A comprehensive review on different classes of polyphenolic compounds present in edible oils

Defatted Flaxseed Flour as a New Ingredient for Foodstuffs: Comparative Analysis with Whole Flaxseeds and Updated Composition of Cold-Pressed Oil

BACKGROUND

Flaxseeds are functional foods popular in current diets. Cold-pressing is a solvent-free method to extract flaxseed oil, resulting in a by-product-defatted flour.

OBJECTIVES/METHODS

This study compared whole flaxseeds and defatted flour (proximate composition, fatty acids, vitamin E, total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, amino acids, and protein quality) and updated the composition of cold-pressed oil (oxidative stability, peroxide value, UV absorbance, colour, fatty acids, vitamin E, total phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant activity) to assess the nutritional relevance and potential for food applications of these samples.

RESULTS

The flour had higher ash (6% vs. 4%), fibre (36% vs. 34%), protein (28% vs. 16%), phenolics (205 vs. 143 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g), and antioxidant activity than seeds (p < 0.05), so it should be valued as a novel high-fibre food ingredient with high-quality plant-based protein, as it contains all essential amino acids (106 mg/g) and a high essential amino acids index (112%), with L-tryptophan as the limiting amino acid. The oil, while low in oxidative stability (1.3 h), due to its high polyunsaturated fatty acids sum (75%), mostly α-linolenic acid (57%), contains a significant amount of vitamin E (444 mg/kg), making it a specialty oil best consumed raw.

CONCLUSIONS

The exploration of the flour as a minimally processed food ingredient highlights its role in supporting food security, circular economy, and sustainability goals, aligning with consumer preferences for natural, low-fat foods. Future research should investigate the bioactivity and shelf-life of the samples, as well as the bioavailability of compounds after digestion.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of Domestication on the Marketable and Nutritional Quality of B. aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Oil from Algeria

Balanites aegyptiaca is a multipurpose fruit tree that grows wild in many arid and semi-arid African areas; however, recent domestication efforts have been undertaken to protect the species from the threat of urbanization and climate change. Within this context, the impact of the domestication of Algerian B. aegyptiaca was evaluated on its seed oil, which is already valued as food. Hence, oils from wild and domesticated trees were comparatively investigated for their physicochemical and compositional quality. Both oil types had a good oxidative stability and met the requirements for human consumption in terms of the saponification index, the free acidity, and the peroxide value. Moreover, they showed a comparable FA composition, with high levels of oleic and linoleic acids, which are beneficial for the consumer's health. Domestication led to a statistically significant decrease in the tocopherols and polyphenols in the oil. The phytosterols and squalene were slightly lower in the domesticated oil than in the wild relative, although no statistically significant differences were observed. A comparable mineral profile was revealed and the minimal variations in the trace elements between the oils could be related to the natural variability in the seeds. Hopefully, this study will encourage the domestication of B. aegyptiaca as a sustainable strategy for enhancing its socioeconomic value in Algerian rural areas.

Alleviating Effect of Lipid Phytochemicals in Seed Oil (Brassica napus L.) on Oxidative Stress Injury Induced by H2O2 in HepG2 Cells via Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway

α-tocopherol (α-T), β-sitosterol (β-S), canolol (CA), and sinapic acid (SA) are the four main endogenous lipid phytochemicals (LP) found in Brassica napus L. seed oil, which possess the bioactivity to prevent the risk of several chronic diseases via antioxidant-associated mechanisms. Discovering the enhancer effects or synergies between LP is valuable for resisting oxidative stress and improving health benefits. The objectives of this study were to identify a potentially efficacious LP combination by central composite design (CCD) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and to investigate its protective effect and potential mechanisms against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Our results indicated that the optimal concentration of LP combination was α-T 10 μM, β-S 20 μM, SA 125 μM, and CA 125 μM, respectively, and its CAA value at the optimal condition was 10.782 μmol QE/100 g. At this concentration, LP combination exerted a greater amelioration effect on H2O2-induced HepG2 cell injury than either antioxidant (tea polyphenols or magnolol) alone. LP combination could reduce the cell apoptosis rate induced by H2O2, lowered to 10.06%, and could alleviate the degree of oxidative damage to cells (ROS↓), lipids (MDA↓), proteins (PC↓), and DNA (8-OHdG↓). Additionally, LP combination enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPX, and HO-1), as well as the T-AOC, and increased the GSH level in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, LP combination markedly upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its associated antioxidant proteins. It also increased the expression levels of Nrf2 downstream antioxidant target gene (HO-1, SOD-1, MnSOD, CAT, GPX-1, and GPX-4) and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of Keap1. The oxidative-stress-induced formation of the Keap1/Nrf2 complex in the cytoplasm was significantly blocked by LP treatment. These results indicate that LP combination protected HepG2 cells from oxidative stress through a mechanism involving the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways.

