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Fei X, Chen L, Gao J, Jiang X, Sun W, Cheng X, Zhao T, Zhao M, Zhu L. p53 lysine-lactylated modification contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory activation in BV2 cell under hypoxic conditions. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105794. [PMID: 38908518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
p53 has diversity functions in regulation of transcription, cell proliferation, cancer metastasis, etc. Recent studies have shown that p53 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) co-regulate proinflammatory responses in macrophages. However, the role of p53 lysine lactylation (p53Kla) in mediating proinflammatory phenotypes in microglia under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the proinflammatory activation exacerbated by hypoxia and the levels of p53Kla in microglial cells. BV2 cells, an immortalized mouse microglia cell line, were divided into control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced, hypoxia (Hy), and LPS-Hy groups. The protein expression levels of p53 and p53Kla and the activation of microglia were compared among the four groups. Sodium oxamate and mutant p53 plasmids were transfected into BV2 cells to detect the effect of p53Kla on microglial proinflammatory activation. LPS-Hy stimulation significantly upregulated p53Kla levels in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of BV2 cells. In contrast, the p53 protein levels were downregulated. LPS-Hy stimulation upregulated phosphorylated p65 protein levels in nuclear and activated the NF-κB pathway in BV2 cells, resulting in increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iNOS, IL6, IL1β, TNFα), enhanced cell viability, and concomitantly, increased cytotoxicity. In conclusion, p53 lysine-lactylated modification contributes to LPS-induced proinflammatory activation in BV2 cells under hypoxia through NF-κB pathway and inhibition of lactate production may alleviate neuroinflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Fei
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China; Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jiayue Gao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiufang Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China; Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, 421001, China.
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2
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Lan Z, Lv S, Ge Z, Zhao B, Li L, Li C. Lactic acid regulates lipid droplet aggregation through a microglia-neuron axis in neuroinflammation. J Lipid Res 2024:100629. [PMID: 39182605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, marked by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulting neuronal death, is a multifaceted process extending beyond traditional inflammatory pathways. Microglia, primary cells in the inflammatory response, rapidly activate during neuroinflammation and produce pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors that affect neuronal function. Recent evidence highlights the significant role of abnormal lipid droplet (LD) deposition in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. While microglia are known to influence LD aggregation during neuroinflammation, the regulatory mechanism within neurons is not well understood. Our study demonstrates that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia induce the accumulation of LD in neurons, identifying microglial-derived lactic acid as a key mediator in this process. Excessive lipid accumulation threatens neuronal function, a phenomenon reversed by eliminating microglia. These findings, corroborated in both in vitro and in vivo settings and supported by RNA sequencing, deepen our understanding of neuronal lipid metabolism and suggest potential targets for therapeutic strategies against acute neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqing Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Shukai Lv
- Department of General Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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3
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Gedam M, Zheng H. Complement C3aR signaling: Immune and metabolic modulation and its impact on Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350815. [PMID: 38778507 PMCID: PMC11305912 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia among the elderly population. Despite its widespread prevalence, our comprehension of the intricate mechanisms governing the pathogenesis of the disease remains incomplete, posing a challenge for the development of efficient therapies. Pathologically characterized by the presence of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, AD is also accompanied by the hyperactivation of glial cells and the immune system. The complement cascade, the evolutionarily conserved innate immune pathway, has emerged as a significant contributor to AD. This review focuses on one of the complement components, the C3a receptor (C3aR), covering its structure, ligand-receptor interaction, intracellular signaling and its functional consequences. Drawing insights from cellular and AD mouse model studies, we present the multifaceted role of complement C3aR signaling in AD and attempt to convey to the readers that C3aR acts as a crucial immune and metabolic modulator to influence AD pathogenesis. Building on this framework, the objective of this review is to inform future research endeavors and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasee Gedam
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Cutugno G, Kyriakidou E, Nadjar A. Rethinking the role of microglia in obesity. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109951. [PMID: 38615749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), implying their role in maintaining brain homeostasis. To achieve this, these cells are sensitive to a plethora of endogenous and exogenous signals, such as neuronal activity, cellular debris, hormones, and pathological patterns, among many others. More recent research suggests that microglia are highly responsive to nutrients and dietary variations. In this context, numerous studies have demonstrated their significant role in the development of obesity under calorie surfeit. Because many reviews already exist on this topic, we have chosen to present the state of our reflections on various concepts put forth in the literature, bringing a new perspective whenever possible. Our literature review focuses on studies conducted in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a key structure in the control of food intake. Specifically, we present the recent data available on the modifications of microglial energy metabolism following the consumption of an obesogenic diet and their consequences on hypothalamic neuron activity. We also highlight the studies unraveling the mechanisms underlying obesity-related sexual dimorphism. The review concludes with a list of questions that remain to be addressed in the field to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the role of microglia in the regulation of body energy metabolism. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cutugno
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Kyriakidou
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Nadjar
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
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5
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Zhong X, Gong S, Meng L, Yao W, Du K, Jiao L, Ma G, Liang J, Wei B, Jin X, Tong J, Dong J, Liu M, Gao M, Jia H, Jiang W, Yu Z, Wang Y, Sun X, Wei M, Liu M. Cordycepin Modulates Microglial M2 Polarization Coupled with Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming by Targeting HKII and PDK2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304687. [PMID: 38889331 PMCID: PMC11336950 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The microenvironment mediated by the microglia (MG) M1/M2 phenotypic switch plays a decisive role in the neuronal fate and cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the impact of metabolic reprogramming on microglial polarization and its underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study reveals that cordycepin improved cognitive function and memory in APP/PS1 mice, as well as attenuated neuronal damage by triggering MG-M2 polarization and metabolic reprogramming characterized by increased OXPHOS and glycolysis, rather than directly protecting neurons. Simultaneously, cordycepin partially alleviates mitochondrial damage in microglia induced by inhibitors of OXPHOS and glycolysis, further promoting MG-M2 transformation and increasing neuronal survival. Through confirmation of cordycepin distribution in the microglial mitochondria via mitochondrial isolation followed by HPLC-MS/MS techniques, HKII and PDK2 are further identified as potential targets of cordycepin. By investigating the effects of HKII and PDK2 inhibitors, the mechanism through which cordycepin targeted HKII to elevate ECAR levels in the glycolysis pathway while targeting PDK2 to enhance OCR levels in PDH-mediated OXPHOS pathway, thereby inducing MG-M2 polarization, promoting neuronal survival and exerting an anti-AD role is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Shiqiang Gong
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
- Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment CenterShenyangLiaoning11067China
| | | | - Weifan Yao
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
- Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment CenterShenyangLiaoning11067China
| | - Ke Du
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Linchi Jiao
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Guowei Ma
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Jingwei Liang
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Binbin Wei
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Junhui Tong
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Jianru Dong
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Menglin Gao
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Huachao Jia
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110002China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110165China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110002China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Science Experiment CenterChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
- Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment CenterShenyangLiaoning11067China
| | - Mingyan Liu
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110122China
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6
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Sakthivel PS, Scipioni L, Karam J, Keulen Z, Blurton-Jones M, Gratton E, Anderson AJ. Organelle phenotyping and multi-dimensional microscopy identify C1q as a novel regulator of microglial function. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39018376 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are dynamic and heterogenous cells. While single cell RNA sequencing has become the conventional methodology for evaluating microglial state, transcriptomics do not provide insight into functional changes, identifying a critical gap in the field. Here, we propose a novel organelle phenotyping approach in which we treat live human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMGL) with organelle dyes staining mitochondria, lipids, lysosomes and acquire data by live-cell spectral microscopy. Dimensionality reduction techniques and unbiased cluster identification allow for recognition of microglial subpopulations with single-cell resolution based on organelle function. We validated this methodology using lipopolysaccharide and IL-10 treatment to polarize iMGL to an "inflammatory" and "anti-inflammatory" state, respectively, and then applied it to identify a novel regulator of iMGL function, complement protein C1q. While C1q is traditionally known as the initiator of the complement cascade, here we use organelle phenotyping to identify a role for C1q in regulating iMGL polarization via fatty acid storage and mitochondria membrane potential. Follow up evaluation of microglia using traditional read outs of activation state confirm that C1q drives an increase in microglia pro-inflammatory gene production and migration, while suppressing microglial proliferation. These data together validate the use of a novel organelle phenotyping approach and enable better mechanistic investigation of molecular regulators of microglial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S Sakthivel
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lorenzo Scipioni
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Josh Karam
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zahara Keulen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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7
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Huang Q, Wang Y, Chen S, Liang F. Glycometabolic Reprogramming of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Neuroinflammation. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1155-1175. [PMID: 37611905 PMCID: PMC11081147 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are conditions defined by progressive deterioration of the structure and function of the nervous system. Some major examples include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases lead to various dysfunctions, like impaired cognition, memory, and movement. Chronic neuroinflammation may underlie numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Microglia, an important immunocell in the brain, plays a vital role in defending against neuroinflammation. When exposed to different stimuli, microglia are activated and assume different phenotypes, participating in immune regulation of the nervous system and maintaining tissue homeostasis. The immunological activity of activated microglia is affected by glucose metabolic alterations. However, in the context of chronic neuroinflammation, specific alterations of microglial glucose metabolism and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, in this paper, we review the glycometabolic reprogramming of microglia in ND. The key molecular targets and main metabolic pathways are the focus of this research. Additionally, this study explores the mechanisms underlying microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming in ND and offers an analysis of the most recent therapeutic advancements. The ultimate aim is to provide insights into the development of potential treatments for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanfu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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8
