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Gachara G, Suleiman R, Kilima B, Taoussi M, El Kadili S, Fauconnier ML, Barka EA, Vujanovic V, Lahlali R. Pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin contamination and management strategies of Aspergillus spoilage in East African Community maize: review of etiology and climatic susceptibility. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:495-517. [PMID: 39264500 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Globally, maize (Zea mays L.) is deemed an important cereal that serves as a staple food and feed for humans and animals, respectively. Across the East African Community, maize is the staple food responsible for providing over one-third of calories in diets. Ideally, stored maize functions as man-made grain ecosystems, with nutritive quality changes influenced predominantly by chemical, biological, and physical factors. Food spoilage and fungal contamination are convergent reasons that contribute to the exacerbation of mycotoxins prevalence, particularly when storage conditions have deteriorated. In Kenya, aflatoxins are known to be endemic with the 2004 acute aflatoxicosis outbreak being described as one of the most ravaging epidemics in the history of human mycotoxin poisoning. In Tanzania, the worst aflatoxin outbreak occurred in 2016 with case fatalities reaching 50%. Similar cases of aflatoxicoses have also been reported in Uganda, scenarios that depict the severity of mycotoxin contamination across this region. Rwanda, Burundi, and South Sudan seemingly have minimal occurrences and fatalities of aflatoxicoses and aflatoxin contamination. Low diet diversity tends to aggravate human exposure to aflatoxins since maize, as a dietetic staple, is highly aflatoxin-prone. In light of this, it becomes imperative to formulate and develop workable control frameworks that can be embraced in minimizing aflatoxin contamination throughout the food chain. This review evaluates the scope and magnitude of aflatoxin contamination in post-harvest maize and climate susceptibility within an East African Community context. The paper also treats the potential green control strategies against Aspergillus spoilage including biocontrol-prophylactic handling for better and durable maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gachara
- Department of Plant Protection, Phytopathology Unit, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Route Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, 50001, Meknès, Morocco.
- Department of AgroBiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco.
- Department of Food Sciences and Agro-Processing, School of Engineering and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - R Suleiman
- Department of Food Sciences and Agro-Processing, School of Engineering and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - B Kilima
- Department of Food Sciences and Agro-Processing, School of Engineering and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - M Taoussi
- Department of Plant Protection, Phytopathology Unit, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Route Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, 50001, Meknès, Morocco
- Environment and Valorization of Microbial and Plant Resources Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknès, Morocco
| | - S El Kadili
- Department of Animal Production, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, Route Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, 50001, Meknes, Morocco
| | - M L Fauconnier
- Gembloux AgroBiotech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - E A Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - V Vujanovic
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - R Lahlali
- Department of Plant Protection, Phytopathology Unit, Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Route Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, 50001, Meknès, Morocco.
- Department of AgroBiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco.
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Nijabat A, Bibi S, Ajmal M, Nawaz S, Sajid MZ, Leghari SUK, Mahmood-Ur-Rehman M, Naveed NH, Ali A, Simon PW. Proximate composition and prevalence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins intake through consumption of fresh carrot and processed marketed carrot products in South Punjab, Pakistan. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:3743-3752. [PMID: 37798247 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2261611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a nutrient-rich vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed in Pakistan in both raw and processed form. Data on the proximate composition and natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) in carrots and marketed carrot products is lacking in Pakistan and the risk exposure of AF has not been characterised before. Thus, the current study was designed to know the frequently consumed carrot products with per capita consumption, and risk assessment of AF through these products in various regions of South Punjab Pakistan. A survey was conducted with 125 respondents and appeared that raw carrot, fresh carrot juice, gajrella and pickle are the most frequently consumed marketed carrot products with per capita consumption i.e. 62.5, 46.6, 16.2 and 14.5 gday-1, respectively. Proximate analysis revealed that carrot root and processed carrot products contained 9.65-98.2% moisture, 0.23-0.60% ash, 6.2-14.1% carbohydrates, 0.31-0.80% protein, 0.40-3.7% fat and 1.4-4.20% fibre. AF analysis revealed that 36.67% of samples were contaminated with TAF. Thirty-five (35%) percent of samples were tainted with aflatoxin B1, and 13.33% of samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B2. All the samples of carrot root, fresh carrot juice and gajrella contained TAF levels less than the maximum limit (ML) (2 ppb) assigned by the European Union (EU). However, the entire AFB1 positive samples of carrot pickle contained AFB1 levels of more than 2 ppb exceeding the ML. Furthermore, daily dietary exposure of TAFs ranged from 0.11 to 1.27 ng/kg of body weight per day which relatively exceeds the permissible limit of 1 ng/kg of body weight per day as defined by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. This is the first prevalence and risk assessment report of AF in marketed processed carrot products in Pakistan. These baseline data are an initial step in the effort to deal with this significant food safety issue and the establishment of legislation for AF in marketed products is needed in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Nijabat
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - Shahwana Bibi
- Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saher Nawaz
- Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaheer Sajid
- Department of Computer Software Engineering, MCS, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Aamir Ali
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Wang Q, Zhang K, Yu L, Lin Q, Zhou W. Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Bacillus sp. Strain R2 Inhibit Aspergillus flavus Growth In Vitro and in Unhulled Rice. Foods 2024; 13:2898. [PMID: 39335827 PMCID: PMC11431171 DOI: 10.3390/foods13182898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus species exhibit biocontrol activity against fungal pathogens of fruits and vegetables. However, research on the effect of VOCs on Aspergillus flavus in stored grains is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of VOCs extracted from the strain R2, which was isolated from unhulled rice and identified as Bacillus paramycoides on A. flavus in vitro and unhulled rice. R2 VOCs effectively inhibited conidial germination and the hyphal growth of A. flavus in vitro. Moreover, R2 VOCs reduced the fungal population, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels, and free fatty acid (FFA) value by 90.8%, 67%, and 38.7%, respectively, in unhulled rice. Eighteen R2 VOCs were identified using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the individual activity of the VOCs against A. flavus was tested in vitro. Benzaldehyde (Ben) and 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol (Dmo) showed strong inhibitory activities against A. flavus on PDA plates, with inhibition rates of 100% and 91.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 20 μL/dish. Ben at the concentration of 0.09 mg/mL, Dmo at the concentration of 0.07 mg/mL, or a mixture of both at halved concentrations could reduce the fungal population, AFB1 levels, and FFA content in unhulled rice. Our findings suggest that R2 VOCs are good alternatives to traditional chemical fumigants for suppressing A. flavus in stored grains. However, further research is necessary to establish the optimal fumigation concentration of these two components in unhulled rice. The impact of their residues on grain quality should be explored through sensory evaluation and nutritional analysis, and their safety to the environment and human body should be evaluated through safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (K.Z.); (L.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Kaige Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (K.Z.); (L.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (K.Z.); (L.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Qinlu Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (K.Z.); (L.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (K.Z.); (L.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Changsha 410004, China
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Boukaew S, Petlamul W, Srinuanpan S, Nooprom K, Zhang Z. Heat stability of Trichoderma asperelloides SKRU-01 culture filtrates: Potential applications for controlling fungal spoilage and AFB 1 production in peanuts. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 409:110477. [PMID: 37976618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the heat stability of culture filtrates of Trichoderma asperelloides SKRU-01 (culture filtrates SKRU-01) over a temperatures range (40-121 °C) and the effects on the antifungal activity against two aflatoxin-producing strains (Aspergillus parasiticus TISTR 3276 and A. flavus PSRDC-4), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degradation, and the role in mycotoxin control in peanuts. The impact of SKRU-01 culture age (2-12 day-old) on both pathogenic strains revealed that the culture age of 6-12 day-old cultures exhibited no significant difference (p > 0.05) of growth inhibition for strain TISTR 3276 (81.89-82.28 %) and 4-12 day-old cultures for strain PSRDC-4 (74.87-79.06 %). The heat-treated temperatures from 40 °C to 121 °C caused no significant (p > 0.05) reduction of mycelial growth for strain TISTR 3276 (82.61 % to 79.13 %) but significant (p < 0.05) deduction for strain PSRDC-4 (75.15 % to 59.17 %). Heat treatment of the culture filtrates SKRU-01 at 60-121 °C caused the reduction on spore germination inhibition (from about 68 % to 58.16 % for strain TISTR 3276 and 51.11 % for strain PSRDC-4). These results indicate that strain TISTR 3276 exhibited greater susceptibility to culture filtrates SKRU-01 compared to strain PSRDC-4. Furthermore, the culture filtrates SKRU-01 exhibited remarkable thermal stability at 121 °C, degrading AFB1 to 63.91 %. Application of heat-stable culture filtrates SKRU-01 in peanuts demonstrated that the reduction in fungal population and AFB1 production of both pathogenic strains depended significantly (p < 0.05) on the level of heat treatment. The non-treated and 40 °C treated culture filtrates SKRU-01 could reduce AFB1 production to lower than the Standard Aflatoxin Limitation (<20 μg/kg), ensuring food safety and mitigating the health risks associated with aflatoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawai Boukaew
- Center of Excellence BCG for Sustainable Development, College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand.