Carboxymethyl cellulose-based multifunctional film integrated with polyphenol-rich extract and carbon dots from coffee husk waste for active food packaging applications

Sustainable carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based active composite films were developed through the addition of polyphenol-rich extract from coffee husk (CHE) and carbon dots (CDs) prepared using the biowaste residue of CHE extraction. The influences of various CDs contents on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of composite films have been researched. The 6% (w/w) CHE and 3% (w/w) CDs were uniformly dispersed within the CMC matrix to produce a homogenous film with enhanced mechanical properties. The CMC/CHE/CDs3% film exhibited outstanding UV-light blocking, improved water and gas barriers, potent antioxidant activity with above 95% DPPH and ABTS scavenging rates, and effective antibacterial capabilities against L. monocytogenes and E. coli. The food packaging experiment demonstrated that this active composite film slowed the rotting of fresh-cut apples and extended their shelf-life to 7 days at 4 °C storage. Therefore, the obtained multifunctional film showed promise as an environmentally friendly food packaging material.

Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Bioactive Polyphenols

Secondary metabolites, polyphenols, are widespread in the entire kingdom of plants. They contain one or more hydroxyl groups that have a variety of biological functions in the natural environment. These uses include polyphenols in food, beauty products, dietary supplements, and medicinal products and have grown rapidly during the past 20 years. Antimicrobial polyphenols are described together with their sources, classes, and subclasses. Polyphenols are found in different sources, such as dark chocolate, olive oil, red wine, almonds, cashews, walnuts, berries, green tea, apples, artichokes, mushrooms, etc. Examples of benefits are antiallergic, antioxidant, anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobe properties. From these sources, different classes of polyphenols are helpful for the growth of internal functional systems of the human body, providing healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improving brain health, and rebooting our cellular microbiome health by mitochondrial uncoupling. Among the various health benefits of polyphenols (curcumin, naringenin, quercetin, catechin, etc.) primarily different antimicrobial activities are discussed along with possible future applications. For polyphenols and antimicrobial agents to be proven safe, adverse health impacts must be substantiated by reliable scientific research as well as in vitro and in vivo clinical data. Future research may be influenced by this evaluation.

Biochemical and Molecular Insights into Variation in Sesame Seed Antioxidant Capability as Revealed by Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis

Sesame seeds are important resources for relieving oxidation stress-related diseases. Although a significant variation in seeds' antioxidant capability is observed, the underlying biochemical and molecular basis remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to reveal major seed components and key molecular mechanisms that drive the variability of seeds' antioxidant activity (AOA) using a panel of 400 sesame accessions. The seeds' AOA, total flavonoid, and phenolic contents varied from 2.03 to 78.5%, 0.072 to 3.104 mg CAE/g, and 2.717 to 21.98 mg GAE/g, respectively. Analyses revealed that flavonoids and phenolic acids are the main contributors to seeds' AOA variation, irrespective of seed coat color. LC-MS-based polyphenol profiling of high (HA) and low (LA) antioxidant seeds uncovered 320 differentially accumulated phenolic compounds (DAPs), including 311 up-regulated in HA seeds. Tricin, persicoside, 5,7,4',5'-tetrahydro-3',6-dimethoxyflavone, 8-methoxyapigenin, and 6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxyflavone were the top five up-regulated in HA. Comparative transcriptome analysis at three seed developmental stages identified 627~2357 DEGs and unveiled that differential regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and stilbene biosynthesis were the key underlying mechanisms of seed antioxidant capacity variation. Major differentially regulated phenylpropanoid structural genes and transcription factors were identified. SINPZ0000571 (MYB), SINPZ0401118 (NAC), and SINPZ0500871 (C3H) were the most highly induced TFs in HA. Our findings may enhance quality breeding.

Harmony in Motion: Unraveling the Nexus of Sports, Plant-Based Nutrition, and Antioxidants for Peak Performance

The intricate interplay between plant-based nutrition, antioxidants, and their impact on athletic performance forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive review. Emphasizing the pivotal importance of dietary choices in the realm of sports, this paper sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of how stress and physical performance are interconnected through the lens of nutrition. The increasing interest among athletes in plant-based diets presents an opportunity with benefits for health, performance, and recovery. It is essential to investigate the connection between sports, plants, and antioxidants. Highlighting the impact of nutrition on recovery and well-being, this review emphasizes how antioxidants can help mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses the growing popularity of plant-based diets among athletes. It elaborates on the importance of antioxidants in combating radicals addressing stress levels while promoting cellular health. By identifying rich foods, it emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in ensuring sufficient intake of these beneficial compounds. Examining stress within the context of sports activities, this review provides insights into its mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance as well as recovery processes. This study explores the impact of plant-based diets on athletes including their types, potential advantages and challenges. It also addresses the drawbacks of relying on plant-based diets, concerns related to antioxidant supplementation and identifies areas where further research is needed. Furthermore, the review suggests directions for research and potential innovations in sports nutrition. Ultimately it brings together the aspects of sports, plant-based nutrition, and antioxidants to provide a perspective for athletes, researchers and practitioners. By consolidating existing knowledge, it offers insights that can pave the way for advancements in the ever-evolving field of sports nutrition.

