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Jin Z, Wang X. Traditional Chinese medicine and plant-derived natural products in regulating triglyceride metabolism: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107387. [PMID: 39216839 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiometabolic disease is increasing globally, with a trend toward younger age of onset. Among these, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the efficacy of traditional lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins, in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, a significant residual risk of cardiovascular events remains, which is closely related to unmet triglyceride (TG) targets. The clinical application of current TG-lowering Western medicines has certain limitations, necessitating alternative or complementary therapeutic strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and plant-derived natural products, known for their safety owing to their natural origins and diverse biological activities, offer promising avenues for TG regulation with potentially fewer side effects. This review systematically summarises the mechanisms of TG metabolism and subsequently reviews the regulatory effects of TCM and plant-derived natural products on TG metabolism, including the inhibition of TG synthesis (via endogenous and exogenous pathways), promotion of TG catabolism, regulation of fatty acid absorption and transport, enhancement of lipophagy, modulation of the gut microbiota, and other mechanisms. In conclusion, through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies, this review consolidates the multifaceted regulatory roles of TCM and plant-derived natural products in TG metabolism and elucidates their potential as safer, multi-target therapeutic agents in managing hypertriglyceridemia and mitigating cardiovascular risk, thereby providing a basis for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jin
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Costa MFD, Rösler TW, Höglinger GU. Exploring the neuroprotective potential of Nrf2-pathway activators against annonacin toxicity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20123. [PMID: 39209951 PMCID: PMC11362529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the Nrf2 pathway, a master regulator of the antioxidant response and cellular metabolism, has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy in tauopathies, a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by intracellular proteinaceous inclusions of abnormally phosphorylated tau. Here, we explored the neuroprotective potential of different Nrf2-pathway activators in human immortalized dopaminergic neurons against annonacin-induced toxicity, a mitochondrial inhibitor associated with a PSP-like syndrome and capable of mimicking tauopathy-like features. Interestingly, we observed heterogenous and compound-dependent neuroprotective effects among the different Nrf2-pathway activators. With the exception of Fyn inhibitors, all the selected Nrf2-pathway activators improved cell viability and the oxidative status, and reduced the annonacin-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurite degeneration, particularly the p62-activators. However, improvement of the impaired mitochondrial function was only observed by the Bach-1 inhibitor. Surprisingly, we found evidence that ezetimibe, an approved drug for hypercholesterolemia, prevents the transcriptional upregulation of 4R-tau triggered by annonacin insult. Overall, our results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of the Nrf2-pathway activators against annonacin toxicity may rely on the specific mechanism of action, intrinsic to each compound, and possibly on the concomitant modulation of additional signaling pathways. Further research will be needed to fully understand how synergistic modulation of metabolic adaptation and cell survival can be exploit to develop new therapeutical strategies for tauopathies and eventually other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia F D Costa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Maisto M, Marzocchi A, Keivani N, Piccolo V, Summa V, Tenore GC. Natural Chalcones for the Management of Obesity Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15929. [PMID: 37958912 PMCID: PMC10648025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the incidence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide, reaching a dangerous pandemic spread. This condition has serious public health implications as it significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, hypertension, heart attack, and stroke. The treatment of obesity is therefore the greatest health challenge of our time. Conventional therapeutic treatment of obesity is based on the use of various synthetic molecules belonging to the class of appetite suppressants, lipase inhibitors, hormones, metabolic regulators, and inhibitors of intestinal peptide receptors. The long-term use of these molecules is generally limited by various side effects and tolerance. For this reason, the search for natural alternatives to treat obesity is a current research goal. This review therefore examined the anti-obesity potential of natural chalcones based on available evidence from in vitro and animal studies. In particular, the results of the main in vitro studies describing the principal molecular therapeutic targets and the mechanism of action of the different chalcones investigated were described. In addition, the results of the most relevant animal studies were reported. Undoubtedly, future clinical studies are urgently needed to confirm and validate the potential of natural chalcones in the clinical prophylaxis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 59, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (N.K.); (V.P.); (V.S.); (G.C.T.)
