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Espinosa-Vellarino FL, Garrido I, Casimiro I, Silva AC, Espinosa F, Ortega A. Enzymes Involved in Antioxidant and Detoxification Processes Present Changes in the Expression Levels of Their Coding Genes under the Stress Caused by the Presence of Antimony in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:609. [PMID: 38475456 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing presence of heavy metals and metalloids in soils and water due to anthropogenic activities. However, the biggest problem caused by this increase is the difficulty in recycling these elements and their high permanence in soils. There are plants with great capacity to assimilate these elements or make them less accessible to other organisms. We analyzed the behavior of Solanum lycopersicum L., a crop with great agronomic interest, under the stress caused by antimony (Sb). We evaluated the antioxidant response throughout different exposure times to the metalloid. Our results showed that the enzymes involved in the AsA-GSH cycle show changes in their expression level under the stress caused by Sb but could not find a relationship between the NITROSOGLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (GSNOR) expression data and nitric oxide (NO) content in tomato roots exposed to Sb. We hypothesize that a better understanding of how these enzymes work could be key to develop more tolerant varieties to this kind of abiotic stress and could explain a greater or lesser phytoremediation capacity. Moreover, we deepened our knowledge about Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) due to their involvement in the elimination of the xenobiotic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Luis Espinosa-Vellarino
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Garrido
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Centro Tecnológico Nacional Agroalimentario "Extremadura" (CTAEX), Ctra. Villafranco-Balboa 1.2, 06195 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Espinosa
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ortega
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Dawood MFA, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Sohag AAM, Abdel Latef AAH. Role of Acetic Acid and Nitric Oxide against Salinity and Lithium Stress in Canola ( Brassica napus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:51. [PMID: 38202358 PMCID: PMC10781170 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings were treated with individual and combined salinity and lithium (Li) stress, with and without acetic acid (AA) or nitric acid (NO), to investigate their possible roles against these stresses. Salinity intensified Li-induced damage, and the principal component analysis revealed that this was primarily driven by increased oxidative stress, deregulation of sodium and potassium accumulation, and an imbalance in tissue water content. However, pretreatment with AA and NO prompted growth, re-established sodium and potassium homeostasis, and enhanced the defense system against oxidative and nitrosative damage by triggering the antioxidant capacity. Combined stress negatively impacted phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, affecting flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanin levels, which were then restored in canola plants primed with AA and NO. Additionally, AA and NO helped to maintain osmotic balance by increasing trehalose and proline levels and upregulating signaling molecules such as hydrogen sulfide, γ-aminobutyric acid, and salicylic acid. Both AA and NO improved Li detoxification by increasing phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and reducing glutathione contents. Comparatively, AA exerted more effective protection against the detrimental effects of combined stress than NO. Our findings offer novel perspectives on the impacts of combining salt and Li stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F. A. Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt;
| | - Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
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Kolbert Z, Molnár Á, Kovács K, Lipták-Lukácsik S, Benkő P, Szőllősi R, Gémes K, Erdei L, Rónavári A, Kónya Z. Nitro-oxidative response to internalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in Brassica napus and Solanum lycopersicum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115633. [PMID: 37890253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their beneficial effects on plant physiology, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are harmful to plants in elevated concentrations. This study compared the effects of two doses of MWCNT (10 and 80 mg/L) in Brassica napus and Solanum lycopersicum seedlings focusing on nitro-oxidative processes. The presence of MWCNTs was detectable in the root and hypocotyl of both species. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that MWCNTs are heavily transformed within the root cells forming large aggregates. The uptake of MWCNTs negatively affected root viability and root cell proliferation of both species, but more intense toxicity was observed in S. lycopersicum compared to B. napus. The presence of MWCNT triggered more intense protein carbonylation in the relative sensitive S. lycopersicum, where increased hydrogen peroxide levels were observed. Moreover, MWCNT exposure increased the level of physiological protein tyrosine nitration which was more intense in S. lycopersicum where notable peroxynitrite accumulation occurred. These suggest for the first time that MWCNT triggers secondary nitro-oxidative stress which contributes to its toxicity. Moreover, the results indicate that the extent of the nitro-oxidative processes is associated with the extent of MWCNT toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Molnár
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kamilla Kovács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sára Lipták-Lukácsik
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Benkő
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, HUN-REN, Temesvári körút 62., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gémes
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, HUN-REN, Temesvári körút 62., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Erdei
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Rónavári
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Mata-Pérez C, Sánchez-Vicente I, Arteaga N, Gómez-Jiménez S, Fuentes-Terrón A, Oulebsir CS, Calvo-Polanco M, Oliver C, Lorenzo Ó. Functions of nitric oxide-mediated post-translational modifications under abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1158184. [PMID: 37063215 PMCID: PMC10101340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1158184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions greatly impact plant growth and development. In the current context of both global climate change and land degradation, abiotic stresses usually lead to growth restriction limiting crop production. Plants have evolved to sense and respond to maximize adaptation and survival; therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in the different converging signaling networks becomes critical for improving plant tolerance. In the last few years, several studies have shown the plant responses against drought and salinity, high and low temperatures, mechanical wounding, heavy metals, hypoxia, UV radiation, or ozone stresses. These threats lead the plant to coordinate a crosstalk among different pathways, highlighting the role of phytohormones and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). In particular, plants sense these reactive species through post-translational modification (PTM) of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and fatty acids, hence triggering antioxidant responses with molecular implications in the plant welfare. Here, this review compiles the state of the art about how plant systems sense and transduce this crosstalk through PTMs of biological molecules, highlighting the S-nitrosylation of protein targets. These molecular mechanisms finally impact at a physiological level facing the abiotic stressful traits that could lead to establishing molecular patterns underlying stress responses and adaptation strategies.
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Köhler ZM, Szepesi Á. More Than a Diamine Oxidase Inhibitor: L-Aminoguanidine Modulates Polyamine-Related Abiotic Stress Responses of Plants. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030747. [PMID: 36983901 PMCID: PMC10052680 DOI: 10.3390/life13030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
L-aminoguanidine (AG) is an inhibitor frequently used for investigating plant abiotic stress responses; however, its exact mode of action is not well understood. Many studies used this compound as a specific diamine oxidase inhibitor, whereas other studies used it for reducing nitric oxide (NO) production. Recent studies suggest its antiglycation effect; however, this remains elusive in plants. This review summarises our current knowledge about different targets of AG in plants. Our recommendation is to use AG as a modulator of polyamine-related mechanisms rather than a specific inhibitor. In the future overall investigation is needed to decipher the exact mechanisms of AG. More careful application of AG could give more insight into plant abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Márton Köhler
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Straube H, Straube J, Rinne J, Fischer L, Niehaus M, Witte CP, Herde M. An inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase safeguards plant nucleic acids from aberrant purine nucleotides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1759-1775. [PMID: 36464781 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, inosine is enzymatically introduced in some tRNAs, but not in other RNAs or DNA. Nonetheless, our data show that RNA and DNA from Arabidopsis thaliana contain (deoxy)inosine, probably derived from nonenzymatic adenosine deamination in nucleic acids and usage of (deoxy)inosine triphosphate (dITP and ITP) during nucleic acid synthesis. We combined biochemical approaches, LC-MS, as well as RNA-Seq to characterize a plant INOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE PYROPHOSPHATASE (ITPA) from A. thaliana, which is conserved in many organisms, and investigated the sources of deaminated purine nucleotides in plants. Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase dephosphorylates deaminated nucleoside di- and triphosphates to the respective monophosphates. ITPA loss-of-function causes inosine di- and triphosphate accumulation in vivo and an elevated inosine and deoxyinosine content in RNA and DNA, respectively, as well as salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, early senescence, and upregulation of transcripts associated with immunity and senescence. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and biochemical inhibition of the INOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE leads to more IDP and ITP in the wild-type (WT), and this effect is enhanced in itpa mutants, suggesting that ITP originates from ATP deamination and IMP phosphorylation. Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase is part of a molecular protection system in plants, preventing the accumulation of (d)ITP and its usage for nucleic acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Straube
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Jannis Straube
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Jannis Rinne
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Lisa Fischer
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Markus Niehaus
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Witte
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
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Corpas FJ, Palma JM. Assay of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species (ROS/RNS) in Arabidopsis Peroxisomes Through Fluorescent Protein Containing a Type 1 Peroxisomal Targeting Signal (PTS1). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:149-160. [PMID: 36952184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes have an active nitro-oxidative metabolism. However, the assay of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) could be a challenge since the purification of peroxisomes is technically a high time-consuming approach that needs to be optimized for each tissue/organ (root, leaf, fruit) and plant species. Arabidopsis thaliana, as a model plant for biochemical and molecular studies, has become a useful tool to study the basic metabolism, including also that of ROS/RNS. The combination of specific fluorescent probes with Arabidopsis plants expressing a fluorescent protein containing a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1) is a powerful tool to address the profile of ROS/RNS in peroxisomes by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). This chapter provides a detailed description to detect the content and distribution of ROS and RNS in Arabidopsis peroxisomes, together with a critical analysis of their potentialities and limitations, since these approaches require appropriate controls to corroborate the obtained data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Liu P, Wu X, Gong B, Lü G, Li J, Gao H. Review of the Mechanisms by Which Transcription Factors and Exogenous Substances Regulate ROS Metabolism under Abiotic Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2106. [PMID: 36358478 PMCID: PMC9686556 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that regulate many biological processes in plants. However, excess ROS induced by biotic and abiotic stresses can destroy biological macromolecules and cause oxidative damage to plants. As the global environment continues to deteriorate, plants inevitably experience abiotic stress. Therefore, in-depth exploration of ROS metabolism and an improved understanding of its regulatory mechanisms are of great importance for regulating cultivated plant growth and developing cultivars that are resilient to abiotic stresses. This review presents current research on the generation and scavenging of ROS in plants and summarizes recent progress in elucidating transcription factor-mediated regulation of ROS metabolism. Most importantly, the effects of applying exogenous substances on ROS metabolism and the potential regulatory mechanisms at play under abiotic stress are summarized. Given the important role of ROS in plants and other organisms, our findings provide insights for optimizing cultivation patterns and for improving plant stress tolerance and growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Institute of Vegetables Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Binbin Gong
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guiyun Lü
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Irrigation Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway: A Mechanism of Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911522. [PMID: 36232819 PMCID: PMC9569746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is the most crucial substrate for numerous biochemical processes in plants. Its deprivation is a critical factor that affects plant growth and may lead to death if it lasts for a long time. However, various biotic and abiotic factors cause O2 deprivation, leading to hypoxia and anoxia in plant tissues. To survive under hypoxia and/or anoxia, plants deploy various mechanisms such as fermentation paths, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antioxidant enzymes, aerenchyma, and adventitious root formation, while nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), and nitric oxide (NO) have shown numerous beneficial roles through modulating these mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of reductive pathways of NO formation which lessen the deleterious effects of oxidative damages and increase the adaptation capacity of plants during hypoxia and anoxia. Meanwhile, the overproduction of NO through reductive pathways during hypoxia and anoxia leads to cellular dysfunction and cell death. Thus, its scavenging or inhibition is equally important for plant survival. As plants are also reported to produce a potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) when supplied with NO3− and NO2−, resembling bacterial denitrification, its role during hypoxia and anoxia tolerance is discussed here. We point out that NO reduction to N2O along with the phytoglobin-NO cycle could be the most important NO-scavenging mechanism that would reduce nitro-oxidative stress, thus enhancing plants’ survival during O2-limited conditions. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in reducing NO toxicity would not only provide insight into its role in plant physiology, but also address the uncertainties seen in the global N2O budget.
