An assessment of the nutraceutical potential of Juglans regia L. leaf powder in diabetic rats

Fenugreek extract improves diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction via the arginase 1 pathway

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an initiating trigger and key factor in vascular complications, leading to disability and mortality in individuals with diabetes. The research concerning therapeutic interventions for ED has gained considerable interest. Fenugreek, a commonly used edible plant in dietary consumption, has attracted significant attention due to its management of diabetes and its associated complications. The research presented in this study examines the potential therapeutic benefits of fenugreek in treating ED and investigates the underlying mechanism associated with its effects. The analysis on fenugreek was performed using 70% ethanol extract, and its chemical composition was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). In total, we identified 49 compounds present in the fenugreek extract. These compounds encompass flavonoids, saponins, and phospholipids. Then, the models of ED in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and high glucose-induced isolated rat aortas were established for research. Through vascular function testing, it was observed that fenugreek extract effectively improved ED induced by diabetes or high glucose. By analyzing the protein expression of arginase 1 (Arg1), Arg activity, Arg1 immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide (NO) level, and the protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and p-p38 MAPK in aortas, this study revealed that the potential mechanism of fenugreek extract in anti-ED involves the downregulation of Arg1, leading to enhanced NO production. Furthermore, analysis of serum exosomes carrying Arg activity indicates that fenugreek may decrease the activity of Arg transported by serum exosomes, potentially preventing the increase in Arg levels triggered by the uptake of serum exosomes by vascular endothelial cells. In general, this investigation offers valuable observations regarding the curative impact of fenugreek extract on anti-ED in diabetes, revealing the involvement of the Arg1 pathway in its mechanism.

Can daily consumption of enriched fatty acids diet be effective in improving metabolic syndrome? An attractive paradox for walnut kernel

Imagine consuming a daily diet rich in fatty acids to help treat diseases such as hypertension and obesity. This concept presents an attractive paradox. In particular, consuming walnut kernels is beneficial for treating diseases associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Different parts of the Juglans regia tree (family Juglandaceae), including its leaves, green husks, bark, and septum, have shown promising effects on pathological conditions related to MetS. The therapeutic advantages of consuming walnut kernels for MetS can be attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenolic compounds such as juglone and ellagic acid. Diets enriched with walnut kernel have a positive impact on MetS complications by reducing diastolic blood pressure, improving blood lipid profiles, lowering fasting blood sugar levels, and increasing insulin sensitivity. The potential cellular mechanisms responsible for these benefits involve activating the cholesterol hemostasis pathway by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Furthermore, other by-products of walnuts, such as leaves and green husks, have also demonstrated effectiveness in managing MetS. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating walnut-based products into our diets as a natural approach to combating MetS and its complications.

Ceviz Erkek Çiçeklerinin In Vitro Antioksidan ve Enzim İnhibitör Aktiviteleri

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) male flowers are known for their high phenolic content and associated health benefits, including anti-hypoxic, antihaemolytic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. This study represents the first investigation of the inhibitory effects of walnut male flower extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, employing HPAE-PAD (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). The inhibitory potential of the extract was compared to that of acarbose, a chemical drug commonly used for this purpose. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was also evaluated. The extract demonstrated significant inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 1.507 mg/mL and 0.803 mg/mL, respectively. In contrast, acarbose exhibited IC50 values of 1.031 mg/mL and 0.985 mg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Although the walnut male flower showed greater inhibition of α-glucosidase than acarbose, acarbose exhibited stronger inhibition of α-amylase activity than walnut male flowers. The extract exhibited a DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 19.51 µg/mL. Additionally, the total phenolic content of 277 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g dry weight (dw) was determined in the extract. These results may highlight the potential of walnut male flowers as a novel enzyme inhibitor for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The findings of this study could provide valuable insights for further investigation into the potential applications of walnut male flowers in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Polysaccharides from the hard shells of Juglans regia L. modulate intestinal function and gut microbiota in vivo

This study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of polysaccharides from the hard shells ofJuglans regiaL. (JRP) on intestinal function and gut microbiota of mice. The results showed that JRP could increase the colonic length and colonic index, and ameliorate the histological characteristics of colon. JRP had a positive effect on immunity of mice by improving immune organ indexes. Owing to enhancement of intestinal peristalsis and increase of colonic fecal moisture by JRP, the defecation time was significantly reduced. After gastrointestinal digestion and absorption, JRP was metabolized by intestinal microorganisms to produce short chain fatty acids, thereby lowering the pH of intestine. Through microbial community analysis, the composition of gut microbiota was modulated by JRPvia increasing theabundances of beneficial bacteriaand decreasing the richness of harmful bacteria. This study suggests that JRP can be served as an excellent prebiotic to promote intestinal health.

Effects of dietary walnut (Juglans regia) leaves extract on immunity, gene expression responses, and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus

The dietary effects of walnut leaf extract (WLE) on the growth, immunity, and resistance of Oreochromis niloticus to bacterial infection have been investigated. Five diets were prepared with various WLE doses of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg, termed as Con (control), WLE250, WLE500, WLE750, and WLE1000, respectively. Fish (11.67 ± 0.21 g) were fed these diets for 60 days and then challenged with Plesiomonas shigelloides. Before the challenge, it was observed that dietary WLE did not significantly affect the growth, blood proteins (globulin, albumin, and total protein), and liver function enzymes (ALT and AST) activities. The WLE250 group significantly increased serum SOD and CAT activities more than other groups. The serum immunological indices (lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities) and hematological parameters (phagocytic activity %, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity, and potential activity) were significantly increased in the WLE groups compared with the Con group. The expression of IgM heavy chain, IL-1β, and IL-8 genes were significantly upregulated in all WLE-supplemented groups in comparison with the Con group. The fish survival rates (SR; %) post challenge in the Con, WLE250, WLE500, WLE750 and WLE1000 groups were 40.0%, 49.3%, 86.7%, 73.3%, and 70.7%, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves illustrated that the highest SR% was found in the WLE500 group (86.7%) amongst the other groups. Accordingly, we can suggest that feeding O. niloticus with a diet supplied with WLE at a dose rate of 500 mg/kg over 60 days could enrich haemato-immune responses and increase the fish survival against the challenge with P. shigelloides. These results recommend using WLE as a herbal dietary supplement to substitute antibiotic use in aquafeed.

