 1 and 2. To assess the effect of MnTnHex in NSCLC, alone or in combination with cisplatin, endpoints related to the cell viability, cell cycle distribution, cell motility, and characterization of the volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs) generated in the extracellular medium (i.e., exometabolome) were addressed. The results show that MnTnHex as a single drug markedly reduced the viability of both NSCLC cell lines, with some IC50 values reaching sub-micromolar levels. This redox-active drug also altered the cell cycle distribution, induced cell death, and increased the cytotoxicity pattern of cisplatin. MnTnHex also reduced collective cell migration. Finally, the metabolomics study revealed an increase in the levels of a few VCCs associated with oxidative stress in MnTnHex-treated cells. Altogether these results suggest the therapeutic potential of MnTnHex to be further explored, either alone or in combination therapy with cisplatin, in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B. Soares
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João G. Costa
- Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sérgio P. Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and PK/PD Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Amaro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Protective Effect of SeMet on Liver Injury Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rabbits. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090628. [PMID: 36136566 PMCID: PMC9504919 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is second only to aflatoxin in toxicity among mycotoxins. Recent studies have shown that selenomethionine (SeMet) has a protective effect on mycotoxin-induced toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of SeMet on OTA-induced liver injury in rabbits. Sixty 35-day-old rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into five groups: control group, OTA group (0.2 mg/kg OTA), OTA + 0.2 mg/kg SeMet group, OTA + 0.4 mg/kg SeMet group and OTA + 0.6 mg/kg SeMet group. Rabbits were fed different doses of the SeMet diet for 21 d, and OTA was administered for one week from day 15 (the control group was provided the same dose of NaHCO3 solution). The results showed that 0.4 mg/kg SeMet could significantly improve the liver injury induced by OTA poisoning. SeMet supplementation can improve the changes in physiological blood indexes caused by OTA poisoning in rabbits and alleviate pathological damage to the rabbit liver. SeMet also increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC and significantly decreased the contents of ROS, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, effectively alleviating the oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by OTA poisoning. In addition, OTA poisoning inhibits Nrf2 and HO-1 levels, ultimately leading to peroxide reaction, while SeMet activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway and enhances the expression of the HO-1 downstream Nrf2 gene. These results suggest that Se protects the liver from OTA-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 expression.
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P08-20 Cytotoxic effects of the SOD mimic MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ and its combination with cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Miguel Alfonso RA, Yael Yvette BH, Irma Martha MD, Cyndia Azucena GA, Briscia Socorro BV, José Francisco HM, Monserrat S, Aurora Elizabeth RG. Genotoxic effects of the ochratoxin A (OTA), its main metabolite (OTα) per se and in combination with fumonisin B1 in HepG2 cells and human lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 878:503482. [PMID: 35649676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are mycotoxins distributed in a wide variety of foods for human or animal consumption and are classified as possible carcinogens for humans. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic effects of OTA and its main metabolite, ochratoxin α (OTα), FB1 and three combinations of OTA and FB1 at moderate and environmental doses. Cell viability was evaluated through MTT assay and the trypan blue exclusion method. The cytostatic and genotoxic effects were evaluated through the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The results showed synergistic time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects of one of the combinations of OTA and FB1. In contrast, significant differences were observed in the micronuclei (MN) frequency from OTA, OTα and coexposure of OTA + FB1. Some of these combinations increased the frequency of nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges, donut-shaped nuclei, necrotic and apoptotic cells and MN in mononucleated cells. In conclusion, OTA and its main metabolite OTα, as well as the co-exposure of OTA and FB1, cause stable DNA damage at environmentally relevant concentrations, which was greater in metabolically competent cells. More studies are needed to understand the chemical interactions that occur due to the joint presence of mycotoxins, which occurs commonly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruíz-Arias Miguel Alfonso
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Bernal-Hernández Yael Yvette
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Medina-Díaz Irma Martha
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - González-Arias Cyndia Azucena
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Barrón-Vivanco Briscia Socorro
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Herrera-Moreno José Francisco
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Sordo Monserrat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rojas-García Aurora Elizabeth
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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12
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Dey DK, Kang JI, Bajpai VK, Kim K, Lee H, Sonwal S, Simal-Gandara J, Xiao J, Ali S, Huh YS, Han YK, Shukla S. Mycotoxins in food and feed: toxicity, preventive challenges, and advanced detection techniques for associated diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8489-8510. [PMID: 35445609 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2059650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced primarily as secondary fungal metabolites. Mycotoxins are toxic in nature and naturally produced by various species of fungi, which usually contaminate food and feed ingredients. The growth of these harmful fungi depends on several environmental factors, such as pH, humidity, and temperature; therefore, the mycotoxin distribution also varies among global geographical areas. Various rules and regulations regarding mycotoxins are imposed by the government bodies of each country, which are responsible for addressing global food and health security concerns. Despite this legislation, the incidence of mycotoxin contamination is continuously increasing. In this review, we discuss the geographical regulatory guidelines and recommendations that are implemented around the world to control mycotoxin contamination of food and feed products. Researchers and inventors from various parts of the world have reported several innovations for controlling mycotoxin-associated health consequences. Unfortunately, most of these techniques are restricted to laboratory scales and cannot reach users. Consequently, to date, no single device has been commercialized that can detect all mycotoxins that are naturally available in the environment. Therefore, in this study, we describe severe health hazards that are associated with mycotoxin exposure, their molecular signaling pathways and processes of toxicity, and their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects toward humans and animals. We also discuss recent developments in the construction of a sensitive and specific device that effectively implements mycotoxin identification and detection methods. In addition, our study comprehensively examines the recent advancements in the field for mitigating the health consequences and links them with the molecular and signaling pathways that are activated upon mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ji In Kang
