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Shi L, Wang Z, Chen JH, Qiu H, Liu WD, Zhang XY, Martin FM, Zhao MW. LbSakA-mediated phosphorylation of the scaffolding protein LbNoxR in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor regulates NADPH oxidase activity, ROS accumulation and symbiosis development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:381-397. [PMID: 38741469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, which involves mutually beneficial interactions between soil fungi and tree roots, is essential for promoting tree growth. To establish this symbiotic relationship, fungal symbionts must initiate and sustain mutualistic interactions with host plants while avoiding host defense responses. This study investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fungal NADPH oxidase (Nox) in the development of Laccaria bicolor/Populus tremula × alba symbiosis. Our findings revealed that L. bicolor LbNox expression was significantly higher in ectomycorrhizal roots than in free-living mycelia. RNAi was used to silence LbNox, which resulted in decreased ROS signaling, limited formation of the Hartig net, and a lower mycorrhizal formation rate. Using Y2H library screening, BiFC and Co-IP, we demonstrated an interaction between the mitogen-activated protein kinase LbSakA and LbNoxR. LbSakA-mediated phosphorylation of LbNoxR at T409, T477 and T480 positively modulates LbNox activity, ROS accumulation and upregulation of symbiosis-related genes involved in dampening host defense reactions. These results demonstrate that regulation of fungal ROS metabolism is critical for maintaining the mutualistic interaction between L. bicolor and P. tremula × alba. Our findings also highlight a novel and complex regulatory mechanism governing the development of symbiosis, involving both transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Ju Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wei Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiao Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Francis M Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Ming Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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Bulasag AS, Camagna M, Kuroyanagi T, Ashida A, Ito K, Tanaka A, Sato I, Chiba S, Ojika M, Takemoto D. Botrytis cinerea tolerates phytoalexins produced by Solanaceae and Fabaceae plants through an efflux transporter BcatrB and metabolizing enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1177060. [PMID: 37332725 PMCID: PMC10273015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1177060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range, has reduced sensitivity to fungicides as well as phytoalexins, threatening cultivation of economically important fruits and vegetable crops worldwide. B. cinerea tolerates a wide array of phytoalexins, through efflux and/or enzymatic detoxification. Previously, we provided evidence that a distinctive set of genes were induced in B. cinerea when treated with different phytoalexins such as rishitin (produced by tomato and potato), capsidiol (tobacco and bell pepper) and resveratrol (grape and blueberry). In this study, we focused on the functional analyses of B. cinerea genes implicated in rishitin tolerance. LC/MS profiling revealed that B. cinerea can metabolize/detoxify rishitin into at least 4 oxidized forms. Heterologous expression of Bcin08g04910 and Bcin16g01490, two B. cinerea oxidoreductases upregulated by rishitin, in a plant symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae revealed that these rishitin-induced enzymes are involved in the oxidation of rishitin. Expression of BcatrB, encoding an exporter of structurally unrelated phytoalexins and fungicides, was significantly upregulated by rishitin but not by capsidiol and was thus expected to be involved in the rishitin tolerance. Conidia of BcatrB KO (ΔbcatrB) showed enhanced sensitivity to rishitin, but not to capsidiol, despite their structural similarity. ΔbcatrB showed reduced virulence on tomato, but maintained full virulence on bell pepper, indicating that B. cinerea activates BcatrB by recognizing appropriate phytoalexins to utilize it in tolerance. Surveying 26 plant species across 13 families revealed that the BcatrB promoter is mainly activated during the infection of B. cinerea in plants belonging to the Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. The BcatrB promoter was also activated by in vitro treatments of phytoalexins produced by members of these plant families, namely rishitin (Solanaceae), medicarpin and glyceollin (Fabaceae), as well as camalexin and brassinin (Brassicaceae). Consistently, ΔbcatrB showed reduced virulence on red clover, which produces medicarpin. These results suggest that B. cinerea distinguishes phytoalexins and induces differential expression of appropriate genes during the infection. Likewise, BcatrB plays a critical role in the strategy employed by B. cinerea to bypass the plant innate immune responses in a wide variety of important crops belonging to the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abriel Salaria Bulasag
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kuroyanagi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ashida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kento Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Sahu PK, Jayalakshmi K, Tilgam J, Gupta A, Nagaraju Y, Kumar A, Hamid S, Singh HV, Minkina T, Rajput VD, Rajawat MVS. ROS generated from biotic stress: Effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042936. [PMID: 36352882 PMCID: PMC9638130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varies between necrotrophs and biotrophs. A fine-tuned systemic induction system is involved in ROS-mediated disease development in plants. In regulated concentrations, ROS act as a signaling molecule and activate different pathways to suppress the pathogens. However, an excess of these ROS is deleterious to the plant system. Along with altering cell structure, ROS cause a variety of physiological reactions in plants that lower plant yield. ROS also degrade proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other substances. Plants have their own mechanisms to overcome excess ROS and maintain homeostasis. Microbes, especially endophytes, have been reported to maintain ROS homeostasis in both biotic and abiotic stresses by multiple mechanisms. Endophytes themselves produce antioxidant compounds and also induce host plant machinery to supplement ROS scavenging. The structured reviews on how endophytes play a role in ROS homeostasis under biotic stress were very meager, so an attempt was made to compile the recent developments in ROS homeostasis using endophytes. This review deals with ROS production, mechanisms involved in ROS signaling, host plant mechanisms in alleviating oxidative stress, and the roles of endophytes in maintaining ROS homeostasis under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Sahu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. Jayalakshmi
- Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Directorate of Onion Garlic Research, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotsana Tilgam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amrita Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Yalavarthi Nagaraju
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Fu T, Lee NH, Shin JH, Kim KS. NADPH Oxidases Are Required for Appressorium-Mediated Penetration in Colletotrichum scovillei-Pepper Fruit Pathosystem. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:345-354. [PMID: 35953054 PMCID: PMC9372106 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.05.2022.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes are known to play essential roles in differentiation and proliferation of many filamentous fungi. However, the functions of Noxs have not been elucidated in Colletotrichum species. Therefore, we set out to characterize the roles of Nox enzymes and their regulators in Colletotrichum scovillei, which causes serious anthracnose disease on pepper fruits in temperate and subtropical and temperate region. In this study, we generated targeted deletion mutants for CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD via homologous recombination. All deletion mutants were normal in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, and appressorium formation, suggesting that CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD are not involved in those developmental processes. Notably, conidia of ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr, other than ΔCsnox1 and ΔCsnoxd, failed to cause anthracnose on intact pepper fruits. However, they still caused normal disease on wounded pepper fruits, suggesting that Csnox2 and CsnoxR are essential for penetration-related morphogenesis in C. scovillei. Further observation proved that ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr were unable to form penetration peg, while they fully developed appressoria, revealing that defect of anthracnose development by ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr resulted from failure in penetration peg formation. Our results suggest that CsNox2 and CsNoxR are critical for appressorium- mediated penetration in C. scovillei-pepper fruit pathosystem, which provides insight into understanding roles of Nox genes in anthracnose disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Corresponding author: Phone) +82-33-250-6435, FAX) +82-33-259-5558, E-mail)
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5
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Liu N, Wang W, He C, Luo H, An B, Wang Q. NADPH Oxidases Play a Role in Pathogenicity via the Regulation of F-Actin Organization in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845133. [PMID: 35782153 PMCID: PMC9240266 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiunit-flavoenzyme NADPH oxidases (NOXs) play multiple roles in living cells via regulating signaling pathways. In several phytopathogenic fungi, NOXs are required for the polarized growth of hyphal tips and pathogenicity to host plants, but the possible mechanisms are still elusive. In our previous study, CgNOXA, CgNOXB, and CgNOXR were identified as components of the NOX complex in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The growth and the inoculation assays revealed that CgNOXA/B and CgNOXR regulate vegetative growth and are required for the full pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides to Hevea leaves. We further demonstrated that the vital roles of CgNOXB and CgNOXR in appressorium formation and the development of invasion hyphae account for their functions in pathogenicity. Moreover, CgNOXB and CgNOXR regulate the production and distribution of ROS in hyphal tips and appressoria, control the specialized remodeling of F-actin in hyphal tips and appressoria, and are involved in fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of NOXs in fungal pathogenicity through the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Qiannan Wang,
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6
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Reactive Oxygen Species Distribution Involved in Stipe Gradient Elongation in the Mushroom Flammulina filiformis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121896. [PMID: 35741023 PMCID: PMC9221348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom stipe raises the pileus above the substrate into a suitable position for dispersing spores. The stipe elongates at different speeds along its length, with the rate of elongation decreasing in a gradient from the top to the base. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stipe gradient elongation are largely unknown. Here, we used the model basidiomycete mushroom Flammulina filiformis to investigate the mechanism of mushroom stipe elongation and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in this process. Our results show that O2- and H2O2 exhibit opposite gradient distributions in the stipe, with higher O2- levels in the elongation region (ER), and higher H2O2 levels in the stable region (SR). Moreover, NADPH-oxidase-encoding genes are up-regulated in the ER, have a function in producing O2-, and positively regulate stipe elongation. Genes encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) are up-regulated in the SR, have a function in producing H2O2, and negatively regulate stipe elongation. Altogether, our data demonstrate that ROS (O2-/H2O2) redistribution mediated by NADPH oxidase and MnSODs is linked to the gradient elongation of the F. filiformis stipe.