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Kang YM, Kim KY, Kim TI, Kim YJ, Kim HH, Kim K. Cheong-sang-bang-pung-san alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1223534. [PMID: 37745047 PMCID: PMC10511874 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1223534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The occurrence of fatty liver disease, resulting from the accumulation of excessive fat within the liver, has been showing a significant and rapid increase. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Cheong-sang-bang-pung-san extract (CB) on fatty liver disease, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: We used a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed fatty liver mice and free fatty acid (FFA) induced HepG2 cell lipid accumulation model. The levels of serum, hepatic, and intracellular lipid content were assessed. Histopathological staining was used to evaluate the extent of hepatic lipid accumulation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were conducted to examine the expression of factors associated with lipid metabolism. Results: We demonstrated that treatment with CB dramatically reduced body weight, liver weight, and fat mass, and improved the serum and hepatic lipid profiles in HFD-induced fatty liver mice. Additionally, CB alleviated lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice by controlling lipid metabolism, including fatty acid uptake, triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation, at the mRNA as well as protein levels. In free fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells, CB significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by regulating lipid metabolism via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying CB's effects on liver steatosis and position of CB as a potential therapeutic candidate for managing lipid metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Kang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae In Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Hae Kim
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Li MT, Xie L, Jiang HM, Huang Q, Tong RS, Li X, Xie X, Liu HM. Role of Licochalcone A in Potential Pharmacological Therapy: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878776. [PMID: 35677438 PMCID: PMC9168596 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone A (LA), a useful and valuable flavonoid, is isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. and widely used clinically in traditional Chinese medicine. We systematically updated the latest information on the pharmacology of LA over the past decade from several authoritative internet databases, including Web of Science, Elsevier, Europe PMC, Wiley Online Library, and PubMed. A combination of keywords containing “Licochalcone A,” “Flavonoid,” and “Pharmacological Therapy” was used to help ensure a comprehensive review. Collected information demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological properties for LA, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, bone protection, blood glucose and lipid regulation, neuroprotection, and skin protection. LA activity is mediated through several signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, P53, NF-κB, and P38. Caspase-3 apoptosis, MAPK inflammatory, and Nrf2 oxidative stress signaling pathways are also involved with multiple therapeutic targets, such as TNF-α, VEGF, Fas, FasL, PI3K, AKT, and caspases. Recent studies mainly focus on the anticancer properties of LA, which suggests that the pharmacology of other aspects of LA will need additional study. At the end of this review, current challenges and future research directions on LA are discussed. This review is divided into three parts based on the pharmacological effects of LA for the convenience of readers. We anticipate that this review will inspire further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Mei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy and College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Synthetic methods and biological applications of retrochalcones isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza species: A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Diospyros kaki and Citrus unshiu Mixture Improves Disorders of Lipid Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 2020:8812634. [PMID: 33425805 PMCID: PMC7775147 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8812634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been a major cause of a chronic liver disease over recent decades and increasing worldwide in parallel with the remarkable growth of obesity. In the present study, we investigate the ameliorative effects of PCM, a combination of Diospyros kaki fruit and Citrus unshiu peel mixture, on high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced NAFLD and clarify the potential mechanisms. PCM in HFD-fed mice was orally administered at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg subsequently for 2 months. Thereafter, lipid metabolism parameters and fat synthesis-related genes in the mouse liver were evaluated. Subsequently, body weight changes, liver weight, serum liver function and lipid profiles, and liver pathology were examined, and the relative levels of fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation gene expression were evaluated by western blot. Serum AST, ALT, and TG levels in the HFD control mice were significantly higher than those of normal mice. Compared with HFD control mice, PCM supplementation increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α was significantly increased by PCM administration. Continuously, the activation of PPARα significantly elevated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1), a key enzyme in fatty acid β-oxidation, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2), thermogenic regulatory genes, in PCM-treated mice compared with those of HFD control mice. Moreover, PCM inhibits lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis via suppression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and SREBP-2 and its target genes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). Taken together, these effects were mediated through activation of AMPK. In the conclusion, PCM improved liver damage in HFD-fed mice and attenuated NAFLD by the activation of PPARα and the inhibition of SREBPs expression via AMPK-dependent pathways.