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The Role of NO in the Amelioration of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants by Individual Application or in Combination with Phytohormones, Especially Auxin. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the time of the Industrial Revolution, the accumulation of various heavy metals (HMs), such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), etc., has increased substantially in the soil, causing a real risk to all kinds of consumers in the food chain. Moreover, excess HM accumulation is considered a major factor in decreasing plant growth and productivity. A number of recent studies have exhibited the astonishing impact of nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional, gaseous signal molecule, on alleviating the destructive effects of HMs. Many reports revealed the noteworthy contribution of NO in reducing HM uptake and toxicity levels. In the present review, focus is given to the contribution of NO to decrease the toxicity levels of different HMs in a variety of plant species and their accumulation in those species. Simultaneously, this review also demonstrates the effects of NO on HM-stressed species, by its use both individually and along with auxin, a plant-growth-promoting phytohormone. Different perspectives about the reaction to the co-application of NO and auxin, as well as the differential role of NO to overcome HM stress, have been expanded.
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Zhao H, Qian R, Liang X, Ou Y, Sun C, Lin X. Indium induces nitro-oxidative stress in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128260. [PMID: 35038664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The entrance of indium, an emerging contaminant from electronics, into the agroecosystem inevitably causes its accumulation in crops and raises exposure risk of humans via food chain. This study investigated indium uptake and toxicological effects in wheat plants under a worst-case scenario. Inhibition of root growth is a primary manifestation of indium toxicity and most absorbed indium accumulated in wheat roots with only a tiny portion reaching the leaves. The enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in roots suggest that indium caused oxidative stress. Additionally, we found the levels of nitric oxide and peroxyinitrite, two major reactive nitrogen species (RNS), also increased in wheat roots under indium stress. These changes were accompanied by a raise in protein tyrosine nitration, thereby provoking nitrosative stress. The increase in peroxyinitrite and S-nitrosoglutathione content, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity as well as a concomitant reduction in glutathione concentrations suggest a rigorous metabolic interplay between ROS and RNS. Moreover, indium simultaneously triggered alteration in protein carbonylation and nitration. Overall, our results suggest that indium induced nitro-oxidative stress which probably contributes to toxicological effects in wheat plants, which are helpful in reducing the potential risk from emerging contaminants analogous to indium to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruyi Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiqun Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Singh P, Kumari A, Gupta KJ. Alternative oxidase plays a role in minimizing ROS and RNS produced under salinity stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13649. [PMID: 35149995 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Under stress conditions, the overproduction of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) causes imbalance in the redox homeostasis of the cell leading to nitro-oxidative stress in plants. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a conserving terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which can minimize the ROS. Still, the role of AOX in the regulation of RNS during nitro-oxidative stress imposed by salinity stress is not known. Here, we investigated the role of AOX in minimizing ROS and RNS induced by 150 mM NaCl in Arabidopsis using transgenic plants overexpressing (AOX OE) and antisense lines (AOX AS) of AOX. Imposing NaCl treatment leads to a 4-fold enhanced expression of AOX accompanied by enhanced AOX capacity in WT Col-0. Further AOX-OE seedlings displayed enhanced growth compared with the AOX-AS line under stress. Examination of NO levels by DAF-FM fluorescence and chemiluminescence revealed that AOX overexpression leads to reduced levels of NO. The total NR activity was elevated under NaCl, but no significant change was observed in wild-type (WT), AOX OE, and AS lines. The total ROS, superoxide, H2 O2 levels, and lipid peroxidation were higher in the AOX-AS line than in WT and AOX-OE lines. The peroxynitrite levels were also higher in the AOX-AS line than in WT and AOX-OE lines; further, the expression of antioxidant genes was elevated in AOX-AS. Taken together, our results suggest that AOX plays an important role in the mitigation of ROS and RNS levels and enhances plant growth, thus providing tolerance against nitro-oxidative stress exerted by NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Guedes LM, Torres S, Sáez-Carillo K, Becerra J, Pérez CI, Aguilera N. High antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds dampens oxidative stress in Espinosa nothofagi galls induced on Nothofagus obliqua buds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111114. [PMID: 34895543 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered the first signaling molecules involved in gall development, linked to the establishment of cyto-histological gradients leading to gall tissue redifferentiation. ROS overproduction induces the failure of gall establishment or its premature senescence. Galls could therefore have efficient mechanisms of ROS dissipation and maintenance of homeostasis, such as polyphenol synthesis. The co-occurrence of ROS and polyphenols in the Espinosa nothofagi galls induced on Nothofagus obliqua buds was explored and was related to the antioxidant capacity of the inner (IC) and outer (OC) gall compartments. We hypothesize that: (i) ROS are produced and accumulated in both tissue compartments of E. nothofagi galls in co-occurrence with polyphenolic, flavonols, and lignin, conferring high antioxidant activity to inner and outer gall tissue compartment; (ii) antioxidant activity is higher in IC related to a higher polyphenol concentration in this compartment. The results show that ROS and polyphenols, mainly flavonols, are produced and accumulated in IC and OC, while lignin accumulated mainly in the IC. In both gall compartments, polyphenols mediate ROS elimination, confirmed by histochemical and spectrophotometry techniques. The IC extract has the highest antioxidant capacity, probably due to lignin deposition and a higher polyphenol concentration in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubia María Guedes
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Solange Torres
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Katia Sáez-Carillo
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Estadística, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Becerra
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia I Pérez
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Narciso Aguilera
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
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14
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Skodra C, Michailidis M, Dasenaki M, Ganopoulos I, Thomaidis NS, Tanou G, Molassiotis A. Unraveling salt-responsive tissue-specific metabolic pathways in olive tree. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1643-1656. [PMID: 34537965 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a serious constraint that reduces olive crop productivity. Here, we defined metabolite and gene expression changes in various tissues of olive trees (cv. "Chondrolia Chalkidikis") exposed to 75 mM NaCl for 45 days. Results showed that salinity induced foliar symptoms and impaired growth and photosynthetic parameters. The content of Na+ and Cl- in roots, xylem, phloem and leaves increased, although the Na+ levels in old leaves and Cl- in young leaves remained unaffected. Mannitol was accumulated in roots and old leaves challenged by salinity. NaCl-treated trees have a decreased TCA-associated metabolites, such as citric and malic acid, as well as changes in phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites (i.e., pinoresinol and vanillic acid) and genes (OePLRTp2 and OeCA4H). Salt treatment resulted in hydroxyl-decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone accumulation and OeGTF up-regulation in new leaves, possibly suggesting that oleuropein metabolism was modified by NaCl. Tyrosine metabolism, particularly verbascoside levels and OePPO and OehisC expressions, was modulated by salinity. Both genes (e.g., OeAtF3H and OeFNSII) and metabolites (e.g., apigenin and luteolin) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were induced in old leaves exposed to NaCl. Based on these data, we constructed an interaction scheme of changes in metabolites and transcripts across olive tissues upon salinity. Particularly, several metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism were reduced in roots, while many sugars, carbohydrates and flavonoids were increased in leaves. This study provided a framework for better understanding the possible mechanisms that govern the tissue-specific response of olive tree to salinity stress, with insights into molecules that can be used for olive crop improvement projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Skodra
- Department of Horticulture, Laboratory of Pomology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Department of Horticulture, Laboratory of Pomology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marilena Dasenaki
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Department of Horticulture, Laboratory of Pomology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Li Y, Wang L, Yu B, Guo J, Zhao Y, Zhu Y. Expression Analysis of AUX/IAA Family Genes in Apple Under Salt Stress. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:1205-1221. [PMID: 34802110 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family in plants are primary auxin-responsive genes that play important roles in many aspects of plant development and in responses to abiotic stress. Recently, 33 Aux/IAA have been identified in the apple genome. The biological responses of MdIAAs to salt stress are still unknown. In this study, Malus zumi, Malus baccata, and Malus × domestica 'Fuji' plantlets were subjected to salt stress by supplementing hydroponic media with NaCl at various concentrations. M. zumi showed the strongest salt resistance, followed by 'Fuji', and M. baccata was the most sensitive to salt stress. Tissue-specific expression profiles of MdIAAs were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. When apple plantlets were subjected to salt stress, most of salt-responsive MdIAAs were up-regulated by 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h in roots, shoot tips, and leaves, respectively. Highly expressed MdIAAs in roots, especially for M. zumi, consisted with the salt tolerance of apple rootstocks. Transgenic apple calli were tolerant to salt stress when over-expressed salt-responsive genes, MdIAA8, -9, and -25. These results provide clues about salt resistance in these three Malus species, which helps apple breeding of salt tolerance by genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Youssef MHM, Raafat A, El-Yazied AA, Selim S, Azab E, Khojah E, El Nahhas N, Ibrahim MFM. Exogenous Application of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Mitigates Salt-Induced Oxidative Damage in Sorghum Plants through Regulation Growth, Leaf Pigments, Ionic Homeostasis, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Expression of Salt Stress Responsive Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112519. [PMID: 34834882 PMCID: PMC8624540 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plants, α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is considered a dithiol short-chain fatty acid with several strong antioxidative properties. To date, no data are conclusive regarding its effects as an exogenous application on salt stressed sorghum plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of 20 µM ALA as a foliar application on salt-stressed sorghum plants (0, 75 and 150 mM as NaCl). Under saline conditions, the applied-ALA significantly (p ≤ 0.05) stimulated plant growth, indicated by improving both fresh and dry shoot weights. A similar trend was observed in the photosynthetic pigments, including Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids. This improvement was associated with an obvious increase in the membrane stability index (MSI). At the same time, an obvious decrease in the salt induced oxidative damages was seen when the concentration of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced in the salt stressed leaf tissues. Generally, ALA-treated plants demonstrated higher antioxidant enzyme activity than in the ALA-untreated plants. A moderate level of salinity (75 mM) induced the highest activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Meanwhile, the highest activity of catalase (CAT) was seen with 150 mM NaCl. Interestingly, applied-ALA led to a substantial decrease in the concentration of both Na and the Na/K ratio. In contrast, K and Ca exhibited a considerable increase in this respect. The role of ALA in the regulation of K+/Na+ selectivity under saline condition was confirmed through a molecular study (RT-PCR). It was found that ALA treatment downregulated the relative gene expression of plasma membrane (SOS1) and vacuolar (NHX1) Na+/H+ antiporters. In contrast, the high-affinity potassium transporter protein (HKT1) was upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser H. M. Youssef