Sodium alginate films incorporated with Lepidium sativum (Garden cress) extract as a novel method to enhancement the oxidative stability of edible oil

This study addresses the growing interest in bio-based active food packaging by infusing Lepidium sativum (Garden cress) seeds extract (GRCE) into sodium alginate (SALG) films at varying concentrations (1, 3, and 5 %). The GRCE extract revealed six phenolic compounds, with gallic and chlorogenic acids being prominent, showcasing substantial total phenolic content (TPC) of 139.36 μg GAE/mg and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 26.46 μg RE/mg. The integration into SALG films significantly increased TPC, reaching 30.73 mg GAE/g in the film with 5 % GRCE. This enhancement extended to DPPH and ABTS activities, with notable rises to 66.47 and 70.12 %, respectively. Physical properties, including tensile strength, thickness, solubility, and moisture content, were positively affected. A reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP) was reported in the film enriched with 5 % GRCE (1.389 × 10-10 g H2O/m s p.a.). FT-IR analysis revealed bands indicating GRCE's physical interaction with the SALG matrix, with thermal stability of the films decreasing upon GRCE integration. SALG/GRCE5 effectively lowered the peroxide value (PV) of sunflower oil after four weeks at 50 °C compared to the control, with direct film-oil contact enhancing this reduction. Similar trends were observed in the K232 and K270 values.

Chemical Data and Relationships for a Scoring Algorithm of Extra Virgin Olive Oil's Nutritional Value

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a valuable product and is highly appreciated by consumers for its great nutritional value. However, to date, there has been a lack of uniform systems capable of ranking the nutritional value of EVOO based on its chemical composition in terms of macro- and micronutrients (including phenolic compounds and tocopherols). The aim of this study was to propose a scoring algorithm to rank the nutritional value of EVOO samples, considering their chemical composition in macro- and micronutrients and their sensitivity to oxidation phenomena. Data from more than 1000 EVOO samples were used to assess the variability of the data, considering the selected negative parameters (free acidity, peroxide value, spectrophotometric indices) and positive components (composition in tocopherols via HPLC-DAD, phenolic compounds via HPLC-DAD, and fatty acids via GC-MS) so as to ensure the universal validity of the scoring algorithm. The dataset included samples from the main producing countries worldwide, in addition to Australia, across several production years; data were selected to represent different production realities. A mathematical model was set up for each chemical component, resulting in six variable values. By combining these values with a dimensionless constant value, the algorithm for computing the nutritional value score (NVS) was defined. It allows the nutritional value of an oil to be ranked on a scale of 0 to 100 based on its chemical composition. The algorithm was then successfully tested using chemical data from about 300 EVOO samples obtained from laboratories from different Italian regions. The proposed NVS is a simple and objective tool for scoring the nutritional value of an EVOO, easy to understand for both producers and consumers.

Recent Progress on Green New Phase Extraction and Preparation of Polyphenols in Edible Oil

With the proposal of replacing toxic solvents with non-toxic solvents in the concept of green chemistry, the development and utilization of new green extraction techniques have become a research hotspot. Phenolic compounds in edible oils have good antioxidant activity, but due to their low content and complex matrix, it is difficult to achieve a high extraction rate in a green and efficient way. This paper reviews the current research status of novel extraction materials in solid-phase extraction, including carbon nanotubes, graphene and metal-organic frameworks, as well as the application of green chemical materials in liquid-phase extraction, including deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical fluids and supramolecular solvents. The aim is to provide a more specific reference for realizing the green and efficient extraction of polyphenolic compounds from edible oils, as well as another possibility for the future research trend of green extraction technology.

Mechanisms of lipid oxidation in water-in-oil emulsions and oxidomics-guided discovery of targeted protective approaches

Lipid oxidation is an inevitable event during the processing, storage, and even consumption of lipid-containing food, which may cause adverse effects on both food quality and human health. Water-in-oil (W/O) food emulsions contain a high content of lipids and small water droplets, which renders them vulnerable to lipid oxidation. The present review provides comprehensive insights into the lipid oxidation of W/O food emulsions. The key influential factors of lipid oxidation in W/O food emulsions are presented systematically. To better interpret the specific mechanisms of lipid oxidation in W/O food emulsions, a comprehensive detection method, oxidative lipidomics (oxidomics), is proposed to identify novel markers, which not only tracks the chemical molecules but also considers the changes in supramolecular properties, sensory properties, and nutritional value. The microstructure of emulsions, components from both phases, emulsifiers, pH, temperature, and light should be taken into account to identify specific oxidation markers. A correlation of these novel oxidation markers with the shelf life, the organoleptic properties, and the nutritional value of W/O food emulsions should be applied to develop targeted protective approaches for limiting lipid oxidation. Accordingly, the processing parameters, the application of antioxidants and emulsifiers, as well as packing and storage conditions can be optimized to develop W/O emulsions with improved oxidative stability. This review may help in emphasizing the future research priorities of investigating the mechanisms of lipid oxidation in W/O emulsion by oxidomics, leading to practical solutions for the food industry to prevent oxidative rancidity in W/O food emulsions.

Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties of Wild Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)-Effects of Geographic Origin

In recent years, much attention has been devoted to Vaccinium L. berries because of their substantial potential to be adapted for the development of innovative food and pharmaceutical applications. The accumulation of plant secondary metabolites is extremely dependent on climate and other environmental conditions. In order to increase the reliability of the findings, this study was conducted with samples collected in four regions in Northern Europe (Norway, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania) and analyzed in a single laboratory using a standardized methodology. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nutritional (biologically active compounds (phenolic (477-775 mg/100 g fw), anthocyanins (20-57 mg/100 g fw), pro-anthocyanidins (condensed tannins (141-269 mg/100 g fw)) and antioxidant activity in different systems (ABTS^•+, FRAP). Physicochemical properties (acidity, soluble solids, color) of wild Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. were also evaluated. The results may contribute to the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals with potential health benefits in the future. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report on the evaluation of the biologically active compounds of wild lingonberries from different Northern European countries based on one laboratory's validated methods. The results indicated a geomorphological influence on the biochemical and physicochemical composition of wild Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. depending on their place of geographical origin.

In vivo antidiabetic effects of phenolic compounds of spinach, mustard, and cabbage leaves in mice

Leafy vegetables are considered to have health-promoting potentials, mainly attributed to bioactive phenolic compounds. The antidiabetic effects of spinach, mustard, and cabbage were studied by feeding their phenolic-rich aqueous extracts to alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The antioxidant, biochemical, histopathological, and hematological indices of the control, diabetic, and treated mice were studied. Phenolic compounds present in the extracts were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD. Results showed ten, nineteen, and eleven phenolic compounds in spinach, mustard, and cabbage leave aqueous extracts, respectively. The body weight, tissue total glutathione (GSH) contents, fasting blood sugar, liver function tests, renal function tests, and lipid profile of the mice were affected by diabetes and were significantly improved by the extract treatments. Likewise, hematological indices and tissues histological studies also showed recovery from diabetic stress in treated mice. The study's findings highlight that the selected leafy vegetables potentially mitigate diabetic complications. Among the studied vegetables, cabbage extract was comparatively more active in ameliorating diabetic stress.

Antioxidant properties of lipid concomitants in edible oils: A review

Edible oils are indispensable for human life, providing energy and necessary fatty acids. Nevertheless, they are vulnerable to oxidation via a number of different mechanisms. Essential nutrients deteriorate as well as toxic substances are produced when edible oils are oxidized; thus, they should be retarded wherever possible. Lipid concomitants have a strong antioxidant capacity and are a large class of biologically active chemical substances in edible oils. They have shown remarkable antioxidant properties and were documented to improve the quality of edible oils in varied ways. An overview of the antioxidant properties of the polar, non-polar, and amphiphilic lipid concomitants present in edible oils is provided in this review. Interactions among various lipid concomitants and the probable mechanisms are also elucidated. This review may provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for food industry practitioners and researchers to understand the underlying cause of variations in the quality of edible oils.

A Deep Learning Image System for Classifying High Oleic Sunflower Seed Varieties

Sunflower seeds, one of the main oilseeds produced around the world, are widely used in the food industry. Mixtures of seed varieties can occur throughout the supply chain. Intermediaries and the food industry need to identify the varieties to produce high-quality products. Considering that high oleic oilseed varieties are similar, a computer-based system to classify varieties could be useful to the food industry. The objective of our study is to examine the capacity of deep learning (DL) algorithms to classify sunflower seeds. An image acquisition system, with controlled lighting and a Nikon camera in a fixed position, was constructed to take photos of 6000 seeds of six sunflower seed varieties. Images were used to create datasets for training, validation, and testing of the system. A CNN AlexNet model was implemented to perform variety classification, specifically classifying from two to six varieties. The classification model reached an accuracy value of 100% for two classes and 89.5% for the six classes. These values can be considered acceptable, because the varieties classified are very similar, and they can hardly be classified with the naked eye. This result proves that DL algorithms can be useful for classifying high oleic sunflower seeds.

Exploring Olive Pomace for Skincare Applications: A Review

The cosmetic industry is continuously searching for new active ingredients in an effort to attend to consumer demands which, in recent years, are focused on more natural and environmentally friendly products, obtained from sustainable resources. Nevertheless, they are required to provide cosmetologically appealing skincare products, ultimately with the purpose of improving skin appearance. The olive oil industry generates a large amount of liquid and semi-solid by-products such as olive pomace. Their phytotoxicity impairs safe disposal, so valorization strategies that promote by-product reuse are needed, which may include skincare products. Hydroxytyrosol is the main phenolic compound present in olive pomace and possesses biological effects that make it a desirable active compound for cosmetic formulations such as antioxidant and anti-aging activities as well as photoprotector, depigmenting, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. Other compounds present in olive pomace can also have functional properties and skin-related benefits. However, the application of this by-product can be a challenge in terms of formulation’s design, stability, and proven efficacy, so appropriate methodologies should be used to validate its incorporation and may include extraction and further encapsulation of bioactive compounds in order to achieve effective and aesthetic appealing skincare products.

A Comprehensive Review of Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil

Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids offers health benefits. Although the consumption of rapeseed oil cuts across many areas around the world, the nutritional elements of rapeseed oil and the exact efficacy of the nutrients remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest studies on functional rapeseed components to ascertain which component of canola oil contributes to its function. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. These nine functional components are vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid, which themselves or their derivatives have health-benefiting properties. This review sheds light on the health-benefiting effects of rapeseed oil in the hope of further development of functional foods from rapeseed.

