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Polyakov NE, Mastova AV, Kruppa AI, Asfandiarov NL, Pshenichnyuk SA. Glycyrrhetinic acid interaction with solvated and free electrons studied by the CIDNP and dissociative electron attachment techniques. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:035102. [PMID: 39007395 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Electron transfer plays a crucial role in living systems, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor in the respiratory chains of aerobic organisms as well as in some photoinduced processes followed by the formation of ROS. This is why the participation of exogenous antioxidants in electron transfer processes in living systems is of particular interest. In the present study, using chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) and dissociative electron attachment (DEA) techniques, we have elucidated the affinity of solvated and free electrons to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-the aglicon of glycyrrhizin (the main active component of Licorice root). CIDNP is a powerful instrument to study the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions in solution, but the DEA technique shows its effectiveness in gas phase processes. For CIDNP experiments, the photoionization of the dianion of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (HSSA2-) was used as a model reaction of solvated electron generation. DEA experiments testify that GA molecules are even better electron acceptors than molecular oxygen, at least under gas-phase conditions. In addition, the effect of the solvent on the energetics of the reactants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay E Polyakov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna V Mastova
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander I Kruppa
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nail L Asfandiarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
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2
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Wang W, Zhou S, Jiang W, Chen G. Design, synthesis and anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of target TLR4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 97:117539. [PMID: 38070351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1-(2-oxocyclohexyl)butane-1, 3-dione derivatives were designed and synthesized as TLR4 inhibitors by modifying the core structure of the lead compound ((6, 8-dioxo-1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl) carbamate)). In vitro, compound 3p significantly inhibited the proliferation of rat synovial cells, inhibited the proliferation of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and inhibited TLR4 activity, with IC50 values of 1.21 ± 0.09 μM, 0.73 ± 0.05 μM and 0.43 ± 0.03 μM, respectively, which was superior to the positive control methotrexate. In vivo anti-rheumatoid arthritis evaluation, compound 3p can significantly inhibit the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, so as to achieve the therapeutic purpose. In the preliminary mechanism study, compound 3p has obvious regulatory effects on the abnormal increase of TLR4, JAK2 and STAT3 protein and gene expression related to inflammatory signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. In summary, this study aims to develop more effective candidates for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401228, China; Chongqing (Changshou) Green Chemical and Material Industry Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401228, China
| | - Shiyang Zhou
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401228, China; Chongqing (Changshou) Green Chemical and Material Industry Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Chongqing Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Wenming Jiang
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401228, China; Chongqing (Changshou) Green Chemical and Material Industry Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401228, China
| | - Guangying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
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Bjørklund G, Cruz-Martins N, Goh BH, Mykhailenko O, Lysiuk R, Shanaida M, Lenchyk L, Upyr T, Rusu ME, Pryshlyak A, Shanaida V, Chirumbolo S. Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:988-1015. [PMID: 37559241 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230809094242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Research, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, Mo i Rana 8610, Norway
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Victoria, Malaysia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Bromatology and Medicinal Chemistry Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies and Quality of Medicines, Institute for Advanced Training of Pharmacy Specialists, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Taras Upyr
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonina Pryshlyak
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shanaida
- Design of Machine Tools, Instruments and Machines Department, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Rizvi ZA, Babele P, Sadhu S, Madan U, Tripathy MR, Goswami S, Mani S, Kumar S, Awasthi A, Dikshit M. Prophylactic treatment of Glycyrrhiza glabra mitigates COVID-19 pathology through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hamster model and NETosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945583. [PMID: 36238303 PMCID: PMC9550929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary pathology, and is presented mostly with an inflammatory cytokine release, a dysregulated immune response, a skewed neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and a hypercoagulable state. Though vaccinations have proved effective in reducing the COVID-19-related mortality, the limitation of the use of vaccine against immunocompromised individuals, those with comorbidity, and emerging variants remains a concern. In the current study, we investigate for the first time the efficacy of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) extract, a potent immunomodulator, against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Prophylactic treatment with GG showed protection against loss in body weight and a 35%–40% decrease in lung viral load along with reduced lung pathology in the hamster model. Remarkably, GG reduced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In vitro, GG acted as a potent immunomodulator by reducing Th2 and Th17 differentiation and IL-4 and IL-17A cytokine production. In addition, GG also showed robust potential to suppress ROS, mtROS, and NET generation in a concentration-dependent manner in both human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDNs). Taken together, we provide evidence for the protective efficacy of GG against COVID-19 and its putative mechanistic insight through its immunomodulatory properties. Our study provides the proof of concept for GG efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 using a hamster model and opens the path for further studies aimed at identifying the active ingredients of GG and its efficacy in COVID-19 clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhakar Babele
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Upasna Madan
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Tripathy
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Madhu Dikshit, ; ; Amit Awasthi,
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Madhu Dikshit, ; ; Amit Awasthi,