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.)
| | - Aly Raafat
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.)
| | - Ahmed Abou El-Yazied
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ehab Azab
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Ebtihal Khojah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed F. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (M.H.M.Y.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-011-234-031-73
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17
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Krupka M, Michalczyk DJ, Žaltauskaitė J, Sujetovienė G, Głowacka K, Grajek H, Wierzbicka M, Piotrowicz-Cieślak AI. Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Common Duckweed Lemna minor after the Exposure to Tetracycline and the Recovery from This Stress. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226765. [PMID: 34833856 PMCID: PMC8625026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ability of Lemna minor L. to recover to normal growth, after being degraded in a tetracycline-containing medium, was extensively investigated. The plants were exposed to tetracycline (TC) at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 10 mM. Subsequently, their physiological status was analysed against the following criteria: rate of plant growth; free radical accumulation; antioxidant enzyme activity; chlorophyll content; HSP70 protein content; cell membrane permeability, and mitochondrial activity. The study showed that duckweed can considerably recover from the damage caused by antibiotics, within a week of cessation of stress. Of the plant properties analysed, mitochondrial activity was the most sensitive to antibiotic-induced disturbances. After transferring the plants to a tetracycline-free medium, all plant parameters improved significantly, except for the mitochondrial activity in the plants grown on the medium containing the highest dose of tetracycline. In the plants treated with this antibiotic at the concentration of 10 mM, the proportion of dead mitochondria increased and was as high as 93% after one week from the beginning of the recovery phase, even after the transfer to the tetracycline-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (D.J.M.); (K.G.); (M.W.)
| | - Dariusz J. Michalczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (D.J.M.); (K.G.); (M.W.)
| | - Jūratė Žaltauskaitė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, 46265 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Ž.); (G.S.)
| | - Gintarė Sujetovienė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, 46265 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Ž.); (G.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (D.J.M.); (K.G.); (M.W.)
| | - Hanna Grajek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marta Wierzbicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (D.J.M.); (K.G.); (M.W.)
| | - Agnieszka I. Piotrowicz-Cieślak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (D.J.M.); (K.G.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Espinosa-Vellarino FL, Garrido I, Ortega A, Casimiro I, Espinosa F. Response to Antimony Toxicity in Dittrichia viscosa Plants: ROS, NO, H 2S, and the Antioxidant System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111698. [PMID: 34829569 PMCID: PMC8615290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa plants were grown hydroponically with different concentrations of Sb. There was preferential accumulation of Sb in roots. Fe and Cu decreased, while Mn decreased in roots but not in leaves. Chlorophyll content declined, but the carotenoid content increased, and photosynthetic efficiency was unaltered. O2●− generation increased slightly, while lipid peroxidation increased only in roots. H2O2, NO, ONOO−, S-nitrosothiols, and H2S showed significant increases, and the enzymatic antioxidant system was altered. In roots, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) activities declined, dehydroscorbate reductase (DHAR) rose, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were unaffected. In leaves, SOD and POX increased, MDAR decreased, and APX was unaltered, while GR increased. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and l-cysteine desulfhydrilase (l-DES) increased in activity, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased in leaves but was enhanced in roots. Components of the AsA/GSH cycle decreased. The great capacity of Dittrichia roots to accumulate Sb is the reason for the differing behaviour observed in the enzymatic antioxidant systems of the two organs. Sb appears to act by binding to thiol groups, which can alter free GSH content and SOD and GST activities. The coniferyl alcohol peroxidase activity increased, possibly to lignify the roots’ cell walls. Sb altered the ROS balance, especially with respect to H2O2. This led to an increase in NO and H2S acting on the antioxidant system to limit that Sb-induced redox imbalance. The interaction NO, H2S and H2O2 appears key to the response to stress induced by Sb. The interaction between ROS, NO, and H2S appears to be involved in the response to Sb.
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19
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Kolbert Z, Ördög A. Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in plant responses to metalloids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126606. [PMID: 34271449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to the limited or excess supply of metalloids, boron (B), silicon (Si), selenium (Se), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) via complex signaling pathways that are mainly regulated by nitric oxide (NO). The absorption of metalloids from the soil is facilitated by pathways that involve aquaporins, aquaglyceroporins, phosphate, and sulfate transporters; however, their regulation by NO is poorly understood. Using in silico software, we predicted the S-nitrosation of known metalloid transporters, proposing NO-dependent regulation of metalloid transport systems at the posttranslational level. NO intensifies the stress-mitigating effect of Si, whereas in the case of Se, As, and Sb, the accumulation of NO or reactive nitrogen species contributes to toxicity. NO promotes the beneficial effect of low Se concentrations and mitigates the damage caused by B deficiency. In addition, the exogenous application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, reduces B, Se, and As toxicity. The primary role of NO in metalloid stress response is to mitigate oxidative stress by activating antioxidant defense at the level of protein activity and gene expression. This review discusses the role of NO in plant responses to metalloids and suggests future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726 Szeged Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726 Szeged Közép fasor 52., Hungary
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20
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Liu L, Huang L, Sun C, Wang L, Jin C, Lin X. Cross-Talk between Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide during Plant Development and Responses to Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9485-9497. [PMID: 34428901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are gradually becoming established as critical regulators in plants under physiological and stressful conditions. Strong spatiotemporal correlations in their production and distribution have been identified in various plant biological processes. In this context, NO and H2O2 act synergistically or antagonistically as signals or stress promoters depending on their respective concentrations, engaging in processes such as the hypersensitive response, stomatal movement, and abiotic stress responses. Moreover, proteins identified as potential targets of NO-based modifications include a number of enzymes related to H2O2 metabolism, reinforcing their cross-talk. In this review, several processes of well-characterized functional interplay between H2O2 and NO are discussed with respect to the most recent reported evidence on hypersensitive response-induced programmed cell death, stomatal movement, and plant responses to adverse conditions and, where known, the molecular mechanisms and factors underpinning their cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Lin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Luxuan Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Chongwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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21
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Rai P, Singh VP, Peralta-Videa J, Tripathi DK, Sharma S, Corpas FJ. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) underpins the beneficial silicon effects against the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) phytotoxicity in Oryza sativa seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:124907. [PMID: 34088169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-pollution has associated severe negative effects on crop productivity. Hence, methods are needed to alleviate nano-toxicity in crop plants. The present study aims to evaluate if the exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) application in combination with silicon (Si) could palliate the harmful effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Fifteen day-old rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings were used as a model plant. The results indicate that simultaneous exogenous addition of 10 μM Si and 100 μM NaHS (as an H2S donor) provided tolerance and enhanced defence mechanism of the rice seedlings against 100 μM CuO NPs. Thus, it was observed in terms of their growth, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, the content of non-enzymatic components, chlorophyll fluorescence and up-regulation of antioxidant genes. Si and NaHS stimulated gene expression of silicon (Lsi1 and Lsi2) and auxin (PIN5 and PIN10) transporters. Taken together, data indicate that H2S underpins the beneficial Si effects in rice seedlings against the oxidative stress triggers by CuO NPs, and stimulation of enzymatic components of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle being the main factor for the beneficial effects triggered by the couple of Si and H2S. Therefore, it could be concluded that the simultaneous application of Si and H2S promote the resilience of the rice seedlings against the oxidative stress induced by CuO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, UP, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Jose Peralta-Videa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, UP, India.
