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Mantinieks D, Drummer OH, Schumann J, Gerostamoulos D. The analysis of methylamphetamine and para-hydroxy-methylamphetamine in post-mortem hair samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38949034 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
External contamination is a well-recognized limitation of hair analysis for drugs of abuse like methylamphetamine (MA), and there are no guidelines regarding the analysis of specific metabolites of MA to assist interpretation. We developed an analytical method to detect MA, amphetamine (AMP), and para-hydroxy-methylamphetamine (p-OH-MA) in hair and present their concentrations among a cohort of deceased persons positive for MA in blood (n = 63). Hair samples (≤ 3 cm) were washed with dichloromethane and water prior to extraction using a methanolic micro-pulverization. The reconstituted hair extracts were separated on a UCT Selectra® Aqueous C18 HPLC Column (100 × 2.1 mm, 3 μm) by gradient elution and detected using a Sciex Triple Quad 6500+ system. Validation was satisfactory, and the lower limits of quantitation were 0.01 ng/mg for MA and AMP and 0.001 ng/mg for p-OH-MA. The median hair concentrations of MA, AMP, and p-OH-MA were 13 ng/mg (range = 0.015-49; n = 51), 1.1 ng/mg (range = 0.018-44; n = 60), and 0.020 ng/mg (range = 0.0012-0.38, n = 62), respectively. These concentrations in hair were strongly positively correlated (r = .7202 to .8641, p < .001), suggesting similar modes of incorporation. Moreover, the wash/hair ratios were indicative of external contamination, especially among the soiled group of hair samples. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine concentrations of p-OH-MA in living MA users and confirm if this metabolite constitutes a potential marker of MA consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Mantinieks
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Schumann
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Buratti E, Mietti G, Cerioni A, Cippitelli M, Froldi R, Cingolani M, Scendoni R. Identification of N-piperidinyl etonitazene in alternative keratinous matrices from a decomposing cadaver. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 105:102710. [PMID: 38954889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This short report describes research on N-piperidinyl etonitazene, also known as etonitazepipne, in keratinous matrices (hair and nails) after death related to a suspected opioid overdose. Etonitazepipne belongs to the family of benzimidazole opioids, a class of new synthetic opioids that has penetrated the illicit drug market. Analysis in the case under study showed the presence of etonitazepipne in both hair and nails, confirming that the substance accumulates in the body with repeated intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Buratti
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Gianmario Mietti
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Alice Cerioni
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Marta Cippitelli
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Rino Froldi
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Mariano Cingolani
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scendoni
- Forensic Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, via Don Minzoni n.9, Macerata, Italy.
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3
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Jang WJ, Lee S, Jeong CH. Uncovering transcriptomic biomarkers for enhanced diagnosis of methamphetamine use disorder: a comprehensive review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1302994. [PMID: 38260797 PMCID: PMC10800441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1302994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive Methamphetamine (MA) use despite its detrimental effects on physical, psychological, and social well-being. The development of MUD is a complex process that involves the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The treatment of MUD remains a significant challenge, with no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies currently available. Current diagnostic criteria for MUD rely primarily on self-reporting and behavioral assessments, which have inherent limitations owing to their subjective nature. This lack of objective biomarkers and unidimensional approaches may not fully capture the unique features and consequences of MA addiction. Methods We performed a literature search for this review using the Boolean search in the PubMed database. Results This review explores existing technologies for identifying transcriptomic biomarkers for MUD diagnosis. We examined non-invasive tissues and scrutinized transcriptomic biomarkers relevant to MUD. Additionally, we investigated transcriptomic biomarkers identified for diagnosing, predicting, and monitoring MUD in non-invasive tissues. Discussion Developing and validating non-invasive MUD biomarkers could address these limitations, foster more precise and reliable diagnostic approaches, and ultimately enhance the quality of care for individuals with MA addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chul-Ho Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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4
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Beattie UK, Romero LM. Long term stability of corticosterone in feathers. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023:111472. [PMID: 37390888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Measuring corticosterone in feathers allows researchers to make long-term, retrospective assessments of physiology with non-invasive sampling. To date, there is little evidence that steroids degrade within the feather matrix, however this has yet to be determined from the same sample over many years. In 2009, we made a pool of European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) feathers that had been ground to a homogenous powder using a ball mill and stored on a laboratory bench. Over the past 14 years, a subset of this pooled sample has been assayed via radioimmunoassay (RIA) 19 times to quantify corticosterone. Despite high variability across time (though low variability within assays), there was no effect of time on measured feather corticosterone concentration. In contrast, two enzyme immunoassays (EIA) produced higher concentrations than the samples assayed with RIA, though this difference is likely due to different binding affinities of the antibodies used. The present study provides further support for researchers to use specimens stored long-term and from museums for feather corticosterone quantification, and likely applies to corticosteroid measurements in other keratinized tissues.