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Ageeva AA, Kruppa AI, Magin IM, Babenko SV, Leshina TV, Polyakov NE. New Aspects of the Antioxidant Activity of Glycyrrhizin Revealed by the CIDNP Technique. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081591. [PMID: 36009310 PMCID: PMC9405345 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron transfer plays a crucial role in ROS generation in living systems. Molecular oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor in the respiratory chains of aerobic organisms. Two main mechanisms of antioxidant defense by exogenous antioxidants are usually considered. The first is the inhibition of ROS generation, and the second is the trapping of free radicals. In the present study, we have elucidated both these mechanisms of antioxidant activity of glycyrrhizin (GL), the main active component of licorice root, using the chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) technique. First, it was shown that GL is capable of capturing a solvated electron, thereby preventing its capture by molecular oxygen. Second, we studied the effect of glycyrrhizin on the behavior of free radicals generated by UV irradiation of xenobiotic, NSAID—naproxen in solution. The structure of the glycyrrhizin paramagnetic intermediates formed after the capture of a solvated electron was established from a photo-CIDNP study of the model system—the dianion of 5-sulfosalicylic acid and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A. Ageeva
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Kruppa
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya M. Magin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Simon V. Babenko
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- International Tomography Center, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Leshina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Polyakov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Yin S, You T, Tang J, Wang L, Jia G, Liu G, Tian G, Chen X, Cai J, Kang B, Zhao H. Dietary licorice flavonoids powder improves serum antioxidant capacity and immune organ inflammatory responses in weaned piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942253. [PMID: 35958301 PMCID: PMC9360566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning often induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in piglets. This study investigated the effects of dietary licorice flavonoids powder (LFP) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immunity in weaned piglets. Notably, 96 Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc (DLY) weaned piglets were randomly allocated to four treatments with 6 replicates (4 animals per replicate) and fed with diet supplementation with 0, 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg LFP, respectively. The trial lasted for 5 weeks. The results showed that dietary LFP supplementation effectively increased the liver index (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary LFP supplementation reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (P < 0.01). Piglets fed with 50 mg/kg LFP decreased total cholesterol and HDL-C content in serum (P < 0.05) and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.01). Similarly, supplementation with 150 mg/kg LFP elevated the activity of total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) in serum (P < 0.01) and dietary with 150 and 250 mg/kg LFP increased T-AOC activity in spleen (P < 0.01). Moreover, dietary with 150 mg/kg LFP addition enhanced (P < 0.05) the serum IgG content of piglets. Additionally, compared with the control group, dietary 250 mg/kg LFP supplementation upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA abundance of Interleukin (IL)-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the spleen. Meanwhile, dietary 150 and 250 mg/kg LFP supplementation downregulated (P < 0.05) mRNA abundance of IL-10, and MCP-1 and 250 mg/kg LFP upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the thymus. In conclusion, LFP supplementation improved the immune function of piglets by regulating the activity of serum biochemical enzymes, improving the antioxidant capacity, and alleviating inflammation of immune organs. This study indicated that LFP is potential alternative protection against early weaned stress in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Yin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting You
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Zhao
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Sharma T, Sharma P, Chandel P, Singh S, Sharma N, Naved T, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S, Behl T. Circumstantial Insights into the Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants as a Therapeutic Approach in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:2140-2149. [PMID: 35331092 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220324124720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The advanced era has invited a plethora of chronic and autoimmune infirmities unmistakably dominated by rheumatoid arthritis, occurring because of the equivocal causes, including ecological factors, genetic variations, etc. Unfortunately, it is winning pretty much in every stratum of the society in undefined age group of the population. Engineered drugs are accessible for the treatment; however, they do experience adverse effects as the treatment requires a prolonged duration worsened by noncompliance. To overwhelm it, certain pharmacological and molecular pathways are explored in the wake of Chinese herbs that prompted the prevention of this deteriorating autoimmune disease. The alcoholic extracts and decoctions are procured from Chinese herbs, such as Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Tripterygium wilfordii, etc., which have been proved to manifest constructive pharmacological actions. The activities that were exhibited by extracts are significantly innocuous, non- toxic and potent to fix the affliction in contrast with the chemosynthetic drugs. Therefore, these Chinese herbs bring forth the potent anti-inflammatory, immune suppressing, anti-nociceptive, anti-neovascularizing, free radical scavenging activities and various other benefits to withstand several pathological events that usually endure the infirmity. It can be abridged that Chinese herbs possess assorted and selective therapeutic properties with profound safety and viability to treat this rheumatic disorder. Thus, this review aims to shed a light naturally originated treatment that is pertinent to provide invulnerable therapy exonerating from adverse effects, by restraining the occurrences of joint deformities, production of auto-antibodies, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Parth Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Parteek Chandel
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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8
