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Chaisupa P, Rahman MM, Hildreth SB, Moseley S, Gatling C, Bryant MR, Helm RF, Wright RC. Genetically Encoded, Noise-Tolerant, Auxin Biosensors in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2804-2819. [PMID: 39197086 PMCID: PMC11421217 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Auxins are crucial signaling molecules that regulate the growth, metabolism, and behavior of various organisms, most notably plants but also bacteria, fungi, and animals. Many microbes synthesize and perceive auxins, primarily indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, referred to as auxin herein), the most prevalent natural auxin, which influences their ability to colonize plants and animals. Understanding auxin biosynthesis and signaling in fungi may allow us to better control interkingdom relationships and microbiomes from agricultural soils to the human gut. Despite this importance, a biological tool for measuring auxin with high spatial and temporal resolution has not been engineered in fungi. In this study, we present a suite of genetically encoded, ratiometric, protein-based auxin biosensors designed for the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Inspired by auxin signaling in plants, the ratiometric nature of these biosensors enhances the precision of auxin concentration measurements by minimizing clonal and growth phase variation. We used these biosensors to measure auxin production across diverse growth conditions and phases in yeast cultures and calibrated their responses to physiologically relevant levels of auxin. Future work will aim to improve the fold change and reversibility of these biosensors. These genetically encoded auxin biosensors are valuable tools for investigating auxin biosynthesis and signaling in S. cerevisiae and potentially other yeast and fungi and will also advance quantitative functional studies of the plant auxin perception machinery, from which they are built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patarasuda Chaisupa
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sherry B Hildreth
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Saede Moseley
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chauncey Gatling
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Matthew R Bryant
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Richard F Helm
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - R Clay Wright
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- The Translational Plant Sciences Center (TPSC), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Zhang Y, Kong Q, Niu B, Liu R, Chen H, Xiao S, Wu W, Zhang W, Gao H. The dual function of calcium ion in fruit edible coating: Regulating polymer internal crosslinking state and improving fruit postharvest quality. Food Chem 2024; 447:138952. [PMID: 38461720 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The edible coating is proved to be a convenient approach for fruit preservation. Among these published explorations, naturally sourced macromolecules and green crosslinking strategies gain attention. This work centers on edible coatings containing Ca2+ as crosslinker for the first time, delving into crosslinking mechanisms, include alginate, chitosan, Aloe vera gel, gums, etc. Additionally, the crucial functions of Ca2+ in fruit's quality control are also elaborated in-depth, involving cell wall, calmodulin, antioxidant, etc. Through a comprehensive review, it becomes evident that Ca2+ plays a dual role in fruit edible coating. Specifically, Ca2+ constructs a three-dimensional dense network structure with polymers through ionic bonding. Moreover, Ca2+ acts directly with cell wall to maintain fruit firmness and serve as a second messenger to participate secondary physiological metabolism. In brief, coatings containing Ca2+ present remarkable effects in preserving fruit and this work may provide guidance for Ca2+ related fruit preservation coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qi Kong
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ben Niu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shangyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Kaur J, Jawandha SK, Gill PS, Jan Z, Grewal SK. Composite coatings of beeswax + naphthalene acetic acid preserved fruit quality and antioxidants in stored lemon fruits. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:589-598. [PMID: 38274194 PMCID: PMC10805691 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lemon fruits are well recognized for their richness in antioxidants. The present study was conducted to maintain the antioxidant properties of lemon fruits under long term cold storage. Fruits were given different treatments of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 50, 100 and 150 ppm plus beeswax (BW) @ 2% and were stored at 6-8 °C and 90-95% RH for 60 days. At the end of storage, fruits coated with NAA (50 ppm) + BW (2%) retained 42.14 and 34.61% antioxidants, 62.72 and 56.54% phenolic content and 17.72 and 13.80% hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity in peel and pulp, respectively as compared to the control. This treatment also resulted in lesser weight loss (5.27%), higher ascorbic acid content (46.31 mg 100 ml-1 juice) and titratable acidity (5.23%). Hence, NAA + BW coatings were promising for the maintenance of the postharvest antioxidant quality of stored lemons. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01364-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaismeen Kaur
- Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Sukhjit Kaur Jawandha
- Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Parmpal Singh Gill
- Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Zahwa Jan
- Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Satvir Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
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Smith AN, do Nascimento Nunes MC. Physicochemical Quality, Polyphenol Profiles, and Postharvest Performance of Florida Pearl ® 'FL 16.78-109' White Strawberries Compared to the Red Cultivar 'Florida Brilliance'. Foods 2023; 12:3143. [PMID: 37685076 PMCID: PMC10487069 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
White-fruited strawberry cultivars have recently become popular due to their exotic appearance and flavor, but more needs to be known about their overall quality and postharvest performance. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the overall quality of the white-fruited strawberry Florida Pearl® 'FL 16.78-109' against the commercial, red-fruited strawberry 'Florida Brilliance' at harvest and during cold storage (1 °C). Results showed that harvest date and weather conditions contributed to significant differences in fruit quality, regardless of the cultivar. However, Pearl was softer at harvest and had lower total phenolic and anthocyanin contents but was less acidic and had higher total sugars and ascorbic acid contents than Brilliance. Pearl major polyphenols were kaempferol 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin, and gallic acid, while for Brilliance epicatechin, pelargonidin, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, and ferulic acid were the major polyphenol compounds identified. After cold storage, Pearl lost less weight than Brilliance and showed a less dramatic decline in individual polyphenols. Pearl and Brilliance anthocyanins and phenolic acids were the polyphenol groups most affected by cold storage because they showed the highest decline from harvest to the end of storage. Cold storage also had different effects on other polyphenols, but the effect was cultivar-dependent. Overall, white strawberries have a unique appearance, are sweet, have an excellent bioactive profile, and can maintain good postharvest quality.