Comparative Investigation of Chemical Constituents of Kernels, Leaves, Husk, and Bark of Juglans regia L., Using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS Analysis and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Leaves, husk, kernels, and bark methanolic extracts of Juglans regia L. were tested for their in vitro antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. For these purposes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase were used as the main enzymes to evaluate antidiabetic activities. Moreover, lipoxidase and tyrosinase activities were tested to estimate anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant properties of Juglans regia L., extracts were determined using three different assays. Leaves extract has an important radical scavenging activity and a-amylase inhibition. Similarly, husk extracts showed high total phenolic content (306.36 ± 4.74 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract) with an important α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 75.42 ± 0.99 µg/mL). Kernels exhibit significant tyrosinase (IC50 = 51.38 ± 0.81 µg/mL) correlated with antioxidant activities (p < 0.05). Husk and bark extracts also showed strong anti-lipoxidase activities with IC50 equal to 29.48 ± 0.28 and 28.58 ± 0.35 µg/mL, respectively. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis highlights the phenolic profile of methanolic extracts of Juglans regia L. plant parts. The identified polyphenols were known for their antioxidant, antidiabetic (dicaffeoyl-quinic acid glycoside in kernels), and anti-inflammatory (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in leaves) activities. Further investigations are needed to determine molecular mechanisms involved in these effects as well as to study the properties of the main identified compounds.

Hypoglycemic effect and toxicity of the dry extract of Eugenia biflora (L.) DC. leaves

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves of Eugenia biflora (Myrtaceae) are traditionally used by Amazonian populations for the control of diabetes. However, their chemical composition has not yet been described and pharmacological evidence has not been reported.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the hypoglycemic and toxic effect of the dry extract of the E. biflora leaves (DEEB).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DEEB, obtained by infusion, was analyzed using LC-HRMS and NMR, whose the catechin flavonoid was quantified using NMR. The antidiabetic effect of DEEB was evaluated according to its inhibition of the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, as well as the content of total phenols, free radical scavengingand antiglycation activities, and its in vitro cell viability. Oral maltose tolerance and chronic multiple dose tests (28 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (STZ) were performed. The hypoglycemic effect and toxicity of this extract were evaluated in the multiple dose assay. Biochemical parameters, hemolysis, and levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive species in the liver were investigated and histopathological analyses of the kidneys and liver were performed.

RESULTS

Eight phenolic compounds were identified, with catechin (15.5 ± 1.7 mg g-1) being the majority compound and a possible chemical marker of DEEB. The extract showed inhibition activity of the enzyme α-glucosidase. Chronic administration of DEEB (50 mg/kg of body weight) reduced glucose levels in diabetic animals, similar to acarbose; however, DEEB (100 and 200 mg/kg bw) caused premature death of mice by D22 of the treatment. Our data indicate that one of the mechanisms of toxicity in DEEB may be related to the aggravation of oxidative stress in the liver. This histopathological study indicated that DEEB failed to minimize the progression of the toxicity of diabetes caused by STZ.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the hypoglycemic potential of E. biflora leaves. However, the prolonged use of this tea can be harmful to its users due to its considerable toxicity, which needs to be better investigated.

Interfering effects on the bioactivities of several key proteins of COVID-19/variants in diabetes by compounds from Lianqiao leaves: In silico and in vitro analyses

Diabetes is considered to be one of the diseases most associated with COVID-19. In this study, interfering effects and potential mechanisms of several compounds from Lianqiao (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) leaves on the bioactivities of some key proteins of COVID-19 and its variants, as well as diabetic endothelial dysfunctions were illuminated through in vitro and in silico analyses. Results showed that, among the main ingredients in the leaves, forsythoside A showed the strongest docking affinities with the proteins SARS-CoV-2-RBD-hACE2 of COVID-19 and its variants (Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617)), as well as neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and SARS-CoV-2 main protease (MPro) to interfere coronavirus entering into the human body. Moreover, forsythoside A was the most stable in binding to receptors in Delta (B.1.617) system. It also has good antiviral activities and drug properties and has the strongest binding force to the RBD domain of COVID-19. In addition, forsythoside A reduced ROS production in AGEs-induced EA.hy926 cells, maintained endothelial integrity, and bound closely to protein profilin-1 (PFN1) receptor. This work may provide useful knowledge for further understanding the interfering effects and potential mechanisms of compounds, especially forsythoside A, from Lianqiao leaves on the bioactivities of key proteins of COVID-19/variants in diabetes.

Chemodiversity, Biological Activities and Molecular Docking Studies of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne: A Comprehensive Approach to Validate Its Medicinal Use

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne is growing in Cholistan desert, and is known for its laxative, analgesic, anabolic and astringent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic properties. The present study disclosed the metabolic picture of L. pyrotechnica and validates its folk uses. LP-H fraction constitute 25.79±0.11 mgGAE/g extract and 20.64±0.33 mgRE/g extract of phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively, followed by LP-E (23.15±0.33 mgGAE/g extract and 19.40±0.13 mgRE/g extract), however, LP-E exhibited the highest free radical scavenging (DPPH: 21.05±0.45mgTE/g and ABTS: 68.12±0.53 mgTE/g) and metal reducing (FRAP: 44.93±1.66, CUPRAC: 117.42±1.28 mgTE/g, respectively) activities. The total antioxidant capacity in Phosphomolybdenum assay (1.52±0.14 mmolTE/g) and ferrous ion chelating (11.57±0.29 mgEDTAE/g) activities were observed highest for LP-H extract. In cholinesterase's inhibitory assays, the LP-E and LP-W extracts exhibited inhibitory values as 2.43 and 2.40±0.07 mgGALAE/g extract, respectively against AChE, while against BChE the LP-H displayed the highest value as 5.98±0.44 mgGALAE/g extract. The LP-H fraction also showed the highest inhibition potential (7.72±0.14 mmol ACAE/g and 0.55±0.01 mmol ACAE/g, respectively) against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, while, in tyrosinase inhibitory assay, all the fractions exhibited significant activities in the range of 59.35±0.29 to 55.18±0.49 mgKAE/g extract. RP-UHPLC/MS analysis of LP-M disclosed the presence of 57 metabolites of various classes. A multivariate analysis and molecular docking study was also carried out to establish relationships between the metabolites and the biological activities, which finally validate the use of L. pyrotechnica as herbal medicine or component nutraceutical, food and cosmetic industry.