Emulsification of Rosemary and Oregano Aqueous Extracts and Their In Vitro Bioavailability

Due to their richness in phenolic compounds, Mediterranean plants such as rosemary and oregano are increasingly recommended for consumption for their numerous health benefits. The pH shift and the presence of digestive enzymes significantly reduce the bioavailability of these biochemicals as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. To prevent this degradation of phenolic compounds, methods such as emulsification of plant aqueous extracts are used. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsification conditions on the chemical properties (total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity) of emulsified rosemary and oregano extracts. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize sunflower oil concentration, rotational speed, and emulsifier concentration (commercial pea protein). The emulsions prepared under optimal conditions were then used in bioavailability studies (in vitro digestion). The antioxidant activity of the emulsified rosemary/oregano extracts, measured by the DPPH method, remained largely stable when simulating in vitro digestion. Analysis of antioxidant activity after in vitro simulation of the gastrointestinal system revealed a higher degree of maintenance (up to 76%) for emulsified plant extracts compared to aqueous plant extracts. This article contributes to our understanding of how plant extracts are prepared to preserve their biological activity and their application in the food industry.

Comprehensive review of composition distribution and advances in profiling of phenolic compounds in oilseeds

A wide range of phenolic compounds participate in oilseed growth, regulate oxidative stability of corresponding vegetable oil, and serve as important minor food components with health-promoting effects. Composition distribution of phenolic compounds varied in oilseeds. Isoflavones, sinapic acid derivatives, catechin and epicatechin, phenolic alcohols, chlorogenic acid, and lignans were the main phenolic compounds in soybean, rapeseed, peanut skin, olive, sunflower seed, sesame and flaxseed, respectively. Among which, the total isoflavones content in soybean seeds reached from 1,431 to 2,130 mg/100 g; the main phenolic compound in rapeseed was sinapine, representing 70–90%; chlorogenic acid as the predominant phenolic compound in sunflower kernels, represented around 77% of the total phenolic content. With the rapid development of analytical techniques, it is becoming possible for the comprehensive profiling of these phenolic compounds from oilseeds. This review aims to provide recently developments about the composition distribution of phenolic compounds in common oilseeds, advanced technologies for profiling of phenolic compounds by the metabolomics approaches based on mass spectrometry. As there is still limited research focused on the comprehensive extraction and determination of phenolics with different bound-forms, future efforts should take into account the non-targeted, pseudo-targeted, and spatial metabolomic profiling of phenolic compounds, and the construction of phenolic compound database for identifying and quantifying new types of phenolic compounds in oilseeds and their derived products.

Effect of pretreatments of camellia seeds on the quality, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of camellia oil

Camellia oil is one of the four major woody oils in the world and has high nutritional value due to its richness in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and bioactive substances. In order to compare the effects of pretreatments of camellia seeds on the quality, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of camellia oil, three different pretreatment methods, i.e., hot air (HA), steam (ST) and puffing (PU), were used to treat the seed powder in the present study. All three pretreatments changed the internal structure of the camellia seeds. The oil yield was increased after all three pretreatments, with the highest oil yield increased by PU pretreatment (Based on the oil yield, we screened out the best conditions of the three pretreatments, HA pretreatment is 60°C for 40 min, ST pretreatment is 100°C for 15 min, PU pretreatment is 800 rpm). The fatty acids (FAs) of the oil were relatively stable, with no significant changes after three pretreatments. However, all three pretreatments had a significant effect on the acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and benzo(a)pyrene (Ba P) of the camellia oil. The PU and HA pretreatments could increase the tocopherol content and the total sterols content in the camellia oil. The ST and PU pretreatments significantly increased the free phenolics (FP) content, all three pretreatments reduced the contents of conjugated phenolics (CP) and insoluble-bound phenolics (IBP) in the camellia oil. The IBP made the most significant contribution to the antioxidant capacities of camellia oil. ST and PU prtreatments increased the antioxidant capacities of the total phenolics in the camellia oil. Eight phenolics in FP, CP, and IBP were significantly correlated with the antioxidant capacities of camellia oil. The results of the present study could provide some theoretical guidance for the pretreatment of camellia seeds for higher oil yield, phenolic content and enhanced antioxidant capacities of camellia oil.

Oxidative stability and elemental analysis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) edible oil produced in Brazil using a domestic extraction machine

The consumption of regular vegetable oils has been linked to energy acquisition, nutritional benefits, health improvement, and the regulation of metabolic diseases. This study evaluated fatty acids composition, physicochemical, thermal, oxidative, and optical properties, and quantified trace elements in the sunflower oil extracted by a domestic cold-press machine. The oil presented linoleic (54.00%) and oleic (37.29%) primary unsaturated fatty acids (91.67%), in which atherogenic (0.05), thrombogenic (0.16), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (21.97), peroxide (16.16), saponification (141.80), and relative density indices (0.92) demonstrated to be suitable for human consumption and possible health promotion. In addition, the concentrations of trace elements by ICP OES were ordered Zn &gt; Fe &gt; Al &gt; Cu &gt; Mn &gt; Cr. Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Al, Cu, and Mn were lower than FAO/WHO and DRI/AI limits, while Cr concentrations exceeded the FAO/WHO limits, which can be used as an indicator of the polluted ambiance. Sunflower oil quantities daily consumption were calculated by taking into account non-carcinogenic risk (CR &lt; 10−4), and total non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI &lt; 1). Based on trace elements determined in this study, the suitable quantity of sunflower oil consumption varies according to individuals aged 8, 18, and 30 years and will be deemed 0.61, 1.46, and 1.65 g/kg, respectively, attending HI = 0.99 and CR &lt; 10−4.

