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Zia S, Islam Aqib A, Muneer A, Fatima M, Atta K, Kausar T, Zaheer CNF, Ahmad I, Saeed M, Shafique A. Insights into nanoparticles-induced neurotoxicity and cope up strategies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1127460. [PMID: 37214389 PMCID: PMC10192712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle applications are becoming increasingly popular in fields such as photonics, catalysis, magnetics, biotechnology, manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medicines. There is still a huge pile of undermining information about the potential toxicity of these products to humans, which can be encountered by neuroprotective antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Nanoparticles can be administered using a variety of methods, including oronasal, topical applications, and enteral and parenteral routes of administration. There are different properties of these nanomaterials that characterize different pathways. Crossing of the blood-brain barrier, a direct sensory nerve-to-brain pathway whose barriers are bypassed, these checks otherwise prevent the nanoparticles from entering the brain. This inflicts damage to sensory neurons and receptors by nanoparticles that lead to neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. A number of routes make nanoparticles able to penetrate through the skin. Exposure by various routes to these nanoparticles can result in oxidative stress, and immune suppression triggers inflammatory cascades and genome-level mutations after they are introduced into the body. To out-power, these complications, plant-based antioxidants, essential oils, and dietary supplements can be put into use. Direct nanoparticle transport pathways from sensory nerves to the brain via blood have been studied grossly. Recent findings regarding the direct pathways through which nanoparticles cross the blood-brain barriers, how nanoparticles elicit different responses on sensory receptors and nerves, how they cause central neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration through sensory nerve routes, and the possible mechanisms that outcast these effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zia
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mahreen Fatima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khazeena Atta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tasleem Kausar
- Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asyia Shafique
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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2
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Shrivastava AK, Sahu PK, Cecchi T, Shrestha L, Shah SK, Gupta A, Palikhey A, Joshi B, Gupta PP, Upadhyaya J, Paudel M, Koirala N. An emerging natural antioxidant therapy for COVID‐19 infection patients: Current and future directions. FOOD FRONTIERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Prafulla Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmacy Centurion University of Technology and Management Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | | | - Laxmi Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Sanjay Kumar Shah
- Department of Reproductive MedicineJoint Inter‐national Research Laboratory of Reproduction and DevelopmentChongquing Medical University ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Anjan Palikhey
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Bishal Joshi
- Department of Physiology, Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Pramodkumar P. Gupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics D. Y. Patil Deemed to be University, CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai India
| | - Jitendra Upadhyaya
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University Chitwan Nepal
| | - Mahendra Paudel
- Department of Agri‐Botany and Ecology Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University Mahendranagar Nepal
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Natural Products Research FacilityGandaki Province Academy of Science and Technology Pokhara, Gandaki Province Nepal
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3
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Aktanova AA, Boeva OS, Barkovskaya MS, Kovalenko EA, Pashkina EA. Influence of Cucurbiturils on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by T- and B-Lymphocytes, Platelets and Red Blood Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021441. [PMID: 36674954 PMCID: PMC9864653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical molecules containing oxygen. ROS play an important role in signaling and cell homeostasis at low and moderate concentrations. ROS could be a cause of damage to proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, membranes and organelles at high concentrations. There are a lot of cells that can produce ROS to maintain functional activity. It is known that metal nanoparticles can increase production of ROS in cells. However, the effect of cucurbiturils on ROS production is still unknown. In our study, we evaluated production of ROS by the immune (T-, B-lymphocytes, NK-cells) and non-immune cells (red blood cells, platelets), as well as tumor cells line (1301, K562) after treatment with cucurbiturils in vitro. Assessment of reactive oxide species (ROS) were provided by using dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123). Fluorescence intensity and percentage DHR123 were measured by flow cytometry. Platelets, erythrocytes and activated T-helpers were changed the level of ROS production in response to stimulation with cucurbiturils. It was found that the percentage of these ROS-producing cells was reduced by cucurbiturils. Thus, cucurbiturils may affect the production of ROS by cells, but further research is needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Aktanova
- Laboratory of Clinical immunopathology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga S. Boeva
- Laboratory of Clinical immunopathology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita Sh. Barkovskaya
- Laboratory of Clinical immunopathology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cluster and Supramolecular Chemistry, Nicolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ekaterina A. Pashkina
- Laboratory of Clinical immunopathology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Castoldi A, Lee J, de Siqueira Carvalho D, Souto FO. CD8 + T cell metabolic changes in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166565. [PMID: 36220587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism has advanced our understanding of how the cellular environment and nutrient availability regulates immune cell fate. Not only are metabolic pathways closely tied to cell signaling and differentiation, but can induce different subsets of immune cells to adopt unique metabolic programs, influencing disease progression. Dysregulation of immune cell metabolism plays an essential role in the progression of several diseases including breast cancer (BC). Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in regulating T cell functions. CD8+ T cells are an essential cell type within the tumor microenvironment (TME). To induce antitumor responses, CD8+ T cells need to adapt their metabolism to fulfill their energy requirement for effective function. However, different markers and immunologic techniques have made identifying specific CD8+ T cells subtypes in BC a challenge to the field. This review discusses the immunometabolic processes of CD8+ T cell in the TME in the context of BC and highlights the role of CD8+ T cell metabolic changes in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Castoldi
- Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Caruaru, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Instituto Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Caruaru, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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5
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Zhao C, Deng H, Chen X. Harnessing immune response using reactive oxygen Species-Generating/Eliminating inorganic biomaterials for disease treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114456. [PMID: 35843505 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing understanding of various biological functions mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the immune system, a number of studies have been designed to develop ROS-generating/eliminating strategies to selectively modulate immunogenicity for disease treatment. These strategies potentially exploit ROS-modulating inorganic biomaterials to harness host immunity to maximize the therapeutic potency by eliciting a favorable immune response. Inorganic biomaterial-guided in vivo ROS scavenging can exhibit several effects to: i) reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, ii) induce the phenotypic transition of macrophages from inflammatory M1 to immunosuppressive M2 phase, iii) minimize the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells. and/or iv) suppress the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Inversely, ROS-generating inorganic biomaterials have been found to be capable of: i) inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), ii) reprograming tumor-associated macrophages from M2 to M1 phenotypes, iii) activating inflammasomes to stimulate tumor immunogenicity, and/or iv) recruiting phagocytes for antimicrobial therapy. This review provides a systematic and up-to-date overview on the progress related to ROS-nanotechnology mediated immunomodulation. We highlight how the ROS-generating/eliminating inorganic biomaterials can converge with immunomodulation and ultimately elicit an effective immune response against inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and/or cancers. We expect that contents presented in this review will be beneficial for the future advancements of ROS-based nanotechnology and its potential applications in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
| | - Hongzhang Deng
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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6
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Aria H, Ghaedrahmati F, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Cutting edge: Metabolic immune reprogramming, reactive oxygen species, and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6168-6189. [PMID: 33561318 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A recently proposed term "immunometabolism" points to the functional intracellular metabolic changes that occur within different immune cells. Recent findings suggest that immune responses can be determined by the metabolic status of immune cells and metabolic reprogramming is an important feature of immune cell activation. Metabolic reprogramming is also well known for cancer cells and has been suggested as a major sign of cancer progression. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells is also seen in the tumor microenvironment. In the past decade, immunometabolism has progressively become an extraordinarily vibrant and productive area of study in immunology because of its importance for immunotherapy. Understanding the immunometabolic situation of T cells and other immune cells along with the metabolic behavior of cancer cells can help us design new therapeutic approaches against cancers. Here, we have the aim to review the cutting-edge findings on the immunometabolic situation in immune and tumor cells. We discuss new findings on signaling pathways during metabolic reprogramming, its regulation, and the participation of reactive oxygen species in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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7