| | - Wanida Petlamul
- Center of Excellence BCG for Sustainable Development, College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Karistsapol Nooprom
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla 90000, Thailand
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, People's Republic of China
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Pandey AK, Sanches Silva A, Chávez-González ML, Singh P. Recent advances in delivering free or nanoencapsulated Curcuma by-products as antimicrobial food additives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1257-1283. [PMID: 36130809 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food commodities are often contaminated by microbial pathogens in transit or during storage. Hence, mitigation of these pathogens is necessary to ensure the safety of food commodities. Globally, researchers used botanicals as natural additives to preserve food commodities from bio-deterioration, and advances were made to meet users' acceptance in this domain, as synthetic preservatives are associated with harmful effects to both consumers and environments. Over the last century, the genus Curcuma has been used in traditional medicine, and its crude and nanoencapsulated essential oils (EOs) and curcuminoids were used to combat harmful pathogens that deteriorate stored foods. Today, more research is needed for solving the problem of pathogen resistance in food commodities and to meet consumer demands. Therefore, Curcuma-based botanicals may provide a source of natural preservatives for food commodities that satisfy the needs both of the food industry and the consumers. Hence, this article discusses the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of EOs and curcuminoids derived from the genus Curcuma. Further, the action modes of Curcuma-based botanicals are explained, and the latest advances in nanoencapsulation of these compounds in food systems are discussed alongside knowledge gaps and safety assessment where the focus of future research should be placed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Mycology and Microbiology, Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, India
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P, Oeiras, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Mónica L Chávez-González
- Food Research Departments, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, México
| | - Pooja Singh
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India
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Tania A, Akram A, Hanif NQ, Ajmal M, Seerat W, Nijabat A, Mehak A. Proximate composition, fungal isolation and contamination of aflatoxin B 1 in chickpea seeds from the Punjab, Pakistan. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3314-3322. [PMID: 35428423 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2065674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., is a nutrient rich crop that is widely cultivated and consumed in Pakistan. However, chickpea is highly prone to fungal growth leading to contamination with aflatoxins, the most potent carcinogen found in nature. In this study, fifty chickpea seed samples were collected from the local markets of the Punjab, Pakistan, to evaluate their nutritional quality, fungal and AFB1 contamination. Proximate analysis suggested that chickpea seeds contained 5.5-6.93% moisture, 62.24-63.24% carbohydrates, 22.75-23.44% protein, 4.99-5.4% fat, 5.62-5.84% fiber and 2.92-3.16% ash. Morphological identification techniques revealed fourteen fungal species belonging to six fungal genera from which Aspergillus flavus was the leading contaminant. AFB1 analysis revealed that sixty-two percent samples were contaminated with AFB1. All the AFB1 positive samples contained AFB1 level more than 2 ppb and 12.9% samples contain AFB1 level more than 20 ppb, exceeded the maximum limit (ML) assigned by EU and USA (FDA & FAO) respectively. The results of the present studies reported that chickpea is a highly contaminated commodity in terms of fungi and AFB1 that's why further investigations and monitoring are required to reduce the fungal and AFB1 contamination. These baseline data are an initial step in the effort to deal with this significant food safety issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Tania
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abida Akram
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Wajiha Seerat
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Nijabat
- Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Asma Mehak
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
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Dikmetas DN, Özer H, Karbancıoglu-Guler F. Biocontrol Potential of Antagonistic Yeasts on In Vitro and In Vivo Aspergillus Growth and Its AFB 1 Production. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:402. [PMID: 37368702 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a major aflatoxin B1, posing significant health concerns to humans, crops, and producer fungi. Due to the undesirable consequences of the usage of synthetic fungicides, biological control using yeasts has gained more attention. In this study, eight isolates of epiphytic yeasts belonging to Moesziomyces sp., Meyerozyma sp. and Metschnikowia sp., which have been identified as antagonists, were isolated from different plants, including grapes, blueberries, hawthorns, hoşkıran, beans and grape leaf. While volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Moesziomyces bullatus DN-FY, Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima DN-MP and Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima 32-AMM reduced in vitro A. flavus mycelial growth and sporulation, only VOCs produced by Metschnikowia aff. fructicola 1-UDM were found to be effective at reducing in vitro AFB1 production. All yeasts reduced the mycelial growth of A. flavus by 76-91%, while AFB1 production reduced to 1.26-10.15 ng/g and the control plates' growth was 1773 ng/g. The most effective yeast, Metschnikowia aff. Pulcherrima DN-HS, reduced Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production on hazelnuts. The AFB1 content on hazelnuts reduced to 333.01 ng/g from 536.74 ng/g. To our knowledge, this is the first report of yeasts isolated from plants being tested as potential biological control agents to reduce AFB1 production on hazelnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Nur Dikmetas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hayrettin Özer
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK), Marmara Research Center (MRC), 41470 Gebze, Türkiye
| | - Funda Karbancıoglu-Guler
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Türkiye
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Youssef NH, El Gammal MH, Altaie HAA, Qadhi A, Tufarelli V, Losacco C, Abd El‐Hack ME, Abdelsalam NR. Mycotoxins in milk: Occurrence and evaluation of certain detoxification attempts. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2751-2766. [PMID: 37324856 PMCID: PMC10261776 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contaminated with mycotoxins is a significant issue affecting human health, especially in infants. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in milk collected from women farmers' vendors (WFV), and to evaluate certain herbal plant fibers as green mycotoxin binders. Moreover, explore the binding efficiency ratios of mycotoxins using shaking or soaking process incorporated with herbal extracts. Furthermore, compare the taste evaluations of tested milk are enriched with herbal extracts. Results indicated that the fumonisins were not detected in the collected cow milk samples but realized a 25% occurrence ratio in buffalo's milk samples. A high occurrence ratio of aflatoxin M1 (aflaM1) was observed in buffalo and cow milk samples. The soaking process of plant fibers in contaminated milk overnight significantly degrades and adsorbs mycotoxins particles. The shacking process incorporated with plant fibers exhibited more effectiveness in mycotoxins degradation than soaking or shacking processes alone. The speed of shacking process played an important role in the mycotoxin's binding process. All the tested plant fibers effectively reduced all mycotoxin presence in contaminated milk, especially green tea, during the soaking or shacking process. Moreover, the shacking process incorporated with plant fibers promoted and supported the mycotoxins degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine H. Youssef
- Regional Center for Food and FeedDekhila PortAlexandriaEgypt
- Agricultural Research CenterAlexandriaEgypt
| | | | - Hayman A. A. Altaie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Medical TechnologyAl‐Kitab UniversityKirkukIraq
| | - Alaa Qadhi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ValenzanoItaly
| | - Caterina Losacco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ValenzanoItaly
| | | | - Nader R. Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha)Alexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
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9
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Kaale LD. Comparing the effects of essential oils and methanolic extracts on the inhibition of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and production of aflatoxins. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00490-6. [PMID: 37261704 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic effects of four distinct plant species against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were investigated. Essential oils and methanolic extracts were prepared from aerial parts of Lippia javanica, Ocimum gratissimum, Satureja punctata, and stem barks of Toddalia asiatica by hydro-distillation and maceration, respectively. The poisoned food method was used to confirm the antifungal activity of essential oils and methanolic extracts from four different plant species against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the antiaflatoxigenic activity. The essential oils of Satureja punctata and Lippia javanica showed the highest antiaflatoxigenic activity against the fungi strains tested at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 µL/mL, followed by Ocimum gratissimum essential oil while Toddalia asiatica essential oil exerted moderate antiaflatoxigenic activity. Meanwhile, the methanolic extracts showed a wide spectrum of low to high antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL against A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This study has indicated that the essential oils of Satureja punctate, Lippia javanica, and Ocimum gratissimum had substantial antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities compared to their methanolic extracts, while Toddalia asiatica methanolic extract had a moderate antifungal activity compared to its essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian D Kaale
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35134, Dares Salaam, Tanzania.