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoomin Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Gao XY, Xu CM, Zhang XK, Li MR, Gong XM, Yang HM, Tang JB. Development of Fc-specific multi-biotinylated antibodies via photoreactive tandem AviTag repeats for the ultrasensitive determination of ochratoxin A. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Mao X, Li H, Ge L, Liu S, Hou L, Yue D, Du H, Pan C, Gan F, Liu Y, Huang K, Chen X. Selenomethionine alleviated Ochratoxin A induced pyroptosis and renal fibrotic factors expressions in MDCK cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22933. [PMID: 34676619 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is universally known to induce nephrotoxicity via inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, inhibiting protein synthesis and activating autophagy. Our previous studies have proved that OTA induces nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo by adjusting the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Based on these findings, we further investigated the protective role of selenomethionine (SeMet) on OTA-caused nephrotoxicity using the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells as an in vitro model, proposing to offer a new way for remedying OTA-induced nephrotoxicity by nutritional manipulation. We measured the cell vitality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and the expression of renal fibrotic genes, NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis related genes. MTT and LDH results indicated that SeMet supplementation significantly mitigated 2.0 μg/ml OTA-induced cytotoxicity in MDCK cells (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, SeMet alleviated OTA induced increase of reactive oxygen species in MDCK cells. Then, the expressions of α-SMA, Vimentin, and TGF-β were detected both in mRNA and protein levels. The results indicated 8 μM SeMet supplementation could significantly downregulate the expression of OTA-induced renal fibrosis-related genes (p < 0.05). In addition, the upregulation of OTA-induced NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis downstream genes was also significantly inhibited by 8 μM of SeMet (p < 0.05). In summary, SeMet could alleviate OTA-induced renal fibrotic genes expression and reduce NLRP3-caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Therefore, SeMet supplementation may become an effective approach for preserving animals from renal injury exposed to OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiling Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Selective Activation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Mediated Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Tubular Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010951. [PMID: 34681610 PMCID: PMC8535626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the major food-borne mycotoxins, impacts the health of humans and livestock by contaminating food and feed. However, the underlying mechanism of OTA nephrotoxicity remains unknown. This study demonstrated that OTA induced apoptosis through selective endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation in human renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2). OTA increased ER-stress-related JNK and precursor caspase-4 cleavage apoptotic pathways. Further study revealed that OTA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) could reduce OTA-induced JNK-related apoptosis and ROS levels in HK-2 cells. Our results demonstrate that OTA induced ER stress-related apoptosis through an ROS-mediated pathway. This study provides new evidence to clarify the mechanism of OTA-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Longobardi C, Damiano S, Andretta E, Prisco F, Russo V, Pagnini F, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Curcumin Modulates Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation, and DNA Damage and Protects against Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081239. [PMID: 34439487 PMCID: PMC8389288 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal toxin of critical concern for food safety both for human health and several animal species, also representing a cancer threat to humans. Curcumin (CURC) is a natural polyphenol that has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytoprotective effect of CURC against OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity through the study of the nitrosative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Sprague Dawley rats were daily treated with CURC (100 mg/kg b.w.), OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w), or CURC with OTA by oral gavage for 14 days. Our results demonstrated that OTA exposure was associated with significant increase of pro-inflammatory and DNA oxidative-damage biomarkers. Moreover, OTA induced the inducible nitric oxide synthase, (iNOS) resulting in increased nitric oxide (NO) levels both in kidney and liver. The co-treatment OTA + CURC counteracted the harmful effects of chronic OTA treatment by regulating inflammation, reducing NO levels and oxidative DNA damage in kidney and liver tissues. Histology revealed that OTA + CURC treatment determinates mainly an Iba1+ macrophagic infiltration with fewer CD3+ T-lymphocytes in the tissues. In conclusion, we evidenced that CURC exerted cytoprotective and antioxidant activities against OTA-induced toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Largo Madonna delle Grazie 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (V.R.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (R.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6027 (S.D.); +39-081-253-6051 (R.C.)
| | - Emanuela Andretta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (V.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (V.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (V.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (V.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (V.R.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (R.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6027 (S.D.); +39-081-253-6051 (R.C.)
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17
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Navale V, Vamkudoth KR, Ajmera S, Dhuri V. Aspergillus derived mycotoxins in food and the environment: Prevalence, detection, and toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1008-1030. [PMID: 34408970 PMCID: PMC8363598 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are the paramount ubiquitous fungi that contaminate various food substrates and produce biochemicals known as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins (AFTs), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), citrinin (CIT), aflatrem (AT), secalonic acids (SA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), terrein (TR), sterigmatocystin (ST) and gliotoxin (GT), and other toxins produced by species of Aspergillus plays a major role in food and human health. Mycotoxins exhibited wide range of toxicity to the humans and animal models even at nanomolar (nM) concentration. Consumption of detrimental mycotoxins adulterated foodstuffs affects human and animal health even trace amounts. Bioaerosols consisting of spores and hyphal fragments are active elicitors of bronchial irritation and allergy, and challenging to the public health. Aspergillus is the furthermost predominant environmental contaminant unswervingly defile lives with a 40-90 % mortality risk in patients with conceded immunity. Genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics approaches useful for mycotoxins' detection which are expensive. Antibody based detection of toxins chemotypes may result in cross-reactivity and uncertainty. Aptamers (APT) are single stranded DNA (ssDNA/RNA), are specifically binds to the target molecules can be generated by systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX). APT are fast, sensitive, simple, in-expensive, and field-deployable rapid point of care (POC) detection of toxins, and a better alternative to antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwambar Navale
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vaibhavi Dhuri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
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Annunziata L, Schirone M, Visciano P, Campana G, De Massis MR, Migliorati G. Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in organic wheat flour under different storage conditions. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Annunziata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale Unit of Bromatologia e Residui Via Campo Boario Teramo64100Italy
| | - Maria Schirone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment University of Teramo Via R. Balzarini 1 Teramo64100Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment University of Teramo Via R. Balzarini 1 Teramo64100Italy
| | - Guido Campana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale Unit of Bromatologia e Residui Via Campo Boario Teramo64100Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale Unit of Bromatologia e Residui Via Campo Boario Teramo64100Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale Unit of Bromatologia e Residui Via Campo Boario Teramo64100Italy
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Ochratoxin A Induces Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells by Impairing the Gene Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040271. [PMID: 33918675 PMCID: PMC8068875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in raw and processed foods. While it is considered a possible human carcinogen, the mechanism of action remains unclear. OTA has been shown to be hepatotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo models and oxidative stress may be one of the factors contributing to its toxicity. Hence, the effect of OTA on human hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cells, was investigated on oxidative stress parameters. The cytotoxicity of OTA on HepG2 was time- and dose-dependent within a range between 0.1 and 10 µM; while 100 μM of OTA increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, the levels of glutathione (GSH) were increased by 9.7% and 11.3% at 10 and 100 nM of OTA, respectively; while OTA at 100 μM depleted GSH by 40.5% after 24 h exposure compared with the control. Finally, the mRNA level of catalase (CAT) was downregulated by 2.33-, 1.92-, and 1.82-fold after cells were treated with 1, 10, and 10 μM OTA for 24 h, respectively; which was linked to a decrease in CAT enzymatic activity. These results suggest that oxidative stress is involved in OTA-mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells.