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Kann O. Lactate as a supplemental fuel for synaptic transmission and neuronal network oscillations: Potentials and limitations. J Neurochem 2024; 168:608-631. [PMID: 37309602 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactate shuttled from the blood circulation, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or even activated microglia (resident macrophages) to neurons has been hypothesized to represent a major source of pyruvate compared to what is normally produced endogenously by neuronal glucose metabolism. However, the role of lactate oxidation in fueling neuronal signaling associated with complex cortex function, such as perception, motor activity, and memory formation, is widely unclear. This issue has been experimentally addressed using electrophysiology in hippocampal slice preparations (ex vivo) that permit the induction of different neural network activation states by electrical stimulation, optogenetic tools or receptor ligand application. Collectively, these studies suggest that lactate in the absence of glucose (lactate only) impairs gamma (30-70 Hz) and theta-gamma oscillations, which feature high energy demand revealed by the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2, set to 100%). The impairment comprises oscillation attenuation or moderate neural bursts (excitation-inhibition imbalance). The bursting is suppressed by elevating the glucose fraction in energy substrate supply. By contrast, lactate can retain certain electric stimulus-induced neural population responses and intermittent sharp wave-ripple activity that features lower energy expenditure (CMRO2 of about 65%). Lactate utilization increases the oxygen consumption by about 9% during sharp wave-ripples reflecting enhanced adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Moreover, lactate attenuates neurotransmission in glutamatergic pyramidal cells and fast-spiking, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons by reducing neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals. By contrast, the generation and propagation of action potentials in the axon is regular. In conclusion, lactate is less effective than glucose and potentially detrimental during neural network rhythms featuring high energetic costs, likely through the lack of some obligatory ATP synthesis by aerobic glycolysis at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. High lactate/glucose ratios might contribute to central fatigue, cognitive impairment, and epileptic seizures partially seen, for instance, during exhaustive physical exercise, hypoglycemia and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Li Y, Yin C, Jiang J, Yang H, Zhang F, Xing Y, Wang W, Lu C. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8-like-2 controls microglia phenotype via metabolic reprogramming in BV2 microglial cells and responses to neuropathic pain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 169:106541. [PMID: 38309648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglial are major players in neuroinflammation that have recently emerged as potential therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain. Glucose metabolic programming has been linked to differential activation state and function in microglia. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8-like-2 (TNFAIP8L2) is an important component in regulating the anti-inflammatory response. However, the role of TNFAIP8L2 in microglia differential state during neuropathic pain and its interplay with glucose metabolic reprogramming in microglia has not yet been determined. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of TNFAIP8L2 in the status of microglia in vitro and in vivo. BV2 microglial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides plus interferon-gamma (LPS/IFNγ) or interleukin-4 (IL-4) to induce the two different phenotypes of microglia in vitro. In vivo experiments were conducted by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI). We investigated whether TNFAIP8L2 regulates glucose metabolic programming in BV2 microglial cells. The data in vitro showed that TNFAIP8L2 lowers glycolysis and increases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in inflammatory microglia. Blockade of glycolytic pathway abolished TNFAIP8L2-mediated differential activation of microglia. TNFAIP8L2 suppresses inflammatory microglial activation and promotes restorative microglial activation in BV2 microglial cells and in spinal cord microglia after neuropathic pain. Furthermore, TNFAIP8L2 controls differential activation of microglia and glucose metabolic reprogramming through the MAPK/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling axis. This study reveals that TNFAIP8L2 plays a critical role in neuropathic pain, providing important insights into glucose metabolic reprogramming and microglial phenotypic transition, which indicates that TNFAIP8L2 may be used as a potential drug target for the prevention of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Li
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cui Yin
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhong Xing
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wuyang Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Ting KKY. Fructose overconsumption-induced reprogramming of microglia metabolism and function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375453. [PMID: 38596671 PMCID: PMC11002174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The overconsumption of dietary fructose has been proposed as a major culprit for the rise of many metabolic diseases in recent years, yet the relationship between a high fructose diet and neurological dysfunction remains to be explored. Although fructose metabolism mainly takes place in the liver and intestine, recent studies have shown that a hyperglycemic condition could induce fructose metabolism in the brain. Notably, microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages (Mφs) that confer innate immunity in the brain, also express fructose transporters (GLUT5) and are capable of utilizing fructose as a carbon fuel. Together, these studies suggest the possibility that a high fructose diet can regulate the activation and inflammatory response of microglia by metabolic reprogramming, thereby altering the susceptibility of developing neurological dysfunction. In this review, the recent advances in the understanding of microglia metabolism and how it supports its functions will be summarized. The results from both in vivo and in vitro studies that have investigated the mechanistic link between fructose-induced metabolic reprogramming of microglia and its function will then be reviewed. Finally, areas of controversies and their associated implications, as well as directions that warrant future research will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K. Y. Ting
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Rim C, You MJ, Nahm M, Kwon MS. Emerging role of senescent microglia in brain aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:10. [PMID: 38378788 PMCID: PMC10877780 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is a recognized risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), but the intricate interplay between brain aging and the pathogenesis of these conditions remains inadequately understood. Cellular senescence is considered to contribute to cellular dysfunction and inflammaging. According to the threshold theory of senescent cell accumulation, the vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases is associated with the rates of senescent cell generation and clearance within the brain. Given the role of microglia in eliminating senescent cells, the accumulation of senescent microglia may lead to the acceleration of brain aging, contributing to inflammaging and increased vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we propose the idea that the senescence of microglia, which is notably vulnerable to aging, could potentially serve as a central catalyst in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The senescent microglia are emerging as a promising target for mitigating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Rim
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung You
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
- Brainimmunex Inc., 26 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13522, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Kim MJ, Huang Y. Cell type-specific roles of APOE4 in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:91-110. [PMID: 38191720 PMCID: PMC11073858 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which translates to the APOE4 isoform, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Within the CNS, APOE is produced by a variety of cell types under different conditions, posing a challenge for studying its roles in AD pathogenesis. However, through powerful advances in research tools and the use of novel cell culture and animal models, researchers have recently begun to study the roles of APOE4 in AD in a cell type-specific manner and at a deeper and more mechanistic level than ever before. In particular, cutting-edge omics studies have enabled APOE4 to be studied at the single-cell level and have allowed the identification of critical APOE4 effects in AD-vulnerable cellular subtypes. Through these studies, it has become evident that APOE4 produced in various types of CNS cell - including astrocytes, neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes and vascular cells - has diverse roles in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review these scientific advances and propose a cell type-specific APOE4 cascade model of AD. In this model, neuronal APOE4 emerges as a crucial pathological initiator and driver of AD pathogenesis, instigating glial responses and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. In addition, we provide perspectives on future directions for APOE4 research and related therapeutic developments in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Sokol MB, Beganovskaya VA, Mollaeva MR, Yabbarov NG, Chirkina MV, Belykh DV, Startseva OM, Egorov AE, Kostyukov AA, Kuzmin VA, Lomakin SM, Shilkina NG, Krivandin AV, Shatalova OV, Gradova MA, Abakumov MA, Nikitin AA, Maksimova VP, Kirsanov KI, Nikolskaya ED. Pharmaceutical Approach to Develop Novel Photosensitizer Nanoformulation: An Example of Design and Characterization Rationale of Chlorophyll α Derivative. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:126. [PMID: 38258135 PMCID: PMC10818748 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we described physico-chemical properties of novel nanoformulation of photosensitizer-pyropheophorbide α 17-diethylene glycol ester (XL) (chlorophyll α derivative), revealing insights into antitumor activity and maintaining quality, meeting the pharmaceutical approach of new nanoformulation design. Our formulation, based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, increased XL solubility and selective tumor-targeted accumulation. In our research, we revealed, for the first time, that XL binding to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enhances XL photophysical activity, providing the rationale for PVA application as a stabilizer for nanoformulations. Results of FTIR, DSC, and XRD revealed the physical interactions between XL and excipients, including PVA, indicating that the encapsulation maintained XL binding to PVA. The encapsulated XL exhibited higher photophysical activity compared to non-encapsulated substance, which can be attributed to the influence of residual PVA. Gamma-irradiation led to degradation of XL; however, successful sterilization of the samples was achieved through the filtration. Importantly, the encapsulated and sterilized XL retained cytotoxicity against both 2D and 3D tumor cell models, demonstrating the potential of the formulated NP-XL for photodynamic therapy applications, but lacked the ability to reactivate epigenetically silenced genes. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and characterization of PLGA-based nanoparticles for the encapsulation of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Sokol
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Veronika A. Beganovskaya
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Mariia R. Mollaeva
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Nikita G. Yabbarov
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Margarita V. Chirkina
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Dmitry V. Belykh
- Institute of Chemistry, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Olga M. Startseva
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Anton E. Egorov
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Alexey A. Kostyukov
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Vladimir A. Kuzmin
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei M. Lomakin
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.)