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Boukaew S, Prasertsan P, Mahasawat P, Sriyatep T, Petlamul W. Efficacy of the antifungal metabolites of Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 on aflatoxin degradation with its application to prevent aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains and identification of the bioactive compound. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:24. [PMID: 36422721 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus. parasiticus (A. parasiticus), mainly during grain storage. The efficacy of the freeze-dried culture filtrate of Streptomyces philanthi (S. philanthi) strain RL-1-178 (DCF) on degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were evaluated and its bioactive compounds were identified. The DCF at a concentration of 9.0% (w/v) completely inhibited growth and AFB1 production of A. parasiticus TISTR 3276 and A. flavus PSRDC-4 after 7 days tested in yeast-extract sucrose (YES) medium and on stored maize grains after 28 and 14 days incubation, respectively. This indicated the more tolerance of A. parasiticus over A. flavus. The DCF and bacterial cells of S. philanthi were capable to degrade AFB1 by 85.0% and 100% for 72 h and 8 days, respectively. This confirmed the higher efficacy of the DCF over the cells. After separation of the DCF on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate by bioautography bioassay, each active band was identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (LC-Q-TOF MS/MS). The results revealed two compounds which were identified as azithromycin and an unknown based on mass ions of both ESI+ and ESI- modes. The antifungal metabolites in the culture filtrate of S. philanthi were proved to degrade aflatoxin B1. It could be concluded that the DCF may be applied to prevent the growth of the two aflatoxin-producing fungi as well as the occurrence of aflatoxin in the stored maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawai Boukaew
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand.
| | - Poonsuk Prasertsan
- Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Pawika Mahasawat
- Programme in Biology and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Teerayut Sriyatep
- Programme in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Wanida Petlamul
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
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12
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Rasouli H, Nayeri FD, Khodarahmi R. May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981984. [PMID: 36386916 PMCID: PMC9649842 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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13
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Kortei NK, Kumah G, Tettey CO, Agyemang AO, Annan T, Nortey NND, Essuman EK, Boakye AA. Mycoflora, aflatoxins, and antimicrobial properties of some Ghanaian local spices and herbs. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nii K. Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
| | - Grace Kumah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
| | - Clement O. Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
| | - Alfred O. Agyemang
- Institute of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
| | - Theophilus Annan
- Food Microbiology Division Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Food Research Institute Accra Ghana
| | - Nathaniel N. D. Nortey
- Institute of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
| | - Edward K. Essuman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
| | - Adjoa A. Boakye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana
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15
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Development of an electrochemical aptasensor based on Au nanoparticles decorated on metal-organic framework nanosheets and p-biphenol electroactive label for the measurement of aflatoxin B1 in a rice flour sample. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1973-1985. [PMID: 35028689 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study purposes designing a new aptasensor to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The AFB1 aptasensor was developed by growing gold nanoparticles on the surface of nickel-based metal-organic framework nanosheets (AuNPs/Ni-MOF) and an electroactive indicator (p-biphenol, PBP). The AFB1 aptamer was immobilized on the AuNPs/Ni-MOF and then hybridized with the complementary DNA (cDNA). PBP was intercalated within the double helix of the cDNA-aptamer. The difference between electrochemical responses of intercalated PBP before and after incubation of AFB1 with the immobilized aptamer was considered as an analytical response. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to monitor the construction processes of the aptasensor. By recording the differential pulse voltammograms of PBP in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.1 M), the linear range and the detection limit of AFB1 were found to be 5.0 × 10-3-150.0 ng mL-1 and 1.0 × 10-3 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3), respectively. Finally, the designed aptasensor has been successfully used to measure AFB1 in a rice flour sample with satisfying results. Schematic illustrated the different steps of constructing the electrochemical aptasensor based on Au nanoparticles decorated on Ni-metal-organic framework nanosheets and p-biphenol electroactive label for measuring aflatoxin B1 (AFB1).
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16
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Mohammadi Shad Z, Venkitasamy C, Atungulu GG. Fungi and Mycotoxin in Rice: Concerns, Causes, and Prevention Strategies. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Petrillo C, Castaldi S, Lanzilli M, Selci M, Cordone A, Giovannelli D, Isticato R. Genomic and Physiological Characterization of Bacilli Isolated From Salt-Pans With Plant Growth Promoting Features. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715678. [PMID: 34589073 PMCID: PMC8475271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has been the main strategy used to cope with the rising crop demands in the last decades. The indiscriminate use of chemicals while providing a temporary solution to food demand has led to a decrease in crop productivity and an increase in the environmental impact of modern agriculture. A sustainable alternative to the use of agrochemicals is the use of microorganisms naturally capable of enhancing plant growth and protecting crops from pests known as Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). Aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize PGPB from salt-pans sand samples with activities associated to plant fitness increase. To survive high salinity, salt-tolerant microbes produce a broad range of compounds with heterogeneous biological activities that are potentially beneficial for plant growth. A total of 20 halophilic spore-forming bacteria have been screened in vitro for phyto-beneficial traits and compared with other two members of Bacillus genus recently isolated from the rhizosphere of the same collection site and characterized as potential biocontrol agents. Whole-genome analysis on seven selected strains confirmed the presence of numerous gene clusters with PGP and biocontrol functions and of novel secondary-metabolite biosynthetic genes, which could exert beneficial impacts on plant growth and protection. The predicted biocontrol potential was confirmed in dual culture assays against several phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Interestingly, the presence of predicted gene clusters with known biocontrol functions in some of the isolates was not predictive of the in vitro results, supporting the need of combining laboratory assays and genome mining in PGPB identification for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Petrillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Selci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelina Cordone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Giovannelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,National Research Council - Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, Italy.,Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States.,Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), Portici, Italy
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18
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Ajmal M, Akram A, Hanif NQ, Mukhtar T, Arshad M. Mycobiota Isolation and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Fresh and Stored Sesame Seeds from Rainfed and Irrigated Zones of Punjab, Pakistan. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1673-1682. [PMID: 34086928 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of mycobiota and aflatoxin (AF) B1 contamination in sesame seeds from rainfed and irrigated zones of the Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, 100 sesame seed samples were collected directly from the fields of major sesame-producing areas in rainfed and irrigated zones. The agar plate method was used for isolation of mycobiota, and thin-layer chromatography was used to determine AFB1 concentrations. Seed samples were then stored for 12 months. After 12 months, the seeds were again analyzed for mycobiota and AFB1 for comparison. All samples were positive for fungal growth under fresh and stored conditions. Twenty-one fungal species of 10 genera were isolated. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent contaminant found in fresh and stored sesame seeds from rainfed and irrigated zones, followed by Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporum. The least prevalent fungi were Aspergillus ochraceus and Cladosporium oxysporum. Analysis revealed that 92% of fresh and 99% of stored seed samples were contaminated with AFB1. In the rainfed zone, 88% of fresh and 100% of stored seed samples were contaminated with AFB1, with mean concentrations of 15.74 and 33.8 ppb, respectively. In the irrigated zone, 96% of fresh and 98% of stored seed samples were contaminated with AFB1, with mean concentrations of 20.5 and 27.56 ppb, respectively. AFB1 concentrations >20 ppb were found in 20% of fresh and 100% of stored seeds samples from the rainfed zone and in 28% of fresh and 60% of stored samples from the irrigated zone and thus were not fit for human consumption as per the maximum limit (20 ppb) assigned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This report is the first on the mycobiota and AFB1 contamination in sesame seeds from rainfed and irrigated zones of the Punjab, Pakistan. These baseline data are an initial step in the effort to deal with this significant food safety issue. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abida Akram
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Tariq Mukhtar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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19
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Khan R, Ghazali FM, Mahyudin NA, Samsudin NIP. Biocontrol of Aflatoxins Using Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus: A Literature Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050381. [PMID: 34066260 PMCID: PMC8151999 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are mycotoxins, predominantly produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, and A. pseudotamarii. AFs are carcinogenic compounds causing liver cancer in humans and animals. Physical and biological factors significantly affect AF production during the pre-and post-harvest time. Several methodologies have been developed to control AF contamination, yet; they are usually expensive and unfriendly to the environment. Consequently, interest in using biocontrol agents has increased, as they are convenient, advanced, and friendly to the environment. Using non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus (AF−) as biocontrol agents is the most promising method to control AFs’ contamination in cereal crops. AF− strains cannot produce AFs due to the absence of polyketide synthase genes or genetic mutation. AF− strains competitively exclude the AF+ strains in the field, giving an extra advantage to the stored grains. Several microbiological, molecular, and field-based approaches have been used to select a suitable biocontrol agent. The effectiveness of biocontrol agents in controlling AF contamination could reach up to 99.3%. Optimal inoculum rate and a perfect time of application are critical factors influencing the efficacy of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.K.); (N.I.P.S.)