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Sheikhi S, Khamesipour A, Radjabian T, Ghazanfari T, Miramin Mohammadi A. Immunotherapeutic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhizic Acid on Leishmania major-infection BALB/C mice. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12879. [PMID: 34559893 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health problem in endemic areas. The objective of the current study was to investigate the immunotherapeutic activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (HEG) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the treatment of Leishmania major (L. major)-infected BALB/c mice. In this study, the effect of HEG and GA was checked in vitro on growth of L. major promastigote and amastigote using MTT assay and microscopic counting, respectively. For in vivo experiment, the lesion induced by L. major on BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with HEG, GA, meglumine antimoniate or phosphate buffer saline (negative control) for one month. Then, the lesion development and the parasite burden of the lymph node was assessed, the cytokine response (IFN-γ and IL-4) to Leishmania antigens was evaluated using ELISA method. The results showed that HEG and GA significantly inhibited the growth of L. major promastigotes and amastigotes, the lesion development, parasite burden in the lymph nodes, level of IFN-γ and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 in HEG, GA and meglumine antimoniate-treated mice were significantly higher compared with the negative control group, there was no difference between the HEG, GA and meglumine antimoniate group. It is concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of G. glabra and glycyrrhizic acid showed therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects on L. major-infected BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Radjabian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Miramin Mohammadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Zhou S, Zou H, Huang G, Chen G, Zhou X, Huang S. Design, synthesis and anti-rheumatoid arthritis evaluation of double-ring conjugated enones. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104701. [PMID: 33601137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Four series of double-ring conjugated enones were designed, synthesized and studied for the inhibition of synovial cell activity through the modification of Dysodensiol K core structure, double-ring, double-bond and double-carbonyl groups. For in vitro synovial cell assay of rats, compound 151 and 168 exhibited good inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 2.71 ± 0.18 and 2.68 ± 0.16 μM respectively. At the same time, the LDH release and LD50 test results revealed that the target compounds were low cytotoxicity and acute toxicity. For in vivo CIA model test through the oral administration, compounds 151 and 168 were exhibited similar effect to positive control group methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571127, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Huiying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571127, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Guangying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571127, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Xueming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571127, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Shuheng Huang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Separation of the Glycosylated Carotenoid Myxoxanthophyll from Synechocystis Salina by HPCCC and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Immune-Stimulating Properties. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global demand for natural pigments has increased in the past few years. Myxoxanthophyll, a glycosylated monocyclic carotenoid, is a pigment that occurs naturally in cyanobacteria but no scalable isolation process has been developed to obtain it from its natural source to date. In this study, myxoxanthophyll was isolated from unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis salina (S. salina) using high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC), where the lower phase of the biphasic solvent system composed of n-heptane–ethanol–water (2:4:4, v/v/v) was used as a mobile phase, whereas its upper phase was the stationary phase. For the HPCCC isolation, a multi-injection method was developed, and four consecutive sample injections (70 mg each) were performed, obtaining, in total, 20 mg of myxoxanthophyll, which was finally purified with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Overall, a final myxoxanthophyll yield of 15 mg (98% purity) was obtained. The target pigment showed a weak antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory effect, and exhibited immune-stimulating properties by activating human granulocytes. The results presented here form a basis for the large-scale production of myxoxanthophyll, and show the potential benefits of this pigment for human health.
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11
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Jalali A, Dabaghian F, Akbrialiabad H, Foroughinia F, Zarshenas MM. A pharmacology-based comprehensive review on medicinal plants and phytoactive constituents possibly effective in the management of COVID-19. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1925-1938. [PMID: 33159391 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arisen in China, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-II) is a novel coronavirus that has been expanding fast worldwide. Till now, no definite remedial drug or vaccine has been identified for COVID-19 treatment. Still, for a majority of infected patients, supportive therapy is the cornerstone of the management plan. To the importance of managing the COVID-19 pandemic, this article proposed to collecting capable medicinal plants and bioactive components in both treat and supportive therapy of this novel viral infection. Clinical points in the pathogenesis, symptoms, and complications of COVID-19 were considered. The effective plants and bioactives that may play a role in supportive therapy/management of COVID-19 were searched, collected through the "Scopus" database and listed in three sections. Numerous medicinal plants such as Citrus Spp., Camellia sinensis, and Glycyrrhiza glabra can interference with COVID-19 pathogenesis via inhibition of virus replication and entry to its host cells. Also, some anti-inflammatory herbal medicine such as Andrographis paniculata, Citrus spp., and Cuminum cyminum can relieve fever and cough in COVID-19 patients. Medicinal plants such as G. glabra, Thymus vulgaris, Allium sativum, Althea officinalis, and Panax ginseng may modulate the immune system and possess prevention and supportive therapy. However, more clinical data are required to confirm these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Jalali
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Dabaghian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbrialiabad
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Foroughinia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Zarshenas
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Herbal Formula Gegen-Qinlian Decoction for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3907920. [PMID: 33144868 PMCID: PMC7596527 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3907920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Herbal formula Gegen-Qinlian Decoction (GQD) has been widely used in China for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but its efficacy and safety are unclear. Method The studies were identified from the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, Wanfang database, and VIP database using the keywords “Gegenqinlian” or “Gegen-Qinlian” or “Gegen-Qin-Lian” or “Ge Gen Qin Lian.” Relevant studies were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study selection, data extraction, and validation were carried out by, at least, two reviewers with disagreements being settled by discussion. Results After literature search, a total of 26 randomized controlled trials were included with a total of 2553 patients. There was evidence that compared with metformin, the combination of GQD and metformin significantly reduced the fasting plasma glucose levels (MD −1.79, 95% CI (−2.31, −1.27), p < 0.00001); 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose levels (MD −1.72, 95% CI (−2.12, −1.31), p < 0.00001); and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (MD −1.26, 95% CI (−1.80, −0.72), p < 0.00001), and no serious side effects were identified. Conclusion These data suggest that GQD may be an effective herbal formula in treating T2DM without serious side effects. The addition of GQD also enhances the hypoglycemic effects of metformin. However, the evidence remains weak due to methodological flaws, which may amplify the therapeutic benefit of GQD.