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20
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Effects of Light on the Ochratoxigenic Fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and A. carbonarius. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040251. [PMID: 33807312 PMCID: PMC8065527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) usually contaminates agricultural products such as grapes, oatmeal, coffee and spices. Light was reported as an effective strategy to control spoilage fungi and mycotoxins. This research investigated the effects of light with different wavelengths on the growth and the production of OTA in Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus carbonarius. The results showed that the growth of both fungi were extremely inhibited by UV-B. Short-wavelength (blue, violet) significantly inhibited the production of OTA in both fungi, while the inhibitory effect of white was only demonstrated on A. ochraceus. These results were supported by the expression profiles of OTA biosynthetic genes of A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius. To clarify, the decrease in OTA production is induced by inhibition or degradation; therefore, the degradation of OTA under different wavelengths of light was tested. Under UV-B, the degradation rate of 10 μg/mL OTA standard pure-solution samples could reach 96.50% in 15 days, and the degradation effect of blue light was relatively weak. Furthermore, infection experiments of pears showed that the pathogenicity of both fungi was significantly decreased under UV-B radiation. Thus, these results suggested that light could be used as a potential target for strategies in the prevention and control of ochratoxigenic fungi.
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Raj J, Vasiljević M, Tassis P, Farkaš H, Bošnjak-Neumüller J, Männer K. Effects of a modified clinoptilolite zeolite on growth performance, health status and detoxification of aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in male broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:601-610. [PMID: 33595390 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1891522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to test the ability of an in-feed modified clinoptilolite zeolite-based mycotoxin binding substance (Minazel® Plus, Patent Co, Misicevo, Serbia; MP) to prevent gastrointestinal absorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) and its effects on health status and performance parameters of broilers.2. A total of 375, 1 d old male broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were used for a total trial period of 42 d (from hatch to 42 d of age). Animals were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (T1-T5), in 25 pens (15 male broilers per pen, five pens per treatment). T1 was the control maize-based diet without the addition of mycotoxins, or the test product. T2 and T3 groups received contaminated maize in the diet containing 0.02 mg AFB1/kg feed and 0.1 mg OTA/kg feed, whereas T4 and T5 groups received 0.05 mg AFB1/kg feed and 0.5 mg OTA/kg feed. The MP was added to T3 (1 g/kg feed), and T5 (2 g/kg feed) groups.3. Results showed that exposure to AFB1 and OTA at low or moderate levels, as used in this study, did not markedly affect growth performance, blood profile or organ weights. Improvements in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in birds receiving MP, whereby FCR of T3 group was improved in comparison with T2 group, although there was no significant difference between T5 and T4 groups. However, average body weight gain (ABWG) was improved in the T5 group compared to T4, but not in the T3 versus T2 group comparison.4. For serum biochemical parameters, glutamate-dehydrogenase (GLDH) was significantly improved in T5 birds in comparison with T4. The addition of MP significantly decreased residue levels of AFB1 in liver and OTA in the spleen of the treated groups.5. The improvements in productive performance and reduction of mycotoxin residue levels in tissues demonstrated a beneficial effect of MP in cases of concurrent AFB1 and OTA ingestion by broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Raj
- Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - M Vasiljević
- Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - P Tassis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - H Farkaš
- Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, Mišićevo, Serbia
| | | | - K Männer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Damiano S, Longobardi C, Andretta E, Prisco F, Piegari G, Squillacioti C, Montagnaro S, Pagnini F, Badino P, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Antioxidative Effects of Curcumin on the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:125. [PMID: 33477286 PMCID: PMC7830919 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a powerful mycotoxin found in various foods and feedstuff, responsible for subchronic and chronic toxicity, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and immunotoxicity to both humans and several animal species. The severity of the liver damage caused depends on both dose and duration of exposure. Several studies have suggested that oxidative stress might contribute to increasing the hepatotoxicity of OTA, and several antioxidants, including curcumin (CURC), have been tested to counteract the toxic hepatic action of OTA in various classes of animals. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of CURC, a bioactive compound with different therapeutic properties on hepatic injuries caused by OTA in rat animal models. CURC effects were examined in Sprague Dawley rats treated with CURC (100 mg/kg), alone or in combination with OTA (0.5 mg/kg), by gavage daily for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, rats treated with OTA showed alterations in biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in the liver. CURC dosing significantly attenuated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation versus the OTA group. Furthermore, liver histological tests showed that CURC reduced the multifocal lymphoplasmacellular hepatitis, the periportal fibrosis, and the necrosis observed in the OTA group. This study provides evidence that CURC can preserve OTA-induced oxidative damage in the liver of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Largo Madonna delle Grazie n.1, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Andretta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, L. go P. Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
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Faustova M, Nikolskaya E, Sokol M, Fomicheva M, Petrov R, Yabbarov N. Metalloporphyrins in Medicine: From History to Recent Trends. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8146-8171. [PMID: 35019597 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The history of metalloporphyrins dates back more than 200 years ago. Metalloporphyrins are excellent catalysts, capable of forming supramolecular systems, participate in oxygen photosynthesis, transport, and used as contrast agents or superoxide dismutase mimetics. Today, metalloporphyrins represent complexes of conjugated π-electron system and metals from the entire periodic system. However, the effect of these compounds on living systems has not been fully understood, and researchers are exploring the properties of metalloporphyrins thereby extending their further application. This review provides an overview of the variety of metalloporphyrins that are currently used in different medicine fields and how metalloporphyrins became the subject of scientists' interest. Currently, metalloporphyrins utilization has expanded significantly, which gave us an opprotunuty to summarize recent progress in metalloporphyrins derivatives and prospects of their application in the treatment and diagnosis of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Faustova
- MIREA-Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, 119454 Moscow, Russia.,N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Nikolskaya
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Sokol
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow Russia
| | - Margarita Fomicheva
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow Russia
| | - Rem Petrov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nikita Yabbarov
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow Russia
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Amplified Fluorescent Aptasensor for Ochratoxin A Assay Based on Graphene Oxide and RecJ f Exonuclease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110670. [PMID: 33113906 PMCID: PMC7690689 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed an aptamer-based fluorescent sensing platform for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) based on RecJf exonuclease-assisted signal amplification and interaction between graphene oxide (GO) and the OTA aptamer (OTA-apt). After optimizing the experimental conditions, the present aptamer-based sensing system can exhibit excellent fluorescent response in the OTA assay, with a limit of detection of 0.07 ng/mL. In addition to signal amplification, this strategy is also highly specific for other interfering toxins. Furthermore, this aptasensor can be reliably used for assessing red wine samples spiked with different OTA concentrations (2.4, 6 and 20 ng/mL). The proposed assay plays an important role in the field of food safety and can be transformed for detecting other toxins by replacing the sequence that recognizes the aptamer.