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.K.); (N.I.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-12219-8912
| | - Nor Ainy Mahyudin
- Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.K.); (N.I.P.S.)
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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20
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Ren Y, Yao M, Chang P, Sun Y, Li R, Meng D, Xia X, Wang Y. Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 with patulin degradation ability and biocontrol potential against Penicillium expansum. Toxicon 2021; 195:1-6. [PMID: 33640407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patulin, one of the most common mycotoxins produced primarily by the Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochlamys species, is often associated with fruits and fruit-based products. Biodegradation by microbes is an effective method to remove or detoxify mycotoxins. In this study, a bacterial strain with patulin degradation capability was selectively isolated using oxindole, an analogue to patulin, as the sole carbon source, and identified as Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 by phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence. This isolated bacterium could inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum both on plate medium and apple fruit with inhibition ratio of 30.3% and 44.9%, respectively. Up to 87.7% of the initial patulin (2.5 μg/mL) was removed after incubation with Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 in liquid medium at 30 °C for 72 h. When challenged with apple juice, 79% of patulin could be degraded by this isolated strain. Additionally, ascladiol was tentatively identified as the patulin degradation intermediate by LC-MS analysis. Taken together, the experiment results indicated that the isolated Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 would be a promising bacterial resource to control patulin contamination and toxigenic fungal growth in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Man Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Peipei Chang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yemei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Di Meng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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21
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Litonina АS, Smirnova YM, Platonov AV, Laptev GY, Dunyashev TP, Butakova MV. Application of enzyme probiotic drug developed based on microorganisms of the rumen of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in feeding cows. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current conditions of intense technologies of milk production, the feeding of dairy cows is aimed at providing fast rates of growth and maximum productivity over a short period. However, such systems of diets often have negative effects on the health of the animals as a result of metabolism malfunctioning. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of the enzyme probiotic preparation Rumit, developed based on cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the rumen of reindeer, on dairy activity, food intake, density of ciliate fauna of the rumen, feeding activity, and also metabolic profile and the level of natural resistance of newly-calved heifers. To conduct the experiment, we composed two groups (control and experimental) of first-calf heifers with 12 individuals in their first 100 days of lactation after calving. The first-calf heifers of the experimental group, in addition to the main diet, received the preparation in the amount of 50 g per individual daily in the lunch time feeding for 90 days. Inclusion of the probiotic increased the dairy productivity, particularly a 3.1 kg increase in the average yield of daily 4%-fat milk, 9.6 kg in the butterfat output, and 7.7 kg in that of dairy protein. With increase in dairy productivity, a 0.09 EFU (energy fodder units, equals 10 MJ) decrease was observed in energy expenditure for 1 kg of milk. Intake of the probiotic led to increase in the index of nutritional activity by 0.03 units and increase in the density of ciliates by 155, 900 individuals/mL. Use of the biopreparation had a positive effect on the metabolic processes in the organism of heifers. The animals of the experimental group were observed to have an increase in the content of the total protein in the blood, 12.5% decrease in the urea, and glucose concentration reached the normative values. In the first-calf heifers that had received the food supplement in addition to their diet, the physiological parameters of health normalized and the protective abilities of the organism activated, the pulse and respiration frequencies increased (by 3.8% and 6.6%), the phagocytic index grew by 30.2%, and the absorptive ability of neutrophils increased by 40%. Thus, enzyme probiotic preparation Rumit confirmed its efficiency when fed to newly-calved heifers.
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Antifungal, Antimycotoxigenic, and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Medicinal Plant Extracts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7098-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Achar PN, Quyen P, Adukwu EC, Sharma A, Msimanga HZ, Nagaraja H, Sreenivasa MY. Investigation of the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Potential of Plant-Based Essential Oils against Aspergillus flavus in Peanuts. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040383. [PMID: 33371318 PMCID: PMC7767372 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are known to cause damage to food crops and are associated with opportunistic infections in humans. In the United States, significant losses have been reported in peanut production due to contamination caused by the Aspergillus species. This study evaluated the antifungal effect and anti-aflatoxin activity of selected plant-based essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus flavus in contaminated peanuts, Tifguard, runner type variety. All fifteen essential oils, tested by the poisoned food technique, inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations ranging between 125 and 4000 ppm. The most effective oils with total clearance of the A. flavus on agar were clove (500 ppm), thyme (1000 ppm), lemongrass, and cinnamon (2000 ppm) EOs. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of clove EO revealed eugenol (83.25%) as a major bioactive constituent. An electron microscopy study revealed that clove EO at 500 ppm caused noticeable morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the somatic and reproductive structures. Using both the ammonia vapor (AV) and coconut milk agar (CMA) methods, we not only detected the presence of an aflatoxigenic form of A. flavus in our contaminated peanuts, but we also observed that aflatoxin production was inhibited by clove EO at concentrations between 500 and 2000 ppm. In addition, we established a correlation between the concentration of clove EO and AFB1 production by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrate in our study that clove oil could be a promising natural fungicide for an effective bio-control, non-toxic bio-preservative, and an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila Narayana Achar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pham Quyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Emmanuel C. Adukwu
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | | | - Hanumanthu Nagaraja
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India; (H.N.); (M.Y.S.)