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Protective Effects of Licochalcone A Ameliorates Obesity and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Via Promotion of the Sirt-1/AMPK Pathway in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050447. [PMID: 31083505 PMCID: PMC6562591 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone A is a chalcone isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It showed anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties in mice with acute lung injuries and regulated lipid metabolism through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. However, the effects of licochalcone A on reducing weight gain and improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are unclear. Thus, the present study investigated whether licochalcone A ameliorated weight loss and lipid metabolism in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD to induce obesity and NAFLD, and then were injected intraperitoneally with licochalcone A. In another experiment, a fatty liver cell model was established by incubating HepG2 hepatocytes with oleic acid and treating the cells with licochalcone A to evaluate lipid metabolism. Our results demonstrated that HFD-induced obese mice treated with licochalcone A had decreased body weight as well as inguinal and epididymal adipose tissue weights compared with HFD-treated mice. Licochalcone A also ameliorated hepatocyte steatosis and decreased liver tissue weight and lipid droplet accumulation in liver tissue. We also found that licochalcone A significantly regulated serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and free fatty acids, and decreased the fasting blood glucose value. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro, licochalcone A significantly decreased expression of the transcription factor of lipogenesis and fatty acid synthase. Licochalcone A activated the sirt-1/AMPK pathway to reduce fatty acid chain synthesis and increased lipolysis and β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Licochalcone A can potentially ameliorate obesity and NAFLD in mice via activation of the sirt1/AMPK pathway.
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Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-226. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
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Shu Z, He W, Shahen M, Guo Z, Shu J, Wu T, Bian X, Shar AH, Farag MR, Alagawany M, Liu C. Clarifying of the potential mechanism of Sinisan formula for treatment of chronic hepatitis by systems pharmacology method. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:532-550. [PMID: 29482047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis is a general designation class of diseases, which results in different degrees of liver necrosis and inflammatory reaction, followed by liver fibrosis, may eventually develop into cirrhosis. However, the molecular pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis is too complex to elucidate. Herbal medicines, featured with multiple targets and compounds, have long displayed therapeutic effect in treating chronic hepatitis, though their molecular mechanisms of contribution remain indistinct. This research utilized the network pharmacology to confirm the molecular pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis through providing a comprehensive analysis of active chemicals, drug targets and pathways' interaction of Sinisan formula for treating chronic hepatitis. The outcomes showed that 80 active ingredients of Sinisan formula interacting with 91 therapeutic proteins were authenticated. Sinisan formula potentially participates in immune modulation, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, even has regulating effects on lipid metabolism. These mechanisms directly or indirectly are involved in curing chronic hepatitis by an interaction way. The network pharmacology based analysis demonstrated that Sinisan has multi-scale curative activity in regulating chronic hepatitis related biological processes, which provides a new potential way for modern medicine in the treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Shu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wang He
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mohamed Shahen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Zihu Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jia Shu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bian
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Akhtar Hussain Shar
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mayada Ragab Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Chaobin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China.