Effect of bovine milk fat-based infant formulae on microbiota, metabolites and stool parameters in healthy term infants in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial

Background

Natural enrichment of sn-2 palmitate content of infant formulae by using bovine milk fat is known to reduce formation of faecal fatty acid soaps and to improve stool consistency, but effects on gut microbiota composition are unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the influence of milk fat-based formula high in sn-2 palmitate on the infants’ gut microbiota composition and to confirm the beneficial effects of the formula on formation of faecal fatty acid soaps and stool consistency.

Methods

Twenty-two healthy term, formula-fed infants were enrolled in a single-blinded randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. After a 2-week run-in period, infants received either a 50% milk fat-based formula containing 39% sn-2 palmitate (MF) or a vegetable fat-based formula (VF) containing 10% sn-2 palmitate in a 2 × 2-week crossover design. Faecal microbiota composition was the primary outcome of the study. Other outcomes included faecal fatty acid soap excretion, calcium excretion, gut comfort parameters and faecal metabolites.

Results

Microbiota analysis showed that bifidobacteria dominated the gut microbiota of most infants. Neither alpha- nor beta-diversity was significantly influenced by the intervention. Also, abundance of metabolic pathways was independent of the intervention. The MF formula resulted in significantly lower faecal levels of palmitic acid soap (p = 0.0002) and total fatty acid soaps (p = 0.0001) than the VF formula. Additionally, calcium excretion and palmitic acid concentration were significantly (p = 0.0335) lower in stool samples after MF intervention. Furthermore, a significant physiological effect on softer stools was observed in the MF intervention compared to the VF intervention (p = 0.02).

Of the 870 measured faecal metabolites, 190 were significantly different after MF and VF intervention (FDR corrected p < 0.05). Most of these were found at higher levels after MF intervention, potentially indicative of the complex structure of milk fat. Metabolites with more than twofold change between interventions were mostly lipid-derived and included several milk fat-specific fatty acids.

Conclusions

Replacing part of the vegetable fat in infant formula with bovine milk fat with high sn-2 palmitate levels did not change the microbiota composition, although a reduction in faecal palmitate soaps, total fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion while improving stool consistency in the MF intervention was confirmed. In addition, 190 faecal metabolites were significantly different, many related to the fat source.

Trial registration

Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NL7815 19/06/2019.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00575-y.

Phenolic Acids - Versatile Natural Moiety With Numerous Biological Applications

BACKGROUND

Medicinal uses of natural phenolic acids and its synthetic derivatives have been augmented in recent years. Phenolic acids are chemically defined secondary plant metabolitesand being moieties or leads are much versatile in nature with a widescope of biological activities which seek the attention of researchers across the worldto synthesize different derivatives of phenolic acids and screen them for their various biological properties.These compounds are of meticulous interest due to the properties they possess and their occurrence.Based on the convincing evidences reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic acids andtheir derivatives are promising molecules as a drug.

OBJECTIVE

The present review article aims to bring together the information on the biosynthesis, metabolism, and sources of phenolic acids and emphasize on the therapeutic potential of phenolic acid and its synthetic derivatives to comprehensively portray the current scenery for researchers interested in designing drugs for furthering this study.

CONCLUSION

Phenolic acids being moieties or lead are much versatile in nature as they possess a wide range of biological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and many more which offers researchers to explore more about these or many untapped benefits in medicinal field. The information mentioned in this article will be helpful to the forthcoming researchers working in this area. Phenolic acids have massive potential to be investigated for novel medicinal possibilities and for the development of new chemical moieties to treat different diseases of clinical importance.

Effect of Supplementing Dairy Goat Diets With Rapeseed Oil or Sunflower Oil on Performance, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and in vitro Fermentation Kinetics