Evaluating the effects of Juglans regia L. extract on hyperglycaemia and insulin sensitivity in experimental type 2 diabetes in rat

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Juglans regia (JR) extract on hyperglycaemia and insulin sensitivity.

METHODS

Forty rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), Diabetes Control (DC), Diabetes + Juglans regia (D + JR) and Diabetes + Metformin (D + M).

RESULTS

In the D + JR group, Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels decreased from day 14 onwards. There was a significant decrease in plasma levels of Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5 (FNDC5) and adiponectin (ADP) in the DC group compared to the C group (p < .01, p < .001 respectively). In the D + JR group, there was a significant increase in plasma FNDC5 and ADP (p < .05), while the plasma Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were decreased compared to the DC group (p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the present study found that JR and its bioactive components alleviated insulin resistance by increasing ADP and FNDC5 and decreasing FBG in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ) + nicotinamide (NAD)-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D).HighlightsJuglans regia extract increased insulin sensitivity.Juglans regia extract significantly reduced the level of fasting blood glucose.Juglans regia extract reduced TNF-α levels in rats with type 2 diabetes.Juglans regia extract prevent weight loss in type 2 diabetes.

Parkinson's Disease: Is there a Role for Dietary and Herbal Supplements?

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of the neurons of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway of the brain. The pharmacological cornerstone of PD management is mainly the use of dopamine precursors, dopamine receptor agonists, and agents that inhibit the biochemical degradation of dopamine. While these drugs initially provide relief to the symptoms and improve the quality of life of the patients, progression of the underlying pathological processes, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (which have been strongly associated with PD and other neurodegenerative disorders), eventually reduce their benefits, making further benefits achievable, only at high doses due to which the magnitude and frequency of side-effects are amplified. Also, while it is becoming obvious that mainstream pharmacological agents may not always provide the much-needed answer, the question remains what succour can nature provide through dietary supplements, nutraceuticals and herbal remedies? This narrative review examines current literature for evidence of the possible roles (if any) of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and herbal remedies in the prevention or management of PD by examining how these compounds could modulate key factors and pathways that are crucial to the pathogenesis and/or progression of PD. The likely limitations of this approach and its possible future roles in PD prevention and management are also considered.

The Effect of Walnut (Juglans regia) Leaf Extract on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Numerous clinical trials have examined the beneficial effects of Juglans regia leaf extract (JRLE) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the results of these studies are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted the current systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of JRLE on glycemic control and lipid profile in T2DM patients. We searched online databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science for randomized controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of JRLE on glycemic and lipid indices in T2DM patients. Data were pooled using both fixed and random-effect models and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the overall effect size. Of the total records, 4 eligible studies, with a total sample size of 195 subjects, were included. The meta-analysis revealed that JRLE supplementation significantly reduces fasting blood glucose (WMD, −18.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], −32.88 mg/dL, −3.21 mg/dL; p = 0.017) and significantly increases fasting insulin level (WMD, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.40 U/L, 3.45 U/L; p = 0.014). Although the overall effect of JRLE supplementation on hemoglobin A1c was not significant, a significant reduction was seen in studies with an intervention duration of > 8 weeks (WMD, −0.64; 95% CI, −1.16%, −0.11%; p = 0.018). Moreover, we also found no significant change in lipid parameters. Our findings revealed a beneficial effect of JRLE supplementation on glycemic indices in T2DM patients, but no significant improvement was found for lipid profile parameters.

Redox ticklers and beyond: Naphthoquinone repository in the spotlight against inflammation and associated maladies

Cellular redox status has been considered as a focal point for the pathogenesis of multiple disorders. High and persistent levels of free radicals kick off inflammation and associated disorders. Though oxidative stress at high levels is harmful but at low levels it has been shown to exert cytoprotective effects. Therefore, cytoprotection by perturbation in cellular redox balance is a leading strategy for therapeutic interventions. Prooxidants are potent redox modifiers that generate mild oxidative stress leading to a spectrum of bioactivities. Naphthoquinones are a group of highly reactive organic chemical species that interact with biological systems owing to their prooxidants nature. Owing to the ability of naphthoquinones and its derivatives to perturb redox balance in a cell and modulate redox signaling, they have been in epicenter of drug development for plausible utilization in multiple clinical settings. The present review highlights the potential of 1,4-naphthoquinone and its natural derivatives (plumbagin, juglone, lawsone, menadione, lapachol and β-lapachone) as redox modifiers with anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial activities for implication in therapeutic settings.

Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Walnuts in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review

Diabetes and its complications are main causes of morbidity and mortality among adults in the USA. An increase in the number of individuals with diabetes is primarily attributed to changes in dietary patterns including increased consumption of obesogenic foods and beverages. Many individuals who are overweight and obese show signs of insulin resistance and are at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle interventions (i.e., physical activity and nutrition) are the cornerstone of T2DM management and prevention. Prior research attests to the health benefits of consuming nuts, which have a substantial amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, for individuals at risk for or with T2DM, and walnuts appear to be particularly promising. Walnuts are rich in nutrients, minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins that can contribute to improved cardio-metabolic risk factors in individuals at risk for or with T2DM. This review assesses the cardio-metabolic benefits of walnuts in T2DM. The authors’ review indicates that the reported effects of walnuts on glycaemic control have been inconclusive, with several studies showing association with improved glycaemic control while others show no effect. Despite their high energy density and potential to contribute to weight gain, the authors’ review suggests that walnuts can contribute to satiety without association with weight gain. This review also suggests that walnut consumption has been associated with improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and endothelial function but has not been associated with blood pressure improvement. Meta-analyses are warranted to quantitatively assess impact of walnut consumption on these cardio-metabolic risk factors in T2DM.