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Kuang Y, Lin Y, Li K, Song W, Ji S, Qiao X, Zhang Q, Ye M. Screening of hepatoprotective compounds from licorice against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen induced HepG2 cells injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:59-66. [PMID: 28899510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Licorice and its constituents, especially licorice flavonoids have been reported to possess significant hepatoprotective activities. However, previous studies mainly focus on the extract and major compounds, and few reports are available on other licorice compounds. PURPOSE This work aims to evaluate the in vitro hepatoprotective activities of licorice compounds and screen active compounds, and to establish the structure-activity relationship. METHODS A compound library consisting of 180 compounds from three medicinal licorice species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata was established. HepG2 cells were incubated with the compounds, together with the treatment of 0.35% CCl4 for 6 h and 14 mM APAP for 24 h, respectively. RESULTS A total of 62 compounds at 10 µM showed protective effects against CCl4 to improve cell viability from 52.5% to >60%, and compounds 5 (licoflavone A), 104 (3,4-didehydroglabridin), 107 (isoliquiritigenin), 108 (3,4,3',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone), and 111 (licochalcone B) showed the most potent activities, improving cell viability to >80%. And 64 compounds showed protective effects against APAP to improve cell viability from 52.0% to >60%, and compounds 47 (derrone), 76 (xambioona), 77 ((2S)-abyssinone I), 107 (isoliquiritigenin), 118 (licoagrochalcone A), and 144 (2'-O-demethybidwillol B) showed the most potent activities, improving cell viability to >80%. Preliminary structure-activity analysis indicated that free phenolics compounds especially chalcones showed relatively stronger protective activities than other types of compounds. CONCLUSION Compounds 5, 76, 104, 107, 111, 118 and 144 possess potent activities against both CCl4 and APAP, and 5, 76 and 118 were reported for the first time. They could be the major active compounds of licorice for the treatment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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Role of autophagy and its molecular mechanisms in mice intestinal tract after severe burn. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:716-724. [PMID: 28930963 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe burn can lead to hypoxia/ischemia of intestinal mucosa. Autophagy is the process of intracellular degradation, which is essential for cell survival under stresses, such as hypoxia/ischemia and nutrient deprivation. The present study was designed to investigate whether there were changes in intestinal autophagy after severe burn in mice and further to explore the effect and molecular mechanisms of autophagy on intestinal injury. METHODS This study includes three experiments. Kunming species mice were subjected to 30% total body surface area third-degree burn. First, we determined protein of LC3 (light chain 3), beclin-1, and cleaved-caspase3 by Western blotting and immunohistochemical (paraffin) staining to investigate whether there were changes in intestinal autophagy after severe burn in mice. Then, changes of the status of enteric damage postburn were measured by observing intestinal mucosa morphology under a magnifier, hematoxylin and eosin staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting under the condition that the intestinal autophagy was respectively activated by rapamycin and inhibited by 3-methyladenine. Finally, protein of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, LC3-II and beclin-1 were assayed, and mice were treated with compound C before burn. RESULTS The protein of LC3 and beclin-1 were observed at 1 hour postburn and increased to peak-point at 24 hours, reaching the normal level at 96 hours. The cleaved caspase-3 expression increased at 1 hour postburn, but the peak point occurred at 12 hours and had dropped to normal level at 72 hours. In addition, rapamycin enhanced intestinal autophagy and alleviated burn-induced gut damage, while 3-methyladenine showed the against behavior. The AMPK/mTOR pathway which was inhibited decreased the expression of phosphorylated AMPK, LC3-II, and beclin-1, increasing the expression of phosphorylated mTOR. CONCLUSION Intestinal autophagy is activated and response to intestinal apoptosis after serious burn, which alleviated burn-induced intestinal injury. The AMPK/mTOR pathway may involve in the activation of burn-induced autophagy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management, levels of evidence are not applicable to some studies, such as in vitro work, animal models, cadaver studies.