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5
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Hart ED, Vikingsson S, Winecker RE, Evans AL, Cone EJ, Mitchell JM, Hayes ED, Flegel RR. Performance of Hair Testing for Cocaine Use-Comparison of Five Laboratories Using Blind Reference Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:154-161. [PMID: 36039690 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare results from five commercial hair testing laboratories conducting workplace drug testing with regard to bias, precision, selectivity and decontamination efficiency. Nine blind hair specimens, including cocaine-positive drug user specimens (some contaminated with methamphetamine) and negative specimens contaminated with cocaine, were submitted in up to five replicates to five different laboratories. All laboratories correctly identified cocaine in all specimens from drug users. For an undamaged hair specimen from a cocaine user, within-laboratory Coefficients of Variation (CVs) of 5-22% (median 8%) were reported, showing that it is possible to produce a homogenous proficiency testing sample from drug user hair. Larger CVs were reported for specimens composed of blended hair (up to 29%) and curly/damaged hair (19-67%). Quantitative results appeared to be method-dependent, and the reported cocaine concentrations varied up to 5-fold between the laboratories, making interlaboratory comparisons difficult. All laboratories reported at least one positive result in specimens contaminated with cocaine powder, followed by sweat and shampoo treatments. Benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene and hydroxylated cocaine metabolites were all detected in cocaine powder-contaminated specimens. This indicates that current industry standards for analyzing and reporting positive cocaine results are not completely effective at identifying external contamination. Metabolite ratios between meta- or para-hydroxy-cocaine and cocaine were 6- and 10-fold lower in contaminated specimens compared to those observed in cocaine user specimens, supporting their potential use in distinguishing samples positive due to contamination and drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dale Hart
- Center for Forensic Science, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Svante Vikingsson
- Center for Forensic Science, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ruth E Winecker
- Center for Forensic Science, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Amy L Evans
- Center for Forensic Science, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Edward J Cone
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - John M Mitchell
- Center for Forensic Science, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eugene D Hayes
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
| | - Ronald R Flegel
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
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6
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Kim DY, Lim B, Kim JM, Kil DY. Integrated transcriptome analysis for the hepatic and jejunal mucosa tissues of broiler chickens raised under heat stress conditions. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:79. [PMID: 35843965 PMCID: PMC9290309 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress (HS) is one of the most important threats for the current poultry industry. Therefore, many efforts have been made to ameliorate the adverse effect of HS on poultry production; however, physiological and molecular mechanisms pertaining to HS are still limited in poultry. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate functional alterations based on individual and integrated transcriptomes in the liver and jejunal mucosa tissues of broiler chickens exposed to HS conditions. Results Broiler chickens exposed to HS showed decreased growth performance and increased corticosterone concentrations in the feather. In the transcriptome analysis, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the liver and jejunal mucosa by HS conditions. In the liver, genes related to amino acid oxidation, tryptophan metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and immune responses were altered by HS, which support the reason why heat-stressed poultry had decreased productive performance. In the jejunal mucosa, genes related to defense systems, glutathione metabolism, detoxification of xenobiotics, and immune responses were differently expressed by HS conditions. The integrated transcriptome analysis with DEGs found in the liver and jejunal mucosa showed a considerable connectivity between the core nodes in the constructed networks, which includes glutathione metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, carbon metabolism, and several amino acid metabolisms. Conclusions The core network analysis may indicate that increased requirement of energy and amino acids in the jejunal mucosa of broiler chickens exposed to HS conditions is likely compromised by increased oxidation and synthesis of amino acids in the liver. Therefore, our results may provide comprehensive insights for molecular and metabolic alterations of broiler chickens raised under HS conditions, which can aid in the development of the novel strategies to ameliorate the negative effect of HS on poultry productivity and health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00734-y.
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DeFreitas L, Fonseca Pego AM, Kronstrand R, Lendoiro E, de Castro-Ríos A, Concheiro M. Fast and Sensitive Method for the Determination of 17 Designer Benzodiazepines in Hair by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:852-859. [PMID: 35748814 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, identification and analysis of designer benzodiazepines have become a challenge in forensic toxicology. These substances are analogues of the classic benzodiazepines, but their pharmacology is not well known, and many of them have been associated with overdoses and deaths. As a result, there has been a surge in efforts to develop analytical methods to determine these compounds in different biological samples. Our aim was to develop and validate a fast, sensitive, and specific method for determining 17 designer benzodiazepines (adinazolam, clobazam, clonazolam, delorazepam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, flunitrazolam, N-desmethylclobazam, nifoxipam, nitrazolam, meclonazepam, pyrazolam and zolazepam) in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Hair samples were decontaminated, pulverized, and a 20-mg aliquot was incubated in methanol in an ultrasound bath (1h, 25ºC). The supernatant was evaporated and reconstituted in 200 µL of mobile phase, and the extracts were filtered (nano-filter vials) before injection into LC-MS-MS. All analytes eluted from the chromatographic column in 8 min, and two multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were used to identify each compound. The limits of quantification were 5 or 25 pg/mg, depending on the analyte, and calibration functions were linear to 200 pg/mg. Imprecision was <19.2% (n = 15) and bias was from -13.7 up to 18.3% (n = 15). All the analytes yielded high extraction efficiencies >70%, and displayed ion suppression between -62.8% and -23.9% (n = 10). The method was applied to 19 authentic cases. Five samples were positive for flualprazolam (<LOQ - >200 pg/mg) and/or etizolam (47.4-88.5 pg/mg). In conclusion, the present validated method has proven to be fast, sensitive, specific, and capable of determining 17 designer benzodiazepines in hair using LC-MS-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura DeFreitas
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, City University of New York, NY.,Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ana Miguel Fonseca Pego
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, City University of New York, NY
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Sección de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana de Castro-Ríos
- Sección de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Concheiro
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, City University of New York, NY
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Lappas NT, Lappas CM. Storage Stability of Analytes. Forensic Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819286-3.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Dawidowska J, Krzyżanowska M, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan M. The Application of Metabolomics in Forensic Science with Focus on Forensic Toxicology and Time-of-Death Estimation. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120801. [PMID: 34940558 PMCID: PMC8708813 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the diagnostic methods used by scientists in forensic examinations have enormously expanded. Metabolomics provides an important contribution to analytical method development. The main purpose of this review was to investigate and summarize the most recent applications of metabolomics in forensic science. The primary research method was an extensive review of available international literature in PubMed. The keywords “forensic” and “metabolomics” were used as search criteria for the PubMed database scan. Most authors emphasized the analysis of different biological sample types using chromatography methods. The presented review is a summary of recently published implementations of metabolomics in forensic science and types of biological material used and techniques applied. Possible opportunities for valuable metabolomics’ applications are discussed to emphasize the essential necessities resulting in numerous nontargeted metabolomics’ assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dawidowska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.D.); (M.J.M.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marta Krzyżanowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491255
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Trends in microextraction approaches for handling human hair extracts - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338792. [PMID: 34711317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complementary role of hair in testing scenarios has expanded across the spectrum of toxicological and clinical monitoring investigations and, over the last 20 years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition. Moreover, a great deal of attention has been paid to the miniaturisation of extraction procedures, minimising/eliminating toxic organic solvents consumption, making them user-friendly and rapid, in addition to maximising extraction efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide a critical review of the advances observed over the last 5 years in the use of miniaturised approaches for sample clean-up and drug pre-concentration in hair analysis. There have been major improvements in some well-established microextraction approaches, such as liquid phase microextraction, mainly through the use of supramolecular and ionic liquids. In addition, new developments have also been reported in solid phase microextraction, driven by d-SPE applications. In the last 5 years, a total of 69 articles have been published using some type of microextraction technique for hair specimens, thus justifying the relevance of a critical review of innovations, improvements and trends related to these miniaturised approaches for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; C4 - Cloud Computing Competence Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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11
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Rygaard K, Linnet K, Johansen SS. A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites 2021; 11:686. [PMID: 34677401 PMCID: PMC8539361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.L.); (S.S.J.)