The influence of probiotic fermentation on the active compounds and bioactivities of walnut flowers

In this study, the walnut flowers were fermented using five different probiotics, including two Lactobacillus plantarum, one Lactobacillus bulgaricus, one Lactobacillus casei, and one Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The chemical compositions, antioxidant capacities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory abilities of walnut flowers during fermentation processes were evaluated. The results showed that all the active compounds and bioactivities of the walnut flowers were significantly decreased after 7 days of fermentation, whereas a short-term fermentation (1-3 days) enhanced their bioactivities. Compared to the unfermented sample, L. plantarum (ATCC 8014) and L. rhamnosus (ATCC 53013) increased the ABTS (1.22 and 1.30 times higher) and DPPH radical scavenging activities (up to 1.23 and 1.04 times), respectively. L. plantarum (SWFU D16), L. plantarum (ATCC 8014), and L. rhamnosus (ATCC 53013) improved the ferric reducing antioxidant power which was 110.98%, 133.16%, and 104.76% of the unfermented sample. All five probiotics promoted the α-glucosidase inhibitory ability of walnut flowers (maximum 2.18-fold increase). Three phenolic acids and five flavonoids in the fermentation broth were identified by HPLC, where catechin, epicatechin, and catechin gallate were the dominant components. HPLC results demonstrated that these compounds were degraded and transformed in varying degrees under the effects of probiotics. Taken together, a short-term probiotic fermentation could change the active compounds of the walnut flowers and improve their bioactivities. L. plantarum (ATCC 8014) and L. rhamnosus (ATCC 334) are suggested as suitable strains in producing the fermented walnut flowers. The research findings could further support the development and utilization of walnut flowers as a fermented functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Walnut flowers have been used as fermented food in southwestern China, but their active components and functional activities during fermentation processes are still unclear. This study found that different probiotic fermentation exerted a strong and varied influence on the chemical composition and biological activities of the walnut flowers. A short-term fermentation has significantly improved their antioxidant capacities and α-glucosidase inhibitory abilities, whereas the longer period of fermentation, caused a significant loss of both their active compounds and bioactivities. These findings are useful as a reference for the manufacturers of fermented walnut flowers in selecting suitable strains and fermentation time for their products.

Amelioration of cognitive deficit in zebrafish by an undescribed anthraquinone from Juglans regia L.: An in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo approach

An undescribed anthraquinone assigned as 1-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9,10-anthraquinone (compound 1) was isolated from ethylacetate extract of Juglans regia L. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, COSY), ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopy. The molecular docking studies of compound 1 indicated similar molecular interactions as that of co-crystalized inhibitor. Compound 1 showed hydrogen bonds with residues PHE295, GLY121, π-σ interactions with TYR 341, π-π interactions with HIS 447 residues, and π-alkyl with TRP86 and TYR 337. On the basis of in-silico interaction studies of compound 1 with proteins, it was tested using acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity test of zebrafish larva, and scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit model of adult zebrafish. The compound 1 showed potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity, prevented acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and improved learning and memory functions in T-maze test. The results established compound 1 to be a potential neuroprotective natural product for amelioration of cognitive impairment.

The potential toxicity of food-added sodium benzoate in mice is concentration-dependent

Sodium benzoate (NaB) is a versatile food preservative that has also found some applications in the treatment of medical disorders. However, till date, its possible widespread effects on the body are not well studied. We examined the likely effect of diet-added NaB on weight/food intake, haematological parameters, neurobehaviour, antioxidant status, lipid profile and anti-inflammatory/apoptotic markers in mice. Animals were assigned randomly into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Groups included normal control (fed rodent chow) and three groups fed NaB at 125 (0.0125%), 250 (0.025% and 500 (0.05%) mg/kg of feed added to diet, respectively, for eight weeks. Body weight and food intake were assessed. At the end of the experimental period animals were euthanized, blood was then taken for the assessment of haematological, biochemical and inflammatory/apoptotic markers. At the lowest concentration, NaB diet increased body weight and food intake. Decrease in haematological cell counts and total antioxidant capacity were observed, whereas serum malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity were increased across the three concentrations. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 decreased, whereas caspase-3 levels showed no significant difference. Lipid profile and biochemical indices of kidney and liver function were also affected by NaB diet. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NaB may be harmful if regulations regarding its limit of consumption are mistakenly or deliberately ignored. Therefore, it is advisable that regulations on quantities to be added to food be enforced.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-lipaemic effects of daily dietary coenzyme-Q10 supplement in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

The dietary model of metabolic syndrome has continued to aid our understanding of its pathogenesis and possible management interventions. However, despite progress in research, therapy continues to be challenging in humans; hence, the search for newer treatment and prevention options.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of dietary CQ₁₀ supplementation on metabolic, oxidative and inflammatory markers in a diet-induced mouse model of metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

Mouse groups were fed standard diet (SD), high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet, and SD or HFHS diet (with incorporated CQ₁₀) at 60 and 120 mg/kg of feed respectively. At the completion of the study (8 weeks), blood glucose levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, plasma insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-10, serum lipid profile, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were assessed. The liver was either homogenised for the assessment of antioxidant status or processed for general histology.

RESULTS

Dietary CQ₁₀ mitigated HFHS diet-induced weight gain, decreased glucose, insulin and leptin levels; and increased adiponectin levels in mice. Coenzyme-Q₁₀ improved the antioxidant status of the liver and blood in HFHS diet fed mice, while also decreasing lipid peroxidation. Lipid profile improved, level of TNF-α decreased and IL-10 increased following CQ₁₀ diet. A mitigation of HFHS diet-induced alteration in liver morphology was also observed with CQ₁₀.