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Ushio-Fukai M, Ash D, Nagarkoti S, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Fulton DJR, Fukai T. Interplay Between Reactive Oxygen/Reactive Nitrogen Species and Metabolism in Vascular Biology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1319-1354. [PMID: 33899493 PMCID: PMC8418449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., superoxide [O2•-] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS; e.g., nitric oxide [NO•]) at the physiological level function as signaling molecules that mediate many biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and gene expression. By contrast, excess ROS/RNS, a consequence of dysregulated redox homeostasis, is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that both ROS and RNS regulate various metabolic pathways and enzymes. Recent studies indicate that cells have mechanisms that fine-tune ROS/RNS levels by tight regulation of metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The ROS/RNS-mediated inhibition of glycolytic pathways promotes metabolic reprogramming away from glycolytic flux toward the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for antioxidant defense. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS/RNS regulate metabolic enzymes and cellular metabolism and how cellular metabolism influences redox homeostasis and the pathogenesis of disease. A full understanding of these mechanisms will be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with dysregulated redox homeostasis and metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1319-1354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dipankar Ash
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Sander WJ, Fourie C, Sabiu S, O'Neill FH, Pohl CH, O'Neill HG. Reactive oxygen species as potential antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2240. [PMID: 33949029 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of cellular metabolism and can be either beneficial, at low levels, or deleterious, at high levels, to the cell. It is known that several viral infections can increase oxidative stress, which is mainly facilitated by viral-induced imbalances in the antioxidant defence mechanisms of the cell. While the exact role of ROS in certain viral infections (adenovirus and dengue virus) remains unknown, other viruses can use ROS for enhancement of pathogenesis (SARS coronavirus and rabies virus) or replication (rhinovirus, West Nile virus and vesicular stomatitis virus) or both (hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus). While several viral proteins (mainly for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus) have been identified to play a role in ROS formation, most mediators of viral ROS modulation are yet to be elucidated. Treatment of viral infections, including hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus, with ROS inhibitors has shown a decrease in both pathogenesis and viral replication both in vitro and in animal models. Clinical studies indicating the potential for targeting ROS-producing pathways as possible broad-spectrum antiviral targets should be evaluated in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Corinne Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frans H O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hester G O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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9
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Zhang YY, Feng BS, Zhang H, Yang G, Jin QR, Luo XQ, Ma N, Huang QM, Yang LT, Zhang GH, Liu DB, Yu Y, Liu ZG, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Modulating oxidative stress counteracts specific antigen-induced regulatory T-cell apoptosis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1748-1761. [PMID: 33811758 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treg are known to have a central role in orchestrating immune responses, but less is known about the destiny of Treg after being activated by specific Ags. This study aimed to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase, an active molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress in the body, in the prevention of Treg apoptosis induced by specific Ags. Ag-specific Tregs were isolated from the DO11.10 mouse intestine. A food allergy mouse model was developed with ovalbumin as the specific Ag and here, we observed that exposure to specific Ag induced Treg apoptosis through converting the precursor of TGF-β to its mature form inside the Tregs. Oxidative stress was induced in Tregs upon exposure to specific Ags, in which Smad3 bound the latency-associated peptide to induce its degradation, converting the TGF-β precursor to its mature form, TGF-β. Suppressing oxidative stress in Tregs alleviated the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in in vitro experiments and suppressed experimental food allergy by preventing the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in the intestine. In conclusion, exposure to specific Ags induces Treg apoptosis and it can be prevented by upregulating superoxide dismutase or suppressing reactive oxidative species in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Sui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhang
- Department of Allergy Medicine, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ruo Jin
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qian Luo
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Miao Huang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Li-Teng Yang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Da-Bo Liu
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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10
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Saghafian-Hedengren S, Sverremark-Ekström E, Nilsson A. T Cell Subsets During Early Life and Their Implication in the Treatment of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:582539. [PMID: 33763058 PMCID: PMC7982872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.582539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in recognizing and eliminating malignant cells, and this has been exploited in the development of immunotherapies aimed at either activating or reactivating the anti-tumor activity of a patient's immune system. A wide range of therapeutic approaches involving T lymphocytes, such as programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PDL-1) inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) blockers, and CD19-targeted T-cell therapy through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells or CD19/CD3 bi-specific T-cell engagers, have been introduced to the field of oncology, leading to significant improvements in overall survival of adult cancer patients. During the past few years, the availability and approval of T-cell based immunotherapies have become a reality also for the treatment of childhood cancers. However, the distribution, ratio of regulatory to effector cells and the quality of T-cell responses early in life are distinct from those during adolescence and adulthood, raising the possibility that these differences impact the efficacy of immunotherapy. Herein we provide a brief overview of the properties of conventional T cell subsets during early life. Focusing on the most common cancer type during childhood, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we describe how current conventional therapies used against ALL influence the T-cell compartment of small children. We describe early life T-cell responses in relation to immunotherapies engaging T-cell anticancer reactivity and present our opinion that it is not only immaturity of the adaptive immune system, but also the impact of an immunosuppressive environment that may prove disadvantageous in the setting of immunotherapies targeting pediatric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Saghafian-Hedengren
- Division of Paediatric Oncology and Paediatric Surgery, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Division of Paediatric Oncology and Paediatric Surgery, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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The Influence of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Immune System and Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Autoimmune Dis 2020; 2020:5793817. [PMID: 32789026 PMCID: PMC7334772 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5793817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple roles have been indicated for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the immune system in recent years. ROS have been extensively studied due to their ability to damage DNA and other subcellular structures. Noticeably, they have been identified as a pivotal second messenger for T-cell receptor signaling and T-cell activation and participate in antigen cross-presentation and chemotaxis. As an agent with direct toxic effects on cells, ROS lead to the initiation of the autoimmune response. Moreover, ROS levels are regulated by antioxidant systems, which include enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Nonenzymatic antioxidants contain vitamins C, A, and E, glutathione, and thioredoxin. Particularly, cellular antioxidant systems have important functions in maintaining the redox system homeostasis. This review will discuss the significant roles of ROS generation and antioxidant systems under normal conditions, in the immune system, and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
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12