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Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100664. [PMID: 33092236 PMCID: PMC7590051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.
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Pinhão M, Tavares A, Loureiro S, Louro H, Alvito P, Silva M. Combined cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 in human kidney and liver cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104949. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Feng J, Qian Y, Cheng Q, Ma Y, Wu D, Ma H, Ren X, Wang X, Wei Q. A signal amplification of p DNA@Ag 2S based photoelectrochemical competitive sensor for the sensitive detection of OTA in microfluidic devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112503. [PMID: 32866723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a signal amplification competitive-type photoelectrochemical system comprised of bismuth sulfide/bismuth oxyiodide/zinc oxide (Bi2S3/BiOI/ZnO) nano-array as platform and Ag2S-modified aptamers probe DNA (p DNA@Ag2S) as competition content for rapid and sensitive detection of OTA in microfluidic devices. The BiOI nano-array was first growth on surfaces of ZnO by a simple electrodeposited method, which provided large specific surface area and high stability to solve distribution of sensing platform and loose of combination of sensing substrate. Then, the Bi2S3 could be in-situ growth by self-sacrificial part Bi3+ of BiOI to form heterojunction without destroying the structure of the nano-array. A strong photocurrent intensity was acquired by the Bi2S3/BiOI/ZnO modified onto indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, due to its good matching cascade band-edge levels could improve efficient separation of photo-generated e-/h+ pairs. After immobilizing with the capture DNA (c DNA) and the sequential hybridization of p DNA@Ag2S, the photocurrent intensity reduced obviously because part photo-generated electron transformed to Ag2S rather than Bi2S3/BiOI/ZnO electrode. Subsequently, the photocurrent intensity increased evident when immobilized the target OTA, owing to the OTA could bind the p DNA@Ag2S to form the specific-complex that were released from the electrode surface. Under optimal conditions, the prepared PEC microfluidic sensor exhibited a linear concentration of OTA from 0.01 pg/mL to 200 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.0035 pg/mL (S/N = 3). Furthermore, it achieved high sensitivity, good specificity, and acceptable stability and further provided an efficient method for sensitive detection of other target mycotoxins in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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Xiong K, Zhi HW, Liu JY, Wang XY, Zhao ZY, Pei PG, Deng L, Xiong SY. Detoxification of Ochratoxin A by a novel Aspergillus oryzae strain and optimization of its biodegradation. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 53:48-58. [PMID: 32693928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) causes serious health risks and is found in food products throughout the world. The most promising method to detoxify this compound is biodegradation. In this study, Aspergillus oryzae strain M30011 was isolated and characterized based on its considerable capacity to degrade OTA. The degradation product (compound I) of A. oryzae-treated OTA was isolated, and its toxicity response was also evaluated. Furthermore, the relationships between three key cultivation condition factors affecting the OTA degradation rate were examined using the response surface methodology (RSM). Compound I was identified as ochratoxin α (C11H9O5Cl), and the toxicity response experiments indicated that A. oryzae detoxified OTA to a great extent. A maximum degradation rate of 94% was observed after 72h. This study demonstrates the potential for using A. oryzae to detoxify OTA and suggests that it could be applied in the food industry to improve food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiong
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Hui-Wei Zhi
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jia-Yun Liu
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Zhao
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Peng-Gang Pei
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Su-Yue Xiong
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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Abstract
Fungi produce mycotoxins in the presence of appropriate temperature, humidity, sufficient nutrients and if the density of the mushroom mass is favorable. Although all mycotoxins are of fungal origin, all toxic compounds produced by fungi are not called mycotoxins. The interest in mycotoxins first started in the 1960s, and today the interest in mycotoxin-induced diseases has increased. To date, 400 mycotoxins have been identified and the most important species producing mycotoxins belongs to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium genera. Mycotoxins are classified as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, immunotoxins etc. In this review genotoxic and also other health effects of some major mycotoxin groups like Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins, Patulin, Fumonisins, Zearalenone, Trichothecenes and Ergot alkaloids were deeply analyzed.
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Manguinhas R, Fernandes AS, Costa JG, Saraiva N, Camões SP, Gil N, Rosell R, Castro M, Miranda JP, Oliveira NG. Impact of the APE1 Redox Function Inhibitor E3330 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Exposed to Cisplatin: Increased Cytotoxicity and Impairment of Cell Migration and Invasion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060550. [PMID: 32599967 PMCID: PMC7346157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression levels of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) have been correlated with the more aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to assess the impact of the inhibition of the redox function of APE1 with E3330 either alone or in combination with cisplatin in NSCLC cells. For this purpose, complementary endpoints focusing on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and migration/invasion were studied. Cisplatin decreased the viability of H1975 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 9.6 µM for crystal violet assay and 15.9 µM for 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. E3330 was clearly cytotoxic for concentrations above 30 µM. The co-incubation of E3330 and cisplatin significantly decreased cell viability compared to cisplatin alone. Regarding cell cycle distribution, cisplatin led to an increase in sub-G1, whereas the co-treatment with E3330 did not change this profile, which was then confirmed in terms of % apoptotic cells. In addition, the combination of E3330 and cisplatin at low concentrations decreased collective and chemotactic migration, and also chemoinvasion, by reducing these capabilities up to 20%. Overall, these results point to E3330 as a promising compound to boost cisplatin therapy that warrants further investigation in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (J.G.C.); (N.S.)
| | - João G. Costa
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (J.G.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (J.G.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Sérgio P. Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Cancer Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain;
- Internal Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang TY, Kong L, Hao JX, Wang H, Yan ZH, Sun XF, Shen W. Effects of Ochratoxin A exposure on DNA damage in porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:167-175. [PMID: 32454083 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a feed mycotoxin, tends to impair the reproductive performance of animals. Our previous studies have demonstrated that OTA exposure inhibits porcine ovarian granulosa cell (GC) proliferation and induces their apoptosis, but the underlying toxic mechanism is still uncertain. In this study, we explored the OTA exposure on porcine GCs in vitro and found that OTA exposure inhibited the proliferation of porcine GCs and arrested cell cycle of GCs in the G2/M phase. The results based on RNA-Seq revealed that 20 μM and 40 μM OTA exposure increase DNA damage of porcine GCs in vitro. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 40 μM OTA exposure were enriched in the pathways of mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination in DNA replication compared with control group and 20 μM OTA exposure group. Meanwhile, OTA exposure increased the expression levels of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) gene γ-H2AX, and DNA repair related genes, such as BRCA1, XRCC1, PARP1, and RAD51. Above all, our research revealed that OTA might exert deleterious effects on porcine ovarian GCs, influencing DNA repair-related biological processes and causing DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Li Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jia-Xing Hao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women's and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zi-Hui Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Schrenk D, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Dall'Asta C, Mally A, Metzler M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Steinkellner H, Bignami M. Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06113. [PMID: 37649524 PMCID: PMC10464718 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health-based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non-neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL 10 based on the non-neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL 10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.