| | - Natalia G. Shilkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.)
| | - Alexey V. Krivandin
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Olga V. Shatalova
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
| | - Margarita A. Gradova
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.)
| | - Maxim A. Abakumov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.A.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Aleksey A. Nikitin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), 119049 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.A.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Varvara P. Maksimova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Elena D. Nikolskaya
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.B.S.); (V.A.B.); (M.R.M.); (M.V.C.); (A.E.E.); (V.A.K.); (S.M.L.); (A.V.K.); (O.V.S.)
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14
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Delpech JC, Valdearcos M, Nadjar A. Stress and Microglia: A Double-edged Relationship. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:333-342. [PMID: 39207700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic cells and acquire different activation states to modulate their multiple functions, which are tightly regulated by the central nervous system microenvironment in which they reside. In response to stress, that is to the appearance of non-physiological signals in their vicinity, microglia will adapt their function in order to promote a return to brain homeostasis. However, when these stress signals are chronically present, microglial response may not be adapted and lead to the establishment of a pathological state. The aim of this book chapter is to examine the substantial literature around the ability of acute and chronic stressors to affect microglial structure and function, with a special focus on psychosocial and nutritional stresses. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms known to date that explain the link between exposure to stressors and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Valdearcos
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, INSERM-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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15
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Garcia-Segura ME, Pluchino S, Peruzzotti-Jametti L. Metabolic Control of Microglia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:607-622. [PMID: 39207716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, immune sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in maintaining its health and integrity. This chapter delves into the concept of immunometabolism, exploring how microglial metabolism shapes their diverse immune functions. It examines the impact of cell metabolism on microglia during various CNS states, including homeostasis, development, aging, and inflammation. Particularly in CNS inflammation, the chapter discusses how metabolic rewiring in microglia can initiate, resolve, or perpetuate inflammatory responses. The potential of targeting microglial metabolism as a therapeutic strategy for chronic CNS disorders with prominent innate immune cell activation is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Emili Garcia-Segura
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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16
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Sun XR, Yao ZM, Chen L, Huang J, Dong SY. Metabolic reprogramming regulates microglial polarization and its role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:1065-1078. [PMID: 37339781 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The brain is quite sensitive to changes in energy supply because of its high energetic demand. Even small changes in energy metabolism may be the basis of impaired brain function, leading to the occurrence and development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Abundant evidence supports that metabolic defects of brain energy during the post-reperfusion period, especially low glucose oxidative metabolism and elevated glycolysis levels, which play a crucial role in cerebral I/R pathophysiology. Whereas research on brain energy metabolism dysfunction under the background of cerebral I/R mainly focuses on neurons, the research on the complexity of microglia energy metabolism in cerebral I/R is just emerging. As resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia activate rapidly and then transform into an M1 or M2 phenotype to correspond to changes in brain homeostasis during cerebral I/R injury. M1 microglia release proinflammatory factors to promote neuroinflammation, while M2 microglia play a neuroprotective role by secreting anti-inflammatory factors. The abnormal brain microenvironment promotes the metabolic reprogramming of microglia, which further affects the polarization state of microglia and disrupts the dynamic equilibrium of M1/M2, resulting in the aggravation of cerebral I/R injury. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming is a key driver of microglial inflammation. For example, M1 microglia preferentially produce energy through glycolysis, while M2 microglia provide energy primarily through oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we highlight the emerging significance of regulating microglial energy metabolism in cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zi-Meng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shu-Ying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
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17
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Li Y, Li YJ, Zhu ZQ. To re-examine the intersection of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of pyroptosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1284214. [PMID: 38020781 PMCID: PMC10665880 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1284214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and motor neuron disease, are diseases characterized by neuronal damage and dysfunction. NDs are considered to be a multifactorial disease with diverse etiologies (immune, inflammatory, aging, genetic, etc.) and complex pathophysiological processes. Previous studies have found that neuroinflammation and typical microglial activation are important mechanisms of NDs, leading to neurological dysfunction and disease progression. Pyroptosis is a new mode involved in this process. As a form of programmed cell death, pyroptosis is characterized by the expansion of cells until the cell membrane bursts, resulting in the release of cell contents that activates a strong inflammatory response that promotes NDs by accelerating neuronal dysfunction and abnormal microglial activation. In this case, abnormally activated microglia release various pro-inflammatory factors, leading to the occurrence of neuroinflammation and exacerbating both microglial and neuronal pyroptosis, thus forming a vicious cycle. The recognition of the association between pyroptosis and microglia activation, as well as neuroinflammation, is of significant importance in understanding the pathogenesis of NDs and providing new targets and strategies for their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- College of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying-Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
| | - Zhao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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18
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Rojas DB, Vizuete AFK, de Andrade VS, de Andrade RB, Gemelli T, Kim TDH, Gonçalves CA, Leipnitz G, Wannmacher CMD. Lipopolysaccharide impairs neurodevelopment and induces changes in astroglial reactivity, antioxidant defenses and bioenergetics in the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:600-614. [PMID: 37477051 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates have an immature immune system, which increases their vulnerability to infectious agents and inflammatory insults. The administration of the immunostimulatory agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cause behavior alterations in rodents at different ages. However, the effects of LPS administration during the neonatal period and its consequences during immune system maturation remain to be elucidated. We showed here that a single intraperitoneal administration of LPS in rats on postnatal day (PND) 7 caused early and variable alterations in TNF-α, S100B and GFAP levels in the cerebral cortex, CSF and serum of the animals, indicating long-term induction of neuroinflammation and astroglial reactivity. However, on PND 21, only GFAP levels were increased by LPS. Additionally, LPS induced oxidative stress and altered energy metabolism enzymes in the cerebral cortex on PND 21, and caused neurodevelopment impairment over time. These data suggest that neuroinflammation induction during the neonatal period induces glial reactivity, oxidative stress and bioenergetic disruption that may lead to neurodevelopment impairment and cognitive deficit in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bertin Rojas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vivian Strassburger de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Tanise Gemelli
- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tomas Duk Hwa Kim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clovis Milton Duval Wannmacher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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19
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Lepiarz-Raba I, Gbadamosi I, Florea R, Paolicelli RC, Jawaid A. Metabolic regulation of microglial phagocytosis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 37908010 PMCID: PMC10617244 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the regulation of brain health and disease. Microglia perform multiple functions in the central nervous system, including surveillance, phagocytosis and release of a variety of soluble factors. Importantly, a majority of their functions are closely related to changes in their metabolism. This natural inter-dependency between core microglial properties and metabolism offers a unique opportunity to modulate microglial activities via nutritional or metabolic interventions. In this review, we examine the existing scientific literature to synthesize the hypothesis that microglial phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be selectively enhanced via metabolic interventions. We first review the basics of microglial metabolism and the effects of common metabolites, such as glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate, on microglial inflammatory and phagocytic properties. Next, we examine the evidence for dysregulation of microglial metabolism in AD. This is followed by a review of in vivo studies on metabolic manipulation of microglial functions to ascertain their therapeutic potential in AD. Finally, we discuss the effects of metabolic factors on microglial phagocytosis of healthy synapses, a pathological process that also contributes to the progression of AD. We conclude by enlisting the current challenges that need to be addressed before strategies to harness microglial phagocytosis to clear pathological protein deposits in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders can be widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lepiarz-Raba
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roberta Florea
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ali Jawaid
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Socodato R, Rodrigues-Santos A, Tedim-Moreira J, Almeida TO, Canedo T, Portugal CC, Relvas JB. RhoA balances microglial reactivity and survival during neuroinflammation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:690. [PMID: 37863874 PMCID: PMC10589285 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the largest myeloid cell population in the brain. During injury, disease, or inflammation, microglia adopt different functional states primarily involved in restoring brain homeostasis. However, sustained or exacerbated microglia inflammatory reactivity can lead to brain damage. Dynamic cytoskeleton reorganization correlates with alterations of microglial reactivity driven by external cues, and proteins controlling cytoskeletal reorganization, such as the Rho GTPase RhoA, are well positioned to refine or adjust the functional state of the microglia during injury, disease, or inflammation. Here, we use multi-biosensor-based live-cell imaging approaches and tissue-specific conditional gene ablation in mice to understand the role of RhoA in microglial response to inflammation. We found that a decrease in RhoA activity is an absolute requirement for microglial metabolic reprogramming and reactivity to inflammation. However, without RhoA, inflammation disrupts Ca2+ and pH homeostasis, dampening mitochondrial function, worsening microglial necrosis, and triggering microglial apoptosis. Our results suggest that a minimum level of RhoA activity is obligatory to concatenate microglia inflammatory reactivity and survival during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Artur Rodrigues-Santos
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Tedim-Moreira
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago O Almeida
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Canedo
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.