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7
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The NADPH Oxidase A of Verticillium dahliae Is Essential for Pathogenicity, Normal Development, and Stress Tolerance, and It Interacts with Yap1 to Regulate Redox Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090740. [PMID: 34575778 PMCID: PMC8468606 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of redox homeostasis is vital for aerobic organisms and particularly relevant to plant pathogens. A balance is required between their endogenous ROS production, which is important for their development and pathogenicity, and host-derived oxidative stress. Endogenous ROS in fungi are generated by membrane-bound NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, while transcription factor Yap1 is a major regulator of the antioxidant response. Here, we investigated the roles of NoxA and Yap1 in fundamental biological processes of the important plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Deletion of noxA impaired growth and morphogenesis, compromised formation of hyphopodia, diminished penetration ability and pathogenicity, increased sensitivity against antifungal agents, and dysregulated expression of antioxidant genes. On the other hand, deletion of yap1 resulted in defects in conidial and microsclerotia formation, increased sensitivity against oxidative stress, and down-regulated antioxidant genes. Localized accumulation of ROS was observed before conidial fusion and during the heterokaryon incompatibility reaction upon nonself fusion. The frequency of inviable fusions was not affected by the deletion of Yap1. Analysis of a double knockout mutant revealed an epistatic relationship between noxA and yap1. Our results collectively reveal instrumental roles of NoxA and ROS homeostasis in the biology of V. dahliae.
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Zhang X, Zong Y, Gong D, Yu L, Sionov E, Bi Y, Prusky D. NADPH Oxidase Regulates the Growth and Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696210. [PMID: 34456938 PMCID: PMC8387719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the colonization of necrotrophic pathogens attacking fruit is critical during the attack, but its importance in Penicillium expansum remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the regulatory effects of NADPH oxidase (Nox) genes on the growth and pathogenicity of P. expansum in apple fruits. Deletion mutants of ΔPeNoxA, ΔPeNoxR, and ΔPeRacA genes were constructed to determine the contribution to the colonization process. The ΔPeRacA strain had a significant effect on the reduction of growth and pathogenicity, the ΔPeNoxA strain negatively regulated the growth and development of P. expansum and did not show any significant effect on the pathogenicity, and the ΔPeNoxR strain showed no effect on the growth or pathogenicity of P. expansum in the apple fruits. However, analysis of the content of O2 - and H2O2 in the mycelium of all the Nox mutants showed a significant reduction, confirming the functionality of Nox mutations. Growth under stress conditions in the presence of Congo red, sodium lauryl sulfate, and H2O2 showed a negative effect on the radial growth of ΔPeNoxA, but a positive effect on radial growth reduction by ΔPeNoxR and ΔPeRacA mutants was shown. Interestingly, the host antioxidant activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) andcatalase (CAT) in the fruits after inoculation with ΔPeNoxA, ΔPeNoxR, and ΔPeRacA mutants declined, suggesting reduced ROS accumulation in the colonized region. These results suggest that PeNoxA, PeNoxR, and PeRacA differentially regulate the growth and pathogenicity of P. expansum by producing ROS, and that PeRacA showed the strongest regulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lirong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Weber M, Basu S, González B, Greslehner GP, Singer S, Haskova D, Hasek J, Breitenbach M, W.Gourlay C, Cullen PJ, Rinnerthaler M. Actin Cytoskeleton Regulation by the Yeast NADPH Oxidase Yno1p Impacts Processes Controlled by MAPK Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020322. [PMID: 33671669 PMCID: PMC7926930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceed the antioxidative capacity of the cell can be harmful and are termed oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that ROS are not exclusively detrimental, but can fulfill important signaling functions. Recently, we have been able to demonstrate that a NADPH oxidase-like enzyme (termed Yno1p) exists in the single-celled organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This enzyme resides in the peripheral and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum and functions in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Its product, hydrogen peroxide, which is also produced by the action of the superoxide dismutase, Sod1p, influences signaling of key regulatory proteins Ras2p and Yck1p/2p. In the present work, we demonstrate that Yno1p-derived H2O2 regulates outputs controlled by three MAP kinase pathways that can share components: the filamentous growth (filamentous growth MAPK (fMAPK)), pheromone response, and osmotic stress response (hyperosmolarity glycerol response, HOG) pathways. A key structural component and regulator in this process is the actin cytoskeleton. The nucleation and stabilization of actin are regulated by Yno1p. Cells lacking YNO1 showed reduced invasive growth, which could be reversed by stimulation of actin nucleation. Additionally, under osmotic stress, the vacuoles of a ∆yno1 strain show an enhanced fragmentation. During pheromone response induced by the addition of alpha-factor, Yno1p is responsible for a burst of ROS. Collectively, these results broaden the roles of ROS to encompass microbial differentiation responses and stress responses controlled by MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Weber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Sukanya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA; (S.B.); (B.G.)
| | - Beatriz González
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA; (S.B.); (B.G.)
| | - Gregor P. Greslehner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Stefanie Singer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Danusa Haskova
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiri Hasek
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Michael Breitenbach
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Campbell W.Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Kent CT2 9HY, UK;
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA; (S.B.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (G.P.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.C.); (M.R.)