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Damiano S, Andretta E, Longobardi C, Prisco F, Paciello O, Squillacioti C, Mirabella N, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Effects of Curcumin on the Renal Toxicity Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040332. [PMID: 32325727 PMCID: PMC7222377 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a powerful nephrotoxin and the severity of its damage to kidneys depends on both the dose and duration of exposure. According to the scientific data currently available, the mechanism of action still is not completely clarified, but it is supposed that oxidative stress is responsible for OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Bioactive compound use has emerged as a potential approach to reduce chronic renal failure. Therefore, curcumin (CURC), due to its therapeutic effects, has been chosen for our study to reduce the toxic renal effects induced by OTA. CURC effects are examined in Sprague Dawley rats treated with CURC (100 mg/kg), alone or in combination with OTA (0.5 mg/kg), by gavage daily for 14 days. The end result of the experiment finds rats treated with OTA show alterations in biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in the kidney, related to a decrease in the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Conversely, the administration of CURC attenuates oxidative stress and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration versus the OTA group. Furthermore, kidney histological tests show a reduction in glomerular and tubular damage, inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This study shows that CURC can mitigate OTA-induced oxidative damage in the kidneys of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536127
| | - Emanuela Andretta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Naples, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Nicola Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (E.A.); (F.P.); (O.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.); (S.F.); (R.C.)
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Li L, Chen Y, Jiao D, Yang S, Li L, Li P. Protective Effect of Astaxanthin on Ochratoxin A-Induced Kidney Injury to Mice by Regulating Oxidative Stress-Related NRF2/KEAP1 Pathway. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061386. [PMID: 32197464 PMCID: PMC7144393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of astaxanthin (ASX) on ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced renal oxidative stress and its mechanism of action. Serum kidney markers, histomorphology, ultrastructural observation, and oxidative stress indicators were assessed. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and western blotting detection of NRF2 (encoding nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like) and members of the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway (KEAP1 (encoding Kelch-like ECH-associated protein), NQO1 (encoding NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase), HO-1 (encoding heme oxygenase 1), γ-GCS (gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase), and GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase 1)) were performed. Compared with the control group, the OTA-treated group showed significantly increased levels of serum UA (uric acid) and BUN (blood urea nitrogen), tubular epithelial cells were swollen and degenerated, and the levels of antioxidant enzymes decreased significantly, and the expression of NRF2 (cytoplasm), NQO1, HO-1, γ-GCS, and GSH-Px decreased significantly. More importantly, after ASX pretreatment, compared with the OTA group, serum markers were decreased, epithelial cells appeared normal; the expression of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly, NQO1, HO-1, γ-GCS and GSH-Px levels increased significantly, and ASX promoted the transfer of NRF2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These results highlight the protective ability of ASX in renal injury caused by OTA exposure, and provide theoretical support for ASX’s role in other mycotoxin-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuhua Yang
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (L.L.); (P.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-24-8848-7156 (S.Y., L.L. & P.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (L.L.); (P.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-24-8848-7156 (S.Y., L.L. & P.L.)
| | - Peng Li
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (L.L.); (P.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-24-8848-7156 (S.Y., L.L. & P.L.)
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Juan-García A, Carbone S, Ben-Mahmoud M, Sagratini G, Mañes J. Beauvericin and ochratoxin A mycotoxins individually and combined in HepG2 cells alter lipid peroxidation, levels of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111247. [PMID: 32165234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The co-presence of more than one mycotoxin in food is being evidenced in last food surveys as reported in the literature. Beauvericin (BEA) is a non-legislated emergent mycotoxin while Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been widely studied and legislated. Concentration range individually studied was from 2.5 to 0.3 μM for BEA and from 25 to 3.1 μM for OTA; binary mixture [BEA + OTA] comprised concentrations of 1:10 ratio from [2.5 + 25] to [3.1 + 0.3] μM. Potential of toxicity of BEA in HepG2 cells was the highest at all times assayed (24, 48 and 72h). LPO was performed through malondyaldehyde (MDA) detection denoting in the binary mixture for [1.25 + 12.5] μM and at 24 and 72h the highest disturbance values. ROS denoted differences respect to the control at different times specially for OTA, while in binary combination only for few point times was denoted. Effects detected for ROS and LPO were connected with alterations detected for glutathione levels of oxidized and reduced form. A real scenario of consumers chronically exposed to different mycotoxins and their mixtures is here presented highlighting the good methodology to assess the risk from exposure to combinations of chemicals in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Saverio Carbone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maissa Ben-Mahmoud
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et Applications, Institut Préparatoire Aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, Tunisia Polytechnic School BP 51, La Marsa, 2070, Tunisia
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in the Kidneys of Chickens. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4048706. [PMID: 32148649 PMCID: PMC7053478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4048706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of yeast selenium (Se-Y) on ochratoxin- (OTA-) induced nephrotoxicity of chickens. A total of 80 one-day-old healthy chickens were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, OTA (50 μg/kg OTA), Se-Y (0.4 mg/kg Se-Y), and OTA+Se-Y (50 μg/kg OTA+0.4 mg/kg Se-Y). In the OTA chickens, differences in body weight, kidney coefficient, biochemical histological analysis, antioxidant capability, and the expression levels of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related genes were observed. The levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (T-GSH) significantly decreased, but the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the kidneys significantly increased in the OTA treatment group. More importantly, treatment with Se-Y improved the antioxidant enzyme activities within the kidneys of chickens exposed to OTA. In addition, administration of OTA resulted in apoptosis and was associated with decreased expression of AKT, PI3K, and Bcl-2, which in turn enhanced expression of Caspase3, Bax, and P53. However, Se-Y improved the antioxidant defense system through activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Gene expression of Nrf2 and its target genes (HO-1, GSH-px, GLRX2, MnSOD, and CAT) was downregulated following OTA exposure. Conversely, Se-Y treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of the same genes. Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, CAT, MnSOD, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 and a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA. Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the kidney of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA+Se-Y group. Taken together, the data suggest that Se-Y alleviates OTA-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens, possibly through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways.