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Lin Y, Kuang Y, Li K, Wang S, Ji S, Chen K, Song W, Qiao X, Ye M. Nrf2 activators from Glycyrrhiza inflata and their hepatoprotective activities against CCl 4-induced liver injury in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5522-5530. [PMID: 28835349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza inflata (licorice) has been used to treat liver diseases for a long history. However, the bioactive compounds are still not clear. In this work, 77 compounds, including 9 new ones, were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the roots and rhizomes of G. inflata. The Nrf2 activation activities of all compounds were screened using ARE-luciferase reporter assay on HepG2C8 cells. The results indicated a number of chalcones were potent Nrf2 activators, including 11 (licochalcone A, 4.07-fold), 12 (licochalcone B, 5.17-fold), and 19 (echinatin, 4.09-fold). Further studies indicated that 11, 12 and 19 remarkably attenuated CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice (10 or 50mg/kg, 7days, ig.). These compounds could be promising hepatoprotective natural agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Lho Y, le Roux CW, Park HS, Kim GS, Jung J, Hwang GS, Seo YK, Ha TK, Ha E. Changes in Glucose Metabolism in Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy. Obes Surg 2016; 25:2002-10. [PMID: 25726321 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated metabolic changes after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) surgery in a rat model using proteomics and metabolomic profiling in liver and serum. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham (n = 10) and VSG (n = 12). Food intake, body weight, blood glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormone levels were measured. Two-dimensional electrophoresis, nuclear resonance spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot analyses were used to determine and validate changes in metabolites and proteins in liver tissue and serum samples. RESULTS Food intake and body weight decreased after VSG group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). Random blood glucose (sham, 183.3 ± 5.6 mg/dL; VSG, 138.5 ± 3.7 mg/dL) decreased while random insulin (sham, 0.45 ± 0.16 μg/L; VSG, 1.05 ± 0.18 μg/L) increased after VSG (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). We found that expressions of gluconeogenic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 and glucose-6-phosphatase) and concentrations of pyruvate and malate decreased while lactate, NADH, NADPH, glucose, and AMP/ATP ratio increased after VSG. Thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (fT4), decreased after VSG. CONCLUSION This study proves that VSG suppresses hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmee Lho
- Department of Biochemistry, Pain Research Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Center, UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hyeon Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Kyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Kyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoun Jung
- KM Health Technology Research Group, Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group of Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Seo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Ha
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Pain Research Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Park H, Liu Y, Kim HS, Shin JH. Chokeberry attenuates the expression of genes related to de novo lipogenesis in the hepatocytes of mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Res 2015; 36:57-64. [PMID: 26773781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by steatosis, is a major public health concern. Previous studies have shown that chokeberry has anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic effects. In this study, we hypothesized that chokeberry powder can attenuate the expression of genes related to de novo lipogenesis and the triglyceride levels in the hepatocytes of mice with high-fat diet-induced NAFLD. After coadministering chokeberry powder for 8weeks (0.5% and 1% powder) with a high-fat diet, mice that consumed chokeberry powder diets, regardless of the dose, had significantly lower liver triglyceride levels than control mice that were fed a high-fat diet (P=.0145 and P<.0012, respectively). Compared with mice that were fed a high-fat diet, mice that were given 1% chokeberry powder exhibited significantly decreased mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (P=.009) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P=.0032) in the liver. Compared with mice in the control group, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression significantly increased in the mice that were fed a high-fat diet, but both chokeberry powder-treated groups had significantly decreased FAS expression (P=.0157 and P<.0001, respectively). The size of the fat droplets was decreased in the livers of the chokeberry-supplemented groups. In summary, the administration of chokeberry powder may help attenuate high-fat diet-induced NAFLD by regulating the expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and FAS and by decreasing the size of the fat droplets in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Park
- ICAN Nutrition Education and Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea 07327
| | - Yanan Liu
- Major in Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 04310
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Major in Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 04310
| | - Jung-Hee Shin
- Major in Food and Nutrition, Joongbu University, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea 312-702.