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10
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Vangalis V, Knop M, Typas MA, Papaioannou IA. Establishment of conidial fusion in the asexual fungus Verticillium dahliae as a useful system for the study of non-sexual genetic interactions. Curr Genet 2021; 67:471-485. [PMID: 33582843 PMCID: PMC8139932 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell fusion is a fundamental biological process across the tree of life. In filamentous fungi, somatic fusion (or anastomosis) is required for the normal development of their syncytial hyphal networks, and it can initiate non-sexual genetic exchange processes, such as horizontal genetic transfer and the parasexual cycle. Although these could be important drivers of the evolution of asexual fungi, this remains a largely unexplored possibility due to the lack of suitable resources for their study in these puzzling organisms. We thus aimed at the characterization of cell fusion in the important asexual fungus Verticillium dahliae via Conidial Anastomosis Tubes (CATs), which can be useful for the analysis of parasexuality. We optimized appropriate procedures for their highly reproducible quantification and live-cell imaging, which were used to characterize their physiology and cell biology, and to start elucidating their underlying genetic machinery. Formation of CATs was shown to depend on growth conditions and require functional Fus3 and Slt2 MAP kinases, as well as the NADPH oxidase NoxA, whereas the GPCR Ste2 and the mating-type protein MAT1-2-1 were dispensable. We show that nuclei and other organelles can migrate through CATs, which often leads to the formation of transient dikaryons. Their nuclei have possible windows of opportunity for genetic interaction before degradation of one by a presumably homeostatic mechanism. We establish here CAT-mediated fusion in V. dahliae as an experimentally convenient system for the cytological analysis of fungal non-sexual genetic interactions. We expect that it will facilitate the dissection of sexual alternatives in asexual fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Vangalis
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Knop
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milton A Typas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Tanaka A, Kamiya S, Ozaki Y, Kameoka S, Kayano Y, Saikia S, Akano F, Uemura A, Takagi H, Terauchi R, Maruyama J, Hammadeh HH, Fleissner A, Scott B, Takemoto D. A nuclear protein NsiA from
Epichloë festucae
interacts with a MAP kinase MpkB and regulates the expression of genes required for symbiotic infection and hyphal cell fusion. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:626-640. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Shota Kamiya
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshino Ozaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Shinichi Kameoka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuka Kayano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Sanjay Saikia
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Fumitake Akano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Aiko Uemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center Kitakami Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hamzeh Haj Hammadeh
- Institut für Genetik Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany
| | - André Fleissner
- Institut für Genetik Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany
| | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
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12
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Hu CH, Wang PQ, Zhang PP, Nie XM, Li BB, Tai L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Chen KM. NADPH Oxidases: The Vital Performers and Center Hubs during Plant Growth and Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E437. [PMID: 32069961 PMCID: PMC7072856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), mostly known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the key producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. A lot of literature has addressed ROS signaling in plant development regulation and stress responses as well as on the enzyme's structure, evolution, function, regulation and associated mechanisms, manifesting the role of NOXs/RBOHs as the vital performers and center hubs during plant growth and signaling. This review focuses on recent advances of NOXs/RBOHs on cell growth, hormone interaction, calcium signaling, abiotic stress responses, and immunity. Several primary particles, including Ca2+, CDPKs, BIK1, ROPs/RACs, CERK, FER, ANX, SnRK and SIK1-mediated regulatory mechanisms, are fully summarized to illustrate the signaling behavior of NOXs/RBOHs and their sophisticated and dexterous crosstalks. Diverse expression and activation regulation models endow NOXs/RBOHs powerful and versatile functions in plants to maintain innate immune homeostasis and development integrity. NOXs/RBOHs and their related regulatory items are the ideal targets for crop improvement in both yield and quality during agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, Henan, China
| | - Peng-Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Hassing B, Eaton CJ, Winter D, Green KA, Brandt U, Savoian MS, Mesarich CH, Fleissner A, Scott B. Phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase D is required for hyphal cell-cell fusion and fungal-plant symbiosis. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:1101-1121. [PMID: 32022309 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although lipid signaling has been shown to serve crucial roles in mammals and plants, little is known about this process in filamentous fungi. Here we analyze the contribution of phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) in hyphal morphogenesis and growth of Epichloë festucae and Neurospora crassa, and in the establishment of a symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and Lolium perenne. Growth of E. festucae and N. crassa PLD deletion strains in axenic culture, and for E. festucae in association with L. perenne, were analyzed by light-, confocal- and electron microscopy. Changes in PA distribution were analyzed in E. festucae using a PA biosensor and the impact of these changes on the endocytic recycling and superoxide production investigated. We found that E. festucae PldB, and the N. crassa ortholog, PLA-7, are required for polarized growth and cell fusion and contribute to ascospore development, whereas PldA/PLA-8 are dispensable for these functions. Exogenous addition of PA rescues the cell-fusion phenotype in E. festucae. PldB is also crucial for E. festucae to establish a symbiotic association with L. perenne. This study identifies a new component of the cell-cell communication and cell fusion signaling network for hyphal morphogenesis and growth of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Hassing
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Carla J Eaton
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - David Winter
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Kimberly A Green
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Ulrike Brandt
- Institute for Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthew S Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand.,School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andre Fleissner
- Institute for Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
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14
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Nordzieke DE, Fernandes TR, El Ghalid M, Turrà D, Di Pietro A. NADPH oxidase regulates chemotropic growth of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum towards the host plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1600-1612. [PMID: 31364172 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil-inhabiting fungal pathogens use chemical signals to locate and colonise the host plant. In the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum, hyphal chemotropism towards tomato roots is triggered by secreted plant peroxidases (Prx), which catalyse the reductive cleavage of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we show that this chemotropic response requires the regulated synthesis of ROS by the conserved fungal NADPH oxidase B (NoxB) complex, and their transformation into hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Deletion of NoxB or the regulatory subunit NoxR, or pharmacological inhibition of SOD, specifically abolished chemotropism of F. oxysporum towards Prx gradients. Addition of isotropic concentrations of H2 O2 rescued chemotropic growth in the noxBΔ and noxRΔ mutants, but not in a mutant lacking the G protein-coupled receptor Ste2. Prx-triggered rapid Nox- and Ste2-dependent phosphorylation of the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (CWI MAPK) Mpk1, an essential component of the chemotropic response. These results suggest that Ste2 and the CWI MAPK cascade function downstream of NoxB in Prx chemosensing. Our findings reveal a new role for Nox enzymes in directed hyphal growth of a filamentous pathogen towards its host and might be of broad interest for chemotropic interactions between plants and root-colonising fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tânia R Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Mennat El Ghalid
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
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15
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Yan JJ, Tong ZJ, Liu YY, Lin ZY, Long Y, Han X, Xu WN, Huang QH, Tao YX, Xie BG. The NADPH oxidase in Volvariella volvacea and its differential expression in response to mycelial ageing and mechanical injury. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:87-94. [PMID: 31667800 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases are enzymes that have been reported to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animals, plants and many multicellular fungi in response to environmental stresses. Six genes of the NADPH oxidase complex components, including vvnoxa, vvnoxb, vvnoxr, vvbema, vvrac1 and vvcdc24, were identified based on the complete genomic sequence of the edible fungus Volvariella volvacea. The number of vvnoxa, vvrac1, vvbema and vvcdc24 transcripts fluctuated with ageing, and the gene expression patterns of vvnoxa, vvrac1 and vvbema were significantly positively correlated. However, the expression of vvnoxb and vvnoxr showed no significant difference during ageing. In hyphae subjected to mechanical injury stress, both O2- and H2O2 concentrations were increased. The expression of vvnoxa, vvrac1, vvbema and vvcdc24 was substantially upregulated, but vvnoxb and vvnoxr showed no response to mechanical injury stress at the transcriptional level. Additionally, the transcription of vvnoxa, vvrac1, vvbema and vvcdc24 could be repressed when the intracellular ROS were eliminated by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) chloride and reduced glutathione (GSH) treatments. These results indicated a positive feedback loop involving NADPH oxidase and intracellular ROS, which might be the reason for the oxidative burst during injury stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yan
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zong-Jun Tong
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lin
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Long
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xing Han
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei-Nan Xu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qian-Hui Huang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yong-Xin Tao
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bao-Gui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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16