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Li N, Zhai K, Yin Q, Gu Q, Zhang X, Melencion MG, Chen Z. Crosstalk between melatonin and reactive oxygen species in fruits and vegetables post-harvest preservation: An update. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143511. [PMID: 36937352 PMCID: PMC10020600 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables contain numerous nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and dietary fibers. They reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and the risk of certain chronic diseases, and improve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Moreover, melatonin was found in various fruits and vegetables species. Melatonin acts as a multifunctional compound to participate in various physiological processes. In recent years, many advances have been found that melatonin is also appraised as a key modulator on the fruits and vegetables post-harvest preservation. Fruits and vegetables post-harvest usually elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and accumulation. Excess ROS stimulate cell damage, protein structure destruction, and tissue aging, and thereby reducing their quality. Numerous studies find that exogenous application of melatonin modulates ROS homeostasis by regulating the antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants systems. Further evidences reveal that melatonin often interacts with hormones and other signaling molecules, such as ROS, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and etc. Among these 'new' molecules, crosstalks of melatonin and ROS, especially the H2O2 produced by RBOHs, are provided in fruits and vegetables post-harvest preservation in this review. It will provide reference for complicated integration of both melatonin and ROS as signal molecules in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Philippines
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kefeng Zhai
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center for Development and High Value Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in North Anhui Province, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Yin
- Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Philippines
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingtao Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Merced G. Melencion
- Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Philippines
- *Correspondence: Merced G. Melencion, ; Ziping Chen,
| | - Ziping Chen
- Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Merced G. Melencion, ; Ziping Chen,
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Michailidis M, Titeli VS, Karagiannis E, Feidaki K, Ganopoulos I, Tanou G, Argiriou A, Molassiotis A. Tissue-specific transcriptional analysis outlines calcium-induced core metabolic changes in sweet cherry fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 189:139-152. [PMID: 36087439 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of calcium in fruit ripening has been established, however knowledge regarding the molecular analysis at fruit tissue-level is still lacking. To address this, we examined the impact of foliar-applied calcium (0.5% CaCl2) in the ripening metabolism in skin and flesh tissues of the sweet cherry 'Tragana Edessis' fruit at the harvest stage. Exogenously applied calcium increased endogenous calcium level in flesh tissue and reduced fruit respiration rate and cracking traits. Fruit metabolomic along with transcriptomic analysis unraveled common and tissue-specific metabolic pathways associated with calcium feeding. Treatment with calcium diminished several alcohols (arabitol, sorbitol), sugars (fructose, maltose), acids (glyceric acid, threonic acid) and increased ribose and proline in both fruit tissues. Moreover, numerous primary metabolites, such as proline and galacturonic acid, were differentially accumulated in calcium-exposed tissues. Calcium-affected genes that involved in ubiquitin/ubl conjugation and cell wall biogenesis/degradation were differentially expressed between skin and flesh samples. Notably, skin and flesh tissues shared common calcium-responsive genes and exhibited substantial similarity in their expression patterns. In both tissues, calcium activated gene expression, most strongly those involved in plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signaling and MAPK signaling pathway, thus affecting related metabolic processes. By contrast, calcium depressed the expression of genes related to TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and starch/sucrose metabolism in both tissues. This work established both calcium-driven common and specialized metabolic suites in skin and flesh cherry tissues, demonstrating the utility of this approach to characterize fundamental aspects of calcium in fruit physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Vaia Styliani Titeli
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Evangelos Karagiannis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Feidaki
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki, GR, 57001, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece; Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece; Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki, GR, 57001, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Thermi, 57001, Greece.