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21
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Litke R, Vicari J, Huang BT, Shapiro L, Roh KH, Silver A, Talreja P, Palacios N, Yoon Y, Kellner C, Kaniskan H, Vangeti S, Jin J, Ramos-Lopez I, Mobbs C. Novel small molecules inhibit proteotoxicity and inflammation: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's Disease, healthspan and lifespan- Aging as a consequence of glycolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544352. [PMID: 37398396 PMCID: PMC10312632 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives many age-related, especially neurological, diseases, and likely mediates age-related proteotoxicity. For example, dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cerebral vascular disease, many other neurodegenerative conditions is increasingly among the most devastating burdens on the American (and world) health system and threatens to bankrupt the American health system as the population ages unless effective treatments are developed. Dementia due to either AD or cerebral vascular disease, and plausibly many other neurodegenerative and even psychiatric conditions, is driven by increased age-related inflammation, which in turn appears to mediate Abeta and related proteotoxic processes. The functional significance of inflammation during aging is also supported by the fact that Humira, which is simply an antibody to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, is the best-selling drug in the world by revenue. These observations led us to develop parallel high-throughput screens to discover small molecules which inhibit age-related Abeta proteotoxicity in a C. elegans model of AD AND LPS-induced microglial TNF-a. In the initial screen of 2560 compounds (Microsource Spectrum library) to delay Abeta proteotoxicity, the most protective compounds were, in order, phenylbutyrate, methicillin, and quetiapine, which belong to drug classes (HDAC inhibitors, beta lactam antibiotics, and tricyclic antipsychotics, respectably) already robustly implicated as promising to protect in neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD. RNAi and chemical screens indicated that the protective effects of HDAC inhibitors to reduce Abeta proteotoxicity are mediated by inhibition of HDAC2, also implicated in human AD, dependent on the HAT Creb binding protein (Cbp), which is also required for the protective effects of both dietary restriction and the daf-2 mutation (inactivation of IGF-1 signaling) during aging. In addition to methicillin, several other beta lactam antibiotics also delayed Abeta proteotoxicity and reduced microglial TNF-a. In addition to quetiapine, several other tricyclic antipsychotic drugs also delayed age-related Abeta proteotoxicity and increased microglial TNF-a, leading to the synthesis of a novel congener, GM310, which delays Abeta as well as Huntingtin proteotoxicity, inhibits LPS-induced mouse and human microglial and monocyte TNF-a, is highly concentrated in brain after oral delivery with no apparent toxicity, increases lifespan, and produces molecular responses highly similar to those produced by dietary restriction, including induction of Cbp inhibition of inhibitors of Cbp, and genes promoting a shift away from glycolysis and toward metabolism of alternate (e.g., lipid) substrates. GM310, as well as FDA-approved tricyclic congeners, prevented functional impairments and associated increase in TNF-a in a mouse model of stroke. Robust reduction of glycolysis by GM310 was functionally corroborated by flux analysis, and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG inhibited microglial TNF-a and other markers of inflammation, delayed Abeta proteotoxicity, and increased lifespan. These results support the value of phenotypic screens to discover drugs to treat age-related, especially neurological and even psychiatric diseases, including AD and stroke, and to clarify novel mechanisms driving neurodegeneration (e.g., increased microglial glycolysis drives neuroinflammation and subsequent neurotoxicity) suggesting novel treatments (selective inhibitors of microglial glycolysis).
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22
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Miao J, Chen L, Pan X, Li L, Zhao B, Lan J. Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming: Emerging Insights and Therapeutic Strategies in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3191-3210. [PMID: 37341833 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play a critical role in maintaining brain homeostasis. However, in neurodegenerative conditions, microglial cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in response to pathological stimuli, including Aβ plaques, Tau tangles, and α-synuclein aggregates. This metabolic shift is characterized by a transition from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, increased glucose uptake, enhanced production of lactate, lipids, and succinate, and upregulation of glycolytic enzymes. These metabolic adaptations result in altered microglial functions, such as amplified inflammatory responses and diminished phagocytic capacity, which exacerbate neurodegeneration. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial metabolic reprogramming in neurodegenerative diseases and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial metabolism to mitigate neuroinflammation and promote brain health. Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming in Neurodegenerative Diseases This graphical abstract illustrates the metabolic shift in microglial cells in response to pathological stimuli and highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial metabolism for improved brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojin Pan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqing Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Chen S, Fan F, Zhang Y, Zeng J, Li Y, Xu N, Zhang Y, Meng XL, Lin JM. Metabolites from scutellarin alleviating deferoxamine-induced hypoxia injury in BV2 cells cultured on microfluidic chip combined with a mass spectrometer. Talanta 2023; 259:124478. [PMID: 36989966 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The changes of metabolites of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in cells under hypoxia play a key role in drug screening. In order to dynamically monitor the drug metabolism changes of Scutellarin in the hypoxia environment induced by deferoxamine (DFO), a microfluidic-chip mass spectrometry method was used to study the real-time monitoring of drug metabolism changes under hypoxia conditions. This system has six drug-loading units, cell culture chamber, metabolite collection, filtration, HPLC separation and mass spectrometer. The cells in each microchannel were incubated with continuous flow of culture medium, metabolites will be collected by the fixed card slot, automatic sampling needle will be precise positioned and sampled. Through this new system combined with molecular biological methods, the changes of metabolites in TCA cycle of BV2 cells and drug metabolism of Scutellarin can be determined in real-time. In general, we illustrated a new mechanism of Scutellarin for reducing BV2 cell hypoxia injury and presented a novel analysis strategy that opened a way for real-time online monitoring of the energy metabolic mechanism of the effect of drugs on cells and further provided a superior strategy to screen natural drug candidates for hypoxia-related brain disease treatment.