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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22
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Liu L, Liu X, Li B, Jin C, Lin X. Molecular functions of nitric oxide and its potential applications in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:71. [PMID: 33790257 PMCID: PMC8012625 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates plant growth, enhances nutrient uptake, and activates disease and stress tolerance mechanisms in most plants, making NO a potential tool for use in improving the yield and quality of horticultural crop species. Although the use of NO in horticulture is still in its infancy, research on NO in model plant species has provided an abundance of valuable information on horticultural crop species. Emerging evidence implies that the bioactivity of NO can occur through many potential mechanisms but occurs mainly through S-nitrosation, the covalent and reversible attachment of NO to cysteine thiol. In this context, NO signaling specifically affects crop development, immunity, and environmental interactions. Moreover, NO can act as a fumigant against a wide range of postharvest diseases and pests. However, for effective use of NO in horticulture, both understanding and exploring the biological significance and potential mechanisms of NO in horticultural crop species are critical. This review provides a picture of our current understanding of how NO is synthesized and transduced in plants, and particular attention is given to the significance of NO in breaking seed dormancy, balancing root growth and development, enhancing nutrient acquisition, mediating stress responses, and guaranteeing food safety for horticultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, 310015, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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23
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Sánchez-McSweeney A, González-Gordo S, Aranda-Sicilia MN, Rodríguez-Rosales MP, Venema K, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Loss of function of the chloroplast membrane K +/H + antiporters AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 alters the ROS and NO metabolism but promotes drought stress resilience. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:106-119. [PMID: 33485149 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) exerts key physiological functions such as osmoregulation, stomatal movement, membrane transport, protein synthesis and photosynthesis among others. Previously, it was demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana that the loss of function of the chloroplast K+Efflux Antiporters KEA1 and KEA2, located in the inner envelope membrane, provokes inefficient photosynthesis. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of the loss of function of those cation transport systems in the metabolism of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Using 14-day-old seedlings from Arabidopsis double knock-out kea1kea2 mutants, ROS metabolism and NO content in roots and green cotyledons were studied at the biochemical level. The loss of function of AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 did not cause oxidative stress but it provoked an alteration of the ROS homeostasis affecting some ROS-generating enzymes. These included glycolate oxidase (GOX) and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation activity, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and both NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme activities. NO content, analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), was negatively affected in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs in kea1kea2 mutant seedlings. Furthermore, the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) protein expression and activity were downregulated in kea1kea2 mutants, whereas the tyrosine nitrated protein profile, analyzed by immunoblot, was unaffected but the relative expression of each immunoreactive band changed. Moreover, kea1kea2 mutants showed an increased photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure, thus promoting a higher resilience to drought stress. Data suggest that the chloroplast osmotic balance and integrity maintained by AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 are necessary to keep the balance of ROS/RNS metabolism. Moreover, these data open new questions about how endogenous NO generation might be affected by the K+/H+ transport located in the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain
| | - María Nieves Aranda-Sicilia
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - María Pilar Rodríguez-Rosales
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Kees Venema
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain.
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24
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Tewari RK, Horemans N, Watanabe M. Evidence for a role of nitric oxide in iron homeostasis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:990-1006. [PMID: 33196822 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), once regarded as a poisonous air pollutant, is now understood as a regulatory molecule essential for several biological functions in plants. In this review, we summarize NO generation in different plant organs and cellular compartments, and also discuss the role of NO in iron (Fe) homeostasis, particularly in Fe-deficient plants. Fe is one of the most limiting essential nutrient elements for plants. Plants often exhibit Fe deficiency symptoms despite sufficient tissue Fe concentrations. NO appears to not only up-regulate Fe uptake mechanisms but also makes Fe more bioavailable for metabolic functions. NO forms complexes with Fe, which can then be delivered into target cells/tissues. NO generated in plants can alleviate oxidative stress by regulating antioxidant defense processes, probably by improving functional Fe status and by inducing post-translational modifications in the enzymes/proteins involved in antioxidant defense responses. It is hypothesized that NO acts in cooperation with transcription factors such as bHLHs, FIT, and IRO to regulate the expression of enzymes and proteins essential for Fe homeostasis. However, further investigations are needed to disentangle the interaction of NO with intracellular target molecules that leads to enhanced internal Fe availability in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nele Horemans
- Biosphere Impact Studies, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang, Mol, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chiba University, Inage-ward, Yayoicho, Chiba, Japan
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25
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Jedelská T, Sedlářová M, Lochman J, Činčalová L, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Protein S-nitrosation differentially modulates tomato responses to infection by hemi-biotrophic oomycetes of Phytophthora spp. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:34. [PMID: 33518717 PMCID: PMC7848004 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein function by reversible S-nitrosation, a post-translational modification based on the attachment of nitroso group to cysteine thiols, has emerged among key mechanisms of NO signalling in plant development and stress responses. S-nitrosoglutathione is regarded as the most abundant low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol in plants, where its intracellular concentrations are modulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. We analysed modulations of S-nitrosothiols and protein S-nitrosation mediated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in cultivated Solanum lycopersicum (susceptible) and wild Solanum habrochaites (resistant genotype) up to 96 h post inoculation (hpi) by two hemibiotrophic oomycetes, Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora parasitica. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity and protein level were decreased by P. infestans and P. parasitica infection in both genotypes, whereas protein S-nitrosothiols were increased by P. infestans infection, particularly at 72 hpi related to pathogen biotrophy-necrotrophy transition. Increased levels of S-nitrosothiols localised in both proximal and distal parts to the infection site, which suggests together with their localisation to vascular bundles a signalling role in systemic responses. S-nitrosation targets in plants infected with P. infestans identified by a proteomic analysis include namely antioxidant and defence proteins, together with important proteins of metabolic, regulatory and structural functions. Ascorbate peroxidase S-nitrosation was observed in both genotypes in parallel to increased enzyme activity and protein level during P. infestans pathogenesis, namely in the susceptible genotype. These results show important regulatory functions of protein S-nitrosation in concerting molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sedlářová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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26
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Cosse M, Seidel T. Plant Proton Pumps and Cytosolic pH-Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672873. [PMID: 34177988 PMCID: PMC8220075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton pumps create a proton motif force and thus, energize secondary active transport at the plasma nmembrane and endomembranes of the secretory pathway. In the plant cell, the dominant proton pumps are the plasma membrane ATPase, the vacuolar pyrophosphatase (V-PPase), and the vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase). All these pumps act on the cytosolic pH by pumping protons into the lumen of compartments or into the apoplast. To maintain the typical pH and thus, the functionality of the cytosol, the activity of the pumps needs to be coordinated and adjusted to the actual needs. The cellular toolbox for a coordinated regulation comprises 14-3-3 proteins, phosphorylation events, ion concentrations, and redox-conditions. This review combines the knowledge on regulation of the different proton pumps and highlights possible coordination mechanisms.
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27
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Lechón T, Sanz L, Sánchez-Vicente I, Lorenzo O. Nitric Oxide Overproduction by cue1 Mutants Differs on Developmental Stages and Growth Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1484. [PMID: 33158046 PMCID: PMC7692804 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cue1 nitric oxide (NO) overproducer mutants are impaired in a plastid phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator, mainly expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. cue1 mutants present an increased content of arginine, a precursor of NO in oxidative synthesis processes. However, the pathways of plant NO biosynthesis and signaling have not yet been fully characterized, and the role of CUE1 in these processes is not clear. Here, in an attempt to advance our knowledge regarding NO homeostasis, we performed a deep characterization of the NO production of four different cue1 alleles (cue1-1, cue1-5, cue1-6 and nox1) during seed germination, primary root elongation, and salt stress resistance. Furthermore, we analyzed the production of NO in different carbon sources to improve our understanding of the interplay between carbon metabolism and NO homeostasis. After in vivo NO imaging and spectrofluorometric quantification of the endogenous NO levels of cue1 mutants, we demonstrate that CUE1 does not directly contribute to the rapid NO synthesis during seed imbibition. Although cue1 mutants do not overproduce NO during germination and early plant development, they are able to accumulate NO after the seedling is completely established. Thus, CUE1 regulates NO homeostasis during post-germinative growth to modulate root development in response to carbon metabolism, as different sugars modify root elongation and meristem organization in cue1 mutants. Therefore, cue1 mutants are a useful tool to study the physiological effects of NO in post-germinative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (T.L.); (L.S.); (I.S.-V.)