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Huang W, Shi Y, Yan H, Wang H, Wu D, Grierson D, Chen K. The calcium-mediated homogalacturonan pectin complexation in cell walls contributes the firmness increase in loquat fruit during postharvest storage. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00211-9. [PMID: 36198382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postharvest textural changes in fruit are mainly divided into softening and lignification. Loquat fruit could have severe lignification with increased firmness during postharvest storage. Pectin is mainly associated with the postharvest softening of fruit, but some studies also found that pectin could be involved in strengthening the mechanical properties of the plant. OBJECTIVES This study focused on characterizing the dynamics of pectin and its complexation in the cell wall of lignified loquat fruit during postharvest storage, and how these changes could influence fruit firmness. METHODS The homogalacturonan (HG) pectin in the cell wall of loquat fruit was identified using monoclonal antibodies. An oligogalacturonide (OG) probe was used to label the egg-box structure formed by Ca2+ cross-linking with low-methylesterified HG. An exogenous injection was used to verify the role of egg-box structures in the firmness increase in loquat fruit. RESULTS The JIM5 antibody revealed that low-methylesterified HG accumulated in the tricellular junctions and middle lamella of loquat fruit that had severe lignification symptoms. The pectin methylesterase (PME) activity increased during the early stages of storage at 0°C, and the calcium-pectate content and flesh firmness constantly increased during storage. The OG probe demonstrated the accumulation of egg-box structures at the cellular level. The exogenous injection of PME and Ca2+ into the loquat flesh led to an increase in firmness with more low-methylesterified HG and egg-box structure signals. CONCLUSION PME-mediated demethylesterification generated large amounts of low-methylesterified HG in the cell wall. This low-methylesterified HG further cross-linked with Ca2+ to form egg-box structures. The pectin-involved complexations then contributed to the increased firmness in loquat fruit. Overall, besides being involved in fruit softening, pectin could also be involved in strengthening the mechanical properties of postharvest fruit. This study provides new ideas for obtaining a better texture of postharvest loquat fruits based on pectin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, P. R. China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
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Gaete-Eastman C, Mattus-Araya E, Herrera R, Moya-León MA. Evaluation of reference genes for transcript normalization in Fragaria chiloensis fruit and vegetative tissues. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1535-1544. [PMID: 36389093 PMCID: PMC9530087 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is used extensively in gene expression studies. For adequate comparisons, the identification and use of reliable reference genes are crucial. Nevertheless, the availability of such genes in strawberry species is limited and has yet to be described for the Chilean strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis. In this study, the expression dynamics of a set of 10 candidate reference genes were analyzed in various F. chiloensis vegetative tissues (root, runners, stem, leaf, and flower), and fruits at different ripening stages or subjected to different hormonal treatments (ABA, auxin). The expression stability of candidate genes was examined by a series of algorithms, such as geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt, for comparisons and rankings. Finally, by using RefFinder, a comprehensive and comparative ranking of the four methods was achieved. The results highlight that the expression stability of candidate reference genes fluctuates depending on tissue type, fruit stage, and hormonal treatment. As reference genes, the use of FcCHP2 and FcACTIN1 is recommended for F. chiloensis vegetative tissues; FcDBP and FcCHP1 for fruit ripening stages; FcGAPDH and FcDBP for fruit subjected to ABA and NDGA treatments; FcCHP1 and FcCHP2 for fruit under AUXIN and TIBA treatments; and FcDBP and FcCHP2 when all fruit stages and hormonal treatments are compared. If just one reference gene is employed as a normalizer, FcDBP should be chosen as it is the most stable internal control in most conditions. Therefore, the present study delivers a set of reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR expression analysis in F. chiloensis tissues and fruits subjected to several hormonal treatments. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01227-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gaete-Eastman
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Elena Mattus-Araya
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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9
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Arabia A, Munné-Bosch S, Muñoz P. Melatonin triggers tissue-specific changes in anthocyanin and hormonal contents during postharvest decay of Angeleno plums. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111287. [PMID: 35643621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plum is a stone fruit that stands out for having a short shelf-life because of its high susceptibility to rapid deterioration. Part of this deterioration is explained by fruit overripening. Recently, the role of melatonin in delaying postharvest decay has been investigated but its regulatory function during overripening is still under extensive debate. In this study, to understand physiological events taking place in plums overripening and elucidate the role of melatonin on the postharvest quality of these fruits and its relationship to other plant hormones, Angeleno plums were sprayed with 10-4 M of melatonin solution immediately after harvest. We carried out tissue-specific (mesocarp and exocarp) analysis of total phenols and anthocyanin quantification, as well as the evaluation of different phytohormones by LC-MS/MS and fruit quality parameters. Results showed that during postharvest, endogenous melatonin contents decreased both in the mesocarp and the exocarp of