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Belasli A, Ben Miri Y, Aboudaou M, Aït Ouahioune L, Montañes L, Ariño A, Djenane D. Antifungal, antitoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.): Potential use as wheat preservative. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4717-4729. [PMID: 32994933 PMCID: PMC7500775 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are widely used in the food industry as natural food preservatives to extend product shelf life and as flavoring agents. The aim of this work was to study the chemical profile of the EO from laurel (Laurus nobilis) and its antifungal, antitoxigenic, and antioxidant activities. The extractive yield of the EO from Algerian laurel was 1.13% being 1,8-cineole the most dominant compound (35.5%) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against Aspergillus flavus were 1.75 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The production of aflatoxin B1 was inhibited by EO concentrations between 0.25 mg/ml (15% decrease) and 1.50 mg/ml (86% decrease), and it was totally inhibited at the MFC value. The EO showed a wide antifungal spectrum against other species in a dose-dependent manner. In a food-model study, the L. nobilis EO showed remarkable efficacy in fumigated wheat grains, providing from 51.5% to 76.7% protection against A. flavus during 6-month storage. The L. nobilis EO showed good free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay (IC50 value of 602 μg/ml) and moderate antioxidant activity in the β-carotene bleaching assay (46% inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation). The conclusions of this study justify future research for the application of EO from laurel as a natural preservative to improve food safety and extend shelf life by controlling spoilage and toxigenic molds as well as oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azem Belasli
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | - Yamina Ben Miri
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | - Malek Aboudaou
- Département Recherche & Développement ISO 9 International Isser Algeria
| | - Lidia Aït Ouahioune
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | | | - Agustín Ariño
- Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA) Zaragoza Spain
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
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Mitema A, Feto NA. Molecular and Vegetative Compatibility Groups Characterization of Aspergillus flavus Isolates from Kenya. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:231-249. [PMID: 33134742 PMCID: PMC7595839 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus contains diverse species and the identification is complicated. Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and molecular mechanisms were deployed to study the species. The study was randomly conducted in four counties in Kenya based on the history of aflatoxicosis and maize cultivation. Thirty-seven Aspergillus flavus isolates from Nandi, Kisumu, Homa Bay and Makueni were characterized to determine their taxonomic status based on their VCGs and genotypes. A phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of the isolates investigated revealed ITS primers discriminating some of the A. flavus isolates as 100% sequence identity to the RefSeq. Nit mutants' complementation test revealed strong heterokaryon incompatibility between isolates of Nandi region (67%) and Makueni (33%). The trend based on VCGs and molecular findings showed high incidence of toxigenic A. flavus in Makueni, which could be the reason why the region frequently experiences chronic aflatoxicosis incidences over the last few decades as compared to other regions. Interestingly, we have discovered all S and L-morphotypes including the rare S/L-morphotypes, which implies that Kenya is home to all morphotypes of A. flavus. Thus, the analysis provides a deeper understanding of the taxonomic relationship between the A. flavus isolates and could help contextualise the data obtained for each isolate with respect to VCG genetic diversity and genotypes. Determining the primary causal agents of aflatoxin contamination is critical for predicting risk of contamination events and designing and implementing effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Mitema
- OMICS Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naser Aliye Feto
- OMICS Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
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Watanakij N, Visessanguan W, Petchkongkaew A. Aflatoxin B 1-degrading activity from Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from fermented cereal products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1579-1589. [PMID: 32723015 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1778182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced as secondary metabolite by Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This is the most severe toxin due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Hence, methods for toxin degradation have been received increasing interest from both scientific communities and industries. In this study, 32 isolates of Bacillus spp. from various fermented cereal products were screened for their aflatoxin B1 degradation ability. The results indicated the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from Iru (African locust bean) potentially possessed aflatoxin B1-degrading ability. The maximum activity of the active fraction was at 50°C and pH 8.0. The activity was stable in a wide range of pH (5.0-8.0) and temperature (25-60°C). The aflatoxin B1-degrading mechanisms of this strain may be possibly involved by enzyme(s). This extracellular fraction was not toxic at IC50 4 mg/ml and it can be combined with water as a soaking agent for maize, which results in 54% of aflatoxin B1 reduction after contact time 120 min. Hence, the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 can be further applied as an effective soaking agent in a pretreatment process with a practical and easy-to-implement condition and also probably used to reduce the aflatoxin B1 contamination in other foods and feeds commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namon Watanakij
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus) , Khong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- Functional Ingredient and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Khong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Awanwee Petchkongkaew
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus) , Khong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Wan J, Chen B, Rao J. Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal-based food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:928-953. [PMID: 33331688 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in cereal-based food is ubiquitous according to systematic review of the scientific documentation of worldwide mycotoxin contamination in cereal and their products between 2008 and 2018, thus representing food safety issue especially in developing tropical countries. Food processing plays a vital role to prevent mycotoxin contamination in food. Therefore, it is with great urgency to develop strategies to inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin production during food processing. This review begins by discussing physicochemical properties of five most common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone) found in cereal grains, regulation for mycotoxins in food, and their potential negative impact on human health. The fate of mycotoxins during major cereal-based food processing including milling, breadmaking, extrusion, malting, and brewing was then summarized. In the end, traditional mitigation strategies including physical and chemical and potential application of biocontrol agent and essential oil nanoemulsions that can be applied during food processing were discussed. It indicated that no single method is currently available to completely prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.,School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Nazareth TDM, Luz C, Torrijos R, Quiles JM, Luciano FB, Mañes J, Meca G. Potential Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Reduce Aflatoxin B 1 and Fumonisin B 1 Occurrence on Corn Kernels and Corn Ears. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E21. [PMID: 31906161 PMCID: PMC7020406 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal spoilage is an important issue for the food industry, leading to food sensory defects, food waste, economic losses and public health concern through the production of mycotoxins. Concomitantly, the search for safer natural products has gained importance since consumers began to look for less processed and chemically treated foods. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effect of seven strains of Lactobacillus plantarum. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were grown on Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37 ºC in anaerobic conditions. After that, the cell-free supernatant (CFS) were recovered to determine its antifungal activity by halo diffusion agar test. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined for each L. plantarum CFS by 96-well microplates method. Additionally, CFS was used as a natural biocontrol agent on corn kernels and corn ears contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides, respectively. The L. plantarum CECT 749 CFS showed the highest antifungal effect against all essayed strains. Moreover, the employment of this CFS in food reduced the mycotoxin production at a percentage ranging from 73.7 to 99.7%. These results suggest that the L. plantarum CECT 749 CFS could be promising for the biocontrol of corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.); (R.T.); (J.M.Q.); (J.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, st. Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.); (R.T.); (J.M.Q.); (J.M.)
| | - Raquel Torrijos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.); (R.T.); (J.M.Q.); (J.M.)
| | - Juan Manuel Quiles
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.); (R.T.); (J.M.Q.); (J.M.)
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, st. Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil;
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.); (R.T.); (J.M.Q.); (J.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.L.); (R.T.); (J.M.Q.); (J.M.)
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Phytochemical screening, antifungal and antioxidant activities of three medicinal plants from Algerian steppe and Sahara (preliminary screening studies). SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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30
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Ben Miri Y, Djenane D. Evaluation of Protective Impact of Algerian <I>Cuminum cyminum </I>L. and <I>Coriandrum sativum</I> L. Essential Oils on <I>Aspergillus flavus </I>Growth and Aflatoxin B<SUB>1</SUB> Production. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 21:67-77. [PMID: 30221882 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.67.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by Aspergillus species on food and agricultural commodities. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the inhibition of growth Aspergillus flavus E73 (A. flavus E73) and AFB1 production by Cuminum cyminum L. (C. cyminum L.) and Coriandrum sativum L. (C. sativum L.) essential oils (EOs) as well their antioxidant and phytotoxicity activities. METHODOLOGY The C. cyminum L. and C. sativum L. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical profile of EOs was identified by GC-MS, antifungal activity was assessed by poisoned food technique and in term Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) and antiaflatoxin effect by broth medium. The antioxidant activity of EOs was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, β-carotene bleaching test and total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu. Phytotoxicity of C. cyminum L. and C. sativum L. EOs were determined for varieties of wheat. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA). RESULTS The GS/MS analysis showed that the major components of C. cyminum L. EO were cuminaldehyde (65.98%), o-cymene (18.40%) and C. sativum L. EO was mainly consisted of linalool (78.86%). The results showed that both the EOs could inhibit the growth of A. flavus E73 in the range of 24.27-84.90% for C. cyminum and 15.09-65.00% for C. sativum. During antiaflatoxin investigation, the oils exhibited noticeable inhibition on dry mycelium weight and synthesis of AFB1 by A. flavus E73. EOs of C. cyminum L. and C. sativum L. revealed complete inhibition of AFB1 at 1.25 and 1.5 mg mL-1, respectively. EOs exhibited inhibitory influence against some fungi. The IC50 values of C. cyminum L. and C. sativum L. EOs were 494.93 and 756.43 μg mL-1, respectively, while, β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching was 47.68 and 29.29% , respectively. Total phenolic content of C. cyminum L. and C. sativum L. were 10.66 and 6.2 μg mg-1. Additionally, the EOs were non-phytotoxic on the two verities of wheat seeds. CONCLUSION The C. cyminum L. and C. sativum L EOs could be good alternative to protect foods.