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13
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Petramfar P, Hajari F, Yousefi G, Azadi S, Hamedi A. Efficacy of oral administration of licorice as an adjunct therapy on improving the symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease, A randomized double blinded clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112226. [PMID: 31574343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice preparations are used as neuroprotective remedies in Persian ethnomedicine, in order to prevent from disabilities in neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease (PD). AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to determine the licorice (root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) effectiveness as an adjunct treatment in the PD management. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this double-blinded trial, 128 patients were assessed for eligibility criteria. Seventy-eight patients were ineligible and 11 of them refused from participating. Thirty-nine PD patients (YAHR staging ≤ 3) were divided into two groups by random. The patients received oral licorice or placebo syrups with a dose of 5 cc, twice a day for 6 months. High-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric instruments determined licorice syrup constituents. The patients' situation for Unified Parkinson's rating scale (UPDRS) was assessed every 6 weeks for the duration of six months. In addition, patients' blood pressure, blood glucose, sodium and potassium levels, quality of life and dizziness were determined. RESULTS Six weeks after intervention, total UPDRS, daily activities and tremor were significantly improved with a considerable effect size. A significant better motor test and rigidity scores were observed 4 months after licorice intake (p > 0.05). No electrolyte abnormality, significant changes in blood pressure or blood glucose levels were observed during the study. Each 5cc of syrup contained 136 mg of licorice extract with 12.14 mg glycyrrhizic acid, and also 136 μg of polyphenols. CONCLUSION The licorice intake could improve the symptoms in PD patients without serious adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Petramfar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hajari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Yousefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samar Azadi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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14
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Shewale SP, Jadhav SV, Rathod VK. Hydrodynamic optimisation to control membrane fouling in glycyrrhizic acid (GA) recovery from the licorice root extract. Chem Ind 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2019.1689184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Shewale
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
- School of Chemical Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, India
| | - S. V. Jadhav
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - V. K. Rathod
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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15
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Cappello AR, Aiello F, Polerà N, Armentano B, Casaburi I, Di Gioia ML, Loizzo MR, Dolce V, Pezzi V, Tundis R. In vitro anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial properties of new C7 benzoate derivatives of pinocembrin. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1783-1791. [PMID: 31311327 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1641805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the in vitro anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial activities of three semi-synthetic benzoate pinocembrin derivatives, isolated from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., were investigated. As occurs in most natural compounds, the bioavailability of pinocembrin is very poor, therefore it should be improved by chemical strategies aimed to prolong its shelf life and, consequently, its activity. On this basis, three benzoate derivatives of pinocembrin (a1-a3) were synthesised and assayed in order to ascertain their biological value. Among them, compound a1 showed the highest anti-proliferative activity on a wide panel of cancer cell lines, as well as low toxic effects on non-malignant breast cells. The calculated IC50 values in HeLa and SKBR3 cells were 8.5 and 12.7 µM, respectively. Briefly, a1 treatment increased ROS levels, induced mitochondrial membrane damage leading to necrotic death of HeLa cells. Moreover, a1 displayed a promising anti-bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Polerà
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Biagio Armentano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Monica R Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Zhou JX, Braun MS, Wetterauer P, Wetterauer B, Wink M. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Extracts. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:medicines6020043. [PMID: 30935079 PMCID: PMC6631708 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: The phytochemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of a methanol extract from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Ge), a 50% ethanol (in water) extract from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Pe), and a 96% ethanol extract from Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Ue) were investigated. Methods: The phytochemical profiles of the extracts were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals and reducing ferric complexes, and the total phenolic content was tested with the Folin⁻Ciocalteu method. Cytotoxicity was determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity of the three plant extracts was investigated against six bacterial strains with the broth microdilution method. Results: Only Pe showed high antioxidant activities compared to the positive controls ascorbic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in DPPH assay; and generally the antioxidant activity order was ascorbic acid or EGCG > Pe > Ue > Ge. The three plant extracts did not show strong cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells after 24 h treatment with IC50 values above 60.53 ± 4.03 μg/mL. Ue was not toxic against the six tested bacterial strains, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values above 5 mg/mL. Ge showed medium antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter bohemicus, Kocuria kristinae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus auricularis, and Bacillus megaterium with MICs between 0.31 and 1.25 mg/mL. Pe inhibited the growth of Acinetobacter bohemicus, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus megaterium at a MIC of 0.08 mg/mL. Conclusions: The three extracts were low-cytotoxic, but Pe exhibited effective DPPH radical scavenging ability and good antibacterial activity; Ue did not show antioxidant or antibacterial activity; Ge had no antioxidant potential, but medium antibacterial ability against five bacteria strains. Pe and Ge could be further studied for their potential to be developed as antioxidant or antibacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pille Wetterauer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Wetterauer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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He Y, Ci X, Xie Y, Yi X, Zeng Y, Li Y, Liu C. Potential detoxification effect of active ingredients in liquorice by upregulating efflux transporter. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 56:175-182. [PMID: 30668338 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of most widely used herbal medicine, liquorice exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, for instance, analgesic, antitussive, antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation. Additionally, detoxification effects were observed in combination of liquorice with other herbal drugs. The mechanism of detoxification of liquorice has been extensively investigated through material basis and interference with CYPs though, investigations of its effect on transporters were very limited, according to the literature. PURPOSE The objective of this study was attempt to investigate the effect of active ingredients existing in liquorice on the efflux transporters as to clarify the potential mechanism of detoxification of liquorice. METHODS Multiple analytical approaches have been explored, including flow cytometry, fluorescent detection, RT-PCR, Western blot to measure the function, activity as well as mRNA/protein expression of efflux transporters on LS-180 cell model after treatments with active compounds of liquorice. Additionally, Caco-2 cell model was utilized to further investigate the potential impact of those ingredients on efflux transporter. RESULTS The resulting data indicated that those active ingredients, including flavonoids (liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin and licochalcone A) and pentacyclic triterpene saponin (glycyrrhetinic acid) were able to upregulate the expression of efflux transporters, for example P-gp, BCRP and MRP2. The gene expressions were approximately over 2.5 folds by comparison with that of control, and up to 13 folds and 16 folds for BCRP by isoliquiritin and isoliquiritigenin, and further confirmed by Western blot. The functional assay also supported up-regulation of efflux transporter by those ingredients. Flow cytometry study showed that the level of rhodamine123 as probe substrate in LS-180 cells decreased to approximately 50% after treatment with active ingredients of liquorice, compared with that of control. The fluorescent assay confirmed that change of rhodamine 123 was correlated with the concentrations of active ingredients given. The efflux transport of rhodamine 123 was enhanced in Caco-2 cell models as well. CONCLUSION The study clarified potential detoxification mechanism of liquorice by up-regulating efflux transporter as to reduce absorption of xenobiotics across small intestinal membrane, which provided a new insight into pharmacological function of liquorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei He
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technologies and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, New Drug Assessment, 308, Anshan West Road, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR of PR China
| | - Xiulin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technologies and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, New Drug Assessment, 308, Anshan West Road, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technologies and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, New Drug Assessment, 308, Anshan West Road, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technologies and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, New Drug Assessment, 308, Anshan West Road, Nankai, Tianjin, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China.