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Kong E, Li Y, Ma P, Zhang Y, Ding R, Hua T, Yang M, Yuan H. Lyn-mediated glycolysis enhancement of microglia contributes to neuropathic pain through facilitating IRF5 nuclear translocation in spinal dorsal horn. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1664-1681. [PMID: 37132040 PMCID: PMC10273059 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia usually induces neuroinflammatory reactions in neuropathic pain. Glycometabolism shift to glycolysis can promote the pro-inflammatory phenotype transition of microglia. The omics data analysis suggest a critical role for Lyn dysregulation in neuropathic pain. The present study aimed at exploring the mechanism of Lyn-mediated glycolysis enhancement of microglia in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain model was established by chronic constriction injury (CCI), then pain thresholds and Lyn expression were measured. Lyn inhibitor Bafetinib and siRNA-lyn knockdown were administrated intrathecally to evaluate the effects of Lyn on pain thresholds, glycolysis and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) nuclear translocation of microglia in vivo and in vitro. ChIP was carried out to observe the binding of transcription factors SP1, PU.1 to glycolytic gene promoters by IRF5 knockdown. Finally, the relationship between glycolysis and pro-inflammatory phenotype transition of microglia was evaluated. CCI led to the upregulation of Lyn expression and glycolysis enhancement in microglia of spinal dorsal horn. Bafetinib or siRNA-lyn knockdown intrathecally alleviated pain hyperalgesia, suppressed glycolysis enhancement and inhibited nuclear translocation of IRF5 in CCI mice. Also, IRF5 promoted the binding of transcription factors SP1, PU.1 to glycolytic gene promoters, and then the enhanced glycolysis facilitated the proliferation and pro-inflammatory phenotype transition of microglia and contributed to neuropathic pain. Lyn-mediated glycolysis enhancement of microglia contributes to neuropathic pain through facilitating IRF5 nuclear translocation in spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongchang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruifeng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tong Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng HospitalSecond Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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25
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Liu X, Jiang N, Zhou W. Various Energetic Metabolism of Microglia in Response to Different Stimulations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114501. [PMID: 37298976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the microglia plays an important role in the neuroinflammation induced by different stimulations associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Different stimulations, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines, trigger a consequence of activation in the microglia with diverse changes of the microglial cell type response in AD. The activation of the microglia is often accompanied by metabolic changes in response to PAMPs, DAMPs and cytokines in AD. Actually, we do not know the distinct differences on the energetic metabolism of microglia when subject to these stimuli. This research assessed the changes of the cell type response and energetic metabolism in mouse-derived immortalized cells (BV-2 cells) induced by a PAMP (LPS), DAMPs (Aβ and ATP) and a cytokine (IL-4) in mouse-derived immortalized cells (BV-2 cells) and whether the microglial cell type response was improved by targeting the metabolism. We uncovered that LPS, a proinflammatory stimulation of PAMPs, modified the morphology from irregular to fusiform, with stronger cell viability, fusion rates and phagocytosis in the microglia accompanied by a metabolic shift to the promotion of glycolysis and the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Aβ and ATP, which are two known kinds of DAMPs that trigger microglial sterile activation, induced the morphology from irregular to amoebic, and significantly decreased others in the microglia, accompanied by boosting or reducing both glycolysis and OXPHOS. Monotonous pathological changes and energetic metabolism of microglia were observed under IL-4 exposure. Further, the inhibition of glycolysis transformed the LPS-induced proinflammatory morphology and decreased the enhancement of LPS-induced cell viability, the fusion rate and phagocytosis. However, the promotion of glycolysis exerted a minimal effect on the changes of morphology, the fusion rate, cell viability and phagocytosis induced by ATP. Our study reveals that microglia induced diverse pathological changes accompanied by various changes in the energetic metabolism in response to PAMPs, DAMPs and cytokines, and it may be a potential application of targeting the cellular metabolism to interfere with the microglia-mediated pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasure, Beijing 100850, China
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26
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Hernandez-Espinosa DR, Gale JR, Scrabis MG, Aizenman E. Microglial reprogramming by Hv1 antagonism protects neurons from inflammatory and glutamate toxicity. J Neurochem 2023; 165:29-54. [PMID: 36625847 PMCID: PMC10106429 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the precise mechanisms determining the neurotoxic or neuroprotective activation phenotypes in microglia remain poorly characterized, metabolic changes in these cells appear critical for these processes. As cellular metabolism can be tightly regulated by changes in intracellular pH, we tested whether pharmacological targeting of the microglial voltage-gated proton channel 1 (Hv1), an important regulator of intracellular pH, is critical for activated microglial reprogramming. Using a mouse microglial cell line and mouse primary microglia cultures, either alone, or co-cultured with rat cerebrocortical neurons, we characterized in detail the microglial activation profile in the absence and presence of Hv1 inhibition. We observed that activated microglia neurotoxicity was mainly attributable to the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, reactive oxygen species, and zinc. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of Hv1 largely abrogated inflammatory neurotoxicity not only by reducing the production of cytotoxic mediators but also by promoting neurotrophic molecule production and restraining excessive phagocytic activity. Importantly, the Hv1-sensitive change from a pro-inflammatory to a neuroprotective phenotype was associated with metabolic reprogramming, particularly via a boost in NADH availability and a reduction in lactate. Most critically, Hv1 antagonism not only reduced inflammatory neurotoxicity but also promoted microglia-dependent neuroprotection against a separate excitotoxic injury. Our results strongly suggest that Hv1 blockers may provide an important therapeutic tool against a wide range of inflammatory neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hernandez-Espinosa
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna R Gale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mia G Scrabis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Fairley LH, Lai KO, Wong JH, Chong WJ, Vincent AS, D’Agostino G, Wu X, Naik RR, Jayaraman A, Langley SR, Ruedl C, Barron AM. Mitochondrial control of microglial phagocytosis by the translocator protein and hexokinase 2 in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209177120. [PMID: 36787364 PMCID: PMC9974442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209177120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis is an energetically demanding process that plays a critical role in the removal of toxic protein aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that a switch in energy production from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis disrupts this important protective microglial function and may provide therapeutic targets for AD. Here, we demonstrate that the translocator protein (TSPO) and a member of its mitochondrial complex, hexokinase-2 (HK), play critical roles in microglial respiratory-glycolytic metabolism and phagocytosis. Pharmacological and genetic loss-of-function experiments showed that TSPO is critical for microglial respiratory metabolism and energy supply for phagocytosis, and its expression is enriched in phagocytic microglia of AD mice. Meanwhile, HK controlled glycolytic metabolism and phagocytosis via mitochondrial binding or displacement. In cultured microglia, TSPO deletion impaired mitochondrial respiration and increased mitochondrial recruitment of HK, inducing a switch to glycolysis and reducing phagocytosis. To determine the functional significance of mitochondrial HK recruitment, we developed an optogenetic tool for reversible control of HK localization. Displacement of mitochondrial HK inhibited glycolysis and improved phagocytosis in TSPO-knockout microglia. Mitochondrial HK recruitment also coordinated the inflammatory switch to glycolysis that occurs in response to lipopolysaccharide in normal microglia. Interestingly, cytosolic HK increased phagocytosis independent of its metabolic activity, indicating an immune signaling function. Alzheimer's beta amyloid drastically stimulated mitochondrial HK recruitment in cultured microglia, which may contribute to microglial dysfunction in AD. Thus, targeting mitochondrial HK may offer an immunotherapeutic approach to promote phagocytic microglial function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H. Fairley
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Kei Onn Lai
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Wei Jing Chong
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Anselm Salvatore Vincent
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Giuseppe D’Agostino
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Roshan R. Naik
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Anusha Jayaraman
- Center for Molecular Neuropathology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Sarah R. Langley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Anna M. Barron
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
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28
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Mela V, Gaban AS, Shatz PM, Guillot-Sestier MV, Lynch MA. Acute Stress, Induced by IFNγ + Aβ, and Chronic Stress, Induced by Age, Affect Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3044-3053. [PMID: 36781739 PMCID: PMC10122617 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglial phenotype changes in the aged brain, and also in neurodegenerative diseases, and it is generally accepted that these changes at least contribute to the inflammation that can have detrimental effects on brain health. Accumulating data have determined that there are multiple microglial activation states with consistent findings indicating that with stressors including age, a switch towards an inflammatory phenotype occurs. Among the changes that accompany this is a change in metabolism, whereby glycolysis is increased in microglia. Here, we asked whether sex impacted on the response of microglia to two stressors, interferon-γ + amyloid-β (IFNγ + Aβ) and age. The data show that IFNγ + Aβ triggered cells from female mice to adopt a glycolytic phenotype. Metabolism was also altered with age; microglia from aged male mice responded by increasing oxidative phosphorylation, and microglial motility was preserved, contrasting with microglia from female mice where motility was compromised. We conclude that sex is a significant variable in the responses of microglia to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, 29010, Spain.