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31
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Metal-Mediated Gold Nanospheres Assembled for Dark-Field Microscopy Imaging Scatterometry. Talanta 2019; 201:280-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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32
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Sinphithakkul P, Poapolathep A, Klangkaew N, Imsilp K, Logrieco AF, Zhang Z, Poapolathep S. Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1007-1015. [PMID: 31121103 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Contamination with multiple mycotoxins was found in rice and barley. BEA, DAS, ZEA, and aflatoxins were the mycotoxins most frequently found in samples. The assessed mycotoxin exposure does not represent a health risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyaluk Sinphithakkul
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,2 Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- 3 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- 4 Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,2 Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Barupal T, Meena M, Sharma K. Inhibitory effects of leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis on Curvularia lunata and characterization of novel inhibitory compounds by GC-MS analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:e00335. [PMID: 31194076 PMCID: PMC6546954 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of active principle compound was found maximum in acetone extract of L. inermis leaf. Phytochemical tests suggest that carbohydrate, steroids, volatile oils, flavonoids, and tannins were found to be present in acetone extract of L. inermis leaf. In vitro assay of antifungal activity of all column fractions fraction no. F1 which exhibited most significant antifungal activity against the test fungus. GC–MS analysis of column fraction showed the occurrence of total 6 constituents. The obtained constituents are hexacosane, octadecane, docosane, heptacosane methyl, octacosane, and tetracosane.
Plants produce a high diversity of natural products with a prominent function in the protection against microbial pathogens on the basis of their toxic effect on growth and reproduction. In the present study, effect of partially purified acetone fraction of L. inermis leaves on various cytomorphological parameters i.e. mycelium width, conidial size, etc. of test fungi and fraction was subjected to confirming the presence of primary and secondary metabolites by rapid qualitative phytochemical tests, chromatographic methods such as TLC, column chromatography, GC–MS, etc. which were responsible for the inhibition of growth of test pathogen conidial size of Curvularia lunata decreased up to 64.76% at 0.039 μg/ml concentration of the extract. Mycelial width of C. lunata increased up to 55.91% at 0.312 μg/ml concentration of the extract. Carbohydrate, steroids, volatile oils, flavonoids, and tannins were found to be present in acetone extract of L. inermis leaf. Total of 7 bands were observed in TLC fingerprinting of L. inermis acetone fraction. Total of 10 fractions were collected from the column chromatography. Fractions which show the most significant antifungal activity against the test fungus was subjected to further GC–MS analysis for the separation and identification of active principle. GC–MS analyses show the presence of total 6 constituents i.e. hexacosane, octadecane, docosane, heptacosane methyl, octacosane, and tetracosane.
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Key Words
- Bioformulations
- CC, Column chromatography
- CD, Critical difference
- CV, Coefficient of variation
- Chromatography
- Curvularia lunata
- DAD, Diode array detector
- FeCl3, Ferric chloride
- GC–MS, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- H2SO4, Sulfuric acid
- HCl, Hydrochloric acid
- HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography
- Lawsonia inermis
- MFC, Minimum fungicidal concentration
- MIC, Minimum inhibitory concentration
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- PDA, Potato dextrose agar
- PE, Petroleum ether
- PE, petroleum ether
- RF, Retardation factor
- SE, Standard error
- Secondary metabolites
- TLC, Thin layer chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansukh Barupal
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
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Degola F, Marzouk B, Gori A, Brunetti C, Dramis L, Gelati S, Buschini A, Restivo FM. Aspergillus flavus as a Model System to Test the Biological Activity of Botanicals: An Example on Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. Organic Extracts. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050286. [PMID: 31121811 PMCID: PMC6563254 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrader is an annual plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, widely distributed in the desert areas of the Mediterranean basin. Many pharmacological properties (anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-epileptic) are ascribed to different organs of this plant; extracts and derivatives of C. colocynthis are used in folk Berber medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases-such as rheumatism arthritis, hypertension bronchitis, mastitis, and even cancer. Clinical studies aimed at confirming the chemical and biological bases of pharmacological activity assigned to many plant/herb extracts used in folk medicine often rely on results obtained from laboratory preliminary tests. We investigated the biological activity of some C. colocynthis stem, leaf, and root extracts on the mycotoxigenic and phytopathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus, testing a possible correlation between the inhibitory effect on aflatoxin biosynthesis, the phytochemical composition of extracts, and their in vitro antioxidant capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Belsem Marzouk
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Antonella Gori
- Tree and Timber Institute (IVALSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Tree and Timber Institute (IVALSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Lucia Dramis
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gelati
- Department of Packaging, Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry (SSICA), Viale Tanara 31/A, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Buschini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesco M Restivo
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Doni F, Mispan MS, Suhaimi NSM, Ishak N, Uphoff N. Roles of microbes in supporting sustainable rice production using the system of rice intensification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5131-5142. [PMID: 31101941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The system of rice intensification (SRI) is an agroecological approach to rice cultivation that seeks to create optimal conditions for healthy plant growth by minimizing inter-plant competition, transplanting widely spaced young single seedlings, and optimizing favorable soil conditions with organic amendments, increased soil aeration by weeding, and controlled water management. These practices improve rice plant growth with yields up to three times more than with conventional cultivation methods, and increase crop resilience under biotic and abiotic stresses. This review discusses the roles of beneficial microbes in improving rice plant growth, yield, and resilience when SRI practices are used, and how these modifications in plant, soil, water, and nutrient management affect the populations and diversity of soil microorganisms. Mechanisms whereby symbiotic microbes support rice plants' growth and performance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febri Doni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Shakirin Mispan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Nazri Ishak
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norman Uphoff
- SRI International Network and Resources Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Mitema A, Okoth S, Rafudeen SM. The Development of a qPCR Assay to Measure Aspergillus flavus Biomass in Maize and the Use of a Biocontrol Strategy to Limit Aflatoxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030179. [PMID: 30934573 PMCID: PMC6468655 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus colonisation of maize can produce mycotoxins that are detrimental to both human and animal health. Screening of maize lines, resistant to A. flavus infection, together with a biocontrol strategy, could help minimize subsequent aflatoxin contamination. We developed a qPCR assay to measure A. flavus biomass and showed that two African maize lines, GAF4 and KDV1, had different fungal loads for the aflatoxigenic isolate (KSM014), fourteen days after infection. The qPCR assay revealed no significant variation in A. flavus biomass between diseased and non-diseased maize tissues for GAF4, while KDV1 had a significantly higher A. flavus biomass (p < 0.05) in infected shoots and roots compared to the control. The biocontrol strategy using an atoxigenic isolate (KSM012) against the toxigenic isolate (KSM014), showed aflatoxin production inhibition at the co-infection ratio, 50:50 for both maize lines (KDV1 > 99.7% and GAF ≥ 69.4%), as confirmed by bioanalytical techniques. As far as we are aware, this is the first report in Kenya where the biomass of A. flavus from maize tissue was detected and quantified using a qPCR assay. Our results suggest that maize lines, which have adequate resistance to A. flavus, together with the appropriate biocontrol strategy, could limit outbreaks of aflatoxicoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Mitema
- Plant Stress Laboratory 204/207, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, MCB Building, Upper Campus, University of Cape Town, Private bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Sheila Okoth
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Suhail M Rafudeen
- Plant Stress Laboratory 204/207, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, MCB Building, Upper Campus, University of Cape Town, Private bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
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Gonçalves A, Gkrillas A, Dorne JL, Dall'Asta C, Palumbo R, Lima N, Battilani P, Venâncio A, Giorni P. Pre- and Postharvest Strategies to Minimize Mycotoxin Contamination in the Rice Food Chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:441-454. [PMID: 33336939 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice is part of many people's diet around the world, being the main energy source in some regions. Although fewer reports exist on the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice compared to other cereals, fungal contamination and the associated production of toxic metabolites, even at lower occurrence levels compared to other crops, are of concern because of the high consumption of rice in many countries. Due to the diversity of fungi that may contaminate the rice food chain, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins is frequent. Specific strategies to overcome these problems may be applied at the preharvest part of the crop chain, while assuring good practices at harvest and postharvest stages, since different fungi may find suitable conditions to grow at the various stages of the production chain. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the state-of-the-art knowledge on such strategies in an integrated way, from the field to the final products, to reduce mycotoxin contamination in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonçalves
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Univ. of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Gkrillas
- Univ. degli studi di Parma, Via Università 12, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - J L Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - C Dall'Asta
- Univ. degli studi di Parma, Via Università 12, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - R Palumbo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - N Lima
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Univ. of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - P Battilani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - A Venâncio