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18
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Zhai KF, Duan H, Cui CY, Cao YY, Si JL, Yang HJ, Wang YC, Cao WG, Gao GZ, Wei ZJ. Liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Attenuating Rheumatoid Arthritis via Reducing Inflammation, Suppressing Angiogenesis, and Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2856-2864. [PMID: 30785275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Among the various treatments, induction of synoviocyte apoptosis by natural products during a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathological condition can be considered to have vast potential. However, it is unclear that liquiritin, a kind of natural flavonoid extracted from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, induced the apoptosis of the synovial membrane and its molecular mechanism. In this study, interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-RA-FLS cells were incubated with different concentrations of liquiritin. An MTT assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, JC-1 staining, and Western blot were used to check the viability, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and the expression of related proteins, respectively. In vivo, a TUNEL assay and HE staining of tissue were used for histopathological evaluation. Our results showed that liquiritin significantly inhibited the proliferation of IL-1β-induced-RA-FLS, promoted nuclear DNA fragmentation, and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential to accelerate cell apoptosis. Liquiritin downregulated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibited the VEGF expression and phosphorylation of JNK and P38. Moreover, liquiritin improved the clinical score of rheumatism, inflammatory infiltration, and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis of the synovial tissue in vivo. Hence, liquiritin ameliorates RA by reducing inflammation, blocking MAPK signaling, and restraining angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Flavanones/administration & dosage
- Glucosides/administration & dosage
- Glycyrrhiza uralensis/chemistry
- Humans
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Synovial Membrane/drug effects
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Feng Zhai
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Duan
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yue Cui
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yao Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Si
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiao Yang
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chao Wang
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Gen Cao
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Zhen Gao
- Suzhou Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine and Functional Food, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biological and Food Engineering , Suzhou University , 49, Bianhe Road , Suzhou 234000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , People's Republic of China
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19
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Hosseini MS, Samsampour D, Ebrahimi M, Abadía J, Khanahmadi M. Effect of drought stress on growth parameters, osmolyte contents, antioxidant enzymes and glycyrrhizin synthesis in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) grown in the field. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:124-134. [PMID: 30278303 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) is a medicinal species rich in the specialised plant metabolite glycyrrhizin. It has been previously proposed that drought, which is increasing in importance due to the climatic change and scarcity of water resources, can promote the synthesis of glycyrrhizin. The effects of slight, moderate and intense drought (70, 35 and 23% of the regular irrigation, respectively) on growth parameters, osmolyte content, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, glycyrrhizin biosynthesis genes and root glycyrrhizin concentration and contents, have been assessed in five Iranian licorice genotypes grown in the field. Drought decreased progressively biomass and leaf relative water contents, and increased progressively osmolyte (proline, glycine-betaine and soluble sugars) concentrations in leaves and roots. Drought caused oxidative stress in leaves, as indicated by lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaf extracts (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and pholyphenoloxidase). Drought promoted the synthesis of glycyrrhizin, as indicated by the increases in the expression of the glycyrrhizin biosynthesis pathway genes SQS1, SQS2, bAS, CYP88D6, CYP72A154 and UGT73, and increased the root concentrations of glycyrrhizin with drought in some genotypes. However, the large decreases in root biomass caused by drought led to general decreases in the amount of glycyrrhizin per plant with moderate and intense drought, whereas the slight drought treatment led to significant decreases in glycyrrhizin content in only one genotype. Under intense drought two of the genotypes were still capable to maintain half of the control glycyrrhizin yield, whereas in the other three genotypes glycyrrhizin yield was 22-33% of the control values. Results indicate that under intense drought, with only 23% of the normal water dose being applied, an appropriate choice of genotype can still lead to acceptable glycyrrhizin yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran - Isfahan Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Samsampour
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Morteza Ebrahimi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran - Isfahan Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station (CSIC), Av. Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Morteza Khanahmadi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran - Isfahan Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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Huang L, Li W, Feng Y, Fang X, Li J, Gao Z, Li H. Simultaneous recovery of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin from Chinese licorice root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) by aqueous two-phase system and evaluation biological activities of extracts. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1444052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co, Ltd, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yunchao Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xu Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hailing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Aiello F, Armentano B, Polerà N, Carullo G, Loizzo MR, Bonesi M, Cappello MS, Capobianco L, Tundis R. From Vegetable Waste to New Agents for Potential Health Applications: Antioxidant Properties and Effects of Extracts, Fractions and Pinocembrin from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Aerial Parts on Viability of Five Human Cancer Cell Lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7944-7954. [PMID: 28862446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra cultivation and harvesting produces substantial quantities of aerial parts as waste. With the aim to prospect an innovative valorization of these byproducts, the aerial parts were harvested in May and October and analyzed for their chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and effects on viability of five cancer cell lines. Pinocembrin was the main constituent. A significant protection of lipid peroxidation was observed with the May total extract (IC50 of 4.2 ± 0.4 μg/mL at 30 min of incubation). The effects on viability of HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Caco-2, and PC3 human cancer cells were investigated. All samples shown a remarkable activity with IC50 values below 25 μg/mL. Samples from plants harvested in May exhibited greater activity than those harvested in October. MCF-7 and HeLa were the most sensitive cells with IC50 in the range 2.73-3.01 and 3.28-5.53 μg/mL, respectively. G. glabra aerial parts represent a good source of valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Biagio Armentano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Polerà