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Green KA, Eaton CJ, Savoian MS, Scott B. A homologue of the fungal tetraspanin Pls1 is required for Epichloë festucae expressorium formation and establishment of a mutualistic interaction with Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:961-975. [PMID: 31008572 PMCID: PMC6589725 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae is an endophytic fungus that forms a mutualistic symbiotic association with the grass host Lolium perenne. Endophytic hyphae exit the host by an appressorium-like structure known as an expressorium. In plant-pathogenic fungi, the tetraspanin Pls1 and the NADPH oxidase component Nox2 are required for appressorium development. Previously we showed that the homologue of Nox2, NoxB, is required for E. festucae expressorium development and establishment of a mutualistic symbiotic interaction with the grass host. Here we used a reverse genetics approach to functionally characterize the role of the E. festucae homologue of Pls1, PlsA. The morphology and growth of ΔplsA in axenic culture was comparable to wild-type. The tiller length of plants infected with ΔplsA was significantly reduced. Hyphae of ΔplsA had a proliferative pattern of growth within the leaves of L. perenne with increased colonization of the intercellular spaces and the vascular bundles. The ΔplsA mutant was also defective in expressorium development although the phenotype was not as severe as for ΔnoxB, highlighting potentially distinct roles for PlsA and NoxB in signalling through the NoxB complex. Hyphae of ΔplsA proliferate below the cuticle surface but still occasionally form an expressorium-like structure that enables the mutant hyphae to exit the leaf to grow on the surface. These expressoria still form a septin ring-like structure at the point of cuticle exit as found in the wild-type strain. These results establish that E. festucae PlsA has an important, but distinct, role to NoxB in expressorium development and plant symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Green
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Carla J. Eaton
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Savoian
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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17
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Production, Signaling, and Scavenging Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species in Fruit-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122994. [PMID: 31248143 PMCID: PMC6627859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in fruit–pathogen interaction, which largely depends on their different levels in cells. Fruit recognition of a pathogen immediately triggers an oxidative burst that is considered an integral part of the fruit defense response. ROS are also necessary for the virulence of pathogenic fungi. However, the accumulation of ROS in cells causes molecular damage and finally leads to cell death. In this review, on the basis of data regarding ROS production and the scavenging systems determining ROS homeostasis, we focus on the role of ROS in fruit defense reactions against pathogens and in fungi pathogenicity during fruit–pathogen interaction.
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18
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Bohu T, Anand R, Noble R, Lintern M, Kaksonen AH, Mei Y, Cheng KY, Deng X, Veder JP, Bunce M, Power M, Verrall M. Evidence for fungi and gold redox interaction under Earth surface conditions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2290. [PMID: 31123249 PMCID: PMC6533363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial contribution to gold biogeochemical cycling has been proposed. However, studies have focused primarily on the influence of prokaryotes on gold reduction and precipitation through a detoxification-oriented mechanism. Here we show, fungi, a major driver of mineral bioweathering, can initiate gold oxidation under Earth surface conditions, which is of significance for dissolved gold species formation and distribution. Presence of the gold-oxidizing fungus TA_pink1, an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, suggests fungi have the potential to substantially impact gold biogeochemical cycling. Our data further reveal that indigenous fungal diversity positively correlates with in situ gold concentrations. Hypocreales, the order of the gold-oxidizing fungus, show the highest centrality in the fungal microbiome of the auriferous environment. Therefore, we argue that the redox interaction between fungi and gold is critical and should be considered in gold biogeochemical cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsing Bohu
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia.
| | - Ravi Anand
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Ryan Noble
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Mel Lintern
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Anna H Kaksonen
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No.5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yuan Mei
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Ka Yu Cheng
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No.5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Xiao Deng
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No.5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Veder
- John de Laeter Centre, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Matthew Power
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Mike Verrall
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
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19
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Rahnama M, Maclean P, Fleetwood DJ, Johnson RD. The LaeA orthologue in Epichloë festucae is required for symbiotic interaction with Lolium perenne. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 129:74-85. [PMID: 31071427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
LaeA is a conserved global regulator of secondary metabolism and development in fungi. It is often required for successful pathogenic interactions. In this study, the laeA homologue in the fungal grass endophyte E. festucae was deleted and functionally characterised in vitro and its role in the mutualistic E. festucae interaction with Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) was determined. We showed that laeA in E. festucae is required for normal hyphal morphology, resistance to oxidative stress, and conidiation under nutrient-limited in vitro conditions. In planta studies revealed that laeA is expressed in a tissue-specific manner and is required to form a compatible plant interaction, with the majority of seedlings inoculated with a laeA deletion mutant either dying or being uninfected. In mature infected plants no difference was observed in the number or morphology of endophytic hyphae. However, the number of epiphyllous hyphae were greatly increased. Comparative transcriptomics analyses suggested roles for plant cell wall degradation, fungal cell wall composition, secondary metabolism and small-secreted proteins in Epichloë foliar symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rahnama
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Maclean
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D J Fleetwood
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Biotelliga Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - R D Johnson
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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20
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Complex epigenetic regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis and host interaction by heterochromatin protein I in a fungal endophyte-plant symbiosis. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 125:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Scott B, Green K, Berry D. The fine balance between mutualism and antagonism in the Epichloë festucae-grass symbiotic interaction. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:32-38. [PMID: 29454183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes form mutualistic symbiotic associations with aerial tissues of temperate grasses. Intercalary growth of hyphae within the leaves enables fungal growth to be synchronized with host leaf growth, leading to formation of a highly structured and tightly regulated symbiotic network. Mutations in fungal genes that disrupt cell-cell fusion and other key signalling pathways lead to an antagonistic interaction characterized by unregulated growth of endophytic hyphae and detrimental effects on host growth. Transcriptome analysis of these mutant associations provides key insights into the regulation of the symbiosis. In nature a similar switch in growth occurs when hyphae transition into the sexual cycle forming stromata that abort host inflorescences. Endophyte infection of the grass host leads to a major reprogramming of host metabolism and alters host development. Changes in endophyte cell wall structure and the repertoire of effectors secreted into the host apoplast accompany establishment of a mutualistic interaction within the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Scott
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Kimberly Green
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Berry
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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22
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Rahnama M, Johnson RD, Voisey CR, Simpson WR, Fleetwood DJ. The Global Regulatory Protein VelA Is Required for Symbiosis Between the Endophytic Fungus Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:591-604. [PMID: 29315021 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0286-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë species fungi form bioprotective endophytic symbioses with many cool-season grasses, including agriculturally important forage grasses. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the molecular details of the interaction and the regulatory genes involved. The conserved velvet-domain protein VelA (or VeA) is a global regulator of a number of cellular and developmental functions in fungi. In this study, the E. festucae velA gene was functionally characterized in vitro and during interaction with perennial ryegrass. The velA gene is required in E. festucae for resistance to osmotic and cell wall-damaging stresses, repression of conidiation, and normal hyphal morphology during nutrient-limited in-vitro conditions. Expression of velA in E. festucae is light- and nitrogen-dependent and is tissue-specific in mature infected plants. In-planta studies showed that velA is required in E. festucae for a compatible interaction. Inoculating seedlings with mutant ΔvelA induced callose deposition and H2O2 production, and a high level of seedling death was observed. In surviving plants infected with ΔvelA mutant fungi, plants were stunted and we observed increased biomass and invasion of vascular bundles. Overall, this work characterizes a key fungal regulatory factor in this increasingly important model symbiotic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rahnama
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
- 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R D Johnson
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - C R Voisey
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - W R Simpson
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - D J Fleetwood
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
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23
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BiFC-based visualisation system reveals cell fusion morphology and heterokaryon incompatibility in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2922. [PMID: 29440689 PMCID: PMC5811552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae is an industrially important filamentous fungus used for Japanese traditional food fermentation and heterologous protein production. Although cell fusion is important for heterokaryon formation and sexual/parasexual reproduction required for cross breeding, knowledge on cell fusion and heterokaryon incompatibility in A. oryzae is limited because of low cell fusion frequency. Therefore, we aimed to develop a BiFC system to specifically visualise fused cells and facilitate the analysis of cell fusion in A. oryzae. The cell fusion ability and morphology of 15 A. oryzae strains were investigated using heterodimerising proteins LZA and LZB fused with split green fluorescence protein. Morphological investigation of fused cells revealed that cell fusion occurred mainly as conidial anastomosis during the early growth stage. Self-fusion abilities were detected in most industrial A. oryzae strains, but only a few strain pairs showed non-self fusion. Protoplast fusion assay demonstrated that almost all the pairs capable of non-self fusion were capable of heterokaryon formation and vice versa, thus providing the first evidence of heterokaryon incompatibility in A. oryzae. The BiFC system developed in this study provides an effective method in studying morphology of fused cells and heterokaryon incompatibility in the filamentous fungal species with low cell fusion efficiency.