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Caparica R, Júlio A, Araújo MEM, Baby AR, Fonte P, Costa JG, Santos de Almeida T. Anticancer Activity of Rutin and Its Combination with Ionic Liquids on Renal Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020233. [PMID: 32033222 PMCID: PMC7072522 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Identifying novel and more effective therapies, while minimizing toxicity, continues to be fundamental in curtailing RCC. Rutin, a bioflavonoid widely found in nature, has shown promising anticancer properties, but with limited applicability due to its poor water solubility and pharmacokinetics. Thus, the potential anticancer effects of rutin toward a human renal cancer cell line (786-O), while considering its safety in Vero kidney cells, was assessed, as well as the applicability of ionic liquids (ILs) to improve drug delivery. Rutin (up to 50 µM) did not show relevant cytotoxic effects in Vero cells. However, in 786-O cells, a significant decrease in cell viability was already observed at 50 µM. Moreover, exposure to rutin caused a significant increase in the sub-G1 population of 786-O cells, reinforcing the possible anticancer activity of this biomolecule. Two choline-amino acid ILs, at non-toxic concentrations, enhanced rutin’s solubility/loading while allowing the maintenance of rutin’s anticancer effects. Globally, our findings suggest that rutin may have a beneficial impact against RCC and that its combination with ILs ensures that this poorly soluble drug is successfully incorporated into ILs–nanoparticles hybrid systems, allowing controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Caparica
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Júlio
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Eduarda Machado Araújo
- CQE, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Fonte
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMar), University of Algarve and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.C.); (T.S.d.A.); Tel.: +351-217515500 (T.S.d.A.)
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- CQE, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (J.G.C.); (T.S.d.A.); Tel.: +351-217515500 (T.S.d.A.)
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Zhai SS, Ruan D, Zhu YW, Li MC, Ye H, Wang WC, Yang L. Protective effect of curcumin on ochratoxin A-induced liver oxidative injury in duck is mediated by modulating lipid metabolism and the intestinal microbiota. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1124-1134. [PMID: 32036964 PMCID: PMC7587726 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has antioxidant functions, regulates the intestinal microbial composition, and alleviates mycotoxin toxicity. The present study aimed to explore whether curcumin could alleviate ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced liver injury via the intestinal microbiota. A total of 720 mixed-sex 1-day-old White Pekin ducklings were randomly assigned into 4 groups: CON (control group, without OTA), OTA (fed a diet with 2 mg/kg OTA), CUR (ducks fed a diet with 400 mg/kg curcumin), and OTA + CUR (2 mg/kg OTA plus 400 mg/kg curcumin). Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates and 30 ducklings per replicate. Treatment lasted for 21 D. Results were analyzed by a two-tailed Student t test between 2 groups. Our results demonstrated that OTA treatment had the highest serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level among 4 groups. Compared with OTA group, OTA + CUR decreased serum LDL level (P < 0.05). OTA decreased liver catalase (CAT) activity in ducks (P < 0.05), while addition of curcumin in OTA group increased liver CAT activity (P < 0.05). 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing suggested that curcumin increased the richness indices (ACE index) and diversity indices (Simpson index) compared with OTA group (P < 0.05) and recovered the OTA-induced alterations in composition of the intestinal microbiota. Curcumin supplementation relieved the decreased abundance of butyric acid producing bacteria, including blautia, butyricicoccus, and butyricimonas, induced by OTA (P < 0.05). OTA also significantly influenced the metabolism of the intestinal microbiota, such as tryptophan metabolism and glyceropholipid metabolism. Curcumin could alleviate the upregulation of oxidative stress pathways induced by OTA. OTA treatment also increased SREBP-1c expression (P < 0.05). The curcumin group had the lowest expression of FAS and PPARG mRNA (P < 0.05) and the highest expression of NRF2 and HMOX1 mRNA. These results indicated that curcumin could alleviate OTA-induced oxidative injury and lipid metabolism disruption by modulating the cecum microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - D Ruan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Y W Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - M C Li
- Dayitongchuang Biotech Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000, China
| | - H Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - W C Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - L Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Saraiva N, Costa JG, Reis C, Almeida N, Rijo P, Fernandes AS. Anti-Migratory and Pro-Apoptotic Properties of Parvifloron D on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010158. [PMID: 31963771 PMCID: PMC7023143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are important sources of new bioactive compounds with potential anticancer activity. Parvifloron D (ParvD) is an abietane diterpenoid, isolated in high amounts from Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. Previous reports have suggested potential therapeutic properties for ParvD. ParvD has shown pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic effects in leukemia and melanoma cell lines. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. TNBC is a breast cancer subtype characterized by an aggressive behavior with poor clinical outcomes and weak overall therapeutic responses to the current treatment options. This work aimed at evaluating the anticancer effect of ParvD in MDA-MB-231 cells, a model of human TNBC. To obtain sufficient amounts of purified ParvD the efficiency of several extraction methods was compared. ParvD (0.1–10 µM) decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with ParvD (5 µM) significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic nuclei and exposure to 3 µM ParvD increased the sub-G1 population. Since altered cell adherence, migration, and invasion are determinant processes for the formation of metastases, the effect of ParvD on these cellular processes was tested. Although treatment with ParvD (1 µM) had no effect on cell-substrate attachment, ParvD (1 µM) significantly reduced cell chemotaxis and invasion. This is the first report describing the proapoptotic effect of ParvD in TNBC cells. Moreover, for the first time we have shown that ParvD reduces cell motility, unraveling potential anti-metastatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Saraiva
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.S.); (J.G.C.); (C.R.); (N.A.); (P.R.)