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12
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Kim DY, Kim JH, Choi WJ, Han GP, Kil DY. Comparative effects of dietary functional nutrients on growth performance, meat quality, immune responses, and stress biomarkers in broiler chickens raised under heat stress conditions. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1839-1848. [PMID: 34445851 PMCID: PMC8563245 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the present study was to investigate the comparative effects of dietary functional nutrients including glutamine (Gln), chromium picolinate (Cr picolinate), vitamin C (Vit C), betaine (Bet), and taurine (Tau) on growth performance, meat quality, immune responses, and stress biomarkers in broiler chickens raised under heat stress conditions. Methods A total of 420 21-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens (initial body weight = 866±61.9 g) were randomly allotted to 1 of 7 treatment groups with 6 replicates. One group was kept under thermoneutral conditions and was fed a basal diet (PC, positive control). Other 6 groups were exposed to a cyclic heat stress condition. One of the 6 groups was fed the basal diet (NC, negative control), whereas 5 other groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Gln, 500 ppb Cr picolinate, 250 mg/kg Vit C, 0.2% Bet, or 1.0% Tau. The diets and water were provided ad libitum for 21 d. Results Broiler chickens in NC group had decreased (p<0.05) growth performance and immune responses measured based on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), but increased (p<0.05) stress responses measured based on feather corticosterone concentrations and blood heterophil:lymphocyte than those in PC group. However, none of dietary functional nutrients had a positive effect on growth performance of broiler chickens. Dietary supplementation of 250 mg/kg Vit C improved (p<0.05) CBH responses of broiler chickens, but other functional nutrients had no such an improvement in CBH responses. All functional nutrients decreased (p<0.05) stress responses of broiler chickens. Conclusion Functional nutrients including Gln, Cr picolinate, Vit C, Bet, and Tau at the supplemental levels used in this study decrease stress responses of broiler chickens to a relatively similar extent. However, this reduction in stress responses could not fully ameliorate decreased productive performance of broiler chickens raised under the current heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Yun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Gi Ppeum Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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13
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Madry MM, Poetzsch SN, Steuer AE, Kraemer T, Baumgartner MR. Significance of Metabolite Ratios in the Interpretation of Segmental Hair Testing Results-Differentiation of Single from Chronic Morphine Use in a Case Series. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080557. [PMID: 34436497 PMCID: PMC8400298 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In morphine intoxication cases, forensic toxicologists are frequently confronted with the question of if the individual was opioid-tolerant or opioid-naïve, which can be investigated by hair analysis. However, interpretation of results can be challenging. Here, we report on hair testing for morphine and its metabolite hydromorphone following morphine intoxication without tolerance and upon chronic use. Two consecutive hair samples were collected after a non-fatal intoxication. Analysis comprised short hair segments and their initial wash water solutions. In the intoxications, morphine and hydromorphone levels were 3.3 to 56 pg/mg and at maximum 9.8 pg/mg, respectively. Both levels and hydromorphone to morphine ratios were significantly lower compared to chronic morphine use. In the non-fatal intoxication, the highest hydromorphone to morphine ratio was obtained in the segment corresponding to the time of intoxication. Morphine ratios of wash to hair were significantly higher in the intoxications compared to chronic use, being indicative of sweat/sebum contamination. We recommend including the analysis of hydromorphone and the initial wash solution in cases of morphine intoxications. Our study demonstrates that hydromorphone to morphine ratios can help in distinguishing single from chronic morphine use and in estimating the period of exposure when a consecutive hair sample can be collected in survived intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M. Madry
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra N. Poetzsch
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.N.P.); (A.E.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Andrea E. Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.N.P.); (A.E.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.N.P.); (A.E.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Markus R. Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Goncalves R, Castaing N, Titier K, Dumestre-Toulet V. Hair Analysis of Methoxphenidine in a Forensic Chemsex Case. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:328-336. [PMID: 33523230 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxphenidine (MXP, 2-MeO-diphenidine) is a dissociative anaesthetic drug of the diarylethylamine type, recently introduced for recreational purposes through the online-based sale of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The concentration of MXP in hair has never been reported, either in cases of chemsex use or in fatal cases. A 55-year-old man was found dead at home the morning after a chemsex party. Toxicological analyses indicated high concentrations of MXP in femoral blood (606 µg/L), cardiac blood (254 µg/L), and hair (13 ng/mg). We also identified 3-MMC in femoral blood (traces) and urine (238 µg/L). The concentrations of all other drugs were consistent with living subjects. This case highlights the risk of methoxphenidine poisoning in the context of chemsex and emphasises the importance of including NPS in post-mortem toxicology examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goncalves
- CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Castaing
- CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - K Titier
- CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Application of microextraction techniques in alternative biological matrices with focus on forensic toxicology: a review. Bioanalysis 2020; 13:45-64. [PMID: 33326299 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in alternative biological matrices (e.g., hair and saliva) for forensic toxicology analysis has increased, and recent developments in sample preparation have targeted rapid, cheap, efficient and eco-friendly methods, including microextraction techniques. For this review, we have gathered information about these two hot topics. We discuss the composition, incorporation of analytes and advantages and disadvantages of different biological matrices, and also present the operation principles of the most reported microextraction procedures and their application in forensic toxicology. The outcome of this review may encourage future forensic researches into alternative samples and microextraction techniques.