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28
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Jahnová J, Činčalová L, Sedlářová M, Jedelská T, Sekaninová J, Mieslerová B, Luhová L, Barroso JB, Petřivalský M. Differential modulation of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase and reactive nitrogen species in wild and cultivated tomato genotypes during development and powdery mildew infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:297-310. [PMID: 32795911 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Pseudoidium neolycopersici, the causative agent of tomato powdery mildew. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, the key enzyme of S-nitrosothiol homeostasis, was investigated during plant development and following infection in three genotypes of Solanum spp. differing in their resistance to P. neolycopersici. Levels and localization of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including NO, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and peroxynitrite were studied together with protein nitration and the activity of nitrate reductase (NR). GSNOR expression profiles and enzyme activities were modulated during plant development and important differences among Solanum spp. genotypes were observed, accompanied by modulation of NO, GSNO, peroxynitrite and nitrated proteins levels. GSNOR was down-regulated in infected plants, with exception of resistant S. habrochaites early after inoculation. Modulations of GSNOR activities in response to pathogen infection were found also on the systemic level in leaves above and below the inoculation site. Infection strongly increased NR activity and gene expression in resistant S. habrochaites in contrast to susceptible S. lycopersicum. Obtained data confirm the key role of GSNOR and modulations of RNS during plant development under normal conditions and point to their involvement in molecular mechanisms of tomato responses to biotrophic pathogens on local and systemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jahnová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sedlářová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sekaninová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mieslerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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29
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Molnár Á, Rónavári A, Bélteky P, Szőllősi R, Valyon E, Oláh D, Rázga Z, Ördög A, Kónya Z, Kolbert Z. ZnO nanoparticles induce cell wall remodeling and modify ROS/ RNS signalling in roots of Brassica seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111158. [PMID: 32866892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall-associated defence against zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as well as nitro-oxidative signalling and its consequences in plants are poorly examined. Therefore, this study compares the effect of chemically synthetized ZnO NPs (~45 nm, 25 or 100 mg/L) on Brassica napus and Brassica juncea seedlings. The effects on root biomass and viability suggest that B. napus is more tolerant to ZnO NP exposure relative to B. juncea. This may be due to the lack of Zn ion accumulation in the roots, which is related to the increase in the amount of lignin, suberin, pectin and in peroxidase activity in the roots of B. napus. TEM results indicate that root cell walls of 25 mg/L ZnO NP-treated B. napus may bind Zn ions. Additionally, callose accumulation possibly contribute to root shortening in both Brassica species as the effect of 100 mg/L ZnO NPs. Further results suggest that in the roots of the relatively sensitive B. juncea the levels of superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, peroxinitrite and S-nitrosoglutathione increased as the effect of high ZnO NP concentration meaning that ZnO NP intensifies nitro-oxidative signalling. In B. napus; however, reactive oxygen species signalling was intensified, but reactive nitrogen species signalling wasn't activated by ZnO NPs. Collectively, these results indicate that ZnO NPs induce cell wall remodeling which may be associated with ZnO NP tolerance. Furthermore, plant tolerance against ZnO NPs is associated rather with nitrosative signalling than oxidative modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Molnár
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Andrea Rónavári
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., Hungary.
| | - Péter Bélteky
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., Hungary.
| | - Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Emil Valyon
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Dóra Oláh
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Rázga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Állomás u. 2., Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
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30
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The effect of phytoglobin overexpression on the plant proteome during nonhost response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Sci Rep 2020; 10:9192. [PMID: 32513937 PMCID: PMC7280273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system in plants. To increase our understanding of the response of barley plants to infection by powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, we used quantitative proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS). We compared the response of two genotypes of barley cultivar Golden Promise, wild type (WT) and plants with overexpression of phytoglobin (previously hemoglobin) class 1 (HO), which has previously been shown to significantly weaken nonhost resistance. A total of 8804 proteins were identified and quantified, out of which the abundance of 1044 proteins changed significantly in at least one of the four comparisons ('i' stands for 'inoculated')- HO/WT and HOi/WTi (giving genotype differences), and WTi/WT and HOi/HO (giving treatment differences). Among these differentially abundant proteins (DAP) were proteins related to structural organization, disease/defense, metabolism, transporters, signal transduction and protein synthesis. We demonstrate that quantitative changes in the proteome can explain physiological changes observed during the infection process such as progression of the mildew infection in HO plants that was correlated with changes in proteins taking part in papillae formation and preinvasion resistance. Overexpression of phytoglobins led to modification in signal transduction prominently by dramatically reducing the number of kinases induced, but also in the turnover of other signaling molecules such as phytohormones, polyamines and Ca2+. Thus, quantitative proteomics broaden our understanding of the role NO and phytoglobins play in barley during nonhost resistance against powdery mildew.
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31
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Espinosa-Vellarino FL, Garrido I, Ortega A, Casimiro I, Espinosa F. Effects of Antimony on Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS and RNS) and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:674. [PMID: 32547582 PMCID: PMC7270864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This research studies the effects that Sb toxicity (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) has on the growth, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and antioxidant systems in tomato plants. Sb is accumulated preferentially in the roots, with little capacity for its translocation to the leaves where the concentration is much lower. The growth of the seedlings is reduced, with alteration in the content in other nutrients. There is a decrease in the content of Fe, Mg, and Mn, while Cu and Zn increase. The contents in chlorophyll a and b decrease, as does the photosynthetic efficiency. On the contrary the carotenoids increase, indicating a possible action as antioxidants and protectors against Sb. The phenolic compounds do not change, and seem not to be involved in the defense response of the tomato against the stress by Sb. The water content of the leaves decreases while that of proline increases in response to the Sb toxicity. Fluorescence microscopy images and spectrofluorometric detection showed increases in the production of O2.-, H2O2, NO, and ONOO-, but not of nitrosothiols. The Sb toxicity induces changes in the SOD, POX, APX, and GR antioxidant activities, which show a clear activation in the roots. In leaves, only the SOD and APX increase. The DHAR activity is inhibited in roots but undergoes no changes in the leaves, as is also the case for the POX and GR activities. Ascorbate increases while GSH decreases in the roots. The total AsA + DHA content increases in the roots, but the total GSH + GSSG content decreases, while neither is altered in the leaves. Under Sb toxicity increases the expression of the SOD, APX, and GR genes, while the expression of GST decreases dramatically in roots but increases in leaves. In addition, an alteration is observed in the pattern of the growth of the cells in the elongation zone, with smaller and disorganized cells. All these effects appear to be related to the ability of the Sb to form complexes with thiol groups, including GSH, altering both redox homeostasis and the levels of auxin in the roots and the quiescent center.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Espinosa
- Research Group of Physiology, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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32
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Molnár Á, Papp M, Zoltán Kovács D, Bélteky P, Oláh D, Feigl G, Szőllősi R, Rázga Z, Ördög A, Erdei L, Rónavári A, Kónya Z, Kolbert Z. Nitro-oxidative signalling induced by chemically synthetized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in Brassica species. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126419. [PMID: 32171133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their release into the environment, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) may come in contact with plants. In elevated concentrations, ZnO NPs induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but the metabolism of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the consequent nitro-oxidative signalling has not been examined so far. In this work, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea seedlings were treated with chemically synthetized ZnO NPs (∼8 nm, 0, 25 or 100 mg/L). At low dose (25 mg/L) ZnO NP exerted a positive effect, while at elevated concentration (100 mg/L) it was toxic to both species. Additionally, B. juncea was more tolerant to ZnO NPs than B. napus. The ZnO NPs could enter the root cells due to their small (∼8 nm) size which resulted in the release of Zn2+ and subsequently increased Zn2+ content in the plant organs. ZnO NPs disturbed superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide homeostasis and modulated ROS metabolic enzymes (NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate and glutathione) inducing similar changes in oxidative signalling in both Brassica species. The homeostasis of RNS (nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and S-nitrosoglutathione) was also altered by ZnO NPs; however, changes in nitrosative signalling proved to be different in the examined species. Moreover, ZnO NPs triggered changes in protein carbonylation and nitration. These results suggest that ZnO NPs induce changes in nitro-oxidative signalling which may contribute to ZnO NP toxicity. Furthermore, difference in ZnO NP tolerance of Brassica species is more likely related to nitrosative than to oxidative signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Molnár
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Márk Papp
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Dávid Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Péter Bélteky
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., Hungary
| | - Dóra Oláh
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Gábor Feigl
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Zsolt Rázga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Állomás u. 2., Hungary
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - László Erdei
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Andrea Rónavári
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Rerrich Bela ter 1., Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
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Gupta KJ, Hancock JT, Petrivalsky M, Kolbert Z, Lindermayr C, Durner J, Barroso JB, Palma JM, Brouquisse R, Wendehenne D, Corpas FJ, Loake GJ. Recommendations on terminology and experimental best practice associated with plant nitric oxide research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1828-1834. [PMID: 31479520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a key signal molecule in plants. During the last two decades impressive progress has been made in plant NO research. This small, redox-active molecule is now known to play an important role in plant immunity, stress responses, environmental interactions, plant growth and development. To more accurately and robustly establish the full spectrum of NO bioactivity in plants, it will be essential to apply methodological best practice. In addition, there are some instances of conflicting nomenclature within the field, which would benefit from standardization. In this context, we attempt to provide some helpful guidance for best practice associated with NO research and also suggestions for the cognate terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T Hancock