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing dairy goat diets with rapeseed oil and sunflower oil on performance, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and in vitro fermentation kinetics. Nine Danish Landrace goats with 42 ± 5 days in milk were allocated to three treatment groups for 42 days. Animals received a basal diet, formulated with 85:15 forage:concentrate ratio, and the basal diet was supplemented with either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil at 4% of dry matter. Goat milk was sampled on days 14, 21, and 42. Milk composition was similar between treatments. From day 14 to day 42, milk yield increased (1.03 vs. 1.34 kg/d), while milk fat (2.72 vs. 1.82 g/d) and total solids (11.2 vs. 9.14 %) were reduced. Compared to control and rapeseed oil, sunflower decreased (P &lt; 0.05) C4:0 (1.56, and 1.67 vs. 1.36 g/100 g) and both oils decreased (P &lt; 0.05) C18:3n3 (0.60 vs. 0.20 and 0.10 g/100g). Rapeseed oil increased (P &lt; 0.05) C18:2 cis9, trans11 compared to control and sunflower oil (0.37 vs. 0.13 and 0.19 g/100 g). Untargeted milk foodomics revealed slightly elevated (P &lt; 0.05) gluconic acid and decreased hippuric acid (P &lt; 0.05) in the milk of oil-fed goats compared to control. In vitro dry matter degradation (63.2 ± 0.02 %) was not affected by dietary treatments, while individual volatile fatty acid proportions, total volatile fatty acids (35.7 ± 2.44 mmol/l), CO2 (18.6 ± 1.15 mol), and CH4 (11.6 ± 1.16 mol) were not affected by dietary treatments. Sunflower oil and rapeseed oil decreased (P &lt; 0.05) total gas production at 24 and 48 h compared with control. Overall, the use of sunflower oil or rapeseed oil at 4% DM inclusion did not compromise animal performance and milk composition.

Hydrolysis of Edible Oils by Fungal Lipases: An Effective Tool to Produce Bioactive Extracts with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

Hydrolysis of olive, rapeseed, linseed, almond, peanut, grape seed and menhaden oils was performed with commercial lipases of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa. In chromogenic plate tests, olive, rapeseed, peanut and linseed oils degraded well even after 2 h of incubation, and the R. miehei, A. niger and R. oryzae lipases exhibited the highest overall action against the oils. Gas chromatography analysis of vegetable oils hydrolyzed by R. miehei lipase revealed about 1.1 to 38.4-fold increases in the concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids after the treatment, depending on the fatty acids and the oil. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by R. miehei lipase treatment from menhaden oil were linoleic, α-linolenic, hexadecanedioic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, with yields from 12.02 to 52.85 µg/mL reaction mixture. Folin-Ciocalteu and ferric reducing power assays demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity for most tested oils after the lipase treatment in relation to the concentrations of some fatty acids. Some lipase-treated and untreated samples of oils, at 1.25 mg/mL lipid concentration, inhibited the growth of food-contaminating bacteria. The lipid mixtures obtained can be reliable sources of extractable fatty acids with health benefits.

Exploring Lignans, a Class of Health Promoting Compounds, in a Variety of Edible Oils from Brazil

Lignans, a group of polyphenols, have been identified in eight cold pressed oils from fruits, nuts, and seeds, retrieved from the Brazilian market. The oils under investigation were avocado, Brazilian nut, canola, coconut, grapeseed, macadamia, palm, and pequi. Olive oil was selected as a reference oil, since numerous data on its lignan content are available in literature. The qualitative and quantitative profiles were obtained, after extraction, by means of UFLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses. The total lignan content showed a high variability, ranging from 0.69 mg·Kg-1 (pequi) to 7.12 mg·Kg-1 (grapeseed), with the highest content registered for olive oil. Seven lignans were quantified, matairesinol and pinoresinol being the most abundant. The LC-MS/MS method was validated, showing linearity in the range of 12.5-212.5 mg·Kg-1, LOD in the range of 0.18-11.37 mg·Kg-1, and LOQ in the range of 0.53-34.45 mg·Kg-1. Additionally, part of the study was focused on the evaluation of the flavor profile, this being a key element in consumers' evaluations, by means of HS-SPME-GC. In total, 150 volatile compounds were determined in the eight oils, with identified fractions ranging from 91.85% (avocado) to 96.31% (canola), with an average value of 94.1%. Groups of components contributed characteristically to the flavour of each oil.

Oil From Three Aguaje Morphotypes (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) Extracted by Supercritical Fluid With CO2: Chemical Composition and Chromatic Properties

The chemical composition and CIELAB color parameters of oil from three aguaje morphotypes (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. By chromatography (HPLC and GC), spectrometry (UV/vis), and digital image colorimetry (digital camera), carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, fatty acids, total polyphenols, and CIELAB color space were analyzed. These findings showed that the oil obtained from morphotype 3 was superior in several analytes (carotenoids, polyphenols, oleic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol), while morphotype 2 and morphotype 1 showed very close profiles. The most similar chemical components in the oils of the three morphotypes were stigmasterol (16.00 to 17.81%), β-sitosterol (66.39 to 68.94%), palmitic acid (15.56 to 20.69%), and oleic acid (73.29 to 79.54%). The chromatic parameters (L*, a*, b*, and Cab*) were quite different except for the hue angle (hab) (66.55 to 69.71 U), which showed some similarity. Aguaje oil is an interesting resource that stands out for its high content of carotenoids. All three morphotypes may be suitable for potential commercial applications.