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Kim J, Kim J, Yum H, Jang M, Rhee J, Lee S, Han SB. Simultaneous determination of barbiturates, phenytoin and topiramate in hair by LC-MS/MS and application to real samples. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 106:106931. [PMID: 33091538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hair analysis is useful for monitoring exposure to drugs such as antiepileptics owing to long-term therapy and a high possibility of abuse of drugs, which could be fatal. An effective and rapid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of six barbiturates, as well as phenytoin and topiramate in hair samples was developed and validated by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Three different extraction methods were investigated for the development of an appropriate analytical method. Hair was finely cut and then extracted with methanol, methanol containing 1% hydrochloric acid, and liquid-liquid extraction in acidic condition. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the matrix effects among these three methods. Recoveries clearly declined in the extraction involving both acidic methanol extraction and a LLE in acidic condition. Methanol incubation was chosen as the appropriate extraction method with acceptable matrix effects and recoveries. After validating the methanol incubation, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined as 0.01 and 0.02 ng/mg for topiramate and 0.25-0.5 and 0.5-1 ng/mg for the others in hair. The LC-MS/MS method was precise and accurate with a dynamic linear range of 0.02-5 ng/mg for topiramate and 0.5 or 1-50 ng/mg for others. This method was applied to authentic hair samples of two drug users. The hair concentrations of phenobarbital were 0.2-17.1 ng/mg in segmental analysis in one female subject and those of topiramate were 0.19-0.93 ng/mg in another female subject. DISCUSSION The quantitative method was developed to determine 8 antiepileptics using LC-MS/MS. This method performed hair segmental analysis to provide useful informative and chronological data in both of the forensic and clinical toxicology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Yum
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhee Jang
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Lee
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Gheddar L, Batt MO, Raul JS, Kintz P. Identification of furosemide in hair in a post-mortem case by UHPLC-MS/MS with guidance on interpretation. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:272-277. [PMID: 33027535 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Testing for drugs in hair raises several difficulties. Among them is the interpretation of the final concentration(s). In a post-mortem case, analyses revealed the presence of furosemide (12 ng/mL) in femoral blood, although it was not part of the victim's treatment. The prosecutor requested our laboratory to undertake an additional analysis in hair to obtain information about the use of furosemide. A specific method was therefore developed and validated to identify and quantify furosemide in hair by UHPLC-MS/MS. After decontamination of 30 mg of hair, incubation in acidic condition, extraction with ethyl acetate, the samples were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Furosemide was found in the victim's hair at 225 pg/mg. However, it was not possible to interpret this concentration due to the absence of data in the literature. Therefore, the authors performed a controlled study in two parts. In order to establish the basis of interpretation, several volunteers were tested (four after a single 20 mg administration and twenty-four under daily treatment). The first part indicated that a single dose is not detectable in hair using our method. The second part demonstrated concentrations ranging from 5 to 1110 pg/mg with no correlation between dosage and hair concentrations. The decedent's hair result was interpreted as repeated exposures. In the case of furosemide analysis, hair can provide information about its presence but cannot give information about dosage or frequency of use.
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New miniaturized clean-up procedure for hair samples by means of microextraction by packed sorbent: determination of cocaine and metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7963-7976. [PMID: 32960286 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is still one of the most commonly used illicit substances worldwide, with an estimated 4 million users in Europe in the last year. Hair samples have been widely used for the determination of episodic or repeated consumption of this substance, but the use of miniaturized techniques for hair sample clean-up has been challenging due to the sample complexity. Despite hair's complex matrix, MEPS provides a method that is fast, reduces the volume of extraction solvents used, and offers low-cost options (since extraction beds may be reused several times). Microextraction by packed sorbent using a mixed-mode sorbent was optimized for hair sample clean-up in order to determine cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, norcocaine, cocaethylene and anhydroecgonine methyl ester by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was fully validated according to internationally accepted criteria, presenting good linearity between the limits of quantification (0.01-0.15) and 5 ng/mg. Precision and accuracy resulted in coefficients of variation typically lower than 15%, with mean relative errors within ±15% for all compounds, except for the limit of quantification (±20%). The present work describes the first application of microextraction by packed sorbent for the concentration of cocaine and metabolites extracted from hair samples. Graphical abstract.