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24
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Segal LM, Wilson RA. Reactive oxygen species metabolism and plant-fungal interactions. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 110:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kayano Y, Tanaka A, Takemoto D. Two closely related Rho GTPases, Cdc42 and RacA, of the en-dophytic fungus Epichloë festucae have contrasting roles for ROS production and symbiotic infection synchronized with the host plant. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006840. [PMID: 29370294 PMCID: PMC5785021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epichloë festucae is an endophytic fungus which systemically colonizes temperate grasses to establish symbiotic associations. Maintaining symptomless infection is a key requirement for endophytes, a feature that distinguishes them from pathogenic fungi. While pathogenic fungi extend their hyphae by tip growth, hyphae of E. festucae systemically colonize the intercellular space of expanding host leaves via a unique mechanism of hyphal intercalary growth. This study reports that two homologous Rho GTPases, Cdc42 and RacA, have distinctive roles in the regulation of E. festucae growth in planta. Here we highlight the vital role of Cdc42 for intercalary hyphal growth, as well as involvement of RacA in regulation of hyphal network formation, and demonstrate the consequences of mutations in these genes on plant tissue infection. Functions of Cdc42 and RacA are mediated via interactions with BemA and NoxR respectively, which are expected components of the ROS producing NOX complex. Symbiotic defects found in the racA mutant were rescued by introduction of a Cdc42 with key amino acids substitutions crucial for RacA function, highlighting the significance of the specific interactions of these GTPases with BemA and NoxR for their functional differentiation in symbiotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kayano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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Segorbe D, Di Pietro A, Pérez‐Nadales E, Turrà D. Three Fusarium oxysporum mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have distinct and complementary roles in stress adaptation and cross-kingdom pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:912-924. [PMID: 27301316 PMCID: PMC6638227 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades mediate cellular responses to environmental signals. Previous studies in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum have revealed a crucial role of Fmk1, the MAPK orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fus3/Kss1, in vegetative hyphal fusion and plant infection. Here, we genetically dissected the individual and combined contributions of the three MAPKs Fmk1, Mpk1 and Hog1 in the regulation of development, stress response and virulence of F. oxysporum on plant and animal hosts. Mutants lacking Fmk1 or Mpk1 were affected in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and impaired in hyphal fusion and aggregation. Loss of Mpk1 also led to increased sensitivity to cell wall and heat stress, which was exacerbated by simultaneous inactivation of Fmk1, suggesting that both MAPKs contribute to cellular adaptation to high temperature, a prerequisite for mammalian pathogens. Deletion of Hog1 caused increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress and resulted in partial rescue of the restricted colony growth phenotype of the mpk1Δ mutant. Infection assays on tomato plants and the invertebrate animal host Galleria mellonella revealed distinct and additive contributions of the different MAPKs to virulence. Our results indicate that positive and negative cross-talk between the three MAPK pathways regulates stress adaptation, development and virulence in the cross-kingdom pathogen F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Segorbe
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
| | - Elena Pérez‐Nadales
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Present address:
Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad deCórdobaEspaña
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
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27
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Green KA, Becker Y, Tanaka A, Takemoto D, Fitzsimons HL, Seiler S, Lalucque H, Silar P, Scott B. SymB and SymC, two membrane associated proteins, are required forEpichloë festucaehyphal cell-cell fusion and maintenance of a mutualistic interaction withLolium perenne. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:657-677. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Green
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops; Großbeeren 14979 Germany
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Helen L. Fitzsimons
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain; Paris 75205 France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain; Paris 75205 France
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
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28
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Li H, Zhang Z, He C, Qin G, Tian S. Comparative Proteomics Reveals the Potential Targets of BcNoxR, a Putative Regulatory Subunit of NADPH Oxidase of Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:990-1003. [PMID: 27898285 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex has been shown to play a crucial role in stress response and in the virulence of various fungal pathogens. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NOX, however, remain largely unknown. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis compared changes in protein abundance in wild-type Botrytis cinerea and ΔbcnoxR mutants in which the regulatory subunit of NOX was deleted. The ΔbcnoxR mutants exhibited reduced growth, sporulation, and impaired virulence. A total of 60 proteins, representing 49 individual genes, were identified in ΔbcnoxR mutants that exhibited significant differences in abundance relative to wild-type. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the differences in transcript levels for 36 of the genes encoding the identified proteins were in agreement with the proteomic analysis, while the remainder exhibited reverse levels. Functional analysis of four proteins that decreased abundance in the ΔbcnoxR mutants indicated that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (BcPGD) played a role in the growth and sporulation of B. cinerea. The Δbcpgd mutants also displayed impaired virulence on various hosts, such as apple, strawberry, and tomato fruit. These results suggest that NOX can influence the expression of BcPGD, which has an impact on growth, sporulation, and virulence of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; and
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; and
| | - Chang He
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; and
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; and
| | - Shiping Tian
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; and
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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29
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Voisey CR, Christensen MT, Johnson LJ, Forester NT, Gagic M, Bryan GT, Simpson WR, Fleetwood DJ, Card SD, Koolaard JP, Maclean PH, Johnson RD. cAMP Signaling Regulates Synchronised Growth of Symbiotic Epichloë Fungi with the Host Grass Lolium perenne. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1546. [PMID: 27833620 PMCID: PMC5082231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Voisey
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael T. Christensen
- Formally of Forage Improvement, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda J. Johnson
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natasha T. Forester
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Milan Gagic
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gregory T. Bryan
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne R. Simpson
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Damien J. Fleetwood
- Biotelliga Ltd., Institute for Innovation in BiotechnologyAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John P. Koolaard
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Team, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Maclean
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Team, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln Research CentreChristchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard D. Johnson
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
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30
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Teichert I, Lutomski M, Märker R, Nowrousian M, Kück U. New insights from an old mutant: SPADIX4 governs fruiting body development but not hyphal fusion in Sordaria macrospora. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:93-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Becker M, Becker Y, Green K, Scott B. The endophytic symbiont Epichloë festucae establishes an epiphyllous net on the surface of Lolium perenne leaves by development of an expressorium, an appressorium-like leaf exit structure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:240-54. [PMID: 26991322 PMCID: PMC5069595 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae forms a mutualistic symbiotic association with Lolium perenne. This biotrophic fungus systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of aerial tissues to form an endophytic hyphal network. E. festucae also grows as an epiphyte, but the mechanism for leaf surface colonization is not known. Here we identify an appressorium-like structure, which we call an expressorium that allows endophytic hyphae to penetrate the cuticle from the inside of the leaf to establish an epiphytic hyphal net on the surface of the leaf. We used a combination of scanning electron, transmission electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize this novel fungal structure and determine the composition of the hyphal cell wall using aniline blue and wheat germ agglutinin labelled with Alexafluor-488. Expressoria differentiate immediately below the cuticle in the leaf blade and leaf sheath intercalary cell division zones where the hyphae grow by tip growth. Differentiation of this structure requires components of both the NoxA and NoxB NADPH oxidase complexes. Major remodelling of the hyphal cell wall occurs following exit from the leaf. These results establish that the symbiotic association of E. festucae with L. perenne involves an interconnected hyphal network of both endophytic and epiphytic hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Becker