| | - Aline Sayd Gaban
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Marie Shatz
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marie-Victoire Guillot-Sestier
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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29
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Lee J, Shin JA, Lee EM, Nam M, Park EM. Noggin-mediated effects on metabolite profiles of microglia and oligodendrocytes after ischemic insult. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115196. [PMID: 36529041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that shifts in energy metabolism in activated microglia are linked to their functions and immune responses in the ischemic brain. We previously reported that an antagonist of the bone morphogenetic protein, noggin, enhanced myelination in the ischemic brain during the chronic phase, and conditioned media (CM) from activated BV2 microglia treated with noggin after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) increased the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) in oligodendrocytes (MO3.13). To determine whether noggin induced changes in cell metabolism, metabolite profiles in BV2 and MO3.13 cells were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared to vehicle-treated BV2 cells, noggin treatment (100 ng/mL for 3 h after I/R) suppressed the I/R-induced increase in intracellular glucose and lactate levels but increased extracellular levels of glucose and several amino acids. When MO3.13 cells were exposed to noggin CM from BV2 cells, most of the vehicle CM-induced changes in the levels of metabolites such as choline, formate, and intermediates of oxidative phosphorylation were reversed, while the glycerol level was markedly increased. An increase in glycerol level was also observed in the noggin-treated ischemic brain and was further supported by the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (required for glycerol synthesis) in the cytoplasm of MBP-positive oligodendrocytes in the ischemic brains treated with noggin. These results suggest that noggin-induced changes in the metabolism of microglia provide a favorable environment for myelin synthesis in oligodendrocytes during the recovery phase after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Lee
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin A Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Nam
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea; Food Analysis Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07084, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Han S, Chen J, Sun J, Sun X. PFKFB3 knockdown attenuates Amyloid β-Induced microglial activation and retinal pigment epithelium disorders in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109691. [PMID: 36638665 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by progressive accumulation of drusen deposits and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disorders. As the main component of drusen, amyloid β (Aβ) plays a critical role in activating microglia and causing neuroinflammation in AMD pathogenesis. However, the role of activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in RPE senescence remains unclear. Recent evidence indicates that inflammatory microglia are glycolytic and driven by an increase in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme described as the master regulator of glycolysis. In this study, we mimicked the retinal inflammatory microenvironment of AMD by intravitreal injection of oligomeric Aβ1-40 in mice, which resulted in activation of microglia and upregulation of PFKFB3. RNA sequencing was performed to evaluate PFKFB3-mediated microglial activation. The effect of microglial activation on RPE disorders was assessed using gene knockout experiments, immunofluorescence, CCK-8 assay, and β-galactosidase staining. Intravitreal Aβ1-40 injection induced proinflammatory activation of microglia by upregulating PFKFB3 and resulted in RPE disorders, which was verified in heterozygous Pfkfb3-deficient mice (Pfkfb3+/-) mice, Aβ1-40-activated microglial cell line BV2, and co-culture of RPE cell line ARPE19. RNA sequencing revealed that PFKFB3 mainly affected innate immune processes during Aβ1-40-induced retinal inflammation. PFKFB3 knockdown inhibited RPE disorders and rescued the retinal structure and function. Overall, the modulation of PFKFB3-mediated microglial glycolysis and activation is a promising strategy for AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyang Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junran Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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The role of ApoE-mediated microglial lipid metabolism in brain aging and disease. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM (SURREY, ENGLAND)) 2023; 5:e00018. [PMID: 36710921 PMCID: PMC9869962 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are a unique population of immune cells resident in the brain that integrate complex signals and dynamically change phenotypes in response to the brain microenvironment. In recent years, single-cell sequencing analyses have revealed profound cellular heterogeneity and context-specific transcriptional plasticity of microglia during brain development, aging, and disease. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia adapt phenotypic plasticity by flexibly reprogramming cellular metabolism to fulfill distinct immune functions. The control of lipid metabolism is central to the appropriate function and homeostasis of the brain. Microglial lipid metabolism regulated by apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a crucial lipid transporter in the brain, has emerged as a critical player in regulating neuroinflammation. The ApoE gene allelic variant, ε4, is associated with a greater risk for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore novel discoveries in microglial lipid metabolism mediated by ApoE. We elaborate on the functional impact of perturbed microglial lipid metabolism on the underlying pathogenesis of brain aging and disease.
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Szelechowski M, Texier B, Prime M, Atamena D, Belenguer P. Mortalin/Hspa9 involvement and therapeutic perspective in Parkinson’s disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:293-298. [PMID: 35900406 PMCID: PMC9396523 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By controlling the proper folding of proteins imported into mitochondria and ensuring crosstalk between the reticulum and mitochondria to modulate intracellular calcium fluxes, Mortalin is a chaperone protein that plays crucial roles in neuronal homeostasis and activity. However, its expression and stability are strongly modified in response to cellular stresses, in particular upon altered oxidative conditions during neurodegeneration. Here, we report and discuss the abundant literature that has highlighted its contribution to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, as well as its therapeutic and prognostic potential in this still incurable pathology.
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Ishihara Y, Itoh K. Microglial inflammatory reactions regulated by oxidative stress. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:23-27. [PMID: 36777074 PMCID: PMC9899914 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells in the brain that can respond to endogenous and exogenous substrates to elicit inflammatory reactions. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B induces proinflammatory gene expression in response to foreign matter via pattern recognition receptors; thus, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B is a master regulator of inflammation. During the inflammatory process, very large amounts of reactive oxygen species are generated and promote the onset and progression of inflammation. Interestingly, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B drives the transcription of superoxide dismutase 2 in many types of cells, including microglia. Superoxide dismutase 2 is an antioxidative enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anions into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Of note, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B can initiate inflammation to elicit proinflammatory gene expression, while its transcription product superoxide dismutase 2 can suppress inflammation. In this review, we use recent knowledge to describe the interaction between oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B and discuss the complicated role of microglial superoxide dismutase 2 in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Kouichi Itoh
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
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Mukherjee L, Sagar MAK, Ouellette JN, Watters JJ, Eliceiri KW. A deep learning framework for classifying microglia activation state using morphology and intrinsic fluorescence lifetime data. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:1040008. [PMID: 36590907 PMCID: PMC9803172 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.1040008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cell in the central nervous system (CNS) and exist in a surveillant state characterized by a ramified form in the healthy brain. In response to brain injury or disease including neurodegenerative diseases, they become activated and change their morphology. Due to known correlation between this activation and neuroinflammation, there is great interest in improved approaches for studying microglial activation in the context of CNS disease mechanisms. One classic approach has utilized Microglia's morphology as one of the key indicators of its activation and correlated with its functional state. More recently microglial activation has been shown to have intrinsic NADH metabolic signatures that are detectable via fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Despite the promise of morphology and metabolism as key fingerprints of microglial function, they has not been analyzed together due to lack of an appropriate computational framework. Here we present a deep neural network to study the effect of both morphology and FLIM metabolic signatures toward identifying its activation status. Our model is tested on 1, 000+ cells (ground truth generated using LPS treatment) and provides a state-of-the-art framework to identify microglial activation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Mukherjee
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI, United States
| | - Md Abdul Kader Sagar
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Ouellette
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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35
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Carter SSD, Atif AR, Diez-Escudero A, Grape M, Ginebra MP, Tenje M, Mestres G. A microfluidic-based approach to investigate the inflammatory response of macrophages to pristine and drug-loaded nanostructured hydroxyapatite. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100351. [PMID: 35865408 PMCID: PMC9294551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro biological characterization of biomaterials is largely based on static cell cultures. However, for highly reactive biomaterials such as calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), this static environment has limitations. Drastic alterations in the ionic composition of the cell culture medium can negatively affect cell behavior, which can lead to misleading results or data that is difficult to interpret. This challenge could be addressed by a microfluidics-based approach (i.e. on-chip), which offers the opportunity to provide a continuous flow of cell culture medium and a potentially more physiologically relevant microenvironment. The aim of this work was to explore microfluidic technology for its potential to characterize CDHA, particularly in the context of inflammation. Two different CDHA substrates (chemically identical, but varying in microstructure) were integrated on-chip and subsequently evaluated. We demonstrated that the on-chip environment can avoid drastic ionic alterations and increase protein sorption, which was reflected in cell studies with RAW 264.7 macrophages. The cells grown on-chip showed a high cell viability and enhanced proliferation compared to cells maintained under static conditions. Whereas no clear differences in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were found, variations in cell morphology suggested a more anti-inflammatory environment on-chip. In the second part of this study, the CDHA substrates were loaded with the drug Trolox. We showed that it is possible to characterize drug release on-chip and moreover demonstrated that Trolox affects the TNF-α secretion and morphology of RAW 264.7 cells. Overall, these results highlight the potential of microfluidics to evaluate (bioactive) biomaterials, both in pristine form and when drug-loaded. This is of particular interest for the latter case, as it allows the biological characterization and assessment of drug release to take place under the same dynamic in vitro environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Sophia D Carter
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdul-Raouf Atif
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Diez-Escudero
- Ortholab, Department of Surgical Sciences-Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
| | - Maja Grape
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08930, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Tenje
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gemma Mestres
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Minchev D, Kazakova M, Sarafian V. Neuroinflammation and Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease-Novel Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314997. [PMID: 36499325 PMCID: PMC9735607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the accumulation of α-Synuclein aggregates and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra in the midbrain. Although the exact mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD remain largely elusive, various pathogenic factors, such as α-Synuclein cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory factors, may significantly impair normal neuronal function and promote apoptosis. In this context, neuroinflammation and autophagy have emerged as crucial processes in PD that contribute to neuronal loss and disease development. They are regulated in a complex interconnected manner involving most of the known PD-associated genes. This review summarizes evidence of the implication of neuroinflammation and autophagy in PD and delineates the role of inflammatory factors and autophagy-related proteins in this complex condition. It also illustrates the particular significance of plasma and serum immune markers in PD and their potential to provide a personalized approach to diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danail Minchev
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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37
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Li Y, Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng JC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia: a novel perspective for pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:248. [PMID: 36203194 PMCID: PMC9535890 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly globally. Emerging evidence has demonstrated microglia-driven neuroinflammation as a key contributor to the onset and progression of AD, however, the mechanisms that mediate neuroinflammation remain largely unknown. Recent studies have suggested mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, metabolic defects, and quality control (QC) disorders precedes microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammation. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and microglial activation in AD is important to unveil the pathogenesis of AD and develop effective approaches for early AD diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarized current progress in the roles of mtDNA, mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial QC changes in microglial activation in AD, and provide comprehensive thoughts for targeting microglial mitochondria as potential therapeutic strategies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200331, China. .,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200065, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200331, China.,Translational Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201613, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Shanghai, 200331, China. .,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200065, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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38
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Contribution of hyperglycemia-induced changes in microglia to Alzheimer's disease pathology. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:832-846. [PMID: 36042131 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by cognitive and functional impairments. The investigation of AD has focused on the formation of senile plaques, composed mainly by amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Senile plaques and NFTs cause the excessive recruitment and activation of microglia, thus generating neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Among the risk factors for the development of AD, diabetes has increasingly attracted attention. Hyperglycemia, the fundamental characteristic of diabetes, is involved in several mechanisms that give rise to microglial overactivation, resulting in neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. Indeed, various studies have identified the correlation between diabetes and AD. The aim of this review is to describe various mechanisms of the hyperglycemia-induced overactivation of microglia, which leads to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage and consequently contributes to the pathology of AD. The disruption of the regulation of microglial activity by hyperglycemia occurs through many mechanisms, including a greater production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glycation end products (AGEs), and a decrease in the elimination of Aβ. The future direction of research on the relation between hyperglycemia and AD is addressed, such as the importance of determining whether the hyperglycemia-induced harmful effects on microglial activity can be reversed or attenuated if blood glucose returns to a normal level.