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY,, UK
| | - Marek Petrivalsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6726,, Hungary
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, München/Neuherberg, 85764,, Germany
| | - Jorg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, München/Neuherberg, 85764,, Germany
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Centre for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Universitario 'Las Lagunillas' s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Piacentini D, Corpas FJ, D'Angeli S, Altamura MM, Falasca G. Cadmium and arsenic-induced-stress differentially modulates Arabidopsis root architecture, peroxisome distribution, enzymatic activities and their nitric oxide content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:312-323. [PMID: 32000108 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) exert toxicity mainly by inducing oxidative stress through an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and their detoxification. Nitric oxide (NO) is a RNS acting as signalling molecule coordinating plant development and stress responses, but also as oxidative stress inducer, depending on its cellular concentration. Peroxisomes are versatile organelles involved in plant metabolism and signalling, with a role in cellular redox balance thanks to their antioxidant enzymes, and their RNS (mainly NO) and ROS. This study analysed Cd or As effects on peroxisomes, and NO production and distribution in the root system, including primary root (PR) and lateral roots (LRs). Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and transgenic plants enabling peroxisomes to be visualized in vivo, through the expression of the 35S-cyan fluorescent protein fused to the peroxisomal targeting signal1 (PTS1) were used. Peroxisomal enzymatic activities including the antioxidant catalase, the H2O2-generating glycolate oxidase, and the hydroxypyruvate reductase, and root system morphology were also evaluated under Cd/As exposure. Results showed that Cd and As differently modulate these activities, however, catalase activity was inhibited by both. Moreover, Arabidopsis root system was altered, with the pollutants differently affecting PR growth, but similarly enhancing LR formation. Only in the PR apex, and not in LR one, Cd more than As caused significant changes in peroxisome distribution, size, and in peroxisomal NO content. By contrast, neither pollutant caused significant changes in peroxisomes size and peroxisomal NO content in the LR apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - F J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008, Granada, Spain
| | - S D'Angeli
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - M M Altamura
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
| | - G Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
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Raza MA, Feng LY, Iqbal N, Khan I, Meraj TA, Xi ZJ, Naeem M, Ahmed S, Sattar MT, Chen YK, Huan CH, Ahmed M, Yang F, Yang W. Effects of contrasting shade treatments on the carbon production and antioxidant activities of soybean plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:342-354. [PMID: 32040939 DOI: 10.1071/fp19213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In China, maize-soybean relay-intercropping system follow the two main planting-patterns: (i) traditional relay-intercropping; maize-soybean equal row planting, where soybean experience severe maize shading on both sides of plants, and (ii) modern relay-intercropping; narrow-wide row planting, in this new planting pattern only one side of soybean leaves suffer from maize shading. Therefore, in this study, changes in morphological traits, cytochrome content, photosynthetic characteristics, carbon status, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were investigated at 30 days after treatment (DAT) in shade-tolerant soybean variety Nandou-12 subjected to three different types of shading conditions; normal light (NL, all trifoliate-leaves of soybean plants were under normal light); unilateral shade (US, all right-side trifoliate-leaves of soybean plants from top to bottom were under shade while all the left-side of trifoliate-leaves from top to bottom were in normal light); bilateral shade (BS, all trifoliate-leaves of soybean plants were under complete shade). Compared with BS, US conditions decreased plant height and increased stem diameter, leaf area, and biomass at 30 DAT. Biomass distribution rates to stem, petiole and leaves, and photosynthetic characteristics were markedly improved by the US at all sampling stages, which proved to be a better growing condition than BS with respect to shade tolerance. The enhanced net photosynthesis and transpiration rates in the left-side leaves (LS) of soybean plants in US, when compared with the LS in BS, allowed them to produce higher total soluble sugar (by 70%) and total soluble protein (by 17%) at 30 DAT which reduce the adverse effects of shading at right-side leaves (RS) of the soybean plants. Similarly, soybean leaves under US accumulated higher proline content in US than the leaves of BS plants. Soybean leaves grown in shading conditions (LS and RS of BS and RS of US) developed antioxidative defence-mechanisms, including the accelerated activities of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT. Comparatively, soybean leaves in US displayed lower activity levels of the antioxidative enzymes than the leaves of BS plants, showing that soybean plants experienced less shade stress in US as compared with BS treatment. Overall, these results indicate that the association of improved photosynthetic characteristics, sugar and protein accumulation and optimum antioxidative defences could be an effective approach for growing soybean in intercropping environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ling Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Tehseen Ahmad Meraj
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zeng Jin Xi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Muhammd Naeem
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, PR China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Sattar
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; and Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yuan Kai Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Chen Hui Huan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; and Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umea, Sweden
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; and Correspondending authors. ;
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; and Correspondending authors. ;
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Andrzejczak OA, Havelund JF, Wang WQ, Kovalchuk S, Hagensen CE, Hasler-Sheetal H, Jensen ON, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Møller IM, Hebelstrup KH. The Hypoxic Proteome and Metabolome of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without Phytoglobin Priming. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1546. [PMID: 32102473 PMCID: PMC7073221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of phytoglobins (formerly plant hemoglobins) increases the survival rate of plant tissues under hypoxia stress by the following two known mechanisms: (1) scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) in the phytoglobin/NO cycle and (2) mimicking ethylene priming to hypoxia when NO scavenging activates transcription factors that are regulated by levels of NO and O2 in the N-end rule pathway. To map the cellular and metabolic effects of hypoxia in barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Golden Promise), with or without priming to hypoxia, we studied the proteome and metabolome of wild type (WT) and hemoglobin overexpressing (HO) plants in normoxia and after 24 h hypoxia (WT24, HO24). The WT plants were more susceptible to hypoxia than HO plants. The chlorophyll a + b content was lowered by 50% and biomass by 30% in WT24 compared to WT, while HO plants were unaffected. We observed an increase in ROS production during hypoxia treatment in WT seedlings that was not observed in HO seedlings. We identified and quantified 9694 proteins out of which 1107 changed significantly in abundance. Many proteins, such as ion transporters, Ca2+-signal transduction, and proteins related to protein degradation were downregulated in HO plants during hypoxia, but not in WT plants. Changes in the levels of histones indicates that chromatin restructuring plays a role in the priming of hypoxia. We also identified and quantified 1470 metabolites, of which the abundance of >500 changed significantly. In summary the data confirm known mechanisms of hypoxia priming by ethylene priming and N-end rule activation; however, the data also indicate the existence of other mechanisms for hypoxia priming in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Andrzejczak
- Department of Agroecology, Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Jesper F. Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Sergey Kovalchuk
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Christina E. Hagensen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Harald Hasler-Sheetal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
- Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole N. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.F.H.); (W.-Q.W.); (S.K.); (C.E.H.); (H.H.-S.); (O.N.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Agroecology, Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
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Singh S, Kumar V, Kapoor D, Kumar S, Singh S, Dhanjal DS, Datta S, Samuel J, Dey P, Wang S, Prasad R, Singh J. Revealing on hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide signals co-ordination for plant growth under stress conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:301-317. [PMID: 31264712 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the recent times, plants are facing certain types of environmental stresses, which give rise to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxides, superoxide anions and so on. These are required by the plants at low concentrations for signal transduction and at high concentrations, they repress plant root growth. Apart from the ROS activities, hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) have major contributions in regulating growth and developmental processes in plants, as they also play key roles as signaling molecules and act as chief plant immune defense mechanisms against various biotic as well as abiotic stresses. H2 S and NO are the two pivotal gaseous messengers involved in growth, germination and improved tolerance in plants under stressed and non-stress conditions. H2 S and NO mediate cell signaling in plants as a response to several abiotic stresses like temperature, heavy metal exposure, water and salinity. They alter gene expression levels to induce the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, osmolytes and also trigger their interactions with each other. However, research has been limited to only cross adaptations and signal transductions. Understanding the change and mechanism of H2 S and NO mediated cell signaling will broaden our knowledge on the various biochemical changes that occur in plant cells related to different stresses. A clear understanding of these molecules in various environmental stresses would help to confer biotechnological applications to protect plants against abiotic stresses and to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubators, Mohali, 160059, India
- Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, 160059, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, 474009, India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubators, Mohali, 160059, India
- Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, 160059, India
| | - Satyender Singh
- Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, 160059, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Shivika Datta
- Department of Zoology, Doaba College, Jalandhar, 144005, India
| | - Jastin Samuel
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
- Waste Valorization Research Lab, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Pinaki Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, India
| | - Shanquan Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ram Prasad
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
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38