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Univ. of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - P Giorni
- Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100, Piacenza, Italy
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Wu SS, Wei M, Wei W, Liu Y, Liu S. Electrochemical aptasensor for aflatoxin B1 based on smart host-guest recognition of β-cyclodextrin polymer. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:58-63. [PMID: 30684855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing a simple and reliable method for the detection of the highly concerning mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is of great importance to food safety monitoring. In this study, a simple electrochemical aptasensor was presented for the detection of AFB1 based on the host-guest recognition between ferrocene and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Fc-labeled aptamer of AFB1 first hybridized with its complementary Fc-cDNA. Two ferrocene molecules were brought closely together and couldn't enter into the cavity of β-CD modified on the electrode. Negligible signal could be observed. Once AFB1 captured the aptamer from the AFB1-sensitive dsDNA, Fc-cDNA was released and subsequently entered into the cavity of β-CD to form inclusion complexes, giving rise to an distinct increase of Ret and peak current because of the molecular recognition of β-CD. AC impedance method is more sensitive than DPV method. The electrochemical aptasensor displayed a sensitive response to AFB1 in a wide linear range of 0.1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL, with a low detection limit of 0.049 pg/mL (0.147 pmol/mL) by AC impedance detection, which is 10-100 lower than previously reported methods. The aptasensor has good selectivity and reliability, which has been successfully applied to the determination of AFB1 in real peanut oil samples with recoveries ranging from 94.5% to 106.7% and inter-assay RSD lower than 11.51%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Min Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Yang X, Shi D, Zhu S, Wang B, Zhang X, Wang G. Portable Aptasensor of Aflatoxin B1 in Bread Based on a Personal Glucose Meter and DNA Walking Machine. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1368-1375. [PMID: 29943575 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite some recent developments on the portable on-site sensor of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the complex and expensive preparation of recognition elements have still limited their wide applications. In this paper, using the fast, low-cost, and stable recognition of aptamer DNA-AFB1, a portable aptasensor was constructed for the on-site detection of AFB1 in food matrixes, with the readout of personal glucose meter (PGM) and DNA walking machine for signal probe separation. In such an assay protocol, the target could trigger the DNA walker to autonomously move on the electrode surface, propelled by unidirectional Pb2+-specific DNAzyme digestion, which could amplify the signal and separate the signal probe as well for further quantification by the PGM. Under optimized conditions, the increase of PGM signal was relative with the concentration of AFB1 ranging from 0.02 to 10 nM and the low limit of detection (LOD) was 10 pM (S/N = 3). With the features of portability, and cheapness, the presented user-friendly method could be extended to various other analytes for wide point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Dongmin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Baojuan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
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Ben Miri Y, Djenane D. Antifungal, Anti-aflatoxigenic, Antioxidant Activity and in vivo Efficacy of Essential Oil of the Aerial Parts of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns & Link. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/phyto-2018-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus has been reported to be the most common fungus used as food by human beings. This fungus may have the potential to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is reported as being the most hepatotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressive to humans and other livestock. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the chemical profile of Thymus capitatus essential oil (EO) and the inhibition of growth of Aspergillus flavus E73 and AFB1 production by the EO. The antioxidant activity and phytotoxicity were also evaluated. The gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that the major components of Thymus capitatus EO were thymol (25.82%), linalool (23.40%), geraniol (14.22%), pcymen- 3-ol (8.93%), and p-cymene (6.76%). The results showed that the EO could inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus E73 in the range of 40.72 to 87.00%. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Thymus capitatus EO against Aspergillus flavus E73 was found to be at 1.00 mg/ml. The oil revealed complete inhibition of dry mycelium weight and AFB1 production at 1.00 mg/ml. The EO revealed a broad spectrum of fungitoxicity against some fungi. The antioxidant activity was also assessed where IC50 (when initial concentration is reduced to half) and β- carotene/linoleic acid inhibition percentage of Thymus capitatus EO were 619.16 ± 3.94 μg/ml and 65.55%, respectively, while the total phenolic content was 21.45 μg/mg. The EO showed non-phytotoxicity on two varieties of wheat seeds. These findings demonstrated that EO could be good alternative to protect food.
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Ge Z, Du H, Gao Y, Qiu W. Analysis on Metabolic Functions of Stored Rice Microbial Communities by BIOLOG ECO Microplates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1375. [PMID: 30018600 PMCID: PMC6037723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination has been a pervasive issue during the rice storage and triggers extensive researches. The metabolism of microorganisms was proved as an indicator to mirror the degree of microbial contamination. It is necessary to develop a scientific method to analyze the metabolism of rice microbial communities, thereby monitoring the microbial contamination. In this study, the metabolism of rice microbial communities in different storing-year were investigated by BIOLOG ECO microplates. The three rice samples were respectively stored for 1-3 years. The related indicators of BIOLOG ECO microplates were determined, including average well-color development (AWCD) of carbon sources and three metabolic functional diversity indices. The results showed that there were significant differences in the AWCD of all carbon sources among the three rice microbial communities (p < 0.05), and the functional diversity indices except Simpson index showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Additionally, the three rice microbial communities differed significantly in the metabolic utilization of carboxylic acids and miscellaneous (p < 0.05), and there were, however, no significant differences in the other four types of carbon sources. Furthermore, principal component analysis revealed that the microbial communities of stored rice had obviously different metabolic functions in different storage period. Therefore, the study indicated that the BIOLOG ECO microplate was applicable to evaluate the metabolic functions of rice microbial communities, and carboxylic acids and miscellaneous were two crucial parameters of carbon sources to identify the metabolic differences of microbial communities, a case in which it reflected the conditions of rice microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weifen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
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Mannaa M, Kim KD. Biocontrol Activity of Volatile-Producing Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas protegens Against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Predominant in Stored Rice Grains: Study II. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:52-63. [PMID: 29998033 PMCID: PMC6037079 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, Bacillus megaterium KU143, Microbacterium testaceum KU313, and Pseudomonas protegens AS15 have been shown to be antagonistic to Aspergillus flavus in stored rice grains. In this study, the biocontrol activities of these strains were evaluated against Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium fellutanum, and Penicillium islandicum, which are predominant in stored rice grains. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the bacterial strains were evaluated against the fungi on media and rice grains, respectively. The antifungal activities of the volatiles produced by the strains against fungal development and population were also tested using I-plates. In in vitro tests, the strains produced secondary metabolites capable of reducing conidial germination, germ-tube elongation, and mycelial growth of all the tested fungi. In in vivo tests, the strains significantly inhibited the fungal growth in rice grains. Additionally, in I-plate tests, strains KU143 and AS15 produced volatiles that significantly inhibited not only mycelial growth, sporulation, and conidial germination of the fungi on media but also fungal populations on rice grains. GC-MS analysis of the volatiles by strains KU143 and AS15 identified 12 and 17 compounds, respectively. Among these, the antifungal compound, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole, was produced by strain KU143 and the antimicrobial compounds, 2-butyl 1-octanal, dimethyl disulfide, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol, and 4-trifluoroacetoxyhexadecane, were produced by strain AS15. These results suggest that the tested strains producing extracellular metabolites and/or volatiles may have a broad spectrum of antifungal activities against the grain fungi. In particular, B. megaterium KU143 and P. protegens AS15 may be potential biocontrol agents against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. during rice grain storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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LAMP-based group specific detection of aflatoxin producers within Aspergillus section Flavi in food raw materials, spices, and dried fruit using neutral red for visible-light signal detection. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:241-250. [PMID: 29272724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins can be produced by 21 species within sections Flavi (16 species), Ochraceorosei (2), and Nidulantes (3) of the fungal genus Aspergillus. They pose risks to human and animal health due to high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Detecting aflatoxin producers can help to assess toxicological risks associated with contaminated commodities. Species specific molecular assays (PCR and LAMP) are available for detection of major producers, but fail to detect species of minor importance. To enable rapid and sensitive detection of several aflatoxin producing species in a single analysis, a nor1 gene-specific LAMP assay was developed. Specificity testing showed that among 128 fungal species from 28 genera, 15 aflatoxigenic species in section Flavi were detected, including synonyms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. No cross reactions were found with other tested species. The detection limit of the assay was 9.03pg of A. parasiticus genomic DNA per reaction. Visual detection of positive LAMP reactions under daylight conditions was facilitated using neutral red to allow unambiguous distinction between positive and negative assay results. Application of the assay to the detection of A. parasiticus conidia revealed a detection limit of 211 conidia per reaction after minimal sample preparation. The usefulness of the assay was demonstrated in the analysis of aflatoxinogenic species in samples of rice, nuts, raisins, dried figs, as well as powdered spices. Comparison of LAMP results with presence/absence of aflatoxins and aflatoxin producing fungi in 50 rice samples showed good correlation between these parameters. Our study suggests that the developed LAMP assay is a rapid, sensitive and user-friendly tool for surveillance and quality control in our food industry.