CONCLUSION

Dietary CQ₁₀ supplementation mitigates HFHS diet-induced changes in mice possibly through its anti-oxidant, anti-lipaemic and anti-inflammatory potential.

Evaluation of the Behavioural, Antioxidative and Histomorphological Effects of Folic Acid-supplemented Diet in Dexamethasone-induced Depression in Mice

BACKGROUND

The effect of folic acid in mitigating depression has remained pivotal in research.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effects of folate supplementation on neurobehaviour oxidative stress and cerebral cortex histomorphology in the dexamethasone mouse model of depression.

METHODS

Male mice were assigned to six groups (A-F) of 10 mice each. Animals in groups A and D were fed a standard diet, while those in B and E were fed folic acid supplemented diet (25 mg/kg of feed), while C and F were fed folate supplemented diet at 50 mg/kg of feed for 8 weeks. At the beginning of the sixth 6th week, mice in groups A-C were administered distilled water, while animals in groups D-F were administered dexamethasone (DEX) at 4 mg/kg body weight by gavage. Open-field, forced swim, and tail-suspension tests were conducted at the end of the experimental period, following which animals were euthanised and blood was taken for the estimation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase activity, and Superoxide Dismutase. Sections of the cerebral cortex were prepared for histological examination.

RESULTS

Folic acid supplementation increased body weight, locomotor, rearing and self-grooming behaviours, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. There was also a reduction of lipid peroxidation and an increase in the antioxidant status. Folic acid supplementation was also found to be protective against the development of dexamethasone-induced changes in body weight, open-field behaviours, behavioural despair, oxidative stress and cerebrocortical morphology.

CONCLUSION

Folic-acid supplementation improves the behavioral, some antioxidant, and cerebral morphological parameters.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe pulcherrima Gilbert and Sebsebe (Aloaceae)

The leaf latex of Aloe pulcherrima has been used as remedy for diabetes mellitus. This was carried out to determine in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activities of the leaf latex of Aloe pulcherrima. Methods. Sucrase and maltase inhibitory activity of the leaf latex of A. pulcherrima was determined in glucose oxidase assay, and α-amylase inhibitory activity was determined in dinitrosalicylic acid assay. Normoglycemic, glucose-loaded, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated orally to determine blood glucose lowering activity of the latex. Effect of the latex on serum lipid level and body weight was measured in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Additionally, DPPH assay was used to determine free radical scavenging capacity of the latex. Results. Antioxidant activity of the latex was concentration dependent; the strongest inhibition was measured at 800 μg/ml (80.57%). The leaf latex of A. pulcherrima inhibited sucrase (IC₅₀ = 2.92 μg/ml), maltase (IC₅₀ = 11.81 μg/ml) and α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 14.92 μg/ml) enzymes. All doses of the leaf latex induced hypoglycemic effect after 4 h in normal mice, and low dose of the latex did not show significant effect after 6 h. Glucose reduction of the leaf latex of A. pulcherrima was significant (p < 0.05) in oral glucose-loaded mice compared to the vehicle control. Blood glucose level of diabetic mice was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced on week one and weak two in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. Glucose reduction increased with increasing the doses of the leaf latex of A. pulcherrima on week one (p < 0.05 (200 mg/kg), p < 0.01 (400 mg/kg), and p < 0.001 (600 mg/kg)). Administration of the leaf latex of A. pulcherrima for two weeks significantly (p < 0.05) improved diabetic dyslipidemia and body weight of diabetic mice. Conclusion. The study confirmed that the leaf latex of the plant showed a significant antidiabetic activity justifying the traditional uses of the plant.

Food-added azodicarbonamide alters haematogical parameters, antioxidant status and biochemical/histomorphological indices of liver and kidney injury in rats

OBJECTIVES

Azodicarbonamide (ADA) is a dough enhancer currently used as a replacement for potassium bromate in the process of bread-making in countries such as Nigeria. However, comprehensive information on the toxicological profile of ADA is not readily available. The present study investigated the toxicological effects of ADA in rats.

METHODS

Twenty-four adult rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six rats each. Animals in group A served as the control (administered standard diet), whereas animals in groups B, C and D were fed ADA in food at 1, 2 and 4%, respectively. Standard or ADA diet was fed to the animals daily for a period of 28 days. Body weight was measured weekly, whereas food and water consumption was measured daily. On day 28, animals were fasted overnight after which they were euthanised. Blood samples taken were used for assessment of fasting blood glucose, haematological parameters, serum lipids, antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation status, electrolytes and urea, plasma proteins and biochemical parameters of liver and kidney injury. The liver and kidneys were then excised and processed for general histological study.

RESULTS

The results showed that repeated administration of ADA was associated with dose-related decrease in weight gain, decrease in overall food consumption, decreased superoxide dismutase activity/glutathione level and increased lipid peroxidation. There was also biochemical and morphological evidence of liver and kidney injury.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that food-added ADA could be injurious to the body cells and organs in rats.

Alpha glucosidase inhibition activity of phenolic fraction from Simarouba glauca: An in-vitro, in-silico and kinetic study

A phenolic rich fraction purified from Simarouba glauca leaves was effective in alpha glucosidase inhibition. The purified fraction named 'fraction-14' had shown significant inhibition of yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme activity (IC₅₀ = 2.4 ± 0.4 μg/mL) when compared to anti-diabetic drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 2450 ± 24 μg/mL). The purified fraction also had reasonable DPPH (IC₅₀ = 14.4 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC₅₀ = 7.6 ± 0.5 μg/mL) free radical scavenging activity when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. The LC-MS analysis of bioactive 'fraction-14' revealed four compounds, eclalbasaponin-v (1), cyanidin-3-O-(2'galloyl)-galactoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (3) and kaempferol-3-O-pentoside (4) for the first time in S. glauca in this study. The kinetic study of the 'fraction-14' indicates a mixed type of inhibition on the alpha glucosidase enzyme with K _i , 6.2 μg/mL. Docking studies showed promising binding energy for the compounds 2 (-7.769 kJ/mol), 3 (-7.04 kJ/mol) and 4 (-7.127 kJ/mol) against yeast alpha glucosidase which was better than acarbose (-6.867 kJ/mol). In conclusion, the phenolic rich fraction from S. glauca possessing good in-vitro antioxidant property and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibition potential along with mixed inhibition kinetics. Also, better binding energy of compounds (1, 2 & 3) appears to contain potential lead-molecule for antidiabetic therapy.