Angeleno plums. Likewise, plum firmness also decreased and a strong correlation was found for this parameter with jasmonic acid (JA) and cytokinins. Conversely, after exogenous melatonin application, endogenous melatonin content increased both in mesocarp and exocarp but it had a differential effect depending on the plum tissue. Indeed, total phenol and anthocyanin contents arose by 21% and 58%, respectively, in the mesocarp after melatonin treatment but no variations were found in the exocarp of Angeleno plums. Hormonal analysis of Angeleno mesocarp also revealed an increase in the JA and its precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), on the fourth day after melatonin application as well as a positive correlation between melatonin and gibberellin 1 (GA1). These results suggest that melatonin may be acting as a signal molecule increasing phenolic compounds contents through direct regulation and by signaling with other phytohormones. Therefore, this research provides valuable information for understanding the regulatory role of melatonin and its relationship with plant hormones during overripening to contribute to improve the postharvest quality of plums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Arabia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Comparison of calcium and ultrasonic treatment on fruit firmness, pectin composition and cell wall-related enzymes of postharvest apricot during storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:1588-1597. [PMID: 35250082 PMCID: PMC8882550 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of calcium treatment (2%, 20 min) and ultrasonic treatment (400 W, 20 min) on postharvest apricot fruit during storage. The results showed that after calcium and ultrasonic treatment, compared with the control, the firmness of apricot fruit increased by 41.53% and 3.83% at 16 d, but juice yield and water-soluble pectin (WSP) content decreased by 8.26% and 3.55%, 28.57% and 4.08%, respectively. Both calcium and ultrasonic treatment were more effective in reducing polygalacturonase (PG), β-Galactosidase (β-Gal), pectin methylesterase (PME), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity. Moreover, fruit firmness was significantly negatively correlated with juice yield, WSP and PPO, and positively correlated with PG and β-Gal, PPO and POD. In contrast, calcium treatment was more effective than ultrasonic treatment in delaying postharvest softening of apricot.
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11
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C-CorA: A Cluster-Based Method for Correlation Analysis of RNA-Seq Data. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Correlation analysis is a routine method of biological data analysis. In the process of RNA-Seq analysis, differentially expressed genes could be identified by calculating the correlation coefficients in the comparison of gene expression vs. phenotype or gene expression vs. gene expression. However, due to the complicated genetic backgrounds of perennial fruit, the correlation coefficients between phenotypes and genes are usually not high in fruit quality studies. In this study, a cluster-based correlation analysis method (C-CorA) is presented for fruit RNA-Seq analysis. C-CorA is composed of two main parts: the clustering analysis and the correlation analysis. The algorithm is described and then integrated into the MATLAB code and the C# WPF project. The C-CorA method was applied to RNA-Seq datasets of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) fruit stored or ripened under different conditions. Low temperature conditioning or heat treatment of loquat fruit can alleviate the extent of lignification that occurs because of postharvest storage under low temperatures (0 °C). The C-CorA method generated correlation coefficients and identified many candidate genes correlated with lignification, including EjCAD3 and EjCAD4 and transcription factors such as MYB (UN00328). C-CorA is an effective new method for the correlation analysis of various types of data with different dimensions and can be applied to RNA-Seq data for candidate gene detection in fruit quality studies.
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12
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QU G, BA L, WANG R, LI J, MA C, JI N, CAO S. Effects of melatonin on blueberry fruit quality and cell wall metabolism during low temperature storage. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.40822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiangkuo LI
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products, P. R. China
| | - Chao MA
- Guiyang University, P. R. China
| | - Ning JI
- Guiyang University, P. R. China
| | - Sen CAO
- Guiyang University, P. R. China
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13
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Postharvest Treatment of Hydrogen Sulfide Delays the Softening of Chilean Strawberry Fruit by Downregulating the Expression of Key Genes Involved in Pectin Catabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810008. [PMID: 34576171 PMCID: PMC8469075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays several physiological roles in plants. Despite the evidence, the role of H2S on cell wall disassembly and its implications on fleshy fruit firmness remains unknown. In this work, the effect of H2S treatment on the shelf-life, cell wall polymers and cell wall modifying-related gene expression of Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) fruit was tested during postharvest storage. The treatment with H2S prolonged the shelf-life of fruit by an effect of optimal dose. Fruit treated with 0.2 mM H2S maintained significantly higher fruit firmness than non-treated fruit, reducing its decay and tripling its shelf-life. Additionally, H2S treatment delays pectin degradation throughout the storage period and significantly downregulated the expression of genes encoding for pectinases, such as polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and expansin. This evidence suggests that H2S as a gasotransmitter prolongs the post-harvest shelf-life of the fruit and prevents its fast softening rate by a downregulation of the expression of key pectinase genes, which leads to a decreased pectin degradation.