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston North4442New Zealand
- IGZ – Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops14979GroßbeerenGermany
| | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston North4442New Zealand
- IGZ – Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops14979GroßbeerenGermany
| | - Kimberly Green
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston North4442New Zealand
- Bioprotection Research CentreMassey UniversityPalmerston North4442New Zealand
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32
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Turrà D, Nordzieke D, Vitale S, El Ghalid M, Di Pietro A. Hyphal chemotropism in fungal pathogenicity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:69-75. [PMID: 27150623 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to grow as filamentous hyphae defines the lifestyle of fungi. Hyphae are exposed to a variety of chemical stimuli such as nutrients or signal molecules from mating partners and host organisms. How fungi sense and process this chemical information to steer hyphal growth is poorly understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa have served as genetic models for the identification of cellular components functioning in chemotropism. A recent study in the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum revealed distinct MAPK pathways governing hyphal growth towards nutrient sources and sex pheromones or plant signals, suggesting an unanticipated complexity of chemosensing during fungus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniela Nordzieke
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mennat El Ghalid
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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33
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Segal AW. NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion fluxes and turgor in fungi, plants and humans. Open Biol 2016; 6:160028. [PMID: 27249799 PMCID: PMC4892433 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOXs are a family of flavocytochromes whose basic structure has been largely conserved from algae to man. This is a very simple system. NADPH is generally available, in plants it is a direct product of photosynthesis, and oxygen is a largely ubiquitous electron acceptor, and the electron-transporting core of an FAD and two haems is the minimal required to pass electrons across the plasma membrane. These NOXs have been shown to be essential for diverse functions throughout the biological world and, lacking a clear mechanism of action, their effects have generally been attributed to free radical reactions. Investigation into the function of neutrophil leucocytes has demonstrated that electron transport through the prototype NOX2 is accompanied by the generation of a charge across the membrane that provides the driving force propelling protons and other ions across the plasma membrane. The contention is that the primary function of the NOXs is to supply the driving force to transport ions, the nature of which will depend upon the composition and characteristics of the local ion channels, to undertake a host of diverse functions. These include the generation of turgor in fungi and plants for the growth of filaments and invasion by appressoria in the former, and extension of pollen tubes and root hairs, and stomatal closure, in the latter. In neutrophils, they elevate the pH in the phagocytic vacuole coupled to other ion fluxes. In endothelial cells of blood vessels, they could alter luminal volume to regulate blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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34
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Marschall R, Tudzynski P. BcIqg1, a fungal IQGAP homolog, interacts with NADPH oxidase, MAP kinase and calcium signaling proteins and regulates virulence and development inBotrytis cinerea. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:281-98. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marschall
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Schlossplatz 8 D-48143 Münster Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; Schlossplatz 8 D-48143 Münster Germany
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35
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Nox Complex signal and MAPK cascade pathway are cross-linked and essential for pathogenicity and conidiation of mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24325. [PMID: 27066837 PMCID: PMC4828707 DOI: 10.1038/srep24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase complex of a sclerotial mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans, an important biocontrol agent against crop diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was identified and its functions involved in conidiation and mycoparasitism were studied. Gene knock-out and complementary experiments indicated that CmNox1, but not CmNox2, is necessary for conidiation and parasitism, and its expression could be significantly induced by its host fungus. CmNox1 is regulated by CmRac1-CmNoxR and interacts with CmSlt2, a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Slt2 encoding cell wall integrity-related MAP kinase. In ΔCmNox1, CmSlt2-GFP fusion protein lost the ability to localize to the cell nucleus accurately. The defect of conidiation in ΔCmRac1 could be partially restored by over-expressing CmSlt2, indicating that CmSlt2 was a downstream regulatory factor of CmNox1 and was involved in conidiation and parasitism. The expressions of mycoparasitism-related genes CmPks1, Cmg1 and CH1 were suppressed in the knock-out mutants of the genes in CmNox1-CmSlt2 signal pathway when cultivated either on PDA. Therefore, our study infers that CmRac1-CmNoxR regulates CmNox1-CmSlt2 pathway in regulating conidiation and pathogenicity of C. minitans.
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36
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Molecular and cellular analysis of the pH response transcription factor PacC in the fungal symbiont Epichloë festucae. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 85:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Zhang C, Lin Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen M, Norvienyeku J, Li G, Yu W, Wang Z. FgNoxR, a regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidases, is required for female fertility and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv223. [PMID: 26607286 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal pathogen that causes wheat Fusarium head blight. In this study, we identified FgNoxR, a regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidases (Nox) in F. graminearum, and found that it plays an important role in the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. FgNoxR is localized on punctate structures throughout the cytoplasm in aerial hyphae while these structures tend to accumulate at or near the plasma membrane, septa and hyphal tips in germinated conidia. Deletion of the FgNOXR gene results in reduced conidiation and germination. Importantly, sexual development is totally abolished in the FgNOXR deletion mutant. In addition, the disease lesion of FgNOXR deletion mutant is limited to the inoculated spikelets of wheat heads. Finally, FgNoxR interacts with FgRac1 and FgNoxA, and all three proteins are required for female fertility. Taken together, our data indicate that FgNoxR contributes to conidiation, sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yahong Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Miaoping Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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38
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Aflatoxin biosynthesis is a novel source of reactive oxygen species--a potential redox signal to initiate resistance to oxidative stress? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1411-30. [PMID: 25928133 PMCID: PMC4448155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus parasiticus involves a minimum of 21 enzymes, encoded by genes located in a 70 kb gene cluster. For aflatoxin biosynthesis to be completed, the required enzymes must be transported to specialized early and late endosomes called aflatoxisomes. Of particular significance, seven aflatoxin biosynthetic enzymes are P450/monooxygenases which catalyze reactions that can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Thus, oxidative reactions in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway could potentially be an additional source of intracellular ROS. The present work explores the hypothesis that the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway generates ROS (designated as "secondary" ROS) in endosomes and that secondary ROS possess a signaling function. We used specific dyes that stain ROS in live cells and demonstrated that intracellular ROS levels correlate with the levels of aflatoxin synthesized. Moreover, feeding protoplasts with precursors of aflatoxin resulted in the increase in ROS generation. These data support the hypothesis. Our findings also suggest that secondary ROS may fulfill, at least in part, an important mechanistic role in increased tolerance to oxidative stress in germinating spores (seven-hour germlings) and in regulation of fungal development.