Hypoglycemic effect of biscuits produced from flour blends of three medicinal foods on high-fat diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The study evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of biscuits produced from flour blends of three medicinal foods (Unripe plantain fruits, Moringa seed, and pigeon pea) on high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (HFD/STZ) diabetic rats. The formulated biscuits were produced at different proportion of the flour blends and fed to HFD-STZ-induced diabetic rats for 14 days. The result showed that the formulated biscuits caused a significant increase in pancreas, liver, and kidney antioxidant molecules, decreased the production of thiobarbituric reactive acid species (TBARS) in pancreas, liver, and kidney homogenates, and reduced pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase activities as against untreated diabetic rats. In conclusion, the use of formulated biscuits from the blends of flours from unripe plantain, Moringa seed, and pigeon pea could serve as functional food toward the treatment/management of diabetes and its possible complications such as diabetes-induced liver and kidney damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The drug use in the management of diabetes such as acarbose have been reported to have side effects, while diet therapy is gaining much interest in the management of diabetes. Hence, there is a need for diets base therapy that will not only cure diabetes, but also combat its complications. In sight of this, unripe plantain, Moringa seed, and pigeon pea flours were blended and used to produce functional biscuits for diabetic rats. The biscuit could be produced on the large scale under hygienic and regulated condition.

UHPLC-MS phytochemical profiling, biological propensities and in-silico studies of Alhagi maurorum roots: a medicinal herb with multifunctional properties

The biological, chemical, and in silico properties of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Alhagi maurorum roots with respect to the antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and phytochemical composition were evaluated. Total bioactive contents were determined spectrophotometrically, and the individual secondary metabolites composition was assessed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated using a panoply of assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC), phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and metal chelating activity (MCA)). The enzyme inhibition potential was studied against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, urease and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. The methanol extract was found to contain higher total phenolic (105.91 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (2.27 mg RE/g extract) contents which can be correlated to its more substantial antioxidant potential as well as AChE, BChE, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibition. However, the DCM extract was the most effective against α-amylase (1.86 mmol ACAE/g extract) enzyme inhibition. The UHPLC-MS analysis of methanol extract identified the tentative presence of a total of 18 secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, phenolic and terpenoid derivatives. Three compounds named emmotin A, luteolin 5,3'-dimethyl ether, and preferrugone were further investigated for their in silico molecular docking studies against the tested enzymes. The selected compounds were found to have higher binding interaction with AChE followed by BChE, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase. The results of the present study have demonstrated A. mauroram to be considered as a lead source of natural antioxidant and enzyme inhibitor compounds.

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of three Crataegus species (hawthorn) and their in vitro biological activities

BACKGROUND

In this investigation, the chemical and biological profiles of three Turkish Crataegus species (Crataegus orientalis, Crataegus szovitsii and Crataegus tanacetifolia) were studied in order to provide the first comprehensive characterization and their health-promoting potential. In this respect, polyphenolic profiles were evaluated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the Crataegus samples were evaluated by using free-radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, ferrous-ion chelating, and reducing power assays. The inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, amylase, cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), and tyrosinase were also established.

RESULTS

The untargeted metabolomic approach highlighted the effect of both extraction types and species on the phenolic profiles of different Crateagus tissues (i.e. leaves and twigs). The methanolic extracts showed the maximum radical scavenging and reducing activity in all test systems, whereas for ferrous-ion chelating assays the decocted and infused extracts showed the highest activity. Only the methanolic extracts were effective against AChE and BChE. The extract tested showed remarkable inhibitory effects against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase, whereas all the extracts exhibited modest inhibition against α-amylase. Overall, the twig extracts of the three species studied showed superior antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of these results, the three Crataegus species can be classified as potent bioresources for high-value phytochemicals, which warrant further investigations for developing novel nutraceuticals. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary Melatonin Protects Against Behavioural, Metabolic, Oxidative, and Organ Morphological Changes in Mice that are Fed High-Fat, High- Sugar Diet

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome is a complex pattern of disorders that occur jointly and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Therefore the need for more-efficient options of treatment has become imperative.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the effect of dietary-melatonin in the management of behavioural, metabolic, antioxidant, and organ changes due to high-fat/high-sugar (HFHS) diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice.

METHODS

Mice were randomly assigned into five groups of ten animals each. Groups were normal control [fed standard diet (SD)], HFHS control, and 3 groups of melatonin incorporated into HFHS at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of feed. Mice were fed for seven weeks, and body weight was assessed weekly. Open-field behaviours, radial-arm, and Y-maze spatial memory were scored at the end of the experimental period. Twenty-four hours after the last behavioural test, blood was taken for estimation of blood glucose levels after an overnight fast. Animals were then euthanised, and blood was taken for estimation of plasma insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels, and serum lipid profile. The liver, kidneys, and brain were excised and processed for general histology, while homogenates of the liver and whole brain were used to assess oxidative stress parameters.

RESULTS

Results showed that dietary melatonin (compared to HFHS diet) was associated with a decrease in body weight, food intake, and novelty-induced behaviours; and an increase in spatial-working memory scores. A decrease in glucose, insulin, leptin, and malondialdehyde levels; and an increase in adiponectin levels and superoxide dismutase activity were also observed. Histomorphological/ histomorphometric examination revealed evidence of organ injury with HFHS diet, and varying degrees of amelioration with melatonin-supplemented diet.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, dietary melatonin supplementation may have beneficial effects in the management of the metabolic syndrome.