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14
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Geng Y, Qin L, Liu Y, Zhang S. Ultrastructure observation and transcriptome analysis of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) seeds in response to water loss. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Niazi A, Ghanbari F, Erfani‐Moghadam J. Simultaneous effects of hot water treatment with calcium and salicylic acid on shelf life and qualitative characteristics of strawberry during refrigerated storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdol‐Reza Niazi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Ilam University Ilam Iran
| | - Fardin Ghanbari
- Department of Horticultural Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Ilam University Ilam Iran
| | - Javad Erfani‐Moghadam
- Department of Horticultural Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Ilam University Ilam Iran
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16
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Valenzuela-Riffo F, Parra-Palma C, Ramos P, Morales-Quintana L. Molecular and structural insights into FaEXPA5, an alpha-expansin protein related with cell wall disassembly during ripening of strawberry fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:581-589. [PMID: 32711363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall modification is one of the main factors that produce the tissue softening during ripening of many fruit including strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Expansins have been studied for over 20 years as a class of the important cell growth regulators, and in the last years these have been related with the fruit softening. In strawberry, five partial sequences of the expansins genes were described in the past, this analysis showed that FaEXP5 partial gene was present throughout fruit development, but was more strongly expressed during ripening. Now, we reported the full length of this α-expansin (FaEXPA5), whose had been related with fruit softening, and the protein structural was described by homology model. Their transcript accumulation during softening was confirmed by qRT-PCR, displaying a high accumulation rate during fruit ripening. In silico analysis of promoter sequence showed four ABA and two auxin cis-regulatory elements, potentially responsible for the expression patterns observed in response to the hormone treatments. Additionally, 3D protein model displayed two domains and one open groove characteristic of expansin structures. The protein-ligand interactions were evaluated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation using three different long structure ligands (a cellulose fiber, a xyloglucan fiber (XXXG type), and a pectin fiber as control). Favorable interactions were observed with xyloglucan and cellulose, being cellulose the best ligand with lower RMSD value. Additionally, MD simulations showed that FaEXPA5 can interact with the ligands through residues present in the open groove along the two domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Ingeniería Genética, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Carolina Parra-Palma
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Ingeniería Genética, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario-DI, Universidad de Talca, Chile.
| | - Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica, Facultad Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.
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17
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Li S, Tao S, Zhang J, Wu L, Huan C, Zheng X. Effect of calcium treatment on the storability and disease resistance in preharvest bagging mango fruit during room temperature storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenge Li
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Shuhua Tao
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lina Wu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Chen Huan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
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18
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Nondestructive measurement of pectin polysaccharides using hyperspectral imaging in mulberry fruit. Food Chem 2020; 334:127614. [PMID: 32711282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pectin polysaccharide is an important phytochemical with potential biomedical applications. It is commonly measured by time-consuming destructive chemical methods. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using visible and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques to rapidly measure pectin polysaccharides in intact mulberry fruits. Based on spatial information provided by HSI images, the representative spectrum of each whole mulberry was accurately extracted without background. The effects of storage temperature on two varieties of mulberries for model establishment were studied. The performances of two spectral ranges obtained by Si and InGaAs CCD detectors for pectin prediction were compared. The best predictions were obtained from dilute alkali soluble pectin and total soluble pectin in Dashi mulberry fruit stored at room temperature, with residual predictive deviation values of 2.317 and 1.935, respectively. Our results show that HSI is a promising alternative to the chemical method to rapidly and nondestructively measure the pectin content.
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19
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Hybrid Label-Free Molecular Microscopies for Simultaneous Visualization of Changes in Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Peach at Single- and Multiple-Cell Levels during Postharvest Storage. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030761. [PMID: 32244921 PMCID: PMC7140658 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Softening of fruit during the postharvest storage, which is mainly associated with both compositional and spatial changes of polysaccharides within cell wall, affects the texture and quality of fruit. Current research on the fruit softening mechanism lacks an understanding of the overall softening at the cell level. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in the spatial distribution of cell wall polysaccharides in peach flesh cells at both single- and multiple-cell levels in a label-free way during the postharvest storage. Nonmelting peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv."Zhonghuashoutao") at commercial maturity were stored at 0 °C and 20 °C. Firmness measurement and chemical analysis were performed at each storage time. In addition, three molecular imaging techniques, namely confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM), Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM), and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (SRS) were used to visualize changes in the spatial distribution of cell wall polysaccharides of peach fruit in a label-free way during the postharvest storage. The combination of CRM and FTIRM provided complementary spectral information to visualize the spatial changes of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin in the cell wall of peach flesh during softening at the single-cell level, and found that the cell wall polysaccharides tended to be concentrated in the cell corner of parenchymal cells at the late stage. Furthermore, SRS, which is an ultrafast Raman imaging technique (approximately three or four orders of magnitude faster than CRM), was used for high-throughput cell wall phenotypes measurement. Different degradation degrees of parenchymal cells during fruit softening were found based on the gray-scale statistical analysis of SRS data. In general, cell wall polysaccharides decreased during softening and tended to be concentrated in the cell corner for most parenchymal cells at the late stage, but there were also some cells not in line with the whole softening trends. The results show that there were differences in the content and spatial changes of cell wall polysaccharides among parenchymal cells of peach fruit during the softening process, and the hybrid use of CRM, FTIRM, and SRS is a promising method for simultaneous visualization of changes in cell wall polysaccharides of peach.