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Concentrations of Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, and Benzodiazepines in Hair Samples from Postmortem Cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCertain postmortem case constellations require intensive investigation of the pattern of drug use over a long period before death. Hair analysis of illicit drugs has been investigated intensively over past decades, but there is a lack of comprehensive data on hair concentrations for antidepressants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. This study aimed to obtain data for these substances. A LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for detection of 52 antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and metabolites in hair. Hair samples from 442 postmortem cases at the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Charité-University Medicine Berlin were analyzed. Postmortem hair concentrations of 49 analytes were obtained in 420 of the cases. Hair sample segmentation was possible in 258 cases, and the segments were compared to see if the concentrations decreased or increased. Descriptive statistical data are presented for the segmented and non-segmented cases combined (n = 420) and only the segmented cases (n = 258). An overview of published data for the target substances in hair is given. Metabolite/parent drug ratios were investigated for 10 metabolite/parent drug pairs. Cases were identified that had positive findings in hair, blood, urine, and organ tissue. The comprehensive data on postmortem hair concentrations for antidepressants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines may help other investigators in their casework. Postmortem hair analysis results provide valuable information on the drug intake history before death. Pattern changes can indicate if drug intake stopped or increased before death. Results should be interpreted carefully and preferably include segmental analysis and metabolite/parent drug ratios to exclude possible contamination.
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20
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Sergiel A, Cattet M, Kapronczai L, Janz DM, Selva N, Bartoń KA, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Do follicles matter? Testing the effect of follicles on hair cortisol levels. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa003. [PMID: 32025304 PMCID: PMC6994724 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol concentrations in hair are used increasingly as a biomarker of long-term stress in free-ranging wildlife. Cortisol is believed to be integrated into hair primarily during its active growth phase, typically occurring over weeks to months or longer periods, depending on latitude. Cortisol concentrations in hair thus reflect the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over this time. However, local, independent cortisol secretion within the skin, which includes hair follicles, may also contribute to cortisol levels in growing hair. Methodological differences between studies include the measurement of cortisol in only the hair shaft (i.e. follicle absent, as with shaved hair) versus the whole hair (i.e. follicle present, as with plucked hair). If the concentration of cortisol in the follicle is high enough to influence the overall hair cortisol concentration (HCC), this could confound comparisons between studies using different types of hair samples (hair shafts vs. whole hair) and collection methods. Here, we test the hypothesis that cortisol present in follicles influences HCC. We compared HCC in paired subsamples of hair with and without follicles from 30 free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) and observed significantly greater HCC in samples with follicles present. The effect of follicles remained significant also with sex and age of sampled bears taken into account in a linear mixed model. Finally, we provide an overview of collection methods and types of hair samples used for HCC analysis in 77 studies dealing with stress in wild mammal species. Our findings highlight the need to unify methods of hair collection and preparation to allow for valid comparisons, and to optimize labour input in ecophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marc Cattet
- RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services, 415 Mount Allison Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7H 4A6, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Luciene Kapronczai
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil A Bartoń
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800 Bø, Norway
- Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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Mantinieks D, Wright P, Di Rago M, Gerostamoulos D. A systematic investigation of forensic hair decontamination procedures and their limitations. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1542-1555. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Mantinieks
- Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University Southbank VIC 3006 Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine 65 Kavanagh Street Southbank VIC 3006 Australia
| | - Paul Wright
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University PO Box 71 Bundoora VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Matthew Di Rago
- Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University Southbank VIC 3006 Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine 65 Kavanagh Street Southbank VIC 3006 Australia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University Southbank VIC 3006 Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine 65 Kavanagh Street Southbank VIC 3006 Australia
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Kraemer M, Fels H, Dame T, Musshoff F, Halter S, Mogler L, Hess C, Madea B, Maas A. Mono-/polyintoxication with 5F-ADB: A case series. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:e29-e37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kraemer M, Boehmer A, Madea B, Maas A. Death cases involving certain new psychoactive substances: A review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:186-267. [PMID: 30925344 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, more and more new psychoactive substances (NPS) were introduced on the drug market which were sold as "legal" alternatives for classic drugs and misused medications. Due to an increased number of available substances and a growing utilization by users of common drugs but also by inexperienced users because of the supposed "legal" status, also undesired adverse effects of these NPS, at worst leading to death, became apparent. This review summarizes fatalities previously described in scientific literature which were attributed to the use of NPS or such cases, in which intake of NPS was proven or even assumed to contribute to death. This summary includes an overview of substances involved (particularly synthetic cannabinoids ("spice"), novel opioids and synthetic cathinones ("bath salts")) as well as of postmortem concentrations determined in various biological matrices. The compiled data assist forensic toxicologists with the interpretation of death cases involving NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kraemer
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anna Boehmer
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Madea
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Maas