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marco Bonesi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Cappello
- CNR, Institute of Science of Food Production (ISPA) , Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento , 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Via P. Bucci 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Antidiabetic Micro-/Nanoaggregates from Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian-Tang Decoction Increase Absorption of Baicalin and Cellular Antioxidant Activity In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9217912. [PMID: 28798936 PMCID: PMC5536148 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9217912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The antidiabetic effects of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian-Tang decoction (GQD) have been proven clinically. In a pharmacological study conducted on STZ-induced diabetic rats, the constitutive aggregates/sediments of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian-Tang decoction exhibited stronger hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities compared to the soluble compositions. This study aims to demonstrate the pharmacological properties of aggregates derived from GQD by measuring permeability of the active monomer phytochemicals (e.g., baicalin) in a Caco-2 cell monolayer and determine the cellular viability, intracellular redox status (MDA and SOD), and insulin secretion of pancreatic β-cell line, INS-1, following STZ-induced oxidative stress. The aggregates were separated into three fractions, namely, “MA (microaggregates),” “400 g supernatant,” and “MNA (micro-/nanoaggregates),” by centrifugation at 400 ×g and 15000 ×g, respectively. Aggregates in the sediment increased baicalin absorption, showed little toxicity to β-cells, elevated intracellular SOD levels, and significantly suppressed oxidative damage effects on cellular viability and functions. The “MA” fraction had a larger particle size and provided higher antioxidant cellular protection than “MNA” in vitro, implying that the sediments may be the active components in the herbal decoction. The actions of these micro-/nanoaggregates may provide a new perspective for understanding the antidiabetic effects of herbal decoctions and aid in interpretation of synergistic actions between the multiple components.
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Aktop S, Emekli-Alturfan E, Gönül O, Göçmen G, Garip H, Yarat A, Göker K. Effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper on Skin Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities in Warfarin-Treated Rats. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 23:168-174. [PMID: 26354714 DOI: 10.1177/1076029615604049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) is a new promising local hemostatic agent, and its mechanism on hemostasis has been shown by many studies. However, the effects of ABS on skin superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities have not been investigated before. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of this new generation local hemostatic agent on warfarin-treated rats focusing on its the antioxidant potential in short-term soft tissue healing. METHODS Twelve systemically warfarin treated (warfarin group) and 12 none treated Wistar Albino rats (control group) were selected for the trial. Rats in the warfarin group were treated intraperitonally with 0.1 mg/kg warfarin, and rats in the control group were given 1 mL/kg saline 3 days earlier to surgical procedure and continued until killing. All rats had incisions on dorsal dermal tissue, which was applied ABS or no hemostatic agent before suturing. Six of each group were killed on day 4, and the other 6 were killed on day 8. Blood and skin samples were taken. Prothrombin time (PT) in blood samples, CAT, and SOD activities in skin samples were determined. RESULTS Warfarin treatment dose was found to be convenient and warfarin treatment increased the PT levels as expected. Warfarin treatment decreased CAT activity significantly compared to the control group. The ABS treatment significantly increased SOD activities in the warfarin group at the end of the eighth day. CONCLUSION Ankaferd Blood Stopper acted positively in short-term tissue healing by increasing SOD activity in warfarin-treated rats. Therefore, ABS may be suggeted as a promoting factor in tissue healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Aktop
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Gönül
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Göçmen
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Garip
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Yarat
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamil Göker
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ayrle H, Mevissen M, Kaske M, Nathues H, Gruetzner N, Melzig M, Walkenhorst M. Medicinal plants--prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:89. [PMID: 27268043 PMCID: PMC4896019 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35%; piglets ≤ 50%) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80%; piglets ≤ 40%). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ayrle
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, postbox 219, Frick, 5070, Switzerland. .,Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kaske
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Niels Gruetzner
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Melzig
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, postbox 219, Frick, 5070, Switzerland
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Xiang L, Wang Y, Yi X, Wang X, He X. Chemical constituent and antioxidant activity of the husk of Chinese hickory. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Hatahet T, Morille M, Hommoss A, Dorandeu C, Müller RH, Bégu S. Dermal quercetin smartCrystals®: Formulation development, antioxidant activity and cellular safety. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 102:51-63. [PMID: 26948977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural plant pigments, which possess high antioxidative and antiradical activities. However, their poor water solubility led to a limited bioavailability. To overcome this major hurdle, quercetin nanocrystals were produced implementing smartCrystals® technology. This process combines bead milling and subsequent high-pressure homogenization at relatively low pressure (300bar). To test the possibility to develop a dermal formulation from quercetin smartCrystals®, quercetin nanosuspensions were admixed to Lutrol® F127 and hydroxythylcellulose nonionic gels. The physicochemical properties (morphology, size and charge), saturation solubility, dissolution velocity and the antioxidant properties (DPPH assay) as well as the cellular interaction of the produced quercetin smartCrystals® were studied and compared to crude quercetin powder. Quercetin smartCrystals® showed a strong increase in the saturation solubility and the dissolution velocity (7.6 fold). SmartCrystals® loaded or not into gels proved to be physically stable over a period of three months at 25°C. Interestingly, in vitro DPPH assay confirmed the preservation of quercetin antioxidative properties after nanonization. In parallel, the nanocrystalline form did not display cellular toxicity, even at high concentration (50μg/ml), as assayed on an epithelial cell line (VERO cells). In addition, the nanocrystalline form confirmed a protective activity for VERO cells against hydrogen peroxide induced toxicity in vitro. This new formulation presents a promising approach to deliver quercetin efficiently to skin in well-tolerated formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hatahet
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Equipe Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - M Morille
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Equipe Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A Hommoss