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Rashida Gnanaprakasam JN, Wu R, Wang R. Metabolic Reprogramming in Modulating T Cell Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Antioxidant Capacity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1075. [PMID: 29868027 PMCID: PMC5964129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust adaptive immune response requires a phase of proliferative burst which is followed by the polarization of T cells into relevant functional subsets. Both processes are associated with dramatically increased bioenergetics demands, biosynthetic demands, and redox demands. T cells meet these demands by rewiring their central metabolic pathways that generate energy and biosynthetic precursors by catabolizing and oxidizing nutrients into carbon dioxide. Simultaneously, oxidative metabolism also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are tightly controlled by antioxidants and plays important role in regulating T cell functions. In this review, we discuss how metabolic rewiring during T cell activation influence ROS production and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephin N Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruohan Wu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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Bhat OM, Yuan X, Li G, Lee R, Li PL. Sphingolipids and Redox Signaling in Renal Regulation and Chronic Kidney Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1008-1026. [PMID: 29121774 PMCID: PMC5849286 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Sphingolipids play critical roles in the membrane biology and intracellular signaling events that influence cellular behavior and function. Our review focuses on the cellular mechanisms and functional relevance of the cross talk between sphingolipids and redox signaling, which may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of different renal diseases. Recent Advances: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sphingolipids can regulate cellular redox homeostasis through the regulation of NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial integrity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and antioxidant enzymes. Over the last two decades, there have been significant advancements in the field of sphingolipid research, and it was in 2010 for the first time that sphingolipid receptor modulator was exploited as a therapeutic in humans. The cross talk of sphingolipids with redox signaling pathways becomes an important mechanism in the development of many different diseases such as renal diseases. Critical Issues: The critical issues to be addressed in this review are how sphingolipids interact with the redox signaling pathway to regulate renal function and even result in chronic kidney diseases. Ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as main signaling sphingolipids are discussed in more detail. Future Directions: Although sphingolipids and ROS may mediate or modulate cellular responses to physiological and pathological stimuli, more translational studies and mechanistic pursuit in a tissue- or cell-specific way are needed to enhance our understanding of this important topic and to develop effective therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with redox signaling and sphingolipid cross talk. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1008-1026.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais M Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - RaMi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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14
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Li KP, Shanmuganad S, Carroll K, Katz JD, Jordan MB, Hildeman DA. Dying to protect: cell death and the control of T-cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:21-43. [PMID: 28462527 PMCID: PMC5416827 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in immune responses as they specifically recognize peptide/MHC complexes with their T-cell receptors and initiate adaptive immune responses. While T cells are critical for performing appropriate effector functions and maintaining immune memory, they also can cause autoimmunity or neoplasia if misdirected or dysregulated. Thus, T cells must be tightly regulated from their development onward. Maintenance of appropriate T-cell homeostasis is essential to promote protective immunity and limit autoimmunity and neoplasia. This review will focus on the role of cell death in maintenance of T-cell homeostasis and outline novel therapeutic strategies tailored to manipulate cell death to limit T-cell survival (eg, autoimmunity and transplantation) or enhance T-cell survival (eg, vaccination and immune deficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Po Li
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kaitlin Carroll
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael B. Jordan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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15
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Song B, Zhou T, Liu J, Shao L. Involvement of Programmed Cell Death in Neurotoxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:484. [PMID: 27813025 PMCID: PMC5095106 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) or NP-based products has increased the risk of exposure to NPs in humans. The brain is an important organ that is more susceptible to exogenous stimuli. Moreover, any impairment to the brain is irreversible. Recently, several in vivo studies have found that metallic NPs can be absorbed into the animal body and then translocated into the brain, mainly through the blood-brain barrier and olfactory pathway after systemic administration. Furthermore, metallic NPs can cross the placental barrier to accumulate in the fetal brain, causing developmental neurotoxicity on exposure during pregnancy. Therefore, metallic NPs become a big threat to the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of metallic NPs remain unclear. Programmed cell death (PCD), which is different from necrosis, is defined as active cell death and is regulated by certain genes. PCD can be mainly classified into apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. It is involved in brain development, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders, and brain injury. Given the pivotal role of PCD in neurological functions, we reviewed relevant articles and tried to summarize the recent advances and future perspectives of PCD involvement in the neurotoxicity of metallic NPs, with the purpose of comprehensively understanding the neurotoxic mechanisms of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, 550002 China
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, 550002 China
| | - Jia Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - LongQuan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
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16
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Hong JM, Kim JH, Kang JS, Lee WJ, Hwang YI. Vitamin C is taken up by human T cells via sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) and exerts inhibitory effects on the activation of these cells in vitro. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 49:88-98. [PMID: 27382510 PMCID: PMC4927435 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient that affects immune responses. T cells are one of the main players in acquired immunity and have been reported to be influenced by in vivo vitamin C supplementation. Yet, the way by which T cells uptake vitamin C and what direct effects vitamin C exerts on the cells are not known. To elucidate, we isolated human peripheral blood T cells and analyzed the expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCT). T cells were activated in vitro in the absence or presence of vitamin C, before or after activation. As results, human T cells expressed SVCT2, but not SVCT1, and the expression level increased following activation. Vitamin C added in the culture media generally did not affect T-cell behaviors following activation, such as proliferation, apoptosis, expression of CD25 and CD69, and interleukin 2 secretion, regardless whether it was added before or after activation. However, exceptionally, high concentration vitamin C, when it was added before activation, but not after activation, did exert toxic effects on cell activation with respect to the above-mentioned parameters. In conclusion, we showed the expression of SVCT2 in human T cells for the first time. Vitamin C exerted toxic effects, at least in vitro, when the concentration was high and when it was given before activation. These toxic effects are not thought to be via anti-oxidant effects of vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Man Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Salazar-Ramiro A, Ramírez-Ortega D, Pérez de la Cruz V, Hérnandez-Pedro NY, González-Esquivel DF, Sotelo J, Pineda B. Role of Redox Status in Development of Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2016; 7:156. [PMID: 27199982 PMCID: PMC4844613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive neoplasia, prognosis remains dismal, and current therapy is mostly palliative. There are no known risk factors associated with gliomagenesis; however, it is well established that chronic inflammation in brain tissue induces oxidative stress in astrocytes and microglia. High quantities of reactive species of oxygen into the cells can react with several macromolecules, including chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA, leading to damage and malfunction of DNA repair enzymes. These changes bring genetic instability and abnormal metabolic processes, favoring oxidative environment and increase rate of cell proliferation. In GBM, a high metabolic rate and increased basal levels of reactive oxygen species play an important role as chemical mediators in the regulation of signal transduction, protecting malignant cells from apoptosis, thus creating an immunosuppressive environment. New redox therapeutics could reduce oxidative stress preventing cellular damage and high mutation rate accompanied by chromosomal instability, reducing the immunosuppressive environment. In addition, therapies directed to modulate redox rate reduce resistance and moderate the high rate of cell proliferation, favoring apoptosis of tumoral cells. This review describes the redox status in GBM, and how this imbalance could promote gliomagenesis through genomic and mitochondrial DNA damage, inducing the pro-oxidant and proinflammatory environment involved in tumor cell proliferation, resistance, and immune escape. In addition, some therapeutic agents that modulate redox status and might be advantageous in therapy against GBM are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleli Salazar-Ramiro
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Daniela Ramírez-Ortega
- Neurochemistry Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
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18
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Mangan MSJ, Bird CH, Kaiserman D, Matthews AY, Hitchen C, Steer DL, Thompson PE, Bird PI. A Novel Serpin Regulatory Mechanism: SerpinB9 IS REVERSIBLY INHIBITED BY VICINAL DISULFIDE BOND FORMATION IN THE REACTIVE CENTER LOOP. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3626-38. [PMID: 26670609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protease inhibitor Sb9 (SerpinB9) is a regulator of the cytotoxic lymphocyte protease GzmB (granzyme B). Although GzmB is primarily involved in the destruction of compromised cells, recent evidence suggests that it is also involved in lysosome-mediated death of the cytotoxic lymphocyte itself. Sb9 protects the cell from GzmB released from lysosomes into the cytosol. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within cytotoxic lymphocytes by receptor stimulation are required for lyososomal permeabilization and release of GzmB into the cytosol. Importantly, ROS also inactivate Sb9 by oxidizing a highly conserved cysteine pair (P1-P1' in rodents and P1'-P2' in other mammals) in the reactive center loop to form a vicinal disulfide bond. Replacement of the P4-P3' reactive center loop residues of the prototype serpin, SERPINA1, with the P4-P5' residues of Sb9 containing the cysteine pair is sufficient to convert SERPINA1 into a ROS-sensitive GzmB inhibitor. Conversion of the cysteine pair to serines in either human or mouse Sb9 results in a functional serpin that inhibits GzmB and resists ROS inactivation. We conclude that ROS sensitivity of Sb9 allows the threshold for GzmB-mediated suicide to be lowered, as part of a conserved post-translational homeostatic mechanism regulating lymphocyte numbers or activity. It follows, for example, that antioxidants may improve NK cell viability in adoptive immunotherapy applications by stabilizing Sb9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S J Mangan