| | - João G. Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.S.); (J.G.C.); (C.R.); (N.A.); (P.R.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Reis
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.S.); (J.G.C.); (C.R.); (N.A.); (P.R.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Almeida
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.S.); (J.G.C.); (C.R.); (N.A.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.S.); (J.G.C.); (C.R.); (N.A.); (P.R.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.S.); (J.G.C.); (C.R.); (N.A.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence:
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41
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Damiano S, Iovane V, Squillacioti C, Mirabella N, Prisco F, Ariano A, Amenta M, Giordano A, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Red orange and lemon extract prevents the renal toxicity induced by ochratoxin A in rats. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5386-5393. [PMID: 31898818 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the effects of red orange and lemon extract (RLE) on ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity. In particular, we analyzed the change in renal function and oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with OTA (0.5 mg/kg body weight, b.w.) and with RLE (90 mg/kg b.w.) by oral administration. After OTA treatment, we found alterations of biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in the kidney, related to a severe decrease of glomerular filtration rate. The RLE treatment normalized the activity of antioxidant enzymes and prevented the glomerular hyperfiltration. Histopathological examinations revealed glomerular damages and kidney cortex fibrosis in OTA-rats, while we observed less severe fibrosis in OTA plus RLE group. Then, we demonstrated that oxidative stress could be the cause of OTA renal injury and that RLE reduces this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Ariano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Margherita Amenta
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, Acireale, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
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A multiple endpoint approach reveals potential in vitro anticancer properties of thymoquinone in human renal carcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:111076. [PMID: 31883990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a monoterpene isolated from the oil of Nigella sativa seeds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects induced by TQ and its impact on the migration and invasion potential of 786-O human renal cancer cells. These cells were exposed to TQ (1-100 μM) for 24 and 48 h and cell viability assessed using the Crystal Violet and MTS assays. TQ treatment clearly decreased cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. TQ exposure moderately increased intracellular ROS levels and co-incubation with reduced glutathione markedly increased cell viability. Moreover, the effect of TQ in the cell cycle distribution was evaluated using flow cytometry, and an increase in the sub-G1 population was observed, especially at 30 μM, along with an increase in the % of apoptotic cells. TQ did not show genotoxic effects at a non-cytotoxic concentration (1.0 μM). At this concentration level, TQ significantly decreased the collective migration of 786-O cells, whereas it had no effect in chemotactic migration. TQ also decreased the invasiveness potential of 786-O cells, as evaluated by the transwell invasion assay. Overall, these results suggest that TQ presents an anticancer potential in the context of renal cancer, warranting further investigation.
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Amelioration of ochratoxin-A induced cytotoxicity by prophylactic treatment of N-Acetyl-L-Tryptophan in human embryonic kidney cells. Toxicology 2019; 429:152324. [PMID: 31678613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is known to induce nephro-toxicity via induction of cellular redox homeostasis perturbation, mitochondrial hyperpolarisation and depolarization, protein synthesis inhibition leading to apoptosis. In the present study, protective efficacy of N-Acetyl-L-Tryptophan (NAT) against OTA induced toxicity was evaluated using Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cells. Cells were treated with NAT (0-200 μg/ml) before OTA treatment (0-20 μg/ml) and protective efficacy of NAT was evaluated using MTT and SRB assay. OTA-induced intracellular ROS generation and its inhibition by NAT (2.5 μg/ml) pre-treatment was evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) probe. Effects of NAT pre-treatment on OTA treated cells were also evaluated in terms of cell cycle perturbations and mitochondrial membrane potential disturbance using flowcytometry. Results of the study demonstrated significant (∼89 % cell growth in comparison to 50% in OTA alone group; P < 0.05) protection by NAT to the HEK-293 cells against OTA mediated cell death in terms of cell viability. Further, significant reduction in ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential disturbance was also observed in NAT pre-treated plus OTA cells as compared to only OTA treated cells. Significant (p < 0.05) arrest in G0 and S phase of cell cycle was observed in OTA treated cells that was found to be inhibited by NAT pre-treatment to OTA treated cells. Also, molecular docking analysis demonstrated higher probability of NAT to bind with OTA binding pocket on phenylalanyl t-RNA synthetase, resulting in inhibition of OTA incorporation in the newly synthesized peptides and thus may ameliorate OTA induced protein synthesis inhibition. Conclusively, present study suggested that NAT offers protection against OTA toxicity in HEK-293 cells by counterbalancing oxidative stress, cell cycle regulation, mitochondrial membrane potential stabilization, protein synthesis inhibition and cell death retardation.
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Akpinar HA, Kahraman H, Yaman I. Ochratoxin A Sequentially Activates Autophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E615. [PMID: 31653047 PMCID: PMC6891609 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin, which is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium genera of fungi and commonly contaminates food and feed. We and others have previously shown that OTA causes sustained activation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1-2 signaling pathways in different cell types and animal models. Given the close relationship between cellular signaling activity and protein stability, we were curious whether increased PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1-2 signaling may be the result of OTA-stimulated alterations in proteolytic activity. We show that both of the major proteolytic systems, autophagy, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), are activated upon OTA exposure in human kidney proximal tubule HK-2 and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. OTA stimulates transient autophagic activity at early time points of treatment but autophagic activity subsides after 6 h even in the sustained presence of OTA. Interestingly, OTA exposure also results in increased cell death in wild-type MEF cells but not in autophagy-halted Atg5-deficient cells, suggesting that autophagy exerts a pro-death effect on OTA-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, prolonged OTA exposure decreased ubiquitinated protein levels by increasing proteasomal activity. Using purified and cellular proteasomes, we observed enhanced chymotrypsin-, caspase-, and trypsin-like activities of the 26S but not the 20S proteasome in the presence of OTA. However, in the cellular context, increased proteasomal activity depended on prior induction of autophagy. Our results suggest that autophagy and subsequent UPS activation are responsible for sustained activation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1-2 pathways through regulating the levels of critical phosphatases VHR/DUSP3, DUSP4, and PHLPP, which are known to be involved in OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Aysin Akpinar
- Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Bebek-Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Kahraman
- Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Bebek-Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Yaman
- Molecular Toxicology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Bebek-Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek-Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
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Costa JG, Saraiva N, Batinic-Haberle I, Castro M, Oliveira NG, Fernandes AS. The SOD Mimic MnTnHex-2-PyP 5+ Reduces the Viability and Migration of 786-O Human Renal Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100490. [PMID: 31627290 PMCID: PMC6826590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear-cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cancer. The importance of oxidative stress in the context of this disease has been described, although there is only little information concerning the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes. The importance of SOD in different pathological conditions promoted the development of SOD mimics (SODm). As such, manganese(III) porphyrins can mimic the natural SOD enzymes and scavenge different reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus modulating the cellular redox status. In this study, the exposure of 786-O human renal cancer cells to MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ (MnP), a very promising SODm, led to a concentration and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and in the cell proliferation indices, as well as to an increase in apoptosis. No relevant effects in terms of micronuclei formation were observed. Moreover, the exposure to MnP resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular ROS, presumably due to the generation of H2O2 by the inherent redox mechanisms of MnP, along with the limited ability of cancer cells to detoxify this species. Although the MnP treatment did not result in a reduction in the collective cell migration, a significant decrease in chemotactic migration was observed. Overall, these results suggest that MnP has a beneficial impact on reducing renal cancer cell viability and migration and warrant further studies regarding SODm-based therapeutic strategies against human renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G Costa
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana S Fernandes
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Modulation of Adipogenesis and Oxidative Status by Quercetin and Ochratoxin A: Positive or Negative Impact on Rat Adipocyte Metabolism? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203726. [PMID: 31623151 PMCID: PMC6832986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Impaired adipose tissue function leads to the development of metabolic disorders. Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the regulation of adipogenesis and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipocytes. Quercetin (QCT) regulates adipogenesis by affecting the redox state of preadipocytes. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins contaminating food. It has cytotoxic, genotoxic, pro-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic effects. Antioxidants are believed to protect cells from the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by OTA. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of QCT and OTA application on preadipocyte differentiation, oxidative status, and adipocyte metabolism. (2) Methods: Primary rat preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of Wistar rats. Gene expressions were determined by qPCR. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glucose uptake, and lipid accumulation were determined using commercially available kits. (3) Results: A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of QCT on adipogenic differentiation was observed, which was accompanied by a decrease in ROS production. Reduced ROS formation is closely related to impaired glucose uptake by adipocytes. (4) Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a key role of ROS in regulating adipogenesis and metabolic pathways, which is affected by the application of QCT and/or OTA.