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20
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Recent Advances in Hormonal Regulation and Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. In contrast, the hormonal mechanism of fruit development and ripening in non-climacteric fruit, such as strawberry, grape, raspberry, and citrus, is not well characterized. However, recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of non-climacteric fruit development and ripening and their cross-talk by taking grape, strawberry, and raspberry as reference fruit species.
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21
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Liu W, Zhang J, Jiao C, Yin X, Fei Z, Wu Q, Chen K. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the regulation of metabolic processes during postharvest cold storage of loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica) fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:49. [PMID: 30962941 PMCID: PMC6441654 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) fruit accumulates lignin during postharvest storage under chilling conditions (0 °C), while low-temperature conditioning (LTC; 5 °C for 6 days followed by transfer to 0 °C) or heat treatment (HT; 40 °C for 4 h followed by transfer to 0 °C) can alleviate lignification. Here we compared transcriptome profiles of loquat fruit samples under LTC or HT to those stored at 0 °C at five time points from day 1 to day 8 after treatment. High-throughput transcriptome sequences were de novo assembled into 53,319 unique transcripts with an N50 length of 1306 bp. A total of 2235 differentially expressed genes were identified in LTC, and 1020 were identified in HT compared to 0 °C. Key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, including EjPAL2, EjCAD1, EjCAD3, 4CL, COMT, and HCT, were responsive to LTC or HT treatment, but they showed different expression patterns during the treatments, indicating that different structural genes could regulate lignification at different treatment stages. Coexpression network analysis showed that these candidate biosynthetic genes were associated with a number of transcription factors, including those belonging to the AP2, MYB, and NAC families. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that biological processes such as stress responses, cell wall and lignin metabolism, hormone metabolism, and metal ion transport were significantly affected under LTC or HT treatment when compared to 0 °C. Our analyses provide insights into transcriptome responses to postharvest treatments in loquat fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- School of Mathematical Science, Zhejiang University, Yuquan Campus, 310027 Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058 Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058 Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Xueren Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058 Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Qingbiao Wu
- School of Mathematical Science, Zhejiang University, Yuquan Campus, 310027 Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058 Hangzhou, P.R. China
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22
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Valenzuela-Riffo F, Gaete-Eastman C, Stappung Y, Lizana R, Herrera R, Moya-León MA, Morales-Quintana L. Comparative in silico study of the differences in the structure and ligand interaction properties of three alpha-expansin proteins from Fragaria chiloensis fruit. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3245-3258. [PMID: 30175949 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1517610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Expansins are cell wall proteins associated with several processes, including changes in the cell wall during ripening of fruit, which matches softening of the fruit. We have previously reported an increase in expression of specific expansins transcripts during softening of Fragaria chiloensis fruit. Here, we characterized three α-expansins. Their full-length sequences were obtained, and through qRT-PCR (real-time PCR) analyses, their transcript accumulation during softening of F. chiloensis fruit was confirmed. Interestingly, differential but overlapping expression patterns were observed. With the aim of elucidating their roles, 3D protein models were built using comparative modeling methodology. The models obtained were similar and displayed cellulose binding module(CBM ) with a β-sandwich structure, and a catalytic domain comparable to the catalytic core of protein of the family 45 glycosyl hydrolase. An open groove located at the central part of each expansin was described; however, the shape and size are different. Their protein-ligand interactions were evaluated, showing favorable binding affinity energies with xyloglucan, homogalacturonan, and cellulose, cellulose being the best ligand. However, small differences were observed between the protein-ligand conformations. Molecular mechanics-generalized Born-surface area (MM-GBSA) analyses indicate the major contribution of van der Waals forces and non-polar interactions. The data provide a dynamic view of interaction between expansins and cellulose as putative cell wall ligands at the molecular scale. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile.,b Phytohormone Research Laboratory , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - Carlos Gaete-Eastman
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - Yazmina Stappung
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Lizana
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - Luis Morales-Quintana
- a Functional genomics, biochemistry and plant physiology group , Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile.,c Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory , Carrera de Ingeniería en Informática, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Talca , Chile.,d Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas , Universidad Autónoma de Chile Sede Talca , Talca , del Maule , Chile
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23