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Catherina H Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Dion Kaiserman
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Anthony Y Matthews
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Corinne Hitchen
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - David L Steer
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Philip E Thompson
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
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19
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Salva KA, Wood GS. Epigenetically Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy (ePDT) is Superior to Conventional Photodynamic Therapy for Inducing Apoptosis in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1444-51. [PMID: 26302991 DOI: 10.1111/php.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinate (ALA-PDT) selectively induces apoptosis in diseased cells and is highly effective for treating actinic keratoses. However, similar results are achieved only in a subset of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Our previous work shows that the apoptotic resistance of CTCL correlates with low expression of death receptors like Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), and that methotrexate upregulates FAS by inhibiting the methylation of its promoter, acting as an epigenetic derepressor that restores the susceptibility of FAS-low CTCL to caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that methotrexate increases the response of CTCL to ALA-PDT, a concept we refer to as epigenetically enhanced PDT (ePDT). Multiple CTCL cell lines were subjected to conventional PDT versus ePDT. Apoptotic biomarkers were analyzed in situ with multispectral imaging analysis of immunostained cells, a method that is quantitative and 5× more sensitive than standard immunohistology for antigen detection. Compared to conventional PDT or methotrexate alone, ePDT led to significantly greater cell death in all CTCL cell lines tested by inducing greater activation of caspase-8-mediated extrinsic apoptosis. Upregulation of FAS and/or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand pathway components was observed in different CTCL cell lines. These findings provide a rationale for clinical trials of ePDT for CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Agnes Salva
- Department of Dermatology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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20
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Tkachev V, Goodell S, Opipari AW, Hao LY, Franchi L, Glick GD, Ferrara JLM, Byersdorfer CA. Programmed death-1 controls T cell survival by regulating oxidative metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5789-800. [PMID: 25972478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) maintains immune homeostasis by negatively regulating T cell function and survival. Blockade of PD-1 increases the severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the interplay between PD-1 inhibition and T cell metabolism is not well studied. We found that both murine and human alloreactive T cells concomitantly upregulated PD-1 expression and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This PD-1(Hi)ROS(Hi) phenotype was specific to alloreactive T cells and was not observed in syngeneic T cells during homeostatic proliferation. Blockade of PD-1 signaling decreased both mitochondrial H2O2 and total cellular ROS levels, and PD-1-driven increases in ROS were dependent upon the oxidation of fatty acids, because treatment with etomoxir nullified changes in ROS levels following PD-1 blockade. Downstream of PD-1, elevated ROS levels impaired T cell survival in a process reversed by antioxidants. Furthermore, PD-1-driven changes in ROS were fundamental to establishing a cell's susceptibility to subsequent metabolic inhibition, because blockade of PD-1 decreased the efficacy of later F1F0-ATP synthase modulation. These data indicate that PD-1 facilitates apoptosis in alloreactive T cells by increasing ROS in a process dependent upon the oxidation of fat. In addition, blockade of PD-1 undermines the potential for subsequent metabolic inhibition, an important consideration given the increasing use of anti-PD-1 therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tkachev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stefanie Goodell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anthony W Opipari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Gary D Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - James L M Ferrara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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21
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Schlie K, Westerback A, DeVorkin L, Hughson LR, Brandon JM, MacPherson S, Gadawski I, Townsend KN, Poon VI, Elrick MA, Côté HCF, Abraham N, Wherry EJ, Mizushima N, Lum JJ. Survival of effector CD8+ T cells during influenza infection is dependent on autophagy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4277-86. [PMID: 25833396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activation and expansion of effector CD8(+) T cells are essential for controlling viral infections and tumor surveillance. During an immune response, T cells encounter extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including oxidative stress, nutrient availability, and inflammation, that can modulate their capacity to activate, proliferate, and survive. The dependency of T cells on autophagy for in vitro and in vivo activation, expansion, and memory remains unclear. Moreover, the specific signals and mechanisms that activate autophagy in T effector cells and their survival are not known. In this study, we generated a novel inducible autophagy knockout mouse to study T cell effector responses during the course of a virus infection. In response to influenza infection, Atg5(-/-) CD8(+) T cells had a decreased capacity to reach the peak effector response and were unable to maintain cell viability during the effector phase. As a consequence of Atg5 deletion and the impairment in effector-to-memory cell survival, mice fail to mount a memory response following a secondary challenge. We found that Atg5(-/-) effector CD8(+) T cells upregulated p53, a transcriptional state that was concomitant with widespread hypoxia in lymphoid tissues of infected mice. The onset of p53 activation was concurrent with higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resulted in ROS-dependent apoptotic cell death, a fate that could be rescued by treating with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Collectively, these results demonstrate that effector CD8(+) T cells require autophagy to suppress cell death and maintain survival in response to a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schlie
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Ashley Westerback
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Lindsay DeVorkin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Luke R Hughson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Jillian M Brandon
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Sarah MacPherson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Izabelle Gadawski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katelin N Townsend
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Vincent I Poon
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Mary A Elrick
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Helene C F Côté
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Julian J Lum
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada;
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22
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Wang B, Sun J, Ma Y, Wu G, Tian Y, Shi Y, Le G. Resveratrol Preserves Mitochondrial Function, Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Regulatory T Cells of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Food Sci 2014; 79:H1823-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Guirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yingjie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yonghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Guowei Le
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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23
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Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two-cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 2:1-23. [PMID: 25048553 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In the second of a series of three reviews, we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in PDT on a cellular level. In Part I [Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanism in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2004;1:279-93] it was shown that one of the most important factors governing the outcome of PDT, is how the photosensitizer (PS) interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. PS can localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. An explosion of investigation and explorations in the field of cell biology have elucidated many of the pathways that mammalian cells undergo when PS are delivered in tissue culture and subsequently illuminated. There is an acute stress response leading to changes in calcium and lipid metabolism and production of cytokines and stress proteins. Enzymes particularly, protein kinases, are activated and transcription factors are expressed. Many of the cellular responses are centered on mitochondria. These effects frequently lead to induction of apoptosis either by the mitochondrial pathway involving caspases and release of cytochrome c, or by pathways involving ceramide or death receptors. However, under certain circumstances cells subjected to PDT die by necrosis. Although there have been many reports of DNA damage caused by PDT, this is not thought to be an important cell-death pathway. This mechanistic research is expected to lead to optimization of PDT as a tumor treatment, and to rational selection of combination therapies that include PDT as a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Reshi ML, Su YC, Hong JR. RNA Viruses: ROS-Mediated Cell Death. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:467452. [PMID: 24899897 PMCID: PMC4034720 DOI: 10.1155/2014/467452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious. The main thrust of this review is to investigate the role of ROS in ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus pathogenesis. Much evidences has accumulated over the past decade, suggesting that patients infected with RNA viruses are under chronic oxidative stress. Changes to the body's antioxidant defense system, in relation to SOD, ascorbic acid, selenium, carotenoids, and glutathione, have been reported in various tissues of RNA-virus infected patients. This review focuses on RNA viruses and retroviruses, giving particular attention to the human influenza virus, Hepatitis c virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the aquatic Betanodavirus. Oxidative stress via RNA virus infections can contribute to several aspects of viral disease pathogenesis including apoptosis, loss of immune function, viral replication, inflammatory response, and loss of body weight. We focus on how ROS production is correlated with host cell death. Moreover, ROS may play an important role as a signal molecule in the regulation of viral replication and organelle function, potentially providing new insights in the prevention and treatment of RNA viruses and retrovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Che Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Suzuki T, Yang J. Hydrogen peroxide activation of ERK5 confers resistance to Jurkat cells against apoptosis induced by the extrinsic pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:248-53. [PMID: 24462874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) exhibit both pro-survival and pro-death signaling in leukemic cells. We examined the effect of exogenous H₂O₂ on Fas ligand (FasL) -induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. H₂O₂ applied prior to (pre-conditioning) and during (post-conditioning) FasL stimulation attenuated early apoptosis through activation of EKR5. H₂O₂ increased the activated caspase-8 sequestered in the mitochondria thereby decreasing cell death through the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. In addition, inhibition of a protein tyrosine phosphatase likely explains the post-conditioning requirement for H₂O₂. Given that chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are thought to work partly through production of ROS, a simultaneous inhibition of the ERK5 pathway may abrogate the ROS-initiated pro-survival signaling for an enhanced cell kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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Paracha UZ, Fatima K, Alqahtani M, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Damanhouri G, Qadri I. Oxidative stress and hepatitis C virus. Virol J 2013; 10:251. [PMID: 23923986 PMCID: PMC3751576 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The disproportionate imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and body’s ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates is referred to as oxidative stress. Several biological processes as well as infectious agents, physiological or environmental stress, and perturbed antioxidant response can promote oxidative stress. Oxidative stress usually happens when cells are exposed to more electrically charged reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 or O2-. The cells’ ability to handle such pro-oxidant species is impeded by viral infections particularly within liver that plays an important role in metabolism and detoxification of harmful substances. During liver diseases (such as hepatocellular or cholestatic problems), the produced ROS are involved in transcriptional activation of a large number of cytokines and growth factors, and continued production of ROS and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) feed into the vicious cycle. Many human viruses like HCV are evolved to manipulate this delicate pro- and antioxidant balance; thus generating the sustainable oxidative stress that not only causes hepatic damage but also stimulates the processes to reduce treatment of damage. In this review article, the oxidant and antioxidant pathways that are perturbed by HCV genes are discussed. In the first line of risk, the pathways of lipid metabolism present a clear danger in accumulation of viral induced ROS. Viral infection leads to decrease in cellular concentrations of glutathione (GSH) resulting in oxidation of important components of cells such as proteins, DNA and lipids as well as double strand breakage of DNA. These disorders have the tendency to lead the cells toward cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in adults due to constant insult. We have highlighted the importance of such pathways and revealed differences in the extent of oxidative stress caused by HCV infection.
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Morris D, Khurasany M, Nguyen T, Kim J, Guilford F, Mehta R, Gray D, Saviola B, Venketaraman V. Glutathione and infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3329-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yang Y, Bazhin AV, Werner J, Karakhanova S. Reactive Oxygen Species in the Immune System. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:249-70. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.755176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Weiss BL, Wang J, Maltz MA, Wu Y, Aksoy S. Trypanosome infection establishment in the tsetse fly gut is influenced by microbiome-regulated host immune barriers. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003318. [PMID: 23637607 PMCID: PMC3630092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) vector pathogenic African trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in domesticated animals. Additionally, tsetse harbors 3 maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that modulate their host's physiology. Tsetse is highly resistant to infection with trypanosomes, and this phenotype depends on multiple physiological factors at the time of challenge. These factors include host age, density of maternally-derived trypanolytic effector molecules present in the gut, and symbiont status during development. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that result in tsetse's resistance to trypanosomes. We found that following parasite challenge, young susceptible tsetse present a highly attenuated immune response. In contrast, mature refractory flies express higher levels of genes associated with humoral (attacin and pgrp-lb) and epithelial (inducible nitric oxide synthase and dual oxidase) immunity. Additionally, we discovered that tsetse must harbor its endogenous microbiome during intrauterine larval development in order to present a parasite refractory phenotype during adulthood. Interestingly, mature aposymbiotic flies (Gmm(Apo)) present a strong immune response earlier in the infection process than do WT flies that harbor symbiotic bacteria throughout their entire lifecycle. However, this early response fails to confer significant resistance to trypanosomes. Gmm(Apo) adults present a structurally compromised peritrophic matrix (PM), which lines the fly midgut and serves as a physical barrier that separates luminal contents from immune responsive epithelial cells. We propose that the early immune response we observe in Gmm(Apo) flies following parasite challenge results from the premature exposure of gut epithelia to parasite-derived immunogens in the absence of a robust PM. Thus, tsetse's PM appears to regulate the timing of host immune induction following parasite challenge. Our results document a novel finding, which is the existence of a positive correlation between tsetse's larval microbiome and the integrity of the emerging adult PM gut immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Li PL, Zhang Y. Cross talk between ceramide and redox signaling: implications for endothelial dysfunction and renal disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:171-97. [PMID: 23563657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1511-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cross talk between ceramide and redox signaling modulates various cell activities and functions and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and renal dysfunctions. Ceramide triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases oxidative stress in many mammalian cells and animal models. On the other hand, inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes or treatment of antioxidants impairs sphingomyelinase activation and ceramide production. As a mechanism, ceramide-enriched signaling platforms, special cell membrane rafts (MR) (formerly lipid rafts), provide an important microenvironment to mediate the cross talk of ceramide and redox signaling to exert a corresponding regulatory role on cell and organ functions. In this regard, activation of acid sphingomyelinase and generation of ceramide mediate the formation of ceramide-enriched membrane platforms, where transmembrane signals are transmitted or amplified through recruitment, clustering, assembling, or integration of various signaling molecules. A typical such signaling platform is MR redox signaling platform that is centered on ceramide production and aggregation leading to recruitment and assembling of NADPH oxidase to form an active complex in the cell plasma membrane. This redox signaling platform not only conducts redox signaling or regulation but also facilitates a feedforward amplification of both ceramide and redox signaling. In addition to this membrane MR redox signaling platform, the cross talk between ceramide and redox signaling may occur in other cell compartments. This book chapter focuses on the molecular mechanisms, spatial-temporal regulations, and implications of this cross talk between ceramide and redox signaling, which may provide novel insights into the understanding of both ceramide and redox signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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31
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Banerjee H, Das A, Srivastava S, Mattoo HR, Thyagarajan K, Khalsa JK, Tanwar S, Das DS, Majumdar SS, George A, Bal V, Durdik JM, Rath S. A role for apoptosis-inducing factor in T cell development. J Exp Med 2012; 209:1641-53. [PMID: 22869892 PMCID: PMC3428951 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein that regulates cell metabolism and survival in many tissues. We report that aif-hypomorphic harlequin (Hq) mice show thymic hypocellularity and a cell-autonomous thymocyte developmental block associated with apoptosis at the β-selection stage, independent of T cell receptor β recombination. No abnormalities are observed in the B cell lineage. Transgenes encoding wild-type or DNA-binding-deficient mutant Aif rectify the thymic defect, but a transgene encoding oxidoreductase activity-deficient mutant Aif does not. The Hq thymic block is reversed in vivo by antioxidant treatment, and Hq T but not B lineage cells show enhanced oxidative stress. Thus, Aif, a ubiquitous protein, serves a lineage-specific nonredundant antiapoptotic role in the T cell lineage by regulating reactive oxygen species during thymic β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Das
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Shalini Tanwar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jeannine M. Durdik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Satyajit Rath