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44
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From Electrochemistry to Electroluminescence: Development and Application in a Ratiometric Aptasensor for Aflatoxin B1. Anal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Sun XD, Su P, Shan H. Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China. J Food Sci 2017; 82:573-584. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong Sun
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Ping Su
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Hong Shan
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
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46
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Katsurayama AM, Taniwaki MH. Fungos e aflatoxinas no arroz: ocorrência e significado na saúde do consumidor. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O arroz é um dos cereais mais consumidos no Brasil e no mundo. Devido ao grande impacto do consumo de arroz na população, estudos sobre a qualidade deste produto são de grande importância. É um ótimo substrato para a produção de micotoxinas e, quando os fungos toxigênicos encontram condições de crescer e produzir toxinas, estes as produzem em grandes quantidades. Embora não seja comum a presença de micotoxinas, existem alguns relatos sobre a ocorrência de aflatoxinas e fungos aflatoxigênicos no arroz. O presente artigo é uma revisão sobre os aspectos gerais do arroz, sua produção, ocorrência de fungos, aflatoxinas e micotoxinas no Brasil e no mundo, bem como sobre a redução de aflatoxinas durante o processamento do arroz.
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Li L, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Yao J, Yang W, Hu Q, Wang C, Cao C. Effect of stable antimicrobial nano-silver packaging on inhibiting mildew and in storage of rice. Food Chem 2016; 215:477-82. [PMID: 27542501 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial nano-silver packaging (ANP) films were synthesized by blending polyethylene and highly dispersed Ag/TiO2 powder for rice storage at 37°C and 70% relative humidity. ANP films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and silver migration. The antimicrobial activity of the films was assessed on Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) by scanning electron microscope and total plate count, and the storage quality of rice was evaluated by texture analyzer and rapid viscosity analyzer. The results show that ANP had a quite beneficial effect on the antimildew and physicochemical property as compared to the normal PE packaging. During 35days storage, the migration of silver into rice was not evident. A lower microbial population is observed on ANP that should be attributed to the presence of Ag/TiO2. Furthermore, rice packed by ANP shows an enhanced quality with regards to texture and pasting properties. Therefore, ANP is a promising packaging material for rice storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu High Quality Rice R & D Center, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cailin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu High Quality Rice R & D Center, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chongjiang Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
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48
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Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M, Khan AM. Structural Analysis and Biological Toxicity of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 Degradation Products Following Detoxification by Ocimum basilicum and Cassia fistula Aqueous Extracts. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1105. [PMID: 27471501 PMCID: PMC4943962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study showed the comparison between Ocimum basilicum and Cassia fistula (leaves and branch) aqueous extracts for their ability to detoxify of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 μg L(-1) and AFB2; 50 μg L(-1)) by In Vitro assays and decontamination studies. Results indicated that O. basilicum leaves extract was found to be highly significant (P < 0.05) in degrading AFB1 and AFB2, i.e., 90.4 and 88.6%, respectively. However, O. basilicum branch, C. fistula leaves and branch extracts proved to be less efficient in degrading these aflatoxins, under optimized conditions, i.e., pH 8, temperature 30°C and incubation period of 72 h. Moreover the antifungal activity of these plants extracts were also tested. The findings depicted that O. basilicum leaves extract showed maximum growth inhibition of aflatoxigenic isolates, i.e., 82-87% as compared to other tested plants extracts. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products by LCMS/MS analysis showed that nine degraded products of AFB1 and AFB2 were formed. MS/MS spectra showed that most of the products were formed by the removal of double bond in the terminal furan ring and modification of lactone group indicating less toxicity as compared to parent compounds. Brine shrimps bioassay further confirmed the low toxicity of degraded products, showing that O. basilicum leaves extract can be used as an effective tool for the detoxification of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha Iram
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and TechnologyLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Muqeet Khan
- Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore, Pakistan
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49
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Mannaa M, Kim KD. Microbe-Mediated Control of Mycotoxigenic Grain Fungi in Stored Rice with Focus on Aflatoxin Biodegradation and Biosynthesis Inhibition. MYCOBIOLOGY 2016; 44:67-78. [PMID: 27433116 PMCID: PMC4945540 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2016.44.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice contaminated with fungal species during storage is not only of poor quality and low economic value, but may also have harmful effects on human and animal health. The predominant fungal species isolated from rice grains during storage belong to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Some of these fungal species produce mycotoxins; they are responsible for adverse health effects in humans and animals, particularly Aspergillus flavus, which produces the extremely carcinogenic aflatoxins. Not surprisingly, there have been numerous attempts to devise safety procedure for the control of such harmful fungi and production of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins. This review provides information about fungal and mycotoxin contamination of stored rice grains, and microbe-based (biological) strategies to control grain fungi and mycotoxins. The latter will include information regarding attempts undertaken for mycotoxin (especially aflatoxin) bio-detoxification and microbial interference with the aflatoxin-biosynthetic pathway in the toxin-producing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Farzaneh M, Shi ZQ, Ahmadzadeh M, Hu LB, Ghassempour A. Inhibition of the Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination on Pistachio Nut by Fengycin and Surfactin-Producing Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:209-215. [PMID: 27298596 PMCID: PMC4892817 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2015.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the treatment of pistachio nuts by Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1, a promising isolate to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), caused to reduce the growth of Aspergillus flavus R5 and AFB1 content on pistachio nuts. Fluorescence probes revealed that the cell free supernatant fluid from UTBSP1 affects spore viability considerably. Using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, 10 fractions were separated and collected from methanol extract of cell free supernatant fluid. Two fractions showed inhibition zones against A. flavus. Mass spectrometric analysis of the both antifungal fractions revealed a high similarity between these anti-A. flavus compounds and cyclic-lipopeptides of surfactin, and fengycin families. Coproduction of surfactin and fengycin acted in a synergistic manner and consequently caused a strong antifungal activity against A. flavus R5. There was a positive significant correlation between the reduction of A. flavus growth and the reduction of AFB1 contamination on pistachio nut by UTBSP1. The results indicated that fengycin and surfactin-producing B. subtilis UTBSP1 can potentially reduce A. flavus growth and AFB1 content in pistachio nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Farzaneh
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19835-389,
Iran
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Zhi-Qi Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Masoud Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Karaj 4111,
Iran
| | - Liang-Bin Hu
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
- School of Food, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003,
China
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19835-389,
Iran
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