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Mazur-Kuśnirek M, Antoszkiewicz Z, Lipiński K, Fijałkowska M, Purwin C, Kotlarczyk S. The effect of polyphenols and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:431-444. [PMID: 31523998 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1639445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a polyphenol product (PP) (Proviox) and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA). One hundred and twenty ROSS 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups (10 replications, 2 birds per replication). Group I received an uncontaminated and unsupplemented diet, diets of groups II to VI were contaminated with OTA at 172 µg and 200 µg/kg for the starter and grower period, respectively. Furthermore, diets of groups III, IV and V were supplemented with vitamin E at 100, 200 and 100 mg, respectively, and to diets of groups V and VI additionally 100 and 2200 mg PP was added, respectively. Supplementation with PP and vitamin E had no significant effects on the growth performance, dressing percentage or carcass trait parameters of broiler chickens. In chickens exposed to stress, dietary supplementation with vitamin E and/or PP improved the total antioxidant status (p ≤ 0.05), enhanced the blood activity of antioxidant enzymes (p ≤ 0.01) and increased the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (p ≤ 0.01) in the liver and breast muscles. Regardless of the administered antioxidants, chickens fed diets contaminated with OTA were characterised by lower dressing percentage (p ≤ 0.01), a higher proportion of the liver in the carcass (p ≤ 0.01), lower carcass fat content (p ≤ 0.01), and longer small intestines (p ≤ 0.01) and caeca (p ≤ 0.01). Dietary supplementation with PP improved the water-holding capacity of meat (p ≤ 0.01). The breast muscles of chickens fed diets supplemented with PP and vitamin E were characterised by higher (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). It was concluded that PP can be an insufficient component of diets for broiler chickens to improve growth performance and mitigate the negative effects of high dose of OTA in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Zofia Antoszkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lipiński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Maja Fijałkowska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Cezary Purwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Sylwia Kotlarczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Olsztyn , Poland
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Costa JG, Vidovic B, Saraiva N, do Céu Costa M, Del Favero G, Marko D, Oliveira NG, Fernandes AS. Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements? Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1113-1135. [PMID: 31500469 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1636045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food supplements (FS) are often consumed as one of the strategies to fight ageing-associated pathologies, especially in the case of oxidative stress-related diseases. Despite the popularity of FS, some concerns about their quality and safety have been raised, especially regarding the presence of contaminants. This paper reviews and discusses the occurrence of contaminants in marketed samples of FS in the last two decades, considering both scientific literature and notifications registered on RASFF portal. The most relevant classes of contaminants were included namely metals, toxins, pesticides, dioxins and PCBs, as well as pharmacologically active ingredients. Variable amounts of contaminants were reported in a significant number of commercially available FS. Although the presence of contaminants does not necessarily mean that their levels exceed the regulatory limits or that the FS intake constitutes a risk to human health, it alerts for the need to further monitor FS safety. The evaluation of the risk associated to the consumption of FS, especially in the elderly population, is particularly challenging due to the frequent exposure to multiple toxicants and to different exposure sources, as well as due to possible pre-existing diseases and respective therapeutics. Therefore, improved quality control procedures and monitoring programs should be pursued in order to avoid undesirable products and assure the safety of FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bojana Vidovic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
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Assunção R, Pinhão M, Loureiro S, Alvito P, Silva MJ. A multi-endpoint approach to the combined toxic effects of patulin and ochratoxin a in human intestinal cells. Toxicol Lett 2019; 313:120-129. [PMID: 31212007 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans can be exposed to a complex and variable combination of mycotoxins. After ingestion, intestinal mucosa constitutes the first biological barrier that can be exposed to high concentrations of these toxins. The present study aimed to characterize the combined cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and impact on the gastrointestinal barrier integrity of patulin (PAT, 0.7 μM to 100 μM) and ochratoxin A (OTA, 1 μM to 200 μM) mixtures in Caco-2 cells. A dose-ratio deviation was verified for cytotoxicity, implying that OTA was mainly responsible for synergism when dominant in the mixture, while this pattern was changed to antagonism for the highest PAT concentrations. Genotoxicity (comet assay) results were compatible with an interactive DNA damaging effect at the highest PAT and OTA concentrations, not clearly mediated by the formation of oxidative DNA breaks. Regarding gastrointestinal barrier integrity, a potential synergism was attained at low levels of both mycotoxins, changing to antagonism at higher doses. The present results indicate that combined mycotoxins effects may arise at the intestinal level and should not be underestimated when evaluating their risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal; IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Pinhão
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Silva
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Nova Medical School, FCM-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal.
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50
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Juan-García A, Tolosa J, Juan C, Ruiz MJ. Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060341. [PMID: 31208011 PMCID: PMC6628395 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by a number of fungal genera spp., for example, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Claviceps. Beauvericin (BEA) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are present in various cereal crops and processed grains. This goal of this study was to determine their combination effect in HepG2 cells, presented for the first time. In this study, the type of interaction among BEA and OTA through an isobologram method, cell cycle disturbance by flow cytometry, and genotoxic potential by in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay following the TG 487 (OECD, 2016) of BEA and OTA individually and combined in HepG2 cells are presented. Cytotoxic concentration ranges studied by the MTT assay over 24, 48, and 72 h were from 0 to 25 µM for BEA and from 0 to 100 µM for OTA, while BEA + OTA combinations were at a 1:10 ratio from 3.4 to 27.5 µM. The toxicity observed for BEA was higher than for OTA at all times assayed; additive and synergistic effects were detected for their mixtures. Cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was detected for OTA and BEA + OTA treatments in HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity revealed significant effects for BEA, OTA, and in combinations underlining the importance of studying real exposure scenarios of chronic exposure to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Josefa Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
- ProtoQSAR, CEEI, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 12, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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