1
|
Giannioti Z, Suman M, Roncone A, Rollo E, Tonidandel L, Barbero A, Catellani D, Larcher R, Bontempo L. Isotopic, mycotoxin, and pesticide analysis for organic authentication along the production chain of wheat-derived products. Food Chem 2024; 452:139519. [PMID: 38728888 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Wheat-based products are staples in diets worldwide. Organic food frauds continuously threaten consumer trust in the agri-food system. A multi-method approach was conducted for the organic authentication and safety assessment of pasta and bakery products along their production chain. Bulk and Compound-Specific (CS) Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) suggested the δ15Nbulk, δ15Nleucine and δ15Nproline as promising organic markers, with CS able to distinguish between pairs which bulk analysis could not. Processing significantly affected the values of δ15Nleucine, δ13Cproline and δ13Cleucine. Multi-mycotoxin analysis (HT-2, T-2, DON, ZEN, OTA, AFB1) revealed higher contamination in conventional than organic samples, while both milling and baking significantly reduced mycotoxin content. Lastly, from the evaluation of 400 residues, isopyrazam was present at the highest concentration (0.12 mg/kg) in conventional wheat, exhibiting a 0.12 Processing Factor (PF), while tebuconazole levels remained unchanged in pasta production (90 °C) and reduced below LOQ in biscuits and crackers (180-250 °C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Giannioti
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento and Fondazione Edmund Mach Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Michele Suman
- Advanced Laboratory Research, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.P.A., Parma, Italy; Department for Sustainable Food Process, Catholic University Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Roncone
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rollo
- Advanced Laboratory Research, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.P.A., Parma, Italy; Department for Sustainable Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 95/A-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Alice Barbero
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Dante Catellani
- Advanced Laboratory Research, Barilla G. e R. Fratelli S.P.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Hu J, Wang G, Yang H, Hong L, Xu J, Wang H. Can stable carbon isotope fingerprints be competent for geographic traceability of rice? Food Chem 2024; 455:139819. [PMID: 38850991 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the traceability of rice-producing areas to address the increasing demand for accurate methods to confirm food quality and safety. Compound-specific δ13C of fatty acids, δ13C of starch and bulk of rice were measured. PCA, PLS-DA and VIP value analysis of the obtained data were performed to track the source of rice from the six regions. The PLS-DA model established with bulk δ13C, starch δ13C, and fatty acid δ13C, which clearly separated the rice from six regions. The VIP graph showed the value of starch, C18:0 and C18:2 δ13C values (VIP > 1) were important to distinguish the origin of rice. Also, according to loading plots the contribution of starch δ13C was the largest. The findings indicate that the introduction of starch δ13C improves the precision of rice traceability and provides an effective method for identifying rice origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jingwen Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Huanyu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Hong
- Dalian Inspection Testing and Certification Group, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Dalian Inspection Testing and Certification Group, Dalian, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chi HY, Kim WR, Kim JY, Kim SH. Improved organic and pesticide-free rice ( Oryza sativa L.) authentication based on multiple stable isotope ratio analysis and rice milling state. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26725. [PMID: 38439881 PMCID: PMC10909666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study looked at the application of multiple bulk stable isotope ratio analysis to accurately authenticate organic rice and counteract organic fraud within the expanding global organic market. Variations of δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, and δ34S in organic, pesticide-free, and conventional rice were assessed across different milling states (brown, milled, and bran). Individual stable isotope ratio alone such as δ15N demonstrated limited capacity to correctly differentiate organic, pesticide-free, and conventional rice. A support vector machine model-incorporating δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, and δ34S in milled rice-yielded overall predictability (95%) in distinguishing organic, pesticide-free, and conventional rice, where δ18O emerged as the pivotal variable based on the feature weights in the SVM model. These findings suggest the potential of multi-isotope and advanced statistical approaches in combating organic fraud and ensuring authenticity in the food supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Youn Chi
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ryeol Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Athaillah Z, Yarnes C, Wang SC. Bulk and Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis for the Authentication of Walnuts ( Juglans regia) Origins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71. [PMID: 37917953 PMCID: PMC10655176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Walnuts are grown in various countries, and as product origin information is becoming more important to consumers, new techniques to differentiate walnut geographical authenticity are needed. We conducted bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) on walnuts grown in seven countries. The BSIA consisted of δ13Cbulk, δ15Nbulk, and δ34Sbulk, and CSIA covered δ2Hfatty acid, δ13Cfatty acid, δ13Camino acid, δ15Namino acid, and δ2Hamino acid. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used for statistical analysis to compare samples from the USA and China. Parameters that yielded significant variations are δ2HC18:1n-9, δ13CC18:2n-6, δ13CC18:3n-3, δ13CGly, δ13CLeu, δ13CVal, δ2HGlu, δ2HIle, δ2HLeu, and δ2HThr. Our findings suggested that CSIA of fatty acids and amino acids can be useful to differentiate the geographical provenance of walnuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zatil