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Kintz P. Results from hair testing in putrefied bodies should not be used to document long-term exposure to drugs. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Busardò FP, Jones AW. Interpreting γ-hydroxybutyrate concentrations for clinical and forensic purposes. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 57:149-163. [PMID: 30307336 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1519194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION γ-Hydroxybutyric acid is an endogenous substance, a therapeutic agent, and a recreational drug of abuse. This psychoactive substance acts as a depressant of the central nervous system and is commonly encountered in clinical and forensic practice, including impaired drivers, poisoned patients, and drug-related intoxication deaths. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to assist clinical and forensic practitioners with the interpretation of γ-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations in blood, urine, and alternative biological specimens from living and deceased persons. METHODS The information sources used to prepare this review were PubMed, Scopus, and Web-of-Science. These databases were searched using keywords γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), blood, urine, alternative specimens, non-conventional biological matrices, saliva, oral fluid, sweat, hair, vitreous humor (VH), brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), dried blood spots (DBS), breast milk, and various combinations thereof. The resulting 4228 references were screened to exclude duplicates, which left 1980 articles for further consideration. These publications were carefully evaluated by taking into account the main aims of the review and 143 scientific papers were considered relevant. Analytical methods: The analytical methods used to determine γ-hydroxybutyric acid in blood and other biological specimens make use of gas- or liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. These hyphenated techniques are accurate, precise, and specific for their intended purposes and the lower limit of quantitation in blood and other specimens is 0.5 mg/L or less. Human pharmacokinetics: GHB is rapidly absorbed from the gut and distributes into the total body water compartment. Only a small fraction of the dose (1-2%) is excreted unchanged in the urine. The plasma elimination half-life of γ-hydroxybutyric acid is short, being only about 0.5-0.9 h, which requires timely sampling of blood and other biological specimens for clinical and forensic analysis. Endogenous concentrations of GHB in blood: GHB is both an endogenous metabolite and a drug of abuse, which complicates interpretation of the laboratory results of analysis. Moreover, the concentrations of GHB in blood and other specimens tend to increase after sampling, especially in autopsy cases. This requires the use of practical "cut-off" concentrations to avoid reporting false positive results. These cut-offs are different for different biological specimen types. Concentrations of GHB in clinical and forensic practice: As a recreational drug GHB is predominantly used by young males (94%) with a mean age of 27.1 years. The mean (median) and range of concentrations in blood from apprehended drivers was 90 mg/L (82 mg/L) and 8-600 mg/L, respectively. The concentration distributions in blood taken from living and deceased persons overlapped, although the mean (median) and range of concentrations were higher in intoxication deaths; 640 mg/L (280 mg/L) and 30-9200 mg/L, respectively. Analysis of GHB in alternative specimens: All biological fluids and tissue containing water are suitable for the analysis of GHB. Examples of alternative specimens discussed in this review are CSF, saliva, hair strands, breast milk, DBS, VH, and brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS Body fluids for the analysis of GHB must be obtained as quickly as possible after a poisoned patient is admitted to hospital or after a person is arrested for a drug-related crime to enhance chances of detecting the drug. The sampling of urine lengthens the window of detection by 3-4 h compared with blood samples, but with longer delays between last intake of GHB and obtaining specimens, hair strands, and/or nails might be the only option. In postmortem toxicology, the concentrations of drugs tend to be more stable in bladder urine, VH, and CSF compared with blood, because these sampling sites are protected from the spread of bacteria from the gut. Accordingly, the relationship between blood and urine concentrations of GHB furnishes useful information when drug intoxication deaths are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- a Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Alan Wayne Jones
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University of Linköping , Linköping , Sweden
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The effectiveness of decontamination procedures used in forensic hair analysis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2018; 14:349-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-9994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kyriakou C, Pellegrini M, García-Algar O, Marinelli E, Zaami S. Recent Trends in Analytical Methods to Determine New Psychoactive Substances in Hair. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:663-681. [PMID: 27834146 PMCID: PMC5771044 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666161111112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) belong to several chemical classes, including phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids. Development and validation of analytical methods for the determination of NPS both in traditional and alternative matrices is of crucial importance to study drug metabolism and to associate consumption to clinical outcomes and eventual intoxication symptoms. Among different biological matrices, hair is the one with the widest time window to investigate drug-related history and demonstrate past intake. The aim of this paper was to overview the trends of the rapidly evolving analytical methods for the determination of NPS in hair and the usefulness of these methods when applied to real cases. A number of rapid and sensitive methods for the determination of NPS in hair matrix has been recently published, most of them using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Hair digestion and subsequent solid phase extraction or liquid-liquid extraction were described as well as extraction in organic solvents. For most of the methods limits of quantification at picogram per milligram hair were obtained. The measured concentrations for most of the NPS in real samples were in the range of picograms of drug per milligram of hair. Interpretation of the results and lack of cut-off values for the discrimination between chronic consumption and occasional use or external contamination are still challenging. Methods for the determination of NPS in hair are continually emerging to include as many NPS as possible due to the great demand for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Kyriakou
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome. Italy
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome. Italy
| | - Oscar García-Algar
- Department of Pediatrics, Group of Research on Childhood and Environment (GRIE), Institute Hospital del Mar of Medical Research (IMIM), Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Spain
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome. Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome. Italy
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Freeman NE, Newman AEM. Quantifying corticosterone in feathers: validations for an emerging technique. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy051. [PMID: 30323931 PMCID: PMC6181252 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Feather corticosterone measurement is becoming a widespread tool for assessing avian physiology. Corticosterone is deposited into feathers during growth and provides integrative and retrospective measures of an individual's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Although researchers across disciplines have been measuring feather corticosterone for the past decade, there are still many issues with the extraction and measurement of corticosterone from feathers. In this paper, we provide several directives for refining the methodology for feather hormone analysis. We compare parallelism between the standard curve and serially diluted feather tissue from wild turkeys, Canada jays, and black-capped chickadees to demonstrate the wide applicability across species. Through a series of validations, we compare methods for feather preparation, sample filtration and extract reconstitution prior to corticosterone quantification using a radioimmunoassay. Higher corticosterone yields were achieved following pulverization of the feather however, more variation between replicates was observed. Removal of the rachis also increased the amount of corticosterone detected per unit mass while glass versus paper filters had no effect, and using ethanol in the reconstution buffer decreased intra-assay variation. With these findings and continued methodological refinement, feather corticosterone has the potential to be a powerful tool for both ecologists and physiologists working with historical and contemporary specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikole E Freeman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author:
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Høiseth G, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Morini L, Rogde S, Sempio C, Vindenes V, Øiestad ÅML. Is Hair Analysis Useful in Postmortem Cases? J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:49-54. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sidsel Rogde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Erickson RL, Browne CA, Lucki I. Hair corticosterone measurement in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:166-171. [PMID: 28089708 PMCID: PMC5507747 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes, glucocorticoid secretion increases secondary to hyperglycemia and is associated with an extensive list of disease complications. Levels of cortisol in humans, or corticosterone in rodents, are usually measured as transitory biomarkers of stress in blood or saliva. Glucocorticoid concentrations accumulate in human or animal hair over weeks and could more accurately measure the cumulative stress burden of diseases like chronic diabetes. In this study, corticosterone levels were measured in hair in verified rodent models of diabetes mellitus. To induce type 1 diabetes, C57BL/6J mice were injected with streptozotocin and blood and hair samples were collected 28days following induction. Leptin receptor deficient (db/db) mice were used as a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes and blood and hair samples were collected at 8weeks of age, after the development of hyperglycemia and obesity. Corticosterone levels from serum, new growth hair and total growth hair were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay. Corticosterone levels in new growth hair and serum were significantly elevated in both models of diabetes compared to controls. In contrast, corticosterone levels in old hair growth did not differ significantly between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. Thus, hair removal and sampling of new hair growth was a more sensitive procedure for detecting changes in hair corticosterone levels induced by periods of hyperglycemia lasting for 4weeks in mice. These results validate the use of hair to measure long-term changes in corticosterone induced by diabetes in rodent models. Further studies are now needed to validate the utility of hair cortisol as a tool for measuring the stress burden of individuals with diabetes and for following the effects of long-term medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Erickson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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31
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Sauvageon Y, Kintz P, Dupuis N, Ameline A, Rousseau L, Lelong J, Brunet B, Mura P. Décès toxique par ingestion combinée de métoprolol et de lacosamide. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Application of a Urine and Hair Validated LC–MS-MS Method to Determine the Effect of Hair Color on the Incorporation of 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe into Hair in the Rat. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:559-565. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Mercurio I, Troiano G, Melai P, Zappulla M, Carlini L, Nante N, Bacci M. Hair testing for cocaine in living men: an epidemiological study on hair samples collected for various medico-legal purposes. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2017.1337811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mercurio
- Forensic Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Neurosciences, Hospital Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Troiano
- School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Nante
- School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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34
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Determination of cocaine and its derivatives in hair samples by liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Ferrara SD, Cecchetto G, Cecchi R, Favretto D, Grabherr S, Ishikawa T, Kondo T, Montisci M, Pfeiffer H, Bonati MR, Shokry D, Vennemann M, Bajanowski T. Back to the Future - Part 2. Post-mortem assessment and evolutionary role of the bio-medicolegal sciences. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1085-1101. [PMID: 28444439 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Part 2 of the review "Back to the Future" is dedicated to the evolutionary role of the bio-medicolegal sciences, reporting the historical profiles, the state of the art, and prospects for future development of the main related techniques and methods of the ancillary disciplines that have risen to the role of "autonomous" sciences, namely, Genetics and Genomics, Toxicology, Radiology, and Imaging, involved in historic synergy in the "post-mortem assessment," together with the mother discipline Legal Medicine, by way of its primary fundament, universally denominated as Forensic Pathology. The evolution of the scientific research and the increased accuracy of the various disciplines will be oriented towards the elaboration of an "algorithm," able to weigh the value of "evidence" placed at the disposal of the "justice system" as real truth and proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Davide Ferrara
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cecchetto
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Rossana Cecchi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Donata Favretto
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kondo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Massimo Montisci
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Heidi Pfeiffer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maurizio Rippa Bonati
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Medical Humanities, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Dina Shokry
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, University of Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marielle Vennemann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University-Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Bajanowski
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University-Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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36
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Junkuy A, Pengwong M, Aramrattana A, Celentano D, Sribanditmongkol P. Validation and application of hair analysis for the detection of methamphetamine in young Thai adults. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0804.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: To date, blood and urine analyses have been the major methods of detecting methamphetamine (MA) use in Thailand. Recently, hair analysis has been introduced as an alternative and complementary procedure.
Objectives: To validate a simple, rapid, and economical method of analyzing hair for MA and its metabolite, amphetamine (AM).
Methods: The analysis employed solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Simplicity, rapidity, and economy were achieved, in part, by optimizing SPME conditions and by eliminating deuterated reagents and the derivatization step in GC-MS. The validated method was employed to detect and quantify MA in 1,111 hair samples of young Thai research volunteers who reported using MA in the form of so-called “yaba” tablets at least 3 times during the previous 3 months.
Results: Validated data from the study indicated that the method’s linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) met international standards for hair analysis of MA. Expressed as ng of MA per mg of hair (ng/mg), the LOQ was 0.5 ng/mg (102.39% accuracy, 5.46% precision). The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM in hair, with a LOQ of 2.5 ng/mg (103.41% accuracy, 6.95% precision). Using 0.5 ng/mg as a cutoff in the analysis of samples provided by admitted MA users, the study yielded an overall detection rate for MA of 35.5%, with a range of 0.51-54.61 ng/mg; the mean MA level was 4.90 ± 6.78 (±SD) ng/mg. Thirty-one percent of the participants reported they had consumed fewer than 10 yaba tablets during the previous 3 months. Of this group, 29% had hair samples that tested positive for MA. Detection rates trended upwards with increased yaba use. No relationship was found between the number of yaba tablets reportedly consumed and the concentration of MA detected in hair.