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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32
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Jin S, Zhou F, Katirai F, Li PL. Lipid raft redox signaling: molecular mechanisms in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1043-83. [PMID: 21294649 PMCID: PMC3135227 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts, the sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains, are able to form different membrane macrodomains or platforms upon stimulations, including redox signaling platforms, which serve as a critical signaling mechanism to mediate or regulate cellular activities or functions. In particular, this raft platform formation provides an important driving force for the assembling of NADPH oxidase subunits and the recruitment of other related receptors, effectors, and regulatory components, resulting, in turn, in the activation of NADPH oxidase and downstream redox regulation of cell functions. This comprehensive review attempts to summarize all basic and advanced information about the formation, regulation, and functions of lipid raft redox signaling platforms as well as their physiological and pathophysiological relevance. Several molecular mechanisms involving the formation of lipid raft redox signaling platforms and the related therapeutic strategies targeting them are discussed. It is hoped that all information and thoughts included in this review could provide more comprehensive insights into the understanding of lipid raft redox signaling, in particular, of their molecular mechanisms, spatial-temporal regulations, and physiological, pathophysiological relevances to human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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33
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Resch U, Semlitsch M, Hammer A, Susani-Etzerodt H, Walczak H, Sattler W, Malle E. Hypochlorite-modified low-density lipoprotein induces the apoptotic machinery in Jurkat T-cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:895-900. [PMID: 21708126 PMCID: PMC3144388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is abundantly present in inflammatory diseases where activation of monocytes/macrophages and T-cell-mediated immune response occurs. The potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), generated by the myeloperoxidase-H(2)O(2)-chloride system of activated phagocytes, converts low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into a proinflammatory lipoprotein particle. Here, we investigated the apoptotic effect of HOCl-LDL, an in vivo occurring LDL modification, on human T-cell lymphoblast-like Jurkat cells. Experiments revealed that HOCl-LDL, depending on the oxidant:lipoprotein molar ratio, induces apoptosis via activation of caspase-3, PARP cleavage and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The absence of Fas-associated protein with death domain or caspase-8 in mutant cells did not prevent HOCl-LDL induced apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein protects Jurkat cells against HOCl-LDL-induced apoptosis and prevents accumulation of reactive oxygen species. We conclude that HOCl-LDL-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells follows predominantly the intrinsic, mitochondrial pathway. Insitu experiments revealed that an antibody raised against HOCl-LDL recognized epitopes that colocalize both with myeloperoxidase and CD3-positive T-cells in human decidual tissue where local stimulation of the immune system occurs. We provide convincing evidence that formation of HOCl-modified (lipo)proteins generated by the myeloperoxidase-H(2)O(2)-chloride system contributes to apoptosis in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Resch
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative pathway that involves delivery of cytoplasmic components, including proteins, organelles, and invaded microbes to the lysosome for digestion. Autophagy is implicated in the pathology of various human diseases. The association of autophagy to inflammatory bowel diseases is consistent with recent discoveries of its role in immunity. A complex of signaling pathways control the induction of autophagy in different cellular contexts. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen free radicals or non-radical molecules that are generated by multiple mechanisms in cells, with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and mitochondria as major cellular sources. These ROS are important signaling molecules that regulate many signal-transduction pathways and play critical roles in cell survival, death, and immune defenses. ROS were recently shown to activate starvation-induced autophagy, antibacterial autophagy, and autophagic cell death. Current findings implicate ROS in the regulation of autophagy through distinct mechanisms, depending on cell types and stimulation conditions. Conversely, autophagy can also suppress ROS production. Understanding the mechanisms behind ROS-induced autophagy will provide significant therapeutic implications for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Huang
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Sulfur-containing antioxidants increase in vitro several functions of lymphocytes from mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:661-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Intracellular reactive oxygen species are essential for PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent IL-7-mediated viability of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2011; 25:960-7. [PMID: 21455214 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway, thereby mediating viability, proliferation and growth of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be upregulated by growth factors and are known to regulate proliferation and viability. Here, we show that IL-7 upregulates ROS in T-ALL cells in a manner that is dependent on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity and that relies on both NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial respiratory chain. Conversely, IL-7-induced activation of PI3K signaling pathway requires mitochondrial respiration and ROS. We have previously shown that IL-7-mediated activation of PI3K pathway drives the upregulation of the glucose transporter Glut1, promoting glucose uptake in T-ALL cells. Using phloretin to inhibit Glut function, we demonstrate that glucose uptake is mandatory for ROS upregulation in IL-7-treated T-ALL cells, suggesting that IL-7 stimulation leads to increased ROS via PI3K pathway activation and consequent upregulation of Glut1 and glucose uptake. Overall, our data reveal the existence of a critical crosstalk between PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and ROS that is essential for IL-7-mediated T-ALL cell survival, and that may constitute a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Shah D, Aggarwal A, Bhatnagar A, Kiran R, Wanchu A. Association between T lymphocyte sub-sets apoptosis and peripheral blood mononuclear cells oxidative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:559-67. [PMID: 21284579 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.555765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and lymphocyte apoptosis are a hallmark of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the association between oxidative stress and T lymphocytes apoptosis has still to be elucidated in SLE. In order to appraise the interaction between oxidative stress and T lymphocyte apoptosis with the severity of disease, oxidative stress profile and T lymphocytes apoptosis were studied. Increased levels of ROS, MDA and CD4(+) lymphocyte apoptosis were positively associated with disease activity while decreased levels of GSH and percentage expression of CD4(+) lymphocyte were negatively associated with disease activity. The decrease in intracellular levels of GSH was negatively associated with T lymphocyte, CD4(+) lymphocyte, CD8(+) lymphocyte apoptosis and intracellular caspase-3 expression. The present study suggests that increased T lymphocyte sub-sets apoptosis may be mediated by decreased intracellular glutathione concentration and severity of disease might be enhanced together by over-production of ROS in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Amarnath S, Flomerfelt FA, Costanzo CM, Foley JE, Mariotti J, Konecki DM, Gangopadhyay A, Eckhaus M, Wong S, Levine BL, June CH, Fowler DH. Rapamycin generates anti-apoptotic human Th1/Tc1 cells via autophagy for induction of xenogeneic GVHD. Autophagy 2010; 6:523-41. [PMID: 20404486 DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.4.11811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine T cells exposed to rapamycin maintain flexibility towards Th1/Tc1 differentiation, thereby indicating that rapamycin promotion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is conditional. The degree to which rapamycin might inhibit human Th1/Tc1 differentiation has not been evaluated. In the presence of rapamycin, T cell costimulation and polarization with IL-12 or IFN-α permitted human CD4+ and CD8+ T cell differentiation towards a Th1/Tc1 phenotype; activation of STAT1 and STAT4 pathways essential for Th1/Tc1 polarity was preserved during mTOR blockade but instead abrogated by PI3 kinase inhibition. Such rapamycin-resistant human Th1/Tc1 cells: (1) were generated through autophagy (increased LC3BII expression; phenotype reversion by autophagy inhibition via 3-MA or siRNA for Beclin1); (2) expressed anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family members (reduced Bax, Bak; increased phospho-Bad); (3) maintained mitochondrial membrane potentials; and (4) displayed reduced apoptosis. In vivo, type I polarized and rapamycin-resistant human T cells caused increased xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (x-GVHD). Murine recipients of rapamycin-resistant human Th1/Tc1 cells had: (1) persistent T cell engraftment; (2) increased T cell cytokine and cytolytic effector function; and (3) T cell infiltration of skin, gut, and liver. Rapamycin therefore does not impair human T cell capacity for type I differentiation. Rather, rapamycin yields an anti-apoptotic Th1/Tc1 effector phenotype by promoting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Amarnath
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
The abnormal decrease or the lack of oxygen supply to cells and tissues is called hypoxia. This condition is commonly seen in various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, also in solid cancers. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that hypoxic cancers are extremely aggressive, resistant to standard therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), and thus very difficult to eradicate. Hypoxia affects both the tumor and the immune cells via various pathways. This review summarizes the most common effects of hypoxia on immune cells that play a key role in the anti-tumor response, the limitation of current therapies, and the potential solutions that were developed for hypoxic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Yotnda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 77030, Houston, TX, USA.