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39
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Aβ and Tau Regulate Microglia Metabolism via Exosomes in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081800. [PMID: 35892700 PMCID: PMC9332859 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. The main pathological features of AD are extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and tau protein are the primary components of the plaques and tangles. The crosstalk between microglia and neurons helps maintain brain homeostasis, and the metabolic phenotype of microglia determines its polarizing phenotype. There are currently many research and development efforts to provide disease-modifying therapies for AD treatment. The main targets are Aβ and tau, but whether there is a causal relationship between neurodegenerative proteins, including Aβ oligomer and tau oligomer, and regulation of microglia metabolism in neuroinflammation is still controversial. Currently, the accumulation of Aβ and tau by exosomes or other means of propagation is proposed as a regulator in neurological disorders, leading to metabolic disorders of microglia that can play a key role in the regulation of immune cells. In this review, we propose that the accumulation of Aβ oligomer and tau oligomer can propagate to adjacent microglia through exosomes and change the neuroinflammatory microenvironment by microglia metabolic reprogramming. Clarifying the relationship between harmful proteins and microglia metabolism will help people to better understand the mechanism of crosstalk between neurons and microglia, and provide new ideas for the development of AD drugs.
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40
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of Microglial Metabolism in Inflammation and Neurodegeneration? Neurology 2022; 99:99-105. [PMID: 35851556 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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41
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Wang X, Sun L, Guan S, Yan H, Huang X, Liang M, Zhang R, Luo T. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 inhibitor attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation through metabolic reprogramming. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 929:175118. [PMID: 35787890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The atypical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is considered a neuron-specific kinase that plays important roles in many cellular functions including neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, synapse development, and synaptic functions. However, the role of CDK5 in microglia under physiological and pathological conditions remains unclear. This study showed that treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and increased expression of CDK5 in BV2 microglia in vitro. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide treatment-induced glycolysis by increasing the expression levels of HIF-1α, PFKFB3, and HK2. Application of CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine significantly decreased LPS-induced CDK5 expression and glycolysis, thus suppressing neuroinflammation in the cells. The roscovitine treatment of BV2 cells also significantly blocked the HIF-1 activator, CoCl2-mediated HIF-1α, HK2, and PFKFB3 expression. Finally, we demonstrated that roscovitine inhibited microglial activation, metabolic reprogramming, expression of pro-inflammatory markers, cell apoptosis, and alleviated memory impairment in LPS-injected mice. In summary, our results suggest that inhibition of CDK5 can reduce the neuroinflammation of microglia through modulation of metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingbin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Yan
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xirui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Gyllenhammer LE, Rasmussen JM, Bertele N, Halbing A, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Buss C. Maternal Inflammation During Pregnancy and Offspring Brain Development: The Role of Mitochondria. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:498-509. [PMID: 34800727 PMCID: PMC9086015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy and risk for offspring neuropsychiatric disorders has been increasingly recognized over the past several years. Among the mechanistic pathways that have been described through which maternal inflammation during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development, the role of mitochondria has received little attention. In this review, the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of the association between MIA during pregnancy and offspring brain development and risk for psychiatric disorders will be proposed. As a basis for this postulation, convergent evidence is presented supporting the obligatory role of mitochondria in brain development, the role of mitochondria as mediators and initiators of inflammatory processes, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in preclinical MIA exposure models and human neurodevelopmental disorders. Elucidating the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of MIA-induced alterations in brain development and neurodevelopmental disease risk may not only provide new insight into the pathophysiology of mental health disorders that have their origins in exposure to infection/immune activation during pregnancy but also offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gyllenhammer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Nina Bertele
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Halbing
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Yuan M, Gong M, He J, Xie B, Zhang Z, Meng L, Tse G, Zhao Y, Bao Q, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Liu X, Luo C, Wang F, Li G, Liu T. IP3R1/GRP75/VDAC1 complex mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial oxidative stress in diabetic atrial remodeling. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102289. [PMID: 35344886 PMCID: PMC8961221 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important mechanisms of atrial remodeling, predisposing to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes especially their interactions have not been fully elucidated. Objective To explore the potential role of ER stress–mitochondrial oxidative stress in atrial remodeling and AF induction in diabetes. Methods and results Mouse atrial cardiomyocytes (HL-1 cells) and rats with T2DM were used as study models. Significant ER stress was observed in the diabetic rat atria. After treatment with tunicamycin (TM), an ER stress agonist, mass spectrometry (MS) identified several known ER stress and calmodulin proteins, including heat shock protein family A (HSP70) member [HSPA] 5 [GRP78]) and HSPA9 (GRP75, glucose-regulated protein 75). In situ proximity ligation assay indicated that TM led to increased protein expression of the IP3R1–GRP75–VDAC1 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1–glucose-regulated protein 75–voltage-dependent anion channel 1) complex in HL-1 cells. Small interfering RNA silencing of GRP75 in HL-1 cells and GRP75 conditional knockout in a mouse model led to impaired calcium transport from the ER to the mitochondria and alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress and calcium overload. Moreover, GRP75 deficiency attenuated atrial remodeling and AF progression in Myh6-Cre+/Hspa9flox/flox + TM mice. Conclusions The IP3R1–GRP75–VDAC1 complex mediates ER stress–mitochondrial oxidative stress and plays an important role in diabetic atrial remodeling. Endoplasmic reticulum stress associated with atrial fibrillation. GRP75 contributes to the ER-mitochondria crosstalk. Inhibition of GRP75 attenuated diabetic atrial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Gong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinli He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Bingxin Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Lei Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Gary Tse
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Yungang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Health & Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 300381, PR China
| | - Qiankun Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Xing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Cunjin Luo
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China.