A. Athaillah
- Food
Science and Technology Department of University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chris Yarnes
- Stable
Isotope Facility of University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Selina C. Wang
- Food
Science and Technology Department of University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Nie J, Liu Y, Wadood SA, Rogers KM, Yuan Y, Gan RY. A review of recent compound-specific isotope analysis studies applied to food authentication. Food Chem 2023; 415:135791. [PMID: 36868070 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of food products is a relatively new and novel technique used to authenticate food and detect adulteration. This paper provides a review of recent on-line and off-line CSIA applications of plant and animal origin foods, essential oils and plant extracts. Different food discrimination techniques, applications, scope, and recent studies are discussed. CSIA δ13C values are widely used to verify geographical origin, organic production, and adulteration. The δ15N values of individual amino acids and nitrate fertilizers have proven effective to authenticate organic foods, while δ2H and δ18O values are useful to link food products with local precipitation for geographical origin verification. Most CSIA techniques focus on fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, disaccharides, organic acids, and volatile compounds enabling more selective and detailed origin and authentication information than bulk isotope analyses.. In conclusion, CSIA has a stronger analytical advantage for the authentication of food compared to bulk stable isotope analysis, especially for honey, beverages, essential oils, and processed foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Syed Abdul Wadood
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Guo Y, Gong S, Yuan M, Liu J, Li X, Wu Z, Guo L. Discrimination of Curculigo orchioides Rhizoma and Curculigo glabrescens Rhizoma using stable isotope and mineral element analyses coupled with chemometrics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12578. [PMID: 35869256 PMCID: PMC9307770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCorrect species identification is crucial for ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicine. Market research indicates that Curculigo glabrescens Rhizoma (CGR) was the major counterfeit of the medicine Curculigo orchioides Rhizoma (COR). To accurately discriminate COR and CGR remains a challenge, and it becomes even more difficult when the herbs have been heavily processed into a powder. In this work, combined with high performance liquid chromatography analysis, a novel component in CGR was discovered, and two stable isotopes (N%, C%, δ15N, δ13C) and nineteen mineral elements were determined along with multivariate statistical analysis to distinguish the authentic COR samples and counterfeit CGR samples. The results showed that there were significant differences between the mean value of N%, δ15N and δ13C according to the botanical origins. In addition, these two species can be differentiated by principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) analysis. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model with a good classification rate (100%) and cross-validation rate (100%) was established. Hence, stable isotope and mineral element contents combined with chemometrics analysis could be considered as an effective and reliable method for discriminating the source species of COR and CGR.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ecofriendly shiitake authentication using bulk and amino acid-specific stable isotope models. Food Chem 2022; 397:133819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Wadood SA, Nie J, Li C, Rogers KM, Khan A, Khan WA, Qamar A, Zhang Y, Yuwei Y. Rice authentication: An overview of different analytical techniques combined with multivariate analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Chung IM, Kim YJ, Moon HS, Han JG, Kong WS, Yarnes CT, Kim SH. Improved accuracy of geographical origin identification of shiitake grown in sawdust medium: A compound-specific isotope model-based pilot study. Food Chem 2022; 369:130955. [PMID: 34488129 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In countries like South Korea and the USA, origin labeling of shiitake grown using imported Chinese-inoculated medium is an issue. Therefore, we evaluated the use of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for the accurate identification of the geographical origin of shiitake (Korean, Chinese-inoculated medium, and Chinese); Chinese-inoculated medium shiitake were cultivated in Korea using inoculated sawdust medium from China. The CSIA-discriminant model showed an overall accuracy of 100% in the geographical classification of the original set and 96.4% for the cross-validated set. Glutamate and aspartate δ15N values were the most important variables for differentiating shiitake based on their origins. Compared to that observed upon using the bulk stable isotope analysis, the CSIA model was associated with significantly improved predictability of origin identification. Our findings elucidate the importance of isotope signatures in developing a reliable origin labeling method for shiitake cultured on the sawdust medium for the global market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ju Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Moon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- National Institutes of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- National Institutes of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher T Yarnes
- UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Shen Z. Transport process and source contribution of nitrogen in stormwater runoff from urban catchments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117824. [PMID: 34315036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen in urban stormwater has been widely studied, and effective management of nitrogen pollution is critical for improving urban stormwater and receiving water quality. This requires an in-depth understanding of the transport process and source contribution to both dissolved and particulate nitrogen in stormwater from urban catchments. In this study, 123 stormwater runoff samples were collected from an urban catchment during different rainfall events. Dissolved and particulate nitrogen concentrations in roof runoff, road runoff, and sewer flow were analyzed. The concentration of dissolved nitrogen was higher in roof runoff than in road runoff and sewer flow. However, the concentration of particulate nitrogen was lower in roof runoff than in road runoff and sewer flow. Isotopic analysis and Bayesian mixing models showed that road runoff was the largest source contributor of both nitrate and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) in sewer flow discharged from the study catchment. In addition, road runoff contributed the majority of PON associated with coarse particles (>105 μm), whereas PON associated with fine particles (<105 μm) was primarily washed-off of sewer sediments. The results provided several suggestions for the management of nitrogen pollution in urban catchments. This study could help to fully understand the transport and sources of nitrogen pollution in urban stormwater and provide recommendations to the government for implementing appropriate stormwater management strategies to minimize stormwater pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Shihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramirez MD, Besser AC, Newsome SD, McMahon KW. Meta‐analysis of primary producer amino acid δ
15
N values and their influence on trophic position estimation. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Ramirez
- Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Narragansett RI USA
| | - Alexi C. Besser
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Seth D. Newsome
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Kelton W. McMahon
- Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Narragansett RI USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chung IM, Kim YJ, Moon HS, Chi HY, Kim SH. Long-term isotopic model study for ecofriendly rice (Oryza sativa L.) authentication: Updating a case study in South Korea. Food Chem 2021; 362:130215. [PMID: 34091166 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the lack of consumer trust in ecofriendly products due to low reliability of ecofriendly certification and decreasing areas certified for growing ecofriendly agricultural products, alternative approaches for reliable certification are required. Isotopic-chemometric analysis has potential for determining organic authenticity, but previous studies have struggled to differentiate the authenticities of different rice types. The present study examined 5-year variations in δ13C and δ15N in ecofriendly and conventional rice sold at retail markets in South Korea, while assessing the feasibility of discriminant models for authentication of organic rice. Supporting vector machine analysis showed 4.4-14.6% better overall predictability of rice types than discriminant analysis and was effective in discriminating organic or conventional rice from pesticide-free rice, potentially enabling high-throughput screening to authenticate organic rice at marketplaces. Our findings provide reliable information for authenticating ecofriendly rice, with a potential to improve consumer safety and thus the confidence in organic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Ju Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Sung Moon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Youn Chi
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Green Labelled Rice Shows a Higher Nutritional and Physiochemical Quality Than Conventional Rice in China. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050915. [PMID: 33919454 PMCID: PMC8143485 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, green food refers to a wide array of certified agricultural and processed edible commodities that are produced strictly following defined standard protocols and labelled with a specified “Green Food” logo. The demand for green labelled rice is rapidly growing due to its higher quality and adherence to safety standards compared to conventional rice. Therefore, the physicochemical and nutritional quality of green rice needs to be further investigated for consumers’ benefits. Using Daohuaxiang 2, one of the most famous types of green rice, we found that green rice was significantly superior to conventional rice in terms of thousand kernel weight, chalkiness, amylose content, and rheological properties. Green rice contained lower levels of heavy metals than conventional rice due to a dramatic reduction in chemical inputs during its cultivation. The concentrations of Cr, As, Cd, Pb in green rice decreased, respectively, from 98.7 to 180.1 μg/kg, 49.8 to 62.3 μg/kg, 7.8 to 9.1 μg/kg, and 29.0 to 42.8 μg/kg on average. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabolomics, in combination with multivariate analysis, revealed that 15 metabolites differentially accumulated when comparing green and conventional rice. Among these, 12 metabolites showed a high accumulation in green rice, including seven amino acids, two sugars, and three fatty acids. Overall, our results suggest the superior quality of a type of green rice that is popular in China, which may boost green rice consumption and facilitate the further expansion of green rice production in China.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang J, Yang R, Li YC, Wen X, Peng Y, Ni X. Use of mineral multi-elemental analysis to authenticate geographical origin of different cultivars of tea in Guizhou, China. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3046-3055. [PMID: 32065399 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geographical origin of tea (Camellia sinensis) can be traced using mineral elements in its leaves as fingerprints. However, the role that could be played by soil mineral elements in the geographical authentication of tea leaves has been unclear. In this study, 22 mineral elements in 73 pairs of tea leaves and soils from three regions (Pu'an, Duyun, and Liping) in Guizhou, China, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mineral element concentrations were processed by multivariate statistical analysis, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (S-LDA). RESULTS Based on a one-way ANOVA, tea leaves and soils with different origins possessed unique mineral element fingerprints. Sixteen mineral element concentrations in tea leaves were significantly correlated with those in soils (P < 0.05). The geographical origins of tea leaves were effectively differentiated using the 16 correlated mineral elements combined with PCA. The S-LDA model offered a 100% differentiation rate, and six indicative elements (phosphorus, Sr, U, Pb, Cd, and Cr) were selected as important fingerprinting markers for the geographic traceability of tea leaves. The accurate discrimination rate of geographical origin was unaffected by the cultivars of tea in the S-LDA model. CONCLUSIONS Mineral elements in soils played an important role in the geographical authentication of tea leaves. Mineral elemental concentrations with significant correlations between tea leaves and soils could be robust, and could be used to trace the geographical origins of tea leaves. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruidong Yang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yishu Peng
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinran Ni
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Z, Yuan Y, Xie T, Zhang Y, Shao S, Nie J, Xia W, Rogers KM, Zhang W. Long-Term Agricultural Effects on the Authentication Accuracy of Organic, Green, and Conventional Rice Using Isotopic and Elemental Chemometric Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1213-1225. [PMID: 31903748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organically farmed rice is believed to be healthier, safer, and eco-friendlier than its conventionally farmed counterparts and sells for a premium price in global markets. Deliberate mislabeling of organic rice has become a critical consumer concern in China and elsewhere, and there is an increased risk of buying fraudulent organic rice in the market place. In this study, stable isotopic and multielemental analysis combined with chemometrics was used to differentiate organically farmed rice from green and conventional rice in a 4-year experimental field trial from 2014 to 2017. A total of 108 rice samples and their associated soils were collected during the study from three farming (fertilization) systems to investigate whether there are long-term changes in the rice farming classification accuracy from climate effects. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (i.e., δ13C and δ15N) and 27 elemental contents (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn) of rice and soil samples were determined and then evaluated using statistical analysis [i.e., one-way analysis of variance, multivariable correlation analysis, and modeling of partial least-squares discriminant analysis]. Although δ15N values can be an effective indicator for organic rice authentication during one crop rotation, both δ13C and δ15N values of rice were easily affected by rice cultivar and interannual soil fertilization and localized agroclimatic variations. These two isotopes were not able to separate organic rice from green and conventional rice accurately. Elemental contents of green and conventional rice (especially K and Ca) were found at higher levels due to the abundant application of synthetic fertilizers (e.g., KNO3, KH2PO4, and CaHPO4), unlike organically farmed rice, which primarily used animal manure and composts. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis modeling combined isotopic and elemental signatures to correctly differentiate organic rice from green and conventional counterparts, with an accuracy up to 100% over the 4-year study. Therefore, this multi-isotope and -element strategy proposes a more rigorous, alternative tool to combat fraudulent mislabeling of organic rice, increasing the trust of organically labeled rice products and supporting the integrity of the organic sector worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Tongzhou Xie
- Jiaxian Rice Product Limited Company , Danyang 212341 , Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Wei Xia
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- National Isotope Centre , GNS Science , 30 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Weixing Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Potential geo-discriminative tools to trace the origins of the dried slices of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) using stable isotope ratios and OPLS-DA. Food Chem 2019; 295:505-513. [PMID: 31174788 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Lentinus edodes species, known as shiitake, has a history of extensive use in many cuisines in several East Asian countries owing to its unique and pleasant flavor and texture. As international food trade increases, reliable discrimination of geographical origin is becoming increasingly crucial in Korea to identify cheaper imported Chinese shiitake. Herein, stable isotope ratios (i.e., δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, and δ34S) were measured with a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer, and a geographical discrimination method using orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis was developed. The externally validated discrimination method showed excellent predictability (Q2cum = 0.881) and illustrated that δ18O and δ15N were important isotope markers for the geographical discrimination of dried shiitake slices. This study extends the knowledge of geographical differences between China and Korea evidenced by the shiitake isotope signatures, thereby contributing to potential geographical authentication with broader applications for international shiitake markets.
Collapse
|