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Breitenbach M, Weber M, Rinnerthaler M, Karl T, Breitenbach-Koller L. Oxidative stress in fungi: its function in signal transduction, interaction with plant hosts, and lignocellulose degradation. Biomolecules 2015; 5:318-42. [PMID: 25854186 PMCID: PMC4496675 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we want to present an overview of oxidative stress in fungal cells in relation to signal transduction, interaction of fungi with plant hosts, and lignocellulose degradation. We will discuss external oxidative stress which may occur through the interaction with other microorganisms or plant hosts as well as internally generated oxidative stress, which can for instance originate from NADPH oxidases or “leaky” mitochondria and may be modulated by the peroxiredoxin system or by protein disulfide isomerases thus contributing to redox signaling. Analyzing redox signaling in fungi with the tools of molecular genetics is presently only in its beginning. However, it is already clear that redox signaling in fungal cells often is linked to cell differentiation (like the formation of perithecia), virulence (in plant pathogens), hyphal growth and the successful passage through the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Breitenbach
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Manuela Weber
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Lore Breitenbach-Koller
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
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Shoji JY, Charlton ND, Yi M, Young CA, Craven KD. Vegetative hyphal fusion and subsequent nuclear behavior in Epichloë grass endophytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121875. [PMID: 25837972 PMCID: PMC4383479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epichloë species (including the former genus Neotyphodium) are fungal symbionts of many agronomically important forage grasses, and provide their grass hosts with protection from a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Epichloë species include many interspecific hybrids with allodiploid-like genomes, which may provide the potential for combined traits or recombination to generate new traits. Though circumstantial evidence suggests that such interspecific hybrids might have arisen from nuclear fusion events following vegetative hyphal fusion between different Epichloë strains, this hypothesis has not been addressed empirically. Here, we investigated vegetative hyphal fusion and subsequent nuclear behavior in Epichloë species. A majority of Epichloë strains, especially those having a sexual stage, underwent self vegetative hyphal fusion. Vegetative fusion also occurred between two hyphae from different Epichloë strains. Though Epichloë spp. are uninucleate fungi, hyphal fusion resulted in two nuclei stably sharing the same cytoplasm, which might ultimately lead to nuclear fusion. In addition, protoplast fusion experiments gave rise to uninucleate putative hybrids, which apparently had two markers, one from each parent within the same nucleus. These results are consistent with the notion that interspecific hybrids arise from vegetative hyphal fusion. However, we also discuss additional factors, such as post-hybridization selection, that may be important to explain the recognized prevalence of hybrids in Epichloë species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ya Shoji
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, United States of America
| | - Nikki D. Charlton
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Forage Improvement Division, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, United States of America
| | - Mihwa Yi
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Forage Improvement Division, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Young
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Forage Improvement Division, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, United States of America
| | - Kelly D. Craven
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eaton CJ, Dupont PY, Solomon P, Clayton W, Scott B, Cox MP. A Core Gene Set Describes the Molecular Basis of Mutualism and Antagonism in Epichloë spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:218-31. [PMID: 25496592 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0293-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial plant-fungal interactions play an important role in the ability of plants to survive changing environmental conditions. In contrast, phytopathogenic fungi fall at the opposite end of the symbiotic spectrum, causing reduced host growth or even death. In order to exploit beneficial interactions and prevent pathogenic ones, it is essential to understand the molecular differences underlying these alternative states. The association between the endophyte Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) is an excellent system for studying these molecular patterns due to the existence of several fungal mutants that have an antagonistic rather than a mutualistic interaction with the host plant. By comparing gene expression in a wild-type beneficial association with three mutant antagonistic associations disrupted in key signaling genes, we identified a core set of 182 genes that show common differential expression patterns between these two states. These gene expression changes are indicative of a nutrient-starvation response, as supported by the upregulation of genes encoding degradative enzymes, transporters, and primary metabolism, and downregulation of genes encoding putative small-secreted proteins and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that disruption of a mutualistic symbiotic interaction may lead to an elevated uptake and degradation of host-derived nutrients and cell-wall components, reminiscent of phytopathogenic interactions.
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Becker Y, Eaton CJ, Brasell E, May KJ, Becker M, Hassing B, Cartwright GM, Reinhold L, Scott B. The Fungal Cell-Wall Integrity MAPK Cascade Is Crucial for Hyphal Network Formation and Maintenance of Restrictive Growth of Epichloë festucae in Symbiosis With Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:69-85. [PMID: 25303335 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae is a mutualistic symbiont that systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of Lolium perenne leaves to form a highly structured and interconnected hyphal network. In an Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA forward genetic screen, we identified a mutant TM1066 that had a severe host interaction phenotype, causing stunting and premature senescence of the host. Molecular analysis revealed that the mutation responsible for this phenotype was in the cell-wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), mkkA. Mutants generated by targeted deletion of the mkkA or the downstream mpkA kinase recapitulated the phenotypes observed for TM1066. Both mutants were defective in hyphal cell–cell fusion, formed intrahyphal hyphae, had enhanced conidiation, and showed microcyclic conidiation. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy analysis of leaf tissue showed that mutant hyphae were more abundant than the wild type in the intercellular spaces and colonized the vascular bundles. Hyphal branches failed to fuse but, instead, grew past one another to form bundles of convoluted hyphae. Mutant hyphae showed increased fluorescence with AF488-WGA, indicative of increased accessibility of chitin, a hypothesis supported by changes in the cell-wall ultrastructure. These results show that the CWI MAPK pathway is a key signaling pathway for controlling the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and L. perenne.