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Paul S, Roychoudhury A. Regulation of physiological aspects in plants by hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide under challenging environment. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:374-393. [PMID: 31479515 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a plethora of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metal and temperature stresses at different stages of their life cycle, from germination to seedling till the reproductive phase. As protective mechanisms, plants release signaling molecules that initiate a cascade of stress-signaling events, leading either to programmed cell death or plant acclimation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) are considered as new 'gasotransmitter' molecules that play key roles in regulating gene expression, posttranslational modification (PTM), as well as cross-talk with other hormones. Although the exact role of NO in plants remains unclear and is species dependent, various studies have suggested a positive correlation between NO accumulation and environmental stress in plants. These molecules are also involved in a large array of stress responses and act synergistically or antagonistically as signaling components, depending on their respective concentration. This study provides a comprehensive update on the signaling interplay between H2 S and NO in the regulation of various physiological processes under multiple abiotic stresses, modes of action and effects of exogenous application of these two molecules under drought, salt, heat and heavy metal stresses. However, the complete picture of the signaling cascades mediated by H2 S and NO is still elusive. Recent researches indicate that during certain plant processes, such as stomatal closure, H2 S could act upstream of NO signaling or downstream of NO in response to abiotic stresses by improving antioxidant activity in most plant species. In addition, PTMs of antioxidative pathways by these two molecules are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Paul
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Antoniou C, Xenofontos R, Chatzimichail G, Christou A, Kashfi K, Fotopoulos V. Exploring the Potential of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide (NOSH)-Releasing Synthetic Compounds as Novel Priming Agents against Drought Stress in Medicago sativa Plants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010120. [PMID: 31936819 PMCID: PMC7023404 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Land plants are continuously exposed to multiple abiotic stress factors like drought, heat, and salinity. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are two well-examined signaling molecules that act as priming agents, regulating the response of plants to stressful conditions. Several chemical donors exist that provide plants with NO and H2S separately. NOSH is a remarkable novel donor as it can donate NO and H2S simultaneously to plants, while NOSH-aspirin additionally provides the pharmaceutical molecule acetylsalicylic acid. The current study aimed to investigate the potential synergistic effect of these molecules in drought-stressed Medicago sativa L. plants by following a pharmacological approach. Plants were initially pre-treated with both donors (NOSH and NOSH-aspirin) via foliar spraying, and were then subsequently exposed to a moderate water deficit while NO and H2S inhibitors (cPTIO and HA, respectively) were also employed. Phenotypic and physiological data showed that pre-treatment with NOSH synthetic compounds induced acclimation to subsequent drought stress and improved the recovery following rewatering. This was accompanied by modified reactive-oxygen and nitrogen-species signaling and metabolism, as well as attenuation of cellular damage, as evidenced by altered lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation levels. Furthermore, real-time RT-qPCR analysis revealed the differential regulation of multiple defense-related transcripts, including antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the present study proposed a novel role for NOSH compounds as efficient plant priming agents against environmental constraints through the coordinated regulation of multiple defense components, thus opening new horizons in the field of chemical priming research toward the use of target-selected compounds for stress tolerance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Antoniou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; (C.A.); (R.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Rafaella Xenofontos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; (C.A.); (R.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Giannis Chatzimichail
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; (C.A.); (R.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Natural Recourses, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; (C.A.); (R.X.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-25-002418; Fax: +357-25-002632
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40
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Mata-Pérez C, Padilla MN, Sánchez-Calvo B, Begara-Morales JC, Valderrama R, Chaki M, Aranda-Caño L, Moreno-González D, Molina-Díaz A, Barroso JB. Endogenous Biosynthesis of S-Nitrosoglutathione From Nitro-Fatty Acids in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:962. [PMID: 32714353 PMCID: PMC7340149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are novel molecules resulting from the interaction of unsaturated fatty acids and nitric oxide (NO) or NO-related molecules. In plants, it has recently been described that NO2-FAs trigger an antioxidant and a defence response against stressful situations. Among the properties of NO2-FAs highlight the ability to release NO therefore modulating specific protein targets through post-translational modifications (NO-PTMs). Thus, based on the capacity of NO2-FAs to act as physiological NO donors and using high-accuracy mass-spectrometric approaches, herein, we show that endogenous nitro-linolenic acid (NO2-Ln) can modulate S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The incubation of NO2-Ln with GSH was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and the in vitro synthesis of GSNO was noted. The in vivo confirmation of this behavior was carried out by incubating Arabidopsis plants with 15N-labeled NO2-Ln throughout the roots, and 15N-labeled GSNO (GS15NO) was detected in the leaves. With the aim to go in depth in the relation of NO2-FA and GSNO in plants, Arabidopsis alkenal reductase mutants (aer mutants) which modulate NO2-FAs levels were used. Our results constitute the first evidence of the modulation of a key NO biological reservoir in plants (GSNO) by these novel NO2-FAs, increasing knowledge about S-nitrosothiols and GSNO-signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capilla Mata-Pérez
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - María N. Padilla
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Calvo
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan C. Begara-Morales
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Raquel Valderrama
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Mounira Chaki
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lorena Aranda-Caño
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - David Moreno-González
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan B. Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan B. Barroso,
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A forty year journey: The generation and roles of NO in plants. Nitric Oxide 2019; 93:53-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Khan MA, Khan AL, Imran QM, Asaf S, Lee SU, Yun BW, Hamayun M, Kim TH, Lee IJ. Exogenous application of nitric oxide donors regulates short-term flooding stress in soybean. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7741. [PMID: 31608169 PMCID: PMC6788439 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term water submergence to soybean (Glycine max L.) create hypoxic conditions hindering plant growth and productivity. Nitric oxide (NO) is considered a stress-signalling and stress-evading molecule, however, little is known about its role during flooding stress. We elucidated the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso L-cysteine (CySNO) as NO donor in modulation of flooding stress-related bio-chemicals and genetic determinants of associated nitrosative stress to Daewon and Pungsannamul soybean cultivars after 3 h and 6 h of flooding stress. The results showed that exogenous SNP and CysNO induced glutathione activity and reduced the resulting superoxide anion contents during short-term flooding in Pungsannamul soybean. The exo- SNP and CysNO triggered the endogenous S-nitrosothiols, and resulted in elevated abscisic acid (ABA) contents in both soybean cultivars overtime. To know the role of ABA and NO related genes in short-term flooding stress, the mRNA expression of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR1), NO overproducer1 (NOX1) and nitrate reductase (NR), Timing of CAB expression1 (TOC1), and ABA-receptor (ABAR) were assessed. The transcripts accumulation of GSNOR1, NOX1, and NR being responsible for NO homeostasis, were significantly high in response to early or later phases of flooding stress. ABAR and TOC1 showed a decrease in transcript accumulation in both soybean plants treated with exogenous SNP and CySNO. The exo- SNP and CySNO could impinge a variety of biochemical and transcriptional programs that can mitigate the negative effects of short-term flooding stress in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aaqil Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Degue, South Korea
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Qari Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Degue, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Degue, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Degue, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Tae-Han Kim
- School of Agricultural Civil & Bio-industrial Machinery Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Degue, South Korea
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Begara-Morales JC, Sánchez-Calvo B, Gómez-Rodríguez MV, Chaki M, Valderrama R, Mata-Pérez C, López-Jaramillo J, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Short-Term Low Temperature Induces Nitro-Oxidative Stress that Deregulates the NADP-Malic Enzyme Function by Tyrosine Nitration in Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100448. [PMID: 31581524 PMCID: PMC6827146 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature (LT) negatively affects plant growth and development via the alteration of the metabolism of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Among RNS, tyrosine nitration, the addition of an NO2 group to a tyrosine residue, can modulate reduced nicotinamide-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-generating systems and, therefore, can alter the levels of NADPH, a key cofactor in cellular redox homeostasis. NADPH also acts as an indispensable electron donor within a wide range of enzymatic reactions, biosynthetic pathways, and detoxification processes, which could affect plant viability. To extend our knowledge about the regulation of this key cofactor by this nitric oxide (NO)-related post-translational modification, we analyzed the effect of tyrosine nitration on another NADPH-generating enzyme, the NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), under LT stress. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to short-term LT (4 °C for 48 h), a 50% growth reduction accompanied by an increase in the content of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite, in addition to diminished cytosolic NADP-ME activity, were found. In vitro assays confirmed that peroxynitrite inhibits cytosolic NADP-ME2 activity due to tyrosine nitration. The mass spectrometric analysis of nitrated NADP-ME2 enabled us to determine that Tyr-73 was exclusively nitrated to 3-nitrotyrosine by peroxynitrite. The in silico analysis of the Arabidopsis NADP-ME2 protein sequence suggests that Tyr73 nitration could disrupt the interactions between the specific amino acids responsible for protein structure stability. In conclusion, the present data show that short-term LT stress affects the metabolism of ROS and RNS, which appears to negatively modulate the activity of cytosolic NADP-ME through the tyrosine nitration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Begara-Morales
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Calvo
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - María V Gómez-Rodríguez
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Mounira Chaki
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Raquel Valderrama
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Capilla Mata-Pérez