Conclusions: This study validated a rapid, simple, and economical SPME/GC-MS technique for quantification of MA in hair. The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anongphan Junkuy
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Monnatee Pengwong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Apinun Aramrattana
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- The Northern Substance Abuse Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - David Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States of America
| | - Pongruk Sribanditmongkol
- Correspondence: MD, PhD, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Thailand
- The Northern Substance Abuse Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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37
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Mercurio I, Troiano G, Melai P, Zappulla M, Agostinelli V, Nante N, Bacci M. A 10 year post-mortem analysis of keratin matrix in Perugia (Italy): focus on cocaine involvement in several types of death. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2016.1264479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mercurio
- Forensic Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Neurosciences, Hospital Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Troiano
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Nante
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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38
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Ottaviani G, Cameriere R, Cippitelli M, Froldi R, Tassoni G, Zampi M, Cingolani M. Determination of Drugs of Abuse in a Single Sample of Human Teeth by a Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:32-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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39
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Wang X, Johansen SS, Zhang Y, Jia J, Rao Y, Jiang F, Linnet K. Deposition of diazepam and its metabolites in hair following a single dose of diazepam. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:131-141. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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The use of nails as an alternative matrix for the long-term detection of previous drug intake: validation of sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of 76 substances and comparison of analytical results for drugs in nail and hair samples. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:416-434. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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41
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Pélissier-Alicot AL. La redistribution post mortem : état des lieux en 2016. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Postmortem investigation of 88-cm-long dreadlocks for drugs of abuse: an unusual case report in the northeast of Germany. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Khaneh Masjedi M, Haghighat Jahromi N, Niknam O, Hormozi E, Rakhshan V. Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional (two-piece) versus metal injection moulding brackets on hair nickel and chromium levels: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod 2016; 39:17-24. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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44
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Leung KW, Wong ZC, Ho JY, Yip AW, Ng JS, Ip SP, Ng WY, Ho KK, Duan R, Zhu KY, Tsim KW. Determination of hair ketamine cut-off value from Hong Kong ketamine users by LC–MS/MS analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Lappas NT, Lappas CM. Storage Stability of Analytes. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Baillif-Couniou V, Kintz P, Sastre C, Pok PRP, Chèze M, Pépin G, Leonetti G, Pelissier-Alicot AL. Hair testing in postmortem diagnosis of substance abuse: An unusual case of slow-release oral morphine abuse in an adolescent. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 36:172-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Amini F, Mollaei M, Harandi S, Rakhshan V. Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment on hair nickel and chromium levels: a 6-month prospective preliminary study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 164:12-7. [PMID: 25503776 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although nickel and chromium are known as allergen and cytotoxic orthodontic metals, very few and controversial studies have assessed the effect of orthodontic treatment on their systemic levels reflected by their best biomarker of exposure, hair. This prospective preliminary study was conducted to evaluate hair nickel and chromium levels in fixed orthodontic patients. Scalp hair nickel/chromium concentrations of 12 female and 12 male fixed orthodontic patients were measured before treatment and 6 months later, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effects of treatment, gender, and age on hair ions were analyzed statistically (α = 0.05). The patients' mean age was 18.38 ± 3.98 years. The mean nickel levels were 0.1380 ± 0.0570 and 0.6715 ± 0.1785 μg/g dry hair mass, respectively, in the baseline and sixth month of treatment. Chromium concentrations were 0.1455 ± 0.0769 and 0.1683 ± 0.0707 μg/g dry hair mass, respectively. After 6 months, nickel increased for 387 % (paired t test P = 0.0000) and chromium increased for 16 % (P = 0.0002). No significant correlations were observed between any ion levels with age or gender (Spearman P > 0.2). Within the limitations of this preliminary study, it seems that 6 months of fixed orthodontic treatment might increase levels of hair nickel and chromium. Future larger studies are necessary to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Amini
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 19585-175, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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48
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Kucharska A, Covaci A, Vanermen G, Voorspoels S. Non-invasive biomonitoring for PFRs and PBDEs: new insights in analysis of human hair externally exposed to selected flame retardants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:1062-1071. [PMID: 25461107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hypothesis whether externally adsorbed and internally deposited flame retardants (FRs) in hair could be distinguished. To this extent, hair samples collected from one volunteer were exposed under controlled conditions to phosphate FR (PFR) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) standards to mimic external contamination. Afterwards, suitable washing procedures to selectively remove contaminants from the hair surface were investigated. The samples were measured by GC-(ECNI)-MS for PBDEs and LC-(ESI+)-MS/MS for PFRs. All investigated compounds were transferred onto the hair surface. One of the most important finding was that dust particles are not mandatory to transfer compounds on the hair surface and to be able to measure high levels of compounds in human hair. To assess different protocols to selectively remove external contamination, the exposed hair samples were washed in different media before analysis: water, methanol, hexane:dichloromethane (1:1, v/v), acetone and shampoo. Results indicated that there is no washing medium able to entirely and exclusively remove external contamination. Among investigated media, methanol removed a meaningful part of the external contamination (42-105%), but the removal efficiencies differed among compounds. We therefore concluded that hair should not be washed prior to analysis and in case of visible contamination (e.g. with cosmetic products), water would be the recommended agent. Organic solvents should not be used for the washing step. Although it is impossible to distinguish external from internal exposure, hair samples may be used as valuable biomarker of human exposure, providing a measure of integral exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has used externally exposed hair samples to PBDEs and PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kucharska
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Industrial Innovation Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanermen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Industrial Innovation Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Industrial Innovation Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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49
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Scorrano F, Carrasco J, Pastor‐Ciurana J, Belda X, Rami‐Bastante A, Bacci ML, Armario A. Validation of the long‐term assessment of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal activity in rats using hair corticosterone as a biomarker. FASEB J 2014; 29:859-67. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Scorrano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Animal Physiology UnitFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bologna40064Ozzano dell'EmiliaBolognaItaly
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Veterinaria)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Jordi Pastor‐Ciurana
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Alicia Rami‐Bastante
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Animal Physiology UnitFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bologna40064Ozzano dell'EmiliaBolognaItaly
| | - Antonio Armario
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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50
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Fernández MDMR, Di Fazio V, Wille SM, Kummer N, Samyn N. A quantitative, selective and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of 33 basic drugs in hair (amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, opioids and metabolites). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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