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Niones JT, Takemoto D. VibA, a homologue of a transcription factor for fungal heterokaryon incompatibility, is involved in antifungal compound production in the plant-symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:13-24. [PMID: 24906411 PMCID: PMC4279024 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00034-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic association of epichloae endophytes (Epichloë/Neotyphodium species) with cool-season grasses of the subfamily Pooideae confers bioprotective benefits to the host plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. While the production of fungal bioprotective metabolites is a well-studied mechanism of host protection from insect herbivory, little is known about the antibiosis mechanism against grass pathogens by the mutualistic endophyte. In this study, an Epichloë festucae mutant defective in antimicrobial substance production was isolated by a mutagenesis approach. In an isolated mutant that had lost antifungal activity, the exogenous DNA fragment was integrated into the promoter region of the vibA gene, encoding a homologue of the transcription factor VIB-1. VIB-1 in Neurospora crassa is a regulator of genes essential in vegetative incompatibility and promotion of cell death. Here we show that deletion of the vibA gene severely affected the antifungal activity of the mutant against the test pathogen Drechslera erythrospila. Further analyses showed that overexpressing vibA enhanced the antifungal activity of the wild-type isolate against test pathogens. Transformants overexpressing vibA showed an inhibitory activity on test pathogens that the wild-type isolate could not. Moreover, overexpressing vibA in a nonantifungal E. festucae wild-type Fl1 isolate enabled the transformant to inhibit the mycelial and spore germination of D. erythrospila. These results demonstrate that enhanced expression of vibA is sufficient for a nonantifungal isolate to obtain antifungal activity, implicating the critical role of VibA in antifungal compound production by epichloae endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Niones
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Lacaze I, Lalucque H, Siegmund U, Silar P, Brun S. Identification of NoxD/Pro41 as the homologue of the p22phox NADPH oxidase subunit in fungi. Mol Microbiol 2014; 95:1006-24. [PMID: 25424886 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are membrane complexes that produce O2(-). Researches in mammals, plants and fungi highlight the involvement of Nox-generated ROS in cell proliferation, differentiation and defense. In mammals, the core enzyme gp91(phox)/Nox2 is associated with p22(phox) forming the flavocytochrome b558 ready for activation by a cytosolic complex. Intriguingly, no homologue of the p22(phox) gene has been found in fungal genomes, questioning how the flavoenzyme forms. Using whole genome sequencing combined with phylogenetic analysis and structural studies, we identify the fungal p22(phox) homologue as being mutated in the Podospora anserina mutant IDC(509). Functional studies show that the fungal p22(phox), PaNoxD, acts along PaNox1, but not PaNox2, a second fungal gp91(phox) homologue. Finally, cytological analysis of functional tagged versions of PaNox1, PaNoxD and PaNoxR shows clear co-localization of PaNoxD and PaNox1 and unravel a dynamic assembly of the complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the vacuolar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lacaze
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, case courrier 7040 Lamarck, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France; Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR8621, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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He Z, Zhang S, Keyhani NO, Song Y, Huang S, Pei Y, Zhang Y. A novel mitochondrial membrane protein, Ohmm, limits fungal oxidative stress resistance and virulence in the insect fungal pathogenBeauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:4213-38. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjiang He
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Suhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Yulin Song
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- College of Plant Protection; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
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Panngom K, Lee SH, Park DH, Sim GB, Kim YH, Uhm HS, Park G, Choi EH. Non-thermal plasma treatment diminishes fungal viability and up-regulates resistance genes in a plant host. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99300. [PMID: 24911947 PMCID: PMC4049833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can have either harmful or beneficial effects on biological systems depending on the dose administered and the species of organism exposed, suggesting that application of reactive species can possibly produce contradictory effects in disease control, pathogen inactivation and activation of host resistance. A novel technology known as atmospheric-pressure non-thermal plasma represents a means of generating various reactive species that adversely affect pathogens (inactivation) while simultaneously up-regulating host defense genes. The anti-microbial efficacy of this technology was tested on the plant fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and its susceptible host plant species Solanum lycopercicum. Germination of fungal spores suspended in saline was decreased over time after exposed to argon (Ar) plasma for 10 min. Although the majority of treated spores exhibited necrotic death, apoptosis was also observed along with the up-regulation of apoptosis related genes. Increases in the levels of peroxynitrite and nitrite in saline following plasma treatment may have been responsible for the observed spore death. In addition, increased transcription of pathogenesis related (PR) genes was observed in the roots of the susceptible tomato cultivar (S. lycopercicum) after exposure to the same Ar plasma dose used in fungal inactivation. These data suggest that atmospheric-pressure non-thermal plasma can be efficiently used to control plant fungal diseases by inactivating fungal pathogens and up-regulating mechanisms of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonporn Panngom
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hark Lee
- Plasma Display Panel Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Park
- Department of Electronic and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Bo Sim
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hee Kim
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sup Uhm
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungsoon Park
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plasma Bioscience and Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Functional analysis of BcBem1 and its interaction partners in Botrytis cinerea: impact on differentiation and virulence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95172. [PMID: 24797931 PMCID: PMC4010548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In phytopathogenic fungi the establishment and maintenance of polarity is not only essential for vegetative growth and differentiation, but also for penetration and colonization of host tissues. We investigated orthologs of members of the yeast polarity complex in the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea: the scaffold proteins Bem1 and Far1, the GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) Cdc24, and the formin Bni1 (named Sep1 in B. cinerea). BcBem1 does not play an important role in regular hyphal growth, but has significant impact on spore formation and germination, on the establishment of conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) and on virulence. As in other fungi, BcBem1 interacts with the GEF BcCdc24 and the formin BcSep1, indicating that in B. cinerea the apical complex has a similar structure as in yeast. A functional analysis of BcCdc24 suggests that it is essential for growth, since it was not possible to obtain homokaryotic deletion mutants. Heterokaryons of Δcdc24 (supposed to exhibit reduced bccdc24 transcript levels) already show a strong phenotype: an inability to penetrate the host tissue, a significantly reduced growth rate and malformation of conidia, which tend to burst as observed for Δbcbem1. Also the formin BcSep1 has significant impact on hyphal growth and development, whereas the role of the putative ortholog of the yeast scaffold protein Far1 remains open: Δbcfar1 mutants have no obvious phenotypes.
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New insights into the roles of NADPH oxidases in sexual development and ascospore germination in Sordaria macrospora. Genetics 2014; 196:729-44. [PMID: 24407906 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.159368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling determinants that induce different cellular processes. To characterize NOX function during fungal development, we utilized the genetically tractable ascomycete Sordaria macrospora. Genome sequencing of a sterile mutant led us to identify the NADPH oxidase encoding nox1 as a gene required for fruiting body formation, regular hyphal growth, and hyphal fusion. These phenotypes are shared by nor1, lacking the NOX regulator NOR1. Further phenotypic analyses revealed a high correlation between increased ROS production and hyphal fusion deficiencies in nox1 and other sterile mutants. A genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis of mycelia and isolated protoperithecia from wild type and nox1 revealed that nox1 inactivation affects the expression of genes related to cytoskeleton remodeling, hyphal fusion, metabolism, and mitochondrial respiration. Genetic analysis of nox2, lacking the NADPH oxidase 2 gene, nor1, and transcription factor deletion mutant ste12, revealed a strict melanin-dependent ascospore germination defect, indicating a common genetic pathway for these three genes. We report that gsa3, encoding a G-protein α-subunit, and sac1, encoding cAMP-generating adenylate cyclase, act in a separate pathway during the germination process. The finding that cAMP inhibits ascospore germination in a melanin-dependent manner supports a model in which cAMP inhibits NOX2 activity, thus suggesting a link between both pathways. Our results expand the current knowledge on the role of NOX enzymes in fungal development and provide a frame to define upstream and downstream components of the NOX signaling pathways in fungi.
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Donofrio NM, Wilson RA. Redox and rice blast: new tools for dissecting molecular fungal-plant interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:367-369. [PMID: 26013301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Donofrio
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 S. College Ave, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 406I Plant Sciences Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Tanaka A, Cartwright GM, Saikia S, Kayano Y, Takemoto D, Kato M, Tsuge T, Scott B. ProA, a transcriptional regulator of fungal fruiting body development, regulates leaf hyphal network development in the Epichloë festucae-Lolium perenne symbiosis. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:551-68. [PMID: 23998652 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors containing a Zn(II)2 Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain are unique to fungi and are key regulators of fungal growth and development. The C6-Zn transcription factor, Pro1, in Sordaria macrospora is crucial for maturation of sexual fruiting bodies. In a forward genetic screen to identify Epichloë festucae symbiosis genes we identified a mutant with an insertion in proA. Plants infected with the proA mutant underwent premature senescence. Hyphae of ΔproA had a proliferative pattern of growth within the leaves of Lolium perenne. Targeted deletion of proA recapitulated this phenotype and introduction of a wild-type gene complemented the mutation. ΔproA was defective in hyphal fusion. qPCR analysis of E. festucae homologues of S. macrospora genes differentially expressed in Δpro1 identified esdC, encoding a glycogen-binding protein, as a target of ProA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis identified two binding sites for ProA in the intergenic region of esdC and a divergently transcribed gene, EF320. Both esdC and EF320 are highly expressed in a wild-type E. festucae-grass association but downregulated in a proA-mutant association. These results show that ProA is a key regulator of in planta specific growth of E. festucae, and therefore crucial for maintaining a mutualistic symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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