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Jaramillo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals, and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda 1, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Feigl G, Molnár Á, Szőllősi R, Ördög A, Törőcsik K, Oláh D, Bodor A, Perei K, Kolbert Z. Zinc-induced root architectural changes of rhizotron-grown B. napus correlate with a differential nitro-oxidative response. Nitric Oxide 2019; 90:55-65. [PMID: 31271864 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Roots have a noteworthy plasticity: due to different stress conditions their architecture can change to favour seedling vigour and yield stability. The development of the root system is regulated by a complex and diverse signalling network, which besides hormonal factors, includes reactive oxygen (ROS) - and nitrogen species (RNS). The delicate balance of the endogenous signal system can be affected by various environmental stimuli, such as the excess of essential heavy metals, like zinc (Zn). Zn at low concentration, is able to induce the morphological and physiological adaptation of the root system, but in excess it exerts toxic effects on plants. In this study the effect of a low, growth-inducing, and a high, growth inhibiting Zn concentrations on the early development of Brassica napus (L.) root architecture and the underlying nitro-oxidative mechanisms were studied in a soil-filled rhizotron system. The growth-inhibiting Zn treatment resulted in elevated protein tyrosine nitration due to the imbalance in ROS and RNS homeostasis, however its pattern was not changed compared to the control. This nitro-oxidative stress was accompanied by serious changes in the cell wall composition and decrease in the cell proliferation and viability, due to the high Zn uptake and disturbed microelement homeostasis in the root tips. During the positive root growth response, a tyrosine nitration-pattern reorganisation was observed; there were no substantial changes in ROS and RNS balance and the viability and proliferation of the root tips' meristematic zone decreased to a lesser extent, as a result of a lower Zn uptake. The obtained results suggest that Zn in different amounts triggers different root growth responses accompanied by distinct changes in the pattern and strength of tyrosine nitration, proposing that nitrosative processes have an important role in the stress-induced root growth responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Feigl
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Molnár
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Kitti Törőcsik
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Oláh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bodor
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Institute of Environmental and Technological Sciences, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Perei
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Institute of Environmental and Technological Sciences, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H6726, Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
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45
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Begara-Morales JC, Chaki M, Valderrama R, Mata-Pérez C, Padilla MN, Barroso JB. The function of S-nitrosothiols during abiotic stress in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4429-4439. [PMID: 31111892 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an active redox molecule involved in the control of a wide range of functions integral to plant biology. For instance, NO is implicated in seed germination, floral development, senescence, stomatal closure, and plant responses to stress. NO usually mediates signaling events via interactions with different biomolecules, for example the modulation of protein functioning through post-translational modifications (NO-PTMs). S-nitrosation is a reversible redox NO-PTM that consists of the addition of NO to a specific thiol group of a cysteine residue, leading to formation of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). SNOs are more stable than NO and therefore they can extend and spread the in vivo NO signaling. The development of robust and reliable detection methods has allowed the identification of hundreds of S-nitrosated proteins involved in a wide range of physiological and stress-related processes in plants. For example, SNOs have a physiological function in plant development, hormone metabolism, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis, among many other processes. The role of S-nitrosation as a regulator of plant responses to salinity and drought stress through the modulation of specific protein targets has also been well established. However, there are many S-nitrosated proteins that have been identified under different abiotic stresses for which the specific roles have not yet been identified. In this review, we examine current knowledge of the specific role of SNOs in the signaling events that lead to plant responses to abiotic stress, with a particular focus on examples where their functions have been well characterized at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mounira Chaki
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario 'Las Lagunillas' s/n, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Raquel Valderrama
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario 'Las Lagunillas' s/n, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Capilla Mata-Pérez
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario 'Las Lagunillas' s/n, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Maria N Padilla
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario 'Las Lagunillas' s/n, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Kumari A, Pathak PK, Bulle M, Igamberdiev AU, Gupta KJ. Alternative oxidase is an important player in the regulation of nitric oxide levels under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4345-4354. [PMID: 30968134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria possess two different pathways for electron transport from ubiquinol: the cytochrome pathway and the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. The AOX pathway plays an important role in stress tolerance and is induced by various metabolites and signals. Previously, several lines of evidence indicated that the AOX pathway prevents overproduction of superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. More recent evidence suggests that AOX also plays a role in regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and signalling. The AOX pathway is induced under low phosphate, hypoxia, pathogen infections, and elicitor treatments. The induction of AOX under aerobic conditions in response to various stresses can reduce electron transfer through complexes III and IV and thus prevents the leakage of electrons to nitrite and the subsequent accumulation of NO. Excess NO under various stresses can inhibit complex IV; thus, the AOX pathway minimizes nitrite-dependent NO synthesis that would arise from enhanced electron leakage in the cytochrome pathway. By preventing NO generation, AOX can reduce peroxynitrite formation and tyrosine nitration. In contrast to its function under normoxia, AOX has a specific role under hypoxia, where AOX can facilitate nitrite-dependent NO production. This reaction drives the phytoglobin-NO cycle to increase energy efficiency under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mallesham Bulle
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Jedelská T, Kraiczová VŠ, Berčíková L, Činčalová L, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Tomato Root Growth Inhibition by Salinity and Cadmium Is Mediated By S-Nitrosative Modifications of ROS Metabolic Enzymes Controlled by S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E393. [PMID: 31438648 PMCID: PMC6788187 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) exerts crucial roles in the homeostasis of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in plant cells through indirect control of S-nitrosation, an important protein post-translational modification in signaling pathways of NO. Using cultivated and wild tomato species, we studied GSNOR function in interactions of key enzymes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism with RNS mediated by protein S-nitrosation during tomato root growth and responses to salinity and cadmium. Application of a GSNOR inhibitor N6022 increased both NO and S-nitrosothiol levels and stimulated root growth in both genotypes. Moreover, N6022 treatment, as well as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) application, caused intensive S-nitrosation of important enzymes of ROS metabolism, NADPH oxidase (NADPHox) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Under abiotic stress, activities of APX and NADPHox were modulated by S-nitrosation. Increased production of H2O2 and subsequent oxidative stress were observed in wild Solanumhabrochaites, together with increased GSNOR activity and reduced S-nitrosothiols. An opposite effect occurred in cultivated S. lycopersicum, where reduced GSNOR activity and intensive S-nitrosation resulted in reduced ROS levels by abiotic stress. These data suggest stress-triggered disruption of ROS homeostasis, mediated by modulation of RNS and S-nitrosation of NADPHox and APX, underlies tomato root growth inhibition by salinity and cadmium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Šmotková Kraiczová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Present address: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Berčíková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Present address: Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Rolly NK, Lee SU, Imran QM, Hussain A, Mun BG, Kim KM, Yun BW. Nitrosative stress-mediated inhibition of OsDHODH1 gene expression suggests roots growth reduction in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). 3 Biotech 2019; 9:273. [PMID: 31245237 PMCID: PMC6581995 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study monitored the transcriptional response of OsDHODH1 under nitrosative stress conditions relative to the transcripts accumulations for the core mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase1 (CcOX1) subunit, nuclear CcOX subunits 5b and 5c, two rice nitrate reductases (OsNIA1 and OsNIA2), and nitric oxide excess 1 (OsNOE1) genes. Our findings reveal that short-term exposure of rice seedlings to 1 mM SNP (Nitric oxide donor) applied exogenously for 1 h resulted in significant down-regulation of OsDHODH1 expression in all rice cultivars. In addition, the transcriptional patterns for the CcOX subunits, which are known to have a high affinity for nitric oxide, showed that the core catalytic subunit (OsCcOX1) and the nuclear subunit (OsCcOX5b) were up-regulated, while the nuclear subunit (OsCcOX5c) gene expression was suppressed. OsGSNOR1 expression was enhanced or decreased concomitant with a decrease or increase in SNO accumulation, particularly at the basal level. Moreover, high OsNIA1 expression was consistent with impaired root development, whereas low transcript accumulation matched a balanced root-growth pattern. This suggests that OsNIA1 expression would prevail over OsNIA2 expression under nitrosative stress response in rice. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with the increase in SNP concentration, translating enhanced oxidative damage to the cell. We also observed increased catalase activity in response to 5 mM SNP suggesting that potential cross-talk exist between nitrosative and oxidative stress. These results collectively suggest a possible role of OsDHODH1 and OsCcOX5b role in plant root growth during nitrosative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkulu Kabange Rolly
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Qari Muhammad Imran
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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49
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Kolbert Z. Strigolactone-nitric oxide interplay in plants: The story has just begun. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:487-497. [PMID: 29479710 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Both strigolactones (SLs) and nitric oxide (NO) are regulatory signals with diverse roles during plant development and stress responses. This review aims to discuss the so far available data regarding SLs-NO interplay in plant systems. The majority of the few articles dealing with SL-NO interplay focuses on the root system and it seems that NO can be an upstream negative regulator of SL biosynthesis or an upstream positive regulator of SL signaling depending on the nutrient supply. From the so far published results it is clear that NO modifies the activity of target proteins involved in SL biosynthesis or signaling which may be a physiologically relevant interaction. Therefore, in silico analysis of NO-dependent posttranslational modifications in SL-related proteins was performed using computational prediction tools and putative NO-target proteins were specified. The picture is presumably more complicated, since also SL is able to modify NO levels. As a confirmation, author detected NO levels in different organs of max1-1 and max2-1 Arabidopsis and compared to the wild-type these mutants showed enhanced NO levels in their root tips indicating the negative effect of endogenous SLs on NO metabolism. Exogenous SL analogue-triggered NO production seems to contradict the results of the genetic study, which is an inconsistency should be taken into consideration in the future. In the coming years, the link between SL and NO signaling in further physiological processes should be examined and the possibilities of NO-dependent posttranslational modifications of SL biosynthetic and signaling proteins should be looked more closely.
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50
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Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Mallick S, Tripathi RD. Redox Homeostasis in Plants Under Arsenic Stress. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95315-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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