Antidiabetic Activity of Extracts of Terminalia brownii Fresen. Stem Bark in Mice

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that imposes a huge health and economic burden on societies. Because the currently available medications have many drawbacks, it is important to search for alternative therapies. Medicinal plants used in traditional medicines are ideal candidates. Hence, this study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic activity of crude extract and solvent fractions from the stem bark of Terminalia brownii Fresen. (Combretaceae) in mice.

Materials and Methods

The in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay was performed using the chromogenic 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) method while the antihyperglycemic activity was assessed using three mouse models: streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, normoglycemic mice, and oral glucose challenged mice. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 150 mg/kg and animals with fasting blood glucose level (BGL) >200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug. Fasting BGL and body weight were used to assess the antidiabetic activity. The result was analyzed using GraphPad Prism software version 8 and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test with p<0.05 considered as statistically significant.

Results

The crude extract of T. brownii at all tested dose levels (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) showed a significant BGL reduction in all the three animal models. Moreover, the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions (at 500 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) reduced the BGL in the streptozotocin induced diabetic model. The crude extract and different solvent fractions also showed a dose-dependent in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity and improvement of body weight.

Conclusion

T. brownii crude extract and its solvent fractions showed a significant antihyperglycemic activity in STZ induced diabetic mice, hypoglycemic activity and improvement of oral glucose tolerance in normal mice.

Toxicological, anticholinesterase, antilipidemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret extracts

Background In this study, Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret root extracts were assessed for use as a remedy for oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus and neurological disorders. Methods The antioxidative potentials of the extracts were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, whereas their enzyme inhibitory potentials were determined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In the in vivo experiments, methanol extract was orally administered to mice (n = 5) at four doses of 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg kg-1 for 30 days and its effect on glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, etc. were investigated. Results The highest free radical scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals were recorded for the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, and their respective IC50 values were 75 and 88 μg/mL. In addition, these two fractions were highly active in inhibiting AChE and BChE, with IC50 values of 120 and 185 μg/mL, respectively. Moderate inhibition (μg/mL) was recorded against α-glucosidase (69.02 ± 1.02 and 64.29 ± 2.41) and α-amylase (65.12 ± 2.02 and 63.29 ± 1.41) and these were comparable to the inhibitory activities exhibited by the standard, acarbose. All the extracts showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents, which correlated with their antioxidant, anticholinesterase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. The phenolic compounds in the crude extract and fractions were determined using the standard HPLC method and bioactive compounds, namely, morin, ellagic acid, kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl-diglucoside)-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-(caffeoyl-diglucoside)-7-glucoside, etc., which were detected at various retention times. Significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and blood glucose levels were observed. Conclusion G. optiva is a good source of antioxidants and other phytochemicals, some of which possess anticholinesterase, anti-glucosidase, and anti-amylase activities, and can be used to treat different health conditions such as oxidative stress, neurological disorders, and diabetes mellitus.

Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from pickled radish

The pickled radish can be kept at room temperature for years without spoilage. 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA), and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) were first found from the pickled radish. The structures of three phenolic compounds were elucidated by analysis of their nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry data. All these phenolic compounds showed good free radical scavenging capacity except HBA. Both DHAP and 4-HPEA also showed high ferric reducing ability. DHAP showed good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Canidia albicans. HBA demonstrated antimicrobial activity against E. coli and C. albicans but not B. subtilis. Based on the results of MTT assay, these compounds did not show cytotoxicity to LO2 cell line. All results indicated the pickled radish had antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to answer partially the question of why pickled foods can be kept at room temperature for years without spoilage based on the evidence of three phenolic compounds.

Alchemilla vulgaris agg. (Lady's mantle) from central Balkan: antioxidant, anticancer and enzyme inhibition properties

The current study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological properties (antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic activity) of methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl-acetate and water extracts of Alchemilla vulgaris from Southeast Serbia (central Balkan) which was traditionally used to alleviate and treat many diseases. Bioactive compounds were characterized by LC-MS/MS technique and biological properties were evaluated using antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic assays. Twenty-six phenolic compounds were quantified in methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and water extracts, whereas the highest yields were found in ethyl-acetate (EA) extract (gallic acid, caffeic acid, catchin, quercetin). This extract has also shown the greatest antioxidant, anticancer and inhibitory enzyme activities which were demonstrated for the first time in this study. The obtained results indicated that Alchemilla vulgaris from South Serbia possesses high potential for pharmaceutical applications.

Antioxidant, metabolic enzymes inhibitory ability of Torreya grandis kernels, and phytochemical profiling identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS

In this study, the antioxidant activities, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory ability of Torreya grandis kernels (TGK) were performed. Samples were extracted with various polarity of ethanol, and the major phytochemical profile was characterized. The results showed that 70% of ethanol extract gave the richest phenolics and flavonoids. The strongest DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ scavenging ability, as well as the best inhibition on tyrosinase and α-glucosidase was also detected on 70% of ethanol extract. Among the fractions of 70% of ethanol extract, the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) owned the highest phenolics, flavonoids, and the best DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ scavenging ability, and tyrosinase inhibition. Unexpectedly, the dichloromethane fraction possessed the strongest inhibition on α-glucosidase, which was much greater than that of acarbose. HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis result to the characterization of 19 compounds from EAF. The results implied that TGK can be a potential source of natural antioxidants, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitors. Practical applications The kernels of T. grandis are one of the precious nuts in the world, and the extracts were advertised to show a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects. However, researches on the phytochemical constituents and bioactivities are fewer. In this study, TGK was found to show good potency in antioxidant, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The 70% ethanol is the best solvent for extracting above mentioned active components, and ethyl acetate can be the suitable enriching solvent. In addition, the predominant phytochemical compounds in EAF were characterized. Therefore, this research can help to the performance of further research and application of TGK in functional products.

Anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective activity of Juglans mollis against renal ischemia-reperfusion damage in a Wistar rat model

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress and the inflammatory process are involved in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Juglans mollis has been reported as having antioxidant activity, which could attenuate the damage caused by I/R. We evaluated whether a methanolic extract of Juglans mollis (JM) exhibits nephroprotective activity in a Wistar rat model of I/R injury.