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44
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Luan W, Li M, Wu C, Shen X, Sun Z. Proteomic dissimilarities of primary microglia and BV2 cells under stimuli. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1709-1723. [PMID: 35239205 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the static resident cells possessing the phagocytic properties in the central nervous system (CNS). In many relevant studies, the immortalized murine microglial cell line BV2 has been used as a tool in primary microglia (PM) relevant studies. Microglia participate in neuroinflammation by converting into M1- and M2-like phenotypes. In this study, we established M1- and M2-like phenotype response models by exposing PM and BV2 cells to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interlukin-4 (IL-4), respectively, and discovered the proteomic differences between the two types of microglia. It turned out that the BV2 cells responses to LPS and IL-4 were narrower and weaker than that of PM. In addition, irradiation, which has been shown to activate microglia and induces neuroinflammation, was also used as a treatment in this study. The results showed that BV2 cells have stronger capacity of DNA damage repair. Besides, irradiation had a negative effect on the regulation of KEGG pathways such as proteasome, ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle in both cells. Furthermore, the KEGG pathways including cell cycle and DNA replication (significantly down-regulated), and antigen processing and presentation and FC γ R mediated phagocytosis (significantly up-regulated) were only found in irradiated PM. These data demonstrate that PM is more fragile to irradiation. Results in this study indicate that BV2 cells only partially model PM and thus using BV2 in microglia related studies should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Luan
- Neurology department EEG Room, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Chunmei Wu
- Neurology department EEG Room, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shen
- Department of Neurology Intensive Care Unit, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhongwen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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45
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Monsorno K, Buckinx A, Paolicelli RC. Microglial metabolic flexibility: emerging roles for lactate. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:186-195. [PMID: 34996673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), play important functions in the healthy and diseased brain. In the emerging field of immunometabolism, progress has been made in understanding how cellular metabolism can orchestrate the key responses of tissue macrophages, such as phagocytosis and inflammation. However, very little is known about the metabolic control of microglia. Lactate, now recognized as a crucial metabolite and a central substrate in metabolic flexibility, is emerging not only as a novel bioenergetic fuel for microglial metabolism but also as a potential modulator of cellular function. Parallels with macrophages will help in understanding how microglial lactate metabolism is implicated in brain physiology and pathology, and how it could be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Monsorno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - An Buckinx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Patrício JS, Dias-Pedroso D, Carvalho RA, Viera HLA, Jones JG. A simple method for quantifying de novo lipogenesis rate and substrate selection in cell cultures by 13 C NMR isotopomer analysis of the crude lipid fraction. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4648. [PMID: 34850989 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is critical for cell growth and maintenance, and acetyl-CoA precursors can be derived from different substrates. We developed a 13 C NMR analysis of lipid extracts from cultured microglia cells administered with [U-13 C]glucose that informs overall lipogenic activity as well as the contribution of glucose to lipogenic acetyl-CoA. METHODS BV-2 microglial cell line cultured with glucose and glutamine was provided with [U-13 C]glucose and unlabeled glutamine for 24 h and studied in either the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were then extracted for lipids and the crude lipid fraction was analyzed by 13 C NMR. 13 C-isotopomer signals in the fatty acid ω - 1 and ω - 2 signals representing consecutive or non-consecutive enrichment of the fatty acid chain by [1,2-13 C2 ]acetyl-CoA were quantified and applied to a probabilistic model of acetyl-CoA precursor and fatty acid enrichment. RESULTS Glucose contributed 72 ± 2% of lipogenic acetyl-CoA while DNL from all sources accounted for 16 ± 2% of lipid turnover. With LPS, there was a significant decrease in glucose contribution (59 ± 4%, p < 0.05) while DNL was unchanged (11 ± 3%). CONCLUSIONS A simple 13 C NMR analysis of the crude lipid fractions of BV-2 cells administered with [U-13 C]glucose informs DNL activity and the contribution of glucose to the acetyl-CoA precursors. While DNL was preserved in the presence of LPS, there was redirection of lipogenic acetyl-CoA sources from glucose to other substrates. Thus, in the present article, we describe a novel and simple 13 C NMR analysis approach to disclose the overall lipogenic activity and substrate contribution to DNL, suitable for evaluating DNL rates in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- João S Patrício
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Dias-Pedroso
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciência Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry/Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui A Carvalho
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry-Clean Technologies and Processes, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Helena L A Viera
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciência Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry/Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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47
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Sanati M, Aminyavari S, Afshari AR, Sahebkar A. Mechanistic insight into the role of metformin in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2022; 291:120299. [PMID: 34999113 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a type of dementia, is characterized by progressive memory decline and cognition impairment. Despite the considerable body of evidence regarding AD pathophysiology, current therapies merely slow down the disease progression, and a comprehensive therapeutic approach is unavailable. Accordingly, finding an efficient multifunctional remedy is necessary to blunt the increasing rate of AD incidence in the upcoming years. AD shares pathophysiological similarities (e.g., impairment of cognitive functions, insulin sensitivity, and brain glucose metabolism) with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which offers the utilization of metformin, a biguanide hypoglycemic agent, as an alternative therapeutic approach in AD therapy. Emerging evidence has revealed the impact of metformin in patients suffering from AD. It has been described that metformin employs multiple mechanisms to improve cognition and memory impairment in pre-clinical AD models, including reduction of hippocampal amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) load, suppression of inflammation, amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, restriction of apoptotic neuronal death, and induction of neurogenesis. This review discusses the pre-clinical evidence, which may shed light on the role of metformin in AD and provide a more comprehensive mechanistic insight for future studies in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aminyavari
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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48
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León BE, Kang S, Franca-Solomon G, Shang P, Choi DS. Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammatory Response and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:778456. [PMID: 35221939 PMCID: PMC8866940 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.778456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles central to various cellular functions such as energy production, metabolic pathways, signaling transduction, lipid biogenesis, and apoptosis. In the central nervous system, neurons depend on mitochondria for energy homeostasis to maintain optimal synaptic transmission and integrity. Deficiencies in mitochondrial function, including perturbations in energy homeostasis and mitochondrial dynamics, contribute to aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Chronic and heavy alcohol use is associated with accelerated brain aging, and increased risk for dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, through neuroimmune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, excessive alcohol use induces mitochondrial dysfunction. The direct and indirect alcohol-induced neuroimmune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, are critical for the relationship between alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In the brain, alcohol activates microglia and increases inflammatory mediators that can impair mitochondrial energy production, dynamics, and initiate cell death pathways. Also, alcohol-induced cytokines in the peripheral organs indirectly, but synergistically exacerbate alcohol's effects on brain function. This review will provide recent and advanced findings focusing on how alcohol alters the aging process and aggravates Alzheimer's disease with a focus on mitochondrial function. Finally, we will contextualize these findings to inform clinical and therapeutic approaches towards Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Emanuel León
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gabriela Franca-Solomon
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Pei Shang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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Bahr T, Katuri J, Liang T, Bai Y. Mitochondrial chaperones in human health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:363-374. [PMID: 34780988 PMCID: PMC8893670 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a family of proteins that maintain cellular protein homeostasis through non-covalent peptide folding and quality control mechanisms. The chaperone proteins found within mitochondria play significant protective roles in mitochondrial biogenesis, quality control, and stress response mechanisms. Defective mitochondrial chaperones have been implicated in aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In this review, we focus on the two most prominent mitochondrial chaperones: mtHsp60 and mtHsp70. These proteins demonstrate different cellular localization patterns, interact with different targets, and have different functional activities. We discuss the structure and function of these prominent mitochondrial chaperone proteins and give an update on newly discovered regulatory mechanisms and disease implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bahr
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Joshua Katuri
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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50
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Lim HS, Sohn E, Kim YJ, Kim BY, Kim JH, Jeong SJ. Ethanol Extract of Elaeagnus glabra f. oxyphylla Branches Alleviates the Inflammatory Response Through Suppression of Cyclin D3/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 11p58 Coupled to Lipopolysaccharide-Activated BV-2 Microglia. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221075079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and is characterized by microglial dysregulation. Here, we explored the beneficial effects of a leaf extract of Elaeagnus glabra f. oxyphylla (EGFO), a native medicinal plant to Korea, South China, Japan, and Taiwan, on neuroinflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Levels of the inflammatory mediators were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The phospho levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases, which are key kinase molecules in the inflammatory signaling pathway in microglia, were analyzed by Western blotting. Treatment with EGFO significantly suppressed the LPS-mediated induction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Consistently, EGFO treatment in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells markedly reduced the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. The best concentration of EGFO that could reduce TNF-α and IL-6 was 100 μg/mL. EGFO relatively reduced the messenger RNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 by 0.36 and 0.32-fold ratio, respectively, compared to LPS treatment. Moreover, EGFO markedly reduced the phospho levels of p38 and the c-jun N-terminal kinase. Furthermore, antibody microarray and immunoblotting data revealed that the pharmacological mechanisms driving the antineuroinflammatory action of EGFO involve prevention of the cyclin D3/cyclin-dependent kinase 11p58 (CDK11p58) interaction. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that EGFO alleviates the inflammatory response through the suppression of cyclin D3/CDK11p58 coupling in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia. We propose the potential of EGFO as a novel drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases by targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Lim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Sohn
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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