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16
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Oh GS, Lee GG, Yoon J, Oh WK, Kim SW. Selective inhibition of liver X receptor α-mediated lipogenesis in primary hepatocytes by licochalcone A. Chin Med 2015; 10:8. [PMID: 25937827 PMCID: PMC4416341 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is a regulator of the lipogenic pathway and is transcriptionally activated by liver X receptor α (LXRα). This study aims to investigate phytochemicals inhibiting the autonomous transactivity of LXRα with potentials as SREBP-1c inhibitors. Licochalcone A (LicA) is a flavonoid isolated from licorice root of Glycyrrhiza plant. Methods The effects of 238 natural chemicals on autonomous transactivity of LXRα were determined by the Gal4-TK-luciferase reporter system. The inclusion criteria for chemical selection was significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of autonomous transactivity of LXRα from three independent experiments. Transcript levels of mouse primary hepatocytes were measured by conventional or quantitative RT-PCR. Luciferase assay was used to assess synthetic or natural promoter activities of LXRα target genes. The effect of LicA on lipogenic activity was evaluated by measuring cellular triglycerides in mouse primary hepatocytes. The recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the LXR response element (LXRE) region was examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results Among 238 natural compounds, LicA considerably inhibited the autonomous transactivity of LXRα and decreased the LXRα-dependent expression of SREBP-1c. LicA inhibited not only LXRα-dependent activation of the synthetic LXRE promoter but also that of the natural SREBP-1c promoter. As a consequence, LicA reduced the LXRα agonist-stimulated transcription of several lipogenic genes. Furthermore, LXRα-dependent hepatic lipid accumulation was repressed by LicA in mouse primary hepatocytes. Interestingly, the LXRα-dependent activation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), other LXR target genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), was not inhibited by LicA. LicA hindered the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the LXRE of the SREBP-1c gene, but not of the ABCA1 gene. Conclusions LicA is a selective inhibitor of LXRα, repressing lipogenic LXRα target genes but not RCT-related LXRα target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyun-Sik Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea ; Bio-medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Gang Gu Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea ; Bio-medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Jin Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea ; Bio-medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Seung-Whan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea ; Bio-medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
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Abstract
Recent discoveries of AMPK activators point to the large number of therapeutic candidates that can be transformed to successful designs of novel drugs. AMPK is a universal energy sensor and influences almost all physiological processes in the cells. Thus, regulation of the cellular energy metabolism can be achieved in selective tissues via the artificial activation of AMPK by small molecules. Recently, special attention has been given to direct activators of AMPK that are regulated by several nonspecific upstream factors. The direct activation of AMPK, by definition, should lead to more specific biological activities and as a result minimize possible side effects.
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18
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Han JY, Park SH, Yang JH, Kim MG, Cho SS, Yoon G, Cheon SH, Ki SH. Licochalcone Suppresses LXRα-Induced Hepatic Lipogenic Gene Expression through AMPK/Sirt1 Pathway Activation. Toxicol Res 2014; 30:19-25. [PMID: 24795795 PMCID: PMC4007039 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.1.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone (LC), a major phenolic retrochalcone from licorice, has anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigated the effects of licochalcone A (LCA) and licochalcone E (LCE) on Liver X receptor-α (LXRα)-mediated lipogenic gene expression and the molecular mechanisms underlying those effects. LCA and LCE antagonized the ability of LXRα agonists (T0901317 or GW3965) to increase sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression and thereby inhibited target gene expression (e.g., FAS and ACC) in HepG2 cells. Moreover, treatment with LCA and LCE impaired LXRα/RXRα-induced CYP7A1-LXRE-luciferase (CYP7A1) transactivation. The AMPK-Sirt1 signaling pathway is an important regulator of energy metabolism and, therefore, a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, including hepatic steatosis. We found here that LCE increased AMPK phosphorylation and Sirt1 expression. We conclude that LC inhibits SREBP-1c-mediated hepatic lipogenesis via activation of the AMPK/Sirt1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yun Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi Gwang Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Sik Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Goo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Cheon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Jeong KJ, Kim GW, Chung SH. AMP-activated protein kinase: An emerging target for ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:83-8. [PMID: 24748831 PMCID: PMC3986499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of cellular energy. Once activated, it switches on catabolic pathways generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), while switching off biosynthetic pathways consuming ATP. Pharmacological activation of AMPK by metformin holds a therapeutic potential to reverse metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, altered metabolism of tumor cells is widely recognized and AMPK is a potential target for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Panax ginseng is known to be useful for treatment and/or prevention of cancer and metabolic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. In this review, we discuss the ginseng extracts and ginsenosides that activate AMPK, we clarify the various mechanisms by which they achieve this, and we discuss the evidence that shows that ginseng or ginsenosides might be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Ju Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Go Woon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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