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Khan ZU, Jiayin L, Khan NM, Mou W, Li D, Wang Y, Feng S, Luo Z, Mao L, Ying T. Suppression of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes and their Encoding Genes in Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) by CaCl 2 and Citric Acid. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 72:54-59. [PMID: 27924413 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fresh button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were harvested and treated with a solution of 1.5% CaCl2 + 0.5% citric acid and stored for 16 days at 12 °C. The effects of this treatment on firmness, weight, color, cell wall compositions (cellulose and chitin) and cell wall degrading enzymes (cel1ulase, beta-1, 3 glucanase, chitinase and phenylalanine ammonialyase) were investigated during post-harvest storage. The expressions of major genes (Cel1, Glu1, Chi1 and PAL1) involved in cell wall degradation during post-harvest storage were also monitored. The results revealed that the post-harvest chemical treatment maintained better firmness, weight, color and inhibited cellulase, beta-1, 3 glucanase, chitinase and phenylalanine ammonialyase activities. These findings showed that the down-regulation of cell wall degrading enzymes is a possible mechanism that delays the softening of button mushrooms by the application of combined chemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Khan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Li Jiayin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Nasir Mehmood Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Wangshu Mou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansheng Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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24
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Gómez-Plaza E, Bautista-Ortín AB, Ruiz-García Y, Fernández-Fernández JI, Gil-Muñoz R. Effect of elicitors on the evolution of grape phenolic compounds during the ripening period. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:977-983. [PMID: 27235201 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of the application of benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJ) at veraison on the phenolic composition of grapes from three varieties (Monastrell, Syrah and Merlot) was studied during the ripening period, using HPLC techniques to measure flavonols, anthocyanins and tannins. RESULTS The effects of the treatments differed in the three varieties, and the maximum concentration of phenolic compounds was not always reached at the end of the ripening period but some days before harvest. At the end of ripening both treated Syrah grapes only differed from control grapes in the flavonol concentration, whereas MeJ-treated Merlot grapes presented higher anthocyanin and skin tannin contents than the control and BTH-treated grapes. Only the anthocyanin content was significantly higher in treated Monastrell grapes at the moment of harvest. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the moment of elicitor treatment should be more studied since differences between treated and control grapes were, in general greater several days before harvest in all three varieties. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Aerosols
- Agrochemicals/pharmacology
- Anthocyanins/analysis
- Anthocyanins/biosynthesis
- Antioxidants/analysis
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Crop Production
- Crops, Agricultural/chemistry
- Crops, Agricultural/drug effects
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Cyclopentanes/pharmacology
- Flavonols/analysis
- Flavonols/biosynthesis
- Fruit/chemistry
- Fruit/drug effects
- Fruit/growth & development
- Fruit/metabolism
- Humans
- Nutritive Value
- Oxylipins/pharmacology
- Phenols/analysis
- Phenols/metabolism
- Pigments, Biological/analysis
- Pigments, Biological/biosynthesis
- Plant Epidermis/chemistry
- Plant Epidermis/drug effects
- Plant Epidermis/growth & development
- Plant Epidermis/metabolism
- Spain
- Species Specificity
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Tannins/analysis
- Tannins/biosynthesis
- Thiadiazoles/pharmacology
- Vitis/chemistry
- Vitis/drug effects
- Vitis/growth & development
- Vitis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarna Gómez-Plaza
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana B Bautista-Ortín
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Ruiz-García
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - José I Fernández-Fernández
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, Ctra. La Alberca s/n, 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío Gil-Muñoz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, Ctra. La Alberca s/n, 30150, Murcia, Spain
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25
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Li L, Li D, Luo Z, Huang X, Li X. Proteomic Response and Quality Maintenance in Postharvest Fruit of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) to Exogenous Cytokinin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27094. [PMID: 27250251 PMCID: PMC4890429 DOI: 10.1038/srep27094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitations in current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit response to the application of plant growth regulators have increasingly become major challenges in improvement of crop quality. This study aimed to evaluate the response of strawberry to the preharvest application of exogenous cytokinin known as forchlorfenuron (CPPU). Postharvest internal and physiological quality attributes were characterized following storage under different conditions. Hierarchical clustering analysis via a label-free proteomic quantitative approach identified a total of 124 proteins in strawberries across all treatments. The expression profiles of both proteins and genes spanned the ranged role of cytokinin involved in primary and secondary metabolism, stress response, and so on. Eighty-eight proteins and fifty-six proteins were significantly regulated immediately at harvest and after storage, respectively. In general, the glycolysis in strawberry was only regulated by CPPU before storage; in addition to the accelerated photosynthesis and acid metabolism, CPPU application maintained higher capacity of resistance in strawberry to stress stimuli after storage, in comparison to control. Nevertheless, the volatile biosynthesis in strawberry has been suppressed by exogenous CPPU. Novel cytokinin response proteins and processes were identified in addition to the main transcriptomic expression to gain insights into the phytohormone control of fruit postharvest quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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26
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Effects of preharvest applications of methyl jasmonate and chitosan on postharvest decay, quality and chemical attributes of Fragaria chiloensis fruit. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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28