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and NutriCosmetics, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, Berlin 12169, Germany
| | - C Dorandeu
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Equipe Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - R H Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and NutriCosmetics, Free University of Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, Berlin 12169, Germany
| | - S Bégu
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Equipe Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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Komes D, Belščak-Cvitanović A, Jurić S, Bušić A, Vojvodić A, Durgo K. Consumer acceptability of liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabraL.) as an alternative sweetener and correlation with its bioactive content and biological activity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 67:53-66. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1126563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hao J, Gao Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Li Q, Zhao Z, Liu J. Preparation and optimization of resveratrol nanosuspensions by antisolvent precipitation using Box-Behnken design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:118-28. [PMID: 25209687 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic component, has inspired considerable interest for its extensive physiological activities. However, the poor solubility of resveratrol circumscribes its therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to optimize and prepare resveratrol nanosuspensions using the antisolvent precipitation method. The effects of crucial formulation and process variables (drug concentration, stabilizer, and surfactant contents) on particle size were investigated by utilizing a three-factor three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) to perform this experiment. Different mathematical polynomial models were used to identify the impact of selected parameters and to evaluate their interrelationship for predictive formulation purposes. The optimal formulation consisted of drug 29.2 (mg/ml), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K17 0.38%, and F188 3.63%, respectively. The morphology of nanosuspensions was found to be near-spherical shaped by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles were in the amorphous state. Furthermore, in comparison to raw material, resveratrol nanosuspensions showed significantly enhanced saturation solubility and accelerated dissolution rate resulting from the decrease in particle size and the amorphous status of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, resveratrol nanosuspensions exhibited the similar antioxidant potency to that of raw resveratrol. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that the C max and AUC0→∞ values of nanosuspension were approximately 3.35- and 1.27-fold greater than those of reference preparation, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that this study provides a beneficial approach to address the poor solubility issue of the resveratrol and affords a rational strategy to widen the application range of this interesting substance.
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Martins N, Barros L, Dueñas M, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR. Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes and roots. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03963k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to characterize and quantify the phenolic composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (commonly known as licorice) rhizomes and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Campus de Santa Apolónia
- 5301-855 Bragança
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Campus de Santa Apolónia
- 5301-855 Bragança
| | - Montserrat Dueñas
- GIP-USAL
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Salamanca
- Campus Miguel de Unamuno
- 37007 Salamanca
| | | | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Campus de Santa Apolónia
- 5301-855 Bragança
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Zhang X, Xiong YL, Chen J, Zhou L. Synergy of licorice extract and pea protein hydrolysate for oxidative stability of soybean oil-in-water emulsions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8204-13. [PMID: 25058384 DOI: 10.1021/jf5016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously developed radical-scavenging pea protein hydrolysates (PPHs) prepared with Flavourzyme (Fla-PPH) and Protamex (Pro-PPH) were used as cosurfactants with Tween 20 to produce soybean oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, and the suppression of lipid oxidation was investigated. Both PPHs significantly retarded oxidation (P < 0.05) of the emulsions when stored at 37 °C for 14 days. Electron microscopy revealed an interfacial peptidyl membrane around oil droplets, which afforded steric restrictions to oxidation initiators. When licorice extract (LE) was also used in emulsion preparation, a remarkable synergistic oxidation inhibition was observed with both PPHs. LE adsorbed onto oil droplets either directly or through associating with PPH to produce a thick and compact interfacial membrane enabling the defense against oxygen species. Liquiritin apioside, neolicuroside, glabrene, and 18β-glycyrrhetic acid were the predominant phenolic derivatives partitioning at the interface and most likely the major contributors to the notable synergistic antioxidant activity when coupled with PPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Xiang L, Xiao L, Wang Y, Li H, Huang Z, He X. Health benefits of wine: Don’t expect resveratrol too much. Food Chem 2014; 156:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chu XT, Cruz JD, Hwang SG, Hong H. Tumorigenic Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals are Alleviated by Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Root Extract through Suppression of AhR Expression in Mammalian Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Chu XT, de la Cruz J, Hwang SG, Hong H. Tumorigenic Effects of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals are Alleviated by Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Root Extract through Suppression of AhR Expression in Mammalian Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4809-13. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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35
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Russo M, Serra D, Suraci F, Di Sanzo R, Fuda S, Postorino S. The potential of e-nose aroma profiling for identifying the geographical origin of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) roots. Food Chem 2014; 165:467-74. [PMID: 25038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Licorice roots cultivated commercially in distinct geographical areas such as China, Iran, Italy (Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily) and Turkey were classified using an artificial olfactive system (e-nose) based on metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOS). The resultant instrumental data were processed using a multivariate statistical analysis method in order to classify the raw samples according to its origin. The e-nose odourprintings were obtained by a canonical discriminant analysis carried out with the aim of relating the specific data-sets corresponding to whole licorice roots aroma with the e-nose reference dataset. E-nose results were compared to those obtained by SPME/GC-MS. The HS-SPME/GC/MS analysis was used as a control system to check for the actual existence of differences in the chemical composition of sample headspace. These results imply the possibility to use an electronic nose as a tool for a quick, effective and non-destructive authentication of licorice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy; Fondazione Mediterranea Terina, Research Laboratory "Quality and Food Safety and New Technologies" - Qua.Sic.A.Tec. MIUR Acc n. 28/2010, Area Industriale, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy.