METHODS

Four groups of six rats were used: Sham, I/R, JM, and JM + I/R. Two groups were dosed with JM (300 mg/kg) for 7 days before I/R. I/R injury was induced by clamping the renal hilums for 45 min and then reperfusing the kidneys for 15 h. Blood samples were taken to evaluate the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).

RESULTS

The levels of creatinine, ALT, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were lower in JM + I/R than in I/R rats, whereas SOD level only was higher in JM + I/R than in Sham rats. No biochemical or histological damage was observed in JM rats compared with Sham rats; however, less histological damage was observed in JM + I/R rats compared with I/R rats.

CONCLUSIONS

To our knowledge, this is the first report of nephroprotective activity of J. mollis against damage induced by I/R. This activity may be related to decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and modulation of oxidative stress markers (SOD and MDA) observed in the present study.

PIM1, CYP1B1, and HSPA2 Targeted by Quercetin Play Important Roles in Osteoarthritis Treatment by Achyranthes bidentata

Aim

Achyranthes bidentata is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) that is currently considered for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to reveal the mechanism of Achyranthes bidentata in osteoarthritis treatment based on the network pharmacology.

Methods

The effective components of Achyranthes bidentata were firstly screened out from the TCMSP database with ADME property parameters. Then, osteoarthritis-related proteins targeted by the effective components were predicted based on the DrugBank and CTD databases. Subsequently, enrichment analysis and interaction network between targets of effective components and pathways were also studied. In addition, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE55457 were used for validation of the osteoarthritis-related target proteins. Finally, the effective components-target molecular docking models were predicted.

Results

A total of 10 effective components were identified, of which kaempferol and quercetin had 1 and 29 targets, respectively. There were 26 target proteins of quercetin related to the osteoarthritis. These targets were mainly enriched in mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport, cellular response to estradiol stimulus, and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. In addition, there were three common proteins, PIM1, CYP1B1, and HSPA2 based on the DEGs of GSE55457, which were considered as the key targeted proteins of the quercetin.

Conclusion

The docking of PIM1-quercetin, CYP1B1-quercetin, and HSPA2-quercetin may play important roles during the treatment of osteoarthritis by Achyranthes bidentata.

Juglans Regia L. Leaf Extract Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy Progression in Experimental Diabetes: An Immunohistochemical Study

BACKGROUND

There is accumulating evidence that Juglans regia L. (GRL) leaf extract has hypoglycemic and antioxidative properties. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GRL leaf extract against diabetic nephropathy (DN).

METHODS

In total, 28 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The DN rat model was generated by intraperitoneal injection of a single 55 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin (STZ). A subset of the STZ-induced diabetic rats received intragastric administration of GRL leaf extract (200 mg/kg/day) starting 1 week (preventive group) and 4 weeks (curative group) after the onset of hyperglycemia up to the end of the 8th week, whereas other diabetic rats received only isotonic saline (diabetic group) as the same volume of GRL leaf extract. To evaluate the effects of GRL leaf extract on the diabetic nephropathy, various parameters of apoptosis and inflammation were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 15.0. The data were compared between the groups using the Tukey's multiple comparison test and the analysis of the variance. P values ˂0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (P=0.001) and histopathological changes in the kidney of diabetic rats attenuated after GRL leaf extract consumption. Greater caspase-3 (P=0.004), COX-2 (P=0.008), PARP (P=0.007), and iNOS (P=0.005) expression could be detected in the STZ-diabetic rats, which were significantly (P=0.009) attenuated after GRL leaf extract consumption. In addition, attenuation of lipid peroxidation in the diabetic rats was detected after GRL consumption (P=0.01).

CONCLUSION

GRL leaf extract exerts preventive and curative effects against diabetic nephropathy.

Nutraceuticals and Diet-based Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Whole Food to Components with Defined Roles and Mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Over the past decades, the development and use of an array of prescription medications have considerably improved the clinical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the quality of life of patients. However, as our knowledge of the associated risk factors and approaches to its management increases, the increasing roles of diet and the composition of the diet in the etiology and successful management of diabetes mellitus are being illuminated. Presently, a lot of attention is being given to nutraceuticals and certain phytochemicals that are integral parts of the human diet. It is believed that a clearer understanding of their roles may be crucial to 'non-invasive' or minimallyintrusive management, with regards to daily living of patients. In this review, an overview of nutraceutical components and phytochemicals that may be of benefit, or had been known to be beneficial in diabetes mellitus is given. Also, how the roles of such dietary components are evolving in the management of this disorder is highlighted. Lastly, the obstacles that need to be overcome before nutraceuticals can be considered as options for the clinical management of diabetes mellitus areconsidered.

CONCLUSION

Despite studies that demonstrate their efficacy, no nutraceutical or food-derived compound has been formally adopted as a direct replacement for any class of antidiabetic drugs.

Dietary composition modulates impact of food-added monosodium glutamate on behaviour, metabolic status and cerebral cortical morphology in mice

Effects of food-added monosodium glutamate (MSG) on neurobehaviour, serum biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and changes in cerebral cortex, liver and kidney morphology were assessed in mice fed standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Animals were assigned to 8 groups [SD control, HFD control, and six groups fed MSG plus SD or HFD at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of feed]. Animals were fed for 8 weeks, behavioural tests were conducted, and blood was taken for estimation of biochemical parameters and MDA level. Whole brain was homogenised for neurochemical assays, while the cerebrum, liver and kidneys were processed for histology. In groups fed MSG/SD, there was a decrease in weight gain, increase in food-intake, an increase in locomotion, a decrease in rearing/grooming, and a decrease in anxiety-response. Also observed were derangements in biochemical parameters, increased MDA, and alteration of renal morphology. Compared to HFD, MSG/HFD groups had reduction in weight gain, food-intake, grooming and anxiety-response, an increase in locomotion, and improved memory. Protection against biochemical derangements and HFD-induced organ injuries were also observed. In conclusion, the findings suggest that possible interactions that may occur between dietary constituents and MSG are determinants of the effects of food-added MSG in mice.