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Wang L, Jin P, Wang J, Jiang L, Shan T, Zheng Y. Effect of β-aminobutyric acid on cell wall modification and senescence in sweet cherry during storage at 20°C. Food Chem 2015; 175:471-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Cáez-Ramirez GR, Téllez-Medina DI, Gutierrez-López GF. Multiscale and Nanostructural Approach to Fruits Stability. FOOD NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13596-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Cherian S, Figueroa CR, Nair H. 'Movers and shakers' in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4705-22. [PMID: 24994760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process involving the expression of many ripening-related genes under the control of a network of signalling pathways. The hormonal control of climacteric fruit ripening, especially ethylene perception and signalling transduction in tomato has been well characterized. Additionally, great strides have been made in understanding some of the major regulatory switches (transcription factors such as RIPENING-INHIBITOR and other transcriptional regulators such as COLOURLESS NON-RIPENING, TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs), that are involved in tomato fruit ripening. In contrast, the regulatory network related to non-climacteric fruit ripening remains poorly understood. However, some of the most recent breakthrough research data have provided several lines of evidences for abscisic acid- and sucrose-mediated ripening of strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit model. In this review, we discuss the most recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of fleshy fruit ripening and their cross-talk and the future challenges taking tomato as a climacteric fruit model and strawberry as a non-climacteric fruit model. We also highlight the possible contribution of epigenetic changes including the role of plant microRNAs, which is opening new avenues and great possibilities in the fields of fruit-ripening research and postharvest biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Carlos R Figueroa
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Helen Nair
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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31
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Landi L, Feliziani E, Romanazzi G. Expression of Defense Genes in Strawberry Fruits Treated with Different Resistance Inducers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3047-3056. [PMID: 24627944 DOI: 10.1021/jf404423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The expression of 18 defense genes in strawberry fruit treated with elicitors: chitosan, BTH, and COA, at 0.5, 6, 24, and 48 h post-treatment was analyzed. The genes were up-regulated differentially, according to the elicitor. Chitosan and COA treatments promoted the expression of key phenylpropanoid pathway genes, for synthesis of lignin and flavonoids; only those associated with flavonoid metabolism were up-regulated by BTH. The calcium-dependent protein kinase, endo-β 1,4-glucanase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase genes were up-regulated by BTH. The K+ channel, polygalacturonase, polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, and β-1,3-glucanase, increased in response to all tested elicitors. The enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-1,3-glucanase, Chitinase, and guaiacol peroxidase supported the gene expression results. Similarity of gene expression was >72% between chitosan and COA treatments, while BTH showed lower similarity (38%) with the other elicitors. This study suggests the relationship between the composition of the elicitors and a specific pattern of induced defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences via Brecce Bianche, Marche Polytechnic University , Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Erica Feliziani
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences via Brecce Bianche, Marche Polytechnic University , Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences via Brecce Bianche, Marche Polytechnic University , Ancona 60131, Italy
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32
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Concha CM, Figueroa NE, Poblete LA, Oñate FA, Schwab W, Figueroa CR. Methyl jasmonate treatment induces changes in fruit ripening by modifying the expression of several ripening genes in Fragaria chiloensis fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:433-44. [PMID: 23835361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of jasmonates (JAs) in the ripening of Fragaria chiloensis fruit, two concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 and 100 μM) were evaluated at 2, 5 and 9 d using an in vitro ripening system. Fruit quality parameters; the contents of anthocyanin, lignin and cell wall polymers; and the transcriptional profiles of several ripening-related genes were analyzed. MeJA accelerated fruit ripening by means of a transitory increase in the soluble solid content/titratable acidity ratio, anthocyanin accumulation and an increase in softening at day 5. The expression of several phenylpropanoid-related genes, primarily those associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, was increased under MeJA treatment, which correlated with an increased accumulation of anthocyanin. MeJA also altered the expression profiles of some cell wall-modifying genes, namely, EG1 and XTH1, and these changes correlated with a transient reduction in the firmness of MeJA-treated fruits. MeJA-responsive elements were observed in the promoter region of the EG1 gene. MeJA also increased the expression of LOX, AOS and OPR3, genes involved in the biosynthesis of JAs, and these changes correlated with the transient activation of fruit ripening observed. Conversely, the expression of ethylene and lignin biosynthesis genes (ACS, ACO, CAD and POD27) increased in MeJA-treated fruits at day 9. The present findings suggest that JAs promote the ripening of non-climacteric fruits through their involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, cell wall modification and the biosynthesis of ethylene and JAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal M Concha
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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