Using texture analyzer to characterize pecan and olive oil tactile properties, compare to viscometer analysis, and link to fatty acid profile and total polyphenols

This study aimed to characterize mechanical properties of five pecan oils and one olive oil using a texture analyzer compared to a rotational viscometer; results were linked to fatty acid profile and total polyphenol content. The seven texture parameters (firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, viscosity index, stickiness at 5 sec, stickiness at 30 sec, and delta stickiness) showed significant difference (p≤0.05) among the six oils. Overall, olive oil had higher texture analysis values and significantly higher rotational viscosity than pecan oils. Chemically, C18 fatty acids accounted for approximately 90% of the total fatty acids in the five pecan oils. Olive oil had a higher amount of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids. Total polyphenols in pecan oils were 8-15 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g, while olive oil contained 27.2 mg GAE/100 g. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant, positive relationship between "consistency" texture and rotational viscosity measurement. Mechanical properties (seven texture parameters and rotational viscosity) were partially correlated to fatty acid profile, though no universal pattern was identified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Pecan is among the most commonly consumed tree nuts worldwide, while pecan oil is part of the emerging healthy, edible oil niche market. Few studies have investigated pecan oil sensory quality and associated physicochemical compositions for aroma, taste, and texture and pecan oil textural parameters have not been characterized. This study characterized pecan oil with seven textural parameters correlated to rotational viscosity and chemical composition, providing a novel instrumental approach to characterize edible oil textural properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effects of aqueous extract of Medicago denticulata against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits

Medicago denticulata is commonly used as a leafy vegetable, salad, and food ingredient. In this study, different doses of leaves aqueous extract of M. denticulata (MD) were fed to intoxicated rabbits with paracetamol (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) for regular 21 days. The aqueous extract was evaluated for phenolic composition using HPLC-DAD. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied to check its activity. The liver was examined histologically and for antioxidant status. Results revealed that paracetamol led to a significant alteration in all the hematological (RBC, WBC, Hb, PLT, and HCT), and serum lipid parameters (TC, HDL, LDL, and TG) while MD at the dose rate of 300 mg/kg had a curative effect on the stabilization of the affected parameters. The high dose of MD ameliorated different antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione (GSH), DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the liver on day 21st of the treatment. Histological studies revealed significant paracetamol-induced toxicity of the liver, whereas the MD had positive effects on induced toxicity. Improvement in all these alterations confirms the curative potential of Medicago denticulata extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Paracetamol is a well-known antipyretic and analgesic medicine. However, it has been found to cause toxicity including hepatotoxicity. Synthetic drugs such as statins, antibiotics, and anti-viral are used for curing hepatic diseases also cause severe side effects. Thus, nutraceuticals from plant foods are used to reduce the side effects of different hepatotoxic medicine are continuously researched. This study reported for the first time that aqueous extract of the plant leaves was protective against the hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol.

Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on the antioxidant status and stress response pathways in tissues of growing pigs

Insect meal (IM) produced from edible insects, such as Tenebrio molitor, has been recognised as a potentially suitable protein component in feeding rations for monogastric livestock. While several studies with broilers have shown that animal´s health is not negatively affected by IM, less is known with regard to the influence of IM on metabolism of pigs. The present study investigates whether IM from Tenebrio molitor larvae causes oxidative stress and activates oxidative stress-sensitive signalling pathways in key metabolic tissues of pigs. To address this question, male 5-week-old crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 pigs each and fed nutrient-adequate, isonitrogenous diets either without (CON) or with 5% IM or 10% IM from Tenebrio molitor larvae for 4 weeks. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, tocopherols and glutathione in liver, gastrocnemius muscle and/or plasma did not differ between groups. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and of GPX and SOD in gastrocnemius muscle were not different between groups, whereas the activity of CAT in skeletal muscle was increased in the two IM-fed groups compared to group CON (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of most of the target genes of oxidative stress-sensitive signalling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response, in liver and gastrocnemius muscle did not differ between the three groups. The present study shows that feeding a diet containing adequate levels of antioxidants, such as vitamin E and selenium, and Tenebrio molitor larvae meal as a protein component neither causes oxidative stress nor activates oxidative stress-sensitive signalling pathways in key metabolic tissues of growing pigs. Based on these observations, IM from Tenebrio molitor larvae can be regarded as a safe source of protein in growing pigs.

Phytochemical Characterization of Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum as Mexican Mistletoe Plants with Antimicrobial Activity

In Mexico, mistletoes have several applications in traditional medicine due to the great variety of compounds with biological activities that have not been characterized to date. The goals of the present study are to analyze the composition of minerals and phytochemical compounds in Mexican mistletoes Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum qualitatively and quantitatively, identify the compounds using HPLC-MS, and assess the antimicrobial potential in phytopathogenic microorganism control. Mineral content was evaluated with X-ray fluorescence. Three types of extracts were prepared: ethanol, water, and aqueous 150 mM sodium chloride solution. Characterization was carried out using qualitative tests for phytochemical compound groups, analytical methods for proteins, reducing sugars, total phenol, flavonoids quantification, and HPLC-MS for compound identification. The antimicrobial activity of mistletoe's liquid extracts was evaluated by microplate assay. K and Ca minerals were observed in both mistletoes. A qualitative test demonstrated alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and quinones. Ethanolic extract showed flavonoids, 3845 ± 69 and 3067 ± 17.2 mg QE/g for Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum, respectively, while aqueous extracts showed a total phenol content of 65 ± 6.9 and 90 ± 1.19 mg GAE/g Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum, respectively. HPLC-MS identified largely hydroxycinnamic acids and methoxycinnamic acids. Clavibacter michiganenses was successfully inhibited by aqueous extract of both mistletoes.