| | - Demetrio Serra
- Fondazione Mediterranea Terina, Research Laboratory "Quality and Food Safety and New Technologies" - Qua.Sic.A.Tec. MIUR Acc n. 28/2010, Area Industriale, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Francesca Suraci
- Fondazione Mediterranea Terina, Research Laboratory "Quality and Food Safety and New Technologies" - Qua.Sic.A.Tec. MIUR Acc n. 28/2010, Area Industriale, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Rosa Di Sanzo
- Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fuda
- Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Santo Postorino
- Fondazione Mediterranea Terina, Research Laboratory "Quality and Food Safety and New Technologies" - Qua.Sic.A.Tec. MIUR Acc n. 28/2010, Area Industriale, 88046 Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
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Jiang J, Zhang X, True AD, Zhou L, Xiong YL. Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation and Rancidity in Precooked Pork Patties by Radical-Scavenging Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extract. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C1686-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Alma D. True
- Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40546 U.S.A
| | - Lirong Zhou
- ICL Performance Products LP; St. Louis MO 63141 U.S.A
| | - Youling L. Xiong
- Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40546 U.S.A
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37
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Zhang X, Xiong YL, Chen J, Zhou L. Synergistic inhibition of lipid oxidation by pea protein hydrolysate coupled with licorice extract in a liposomal model system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8452-61. [PMID: 23924409 DOI: 10.1021/jf402256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen pea protein hydrolysates (PPHs) were prepared using different proteases and tested for antioxidant activity in a liposomal model system under oxidative stress (100 μM FeCl3/2 mM ascorbate). Almost all PPHs inhibited lipid oxidation, and those prepared from heated protein with Flavourzyme (Fla-PPH) or Protamex (Pro-PPH) were the most effective. Remarkable synergistic effects were observed on both Fla-PPH and Pro-PPH with licorice extract (LE). Electron microscopy revealed a self-assembled network that appeared to provide crucial protection of liposome against oxidation. The presence of LE enhanced the antioxidant potential by producing a more compact network apparently via PPH-LE complexation. Zeta-potential measurements suggested electrostatic interactions are important driving forces for the accumulation of active peptides at the liposome interface. Peptides rich in leucine, lysine, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, or proline with a hydrophobic N-terminus, as identified by mass spectrometry, were implicated in the antioxidative protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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38
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Hou YC, Lin SP, Chao PDL. Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A. Food Chem 2012; 135:2307-12. [PMID: 22980806 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquorice (root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis FISCH) is an ingredient of candies and used as a popular medicine in Europe and oriental countries. Cyclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressant with narrow therapeutic window, is widely used in transplant patients. The absorption and disposition of CsA were associated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). This study investigated the effects of liquorice extract (LE) and its major ingredient, glycyrrhizin (GZ), on CsA pharmacokinetics in rats. The results indicated that LE and GZ significantly decreased the peak blood concentration and the areas under the curves of CsA in rats. Mechanism studies revealed that glycyrrhetic acid (GA), the major metabolite of GZ, significantly activated the functions of P-gp and CYP3A4. In conclusion, liquorice significantly reduced the oral bioavailability of CsA through activating P-gp and CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC.
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39
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Identification of two licorice species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra, based on separation and identification of their bioactive components. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Madaeni SS, Sohrabi MR, Khosravi M, Ghaedi AM. Separation of Liquiritin from Glycyrrhizic Acid in Licorice Root Extract by Nanofiltration Membrane. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2011.560591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Yin G, Cao L, Xu P, Jeney G, Nakao M, Lu C. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatocyte damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:209-216. [PMID: 20865324 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aiming at evaluating the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (2.5, 5 and 10 μg/ml) on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced carp hepatocyte damage in vitro. Glycyrrhiza glabra extract was added to the carp primary hepatocytes before (pre-treatment), after (post-treatment) and both before and after (pre- and post-treatment) the incubation of the hepatocytes with CCl(4). CCl(4) at 8 mM in the culture medium produced significantly elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly reduced levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Pre-treatment (5 μg/ml) and pre- and post-treatment (5 and 10 μg/ml) of the hepatocytes with Glycyrrhiza glabra extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of LDH, GOT, GPT and MDA and increased the reduced levels of SOD and GSH-Px by CCl(4); post-treatment of the hepatocytes with Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at 5 μg/ml reduced the GPT and GOT levels and increased the GSH-Px level, but had no effect on the other parameters at all the studied concentrations. The results support the use of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Yin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China.
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