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40
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van Gaalen RD, Wahl LM. Reconciling conflicting clinical studies of antioxidant supplementation as HIV therapy: a mathematical approach. BMC Public Health 2009; 9 Suppl 1:S12. [PMID: 19922682 PMCID: PMC2779500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-s1-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small, highly reactive molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in cell signalling and infection control. However, high levels of ROS can cause significant damage to cell structure and function. Studies have shown that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in increased ROS concentrations, which can in turn lead to faster progression of HIV infection, and cause CD4+ T-cell apoptosis. To counteract these effects, clinical studies have explored the possibility of raising antioxidant levels, with mixed results. METHODS In this paper, a mathematical model is used to explore this potential therapy, both analytically and numerically. For the numerical work, we use clinical data from both HIV-negative and HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs) to estimate model parameters; these groups have lower baseline concentrations of antioxidants than non-IDU controls. RESULTS Our model suggests that increases in CD4+ T cell concentrations can result from moderate levels of daily antioxidant supplementation, while excessive supplementation has the potential to cause periods of immunosuppression. CONCLUSION We discuss implications for HIV therapy in IDUs and other populations which may have low baseline concentrations of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolina D van Gaalen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindi M Wahl
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Davila E, Geng D, Sanchez-Perez L, Riker A. Research Highlights. Immunotherapy 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Davila
- Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LO, USA
| | - Degui Geng
- Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LO, USA
| | | | - Adam Riker
- Ochsner Cancer Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
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42
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Purushothaman D, Sarin A. Cytokine-dependent regulation of NADPH oxidase activity and the consequences for activated T cell homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1515-23. [PMID: 19546249 PMCID: PMC2715083 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular dependence on growth factors for survival is developmentally programmed and continues in adult metazoans. Antigen-activated T cell apoptosis in the waning phase of the immune response is thought to be triggered by depletion of cytokines from the microenvironment. T cell apoptosis resulting from cytokine deprivation is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), but their source and position in the apoptotic cascade is poorly understood. RNA interference approaches implicated the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in neglect-induced apoptosis in T cells. Using mice deficient for the catalytic subunit gp91phox to characterize the molecular link to activated T cell apoptosis, we show that gp91phox-deficient T (T−/−) cells generated mitochondrial superoxide but had diminished hydrogen peroxide production in response to neglect, which, in turn, regulated Jun N-terminal kinase–dependent Bax activation and apoptosis. Activated T−/− cells were distinguished by improved survival after activation by superantigens in vivo, adoptive transfers into congenic hosts, and higher recall responses after immunization. Thus, the NADPH oxidase may regulate adaptive immunity in addition to its previously well-characterized role in the innate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Purushothaman
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
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Donaldson M, Antignani A, Milner J, Zhu N, Wood A, Cardwell-Miller L, Changpriroa CM, Jackson SH. p47phox-deficient immune microenvironment signals dysregulate naive T-cell apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:125-38. [PMID: 18806761 PMCID: PMC3400273 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is a multicomponent enzyme complex mediating microbial killing. We find that NADPH oxidase p47(phox)-deficient (p47(phox-/-)) chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) mice develop lymph node hyperplasia even without obvious infection, where increased number of T and B lymphocytes is associated with increased percent of naïve cells and a lower T : B cell ratio than wild type. Paradoxically, despite lymphoid hyperplasia in vivo, when lymphocytes are placed in culture, p47(phox-/-) CD8(+) lymphocytes progress more rapidly to apoptosis than wild type. This is associated in cultured p47(phox-/-) CD8(+) lymphocytes with the induction of proapoptotic Bim and Puma expression, increased mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and depressed Bcl-2 expression. Addition of IL-7 to the culture partially corrects Bcl-2 levels in cultured p47(phox-/-) CD8(+) lymphocytes and improves the survival. Adding glucose oxidase to the culture to generate hydrogen peroxide along with IL-7 further improves p47(phox-/-) CD8(+) lymphocyte survival, but only to 30% of wild type. We conclude that p47(phox-/-) CD8(+) lymphocytes have an intrinsic survival defect likely in part related to the oxidase deficiency, but in vivo in lymph nodes of CGD mice, there are microenvironmental factors yet to be delineated that suppress the progression of apoptosis and allow the accumulation of lymphocytes leading to lymphoid hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi Donaldson
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonella Antignani
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Milner
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nannan Zhu
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Wood
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lanise Cardwell-Miller
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cattlena May Changpriroa
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon H. Jackson
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Tanabe K, Otsuki T, Yamauchi R, Matsubara Y, Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Ajisaka R. Exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage and lymphocytopenia in sedentary young males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:1455-62. [PMID: 18614946 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31817242cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Post high-intensity exercise lymphocytopenia is well documented, but its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. A possible mechanism is a reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage after high-intensity exercise. Furthermore, lymphocyte apoptosis related to DNA damage might contribute to exercise-induced lymphocytopenia. PURPOSE This study examined lymphocytopenia, lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage, and apoptosis in young healthy sedentary males after acute high-intensity exercise. METHOD Fifteen subjects exercised on bicycle ergometers for 1 h at 75% of their VO2max. Venous blood samples were taken before exercise (PRE) and hourly after exercise until 4 h (P0-P4). Lymphocyte counts, oxidative DNA damage evaluated using the Comet assay with human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, and serum lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration were measured. Furthermore, lymphocyte superoxide, Fas receptor (CD95), and Annexin-V-positive lymphocyte apoptosis cells were measured in 10 subjects who exercised and gave blood samples as described above. RESULTS Lymphocyte counts became significantly lower than the PRE value (P < 0.05): 20.4% at P1, 24.3% at P2, and 16.3% at P3. Moreover, LPO significantly increased by P2 (P < 0.05): 1.6-fold. The % DNA in tail, indicating oxidative DNA damage, was significantly higher at P3 (54.3 +/- 12.8%) than at PRE (42.6 +/- 11.1%, P < 0.05). The lymphocyte superoxide level was significantly higher (51.3%) than the PRE value (P < 0.05). Neither CD95 nor Annexin-V-positive cells were significantly different than the PRE value. CONCLUSION Results of this study suggest that lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage can relate to lymphocytopenia, although DNA damage was not associated with apoptosis in healthy young sedentary males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Scalia D, Basiricò L, Morera P, Nardone A. Heat stress elicits different responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Brown Swiss and Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4606-12. [PMID: 17106092 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from Brown Swiss (Br) and Holstein (Ho) cows and stimulated with concanavalin A differ in response to chronic exposure to incubation temperatures simulating conditions of hyperthermia. Five multiparous Br and 5 Ho cows were utilized as blood donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were subjected for 65 h to each of 5 treatments (T). Cells were exposed to 39 degrees C continuously (T39) and three 13-h cycles at 40 (T40), 41 (T41), 42 (T42) or 43 degrees C (T43), respectively, which were interspersed with two 13-h cycles at 39 degrees C. Treatment T39 was adopted to mimic normothermia; T40, T41, T42, and T43 mimicked conditions of more severe hyperthermia alternating with normothermia. Measures evaluated at the end of the incubation period were proliferative response (DNA synthesis), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, and mRNA abundance of the 72-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp72). In Br cows, DNA synthesis began to decline when PBMC were repeatedly exposed to 41 degrees C (-22%), whereas DNA synthesis in cells isolated from Ho cows did not begin to decline until 42 degrees C (-40%). Furthermore, under T41 and T42, DNA synthesis from Br cows was lower than in Ho(-24 and -54%, respectively). In both breeds, increased incubation temperatures caused a reduction of intracellular ROS (from -39.6 and -69.7%). Increase in incubation temperatures enhanced Hsp72 mRNA levels only in PBMC isolated from Br cows. The Hsp72 mRNA in Br cows increased significantly under T41 and T43 compared with T39. In both breeds, DNA synthesis was positively and negatively correlated with intracellular ROS and Hsp72 mRNA abundance, respectively (r = 0.85 and r = -0.70, respectively). Results indicated that PBMC from Br cows are less tolerant to chronic heat exposure than those from Ho cows, and that the lower tolerance is associated with higher expression of Hsp72, suggesting that the same level of hyperthermia may be associated with a differential decline of immune function in the 2 breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lacetera
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Husain S, Potter DE. The opioidergic system: potential roles and therapeutic indications in the eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24:117-40. [PMID: 18355128 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Hewitt Laboratory of the Ola B Williams Glaucoma Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Parent C, Capelli N, Dat J. [Reactive oxygen species, stress and cell death in plants]. C R Biol 2008; 331:255-61. [PMID: 18355747 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to changes in environmental conditions. During periods of stress, the cellular redox homeostasis is altered as a result of reactive oxygen species accumulation. The change in redox is responsible for the symptoms commonly observed during periods of stress and reflects the phytotoxic nature of oxygen radical accumulation. However, oxygen radicals have recently been identified as key actors in the response to stress and their role as secondary messengers is now clearly established. The identification of their role in gene regulation has allowed one to identify them as key regulators in the induction and execution of programmed cell death typically observed during developmental processes as well as during stress responses. This review presents recent advances in the characterisation of the role of reactive oxygen species in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Parent
- Laboratoire de chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC Inra, université de Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
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Srivastava S, Banerjee H, Chaudhry A, Khare A, Sarin A, George A, Bal V, Durdik JM, Rath S. Apoptosis-inducing factor regulates death in peripheral T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:797-803. [PMID: 17617569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein with multiple roles in apoptosis as well as in cellular respiration and redox regulation. The harlequin (Hq) mouse strain carries an aif locus modification causing reduced Aif expression. We demonstrate that activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) peripheral T cells from Hq mice show resistance to neglect-induced death (NID) triggered by growth factor withdrawal, but not to death induced by multiple agents that trigger DNA damage. Aif translocates to the nucleus in cells undergoing NID, and, in Hq T cell blasts, resistance to NID is associated with reduced cytosolic release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, implicating Aif in this event. In contrast, Hq T cell blasts express higher levels of CD95L, demonstrating increased susceptibility to activation-induced cell death (AICD) and apoptosis triggered by hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide scavenging protects from AICD in wild-type, but not Hq, T cell blasts, suggesting that Aif plays a crucial superoxide-scavenging role to regulate T cell AICD. Finally, the altered pattern of death susceptibility is reproduced by siRNA-mediated reduction of Aif expression in normal T cells. Thus, Aif serves nonredundant roles, both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic, in activated peripheral T cells.
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Amarnath S, Dong L, Li J, Wu Y, Chen W. Endogenous TGF-beta activation by reactive oxygen species is key to Foxp3 induction in TCR-stimulated and HIV-1-infected human CD4+CD25- T cells. Retrovirology 2007; 4:57. [PMID: 17688698 PMCID: PMC2096626 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an important role in regulating immune responses, and in influencing human immune diseases such as HIV infection. It has been shown that human CD4+CD25+ Tregs can be induced in vitro by TCR stimulation of CD4+CD25- T cells. However, the mechanism remains elusive, and intriguingly, similar treatment of murine CD4+CD25- cells did not induce CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs unless exogenous TGF-β was added during stimulation. Thus, we investigated the possible role of TGF-β in the induction of human Tregs by TCR engagement. We also explored the effects of TGF-β on HIV-1 infection mediated induction of human Tregs since recent evidence has suggested that HIV-1 infection may also impact the generation of Tregs in infected patients. Results We show here that endogenous TGF-β is key to TCR induction of Foxp3 in human CD4+CD25- T cells. These events involve, first, the production of TGF-β by TCR and CD28 stimulation and the activation of latent TGF-β by reactive oxygen species generated from the activated T cells. Biologically active TGF-β then engages in the induction of Foxp3. Neutralization of active TGF-β with anti-TGF-β antibody or elimination of ROS with MnTBAP abrogated Foxp3 expression. HIV-1 infection enhanced Foxp3 expression in activated CD4+CD25- T cells; which was also abrogated by blockade of endogenous TGF-β. Conclusion Several conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) TCR and CD28-induced Foxp3 expression is a late event following TCR stimulation; (2) TGF-β serves as a link in Foxp3 induction in human CD4+CD25- T cells following TCR stimulation, which induces not only latent, but also active TGF-β; (3) the activation of TGF-β requires reactive oxygen species; (4) HIV infection results in an increase in Foxp3 expression in TCR-activated CD25- T cells, which is also associated with TGF-β. Taken together, our findings reinforce a definitive role of TGF-β not only in the generation of Tregs with respect to normal immune responses, but also is critical in immune diseases such as HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Amarnath
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Li Dong
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
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Bheeshmachar G, Purushotaman D, Sade H, Gunasekharan V, Rangarajan A, Sarin A. Evidence for a role for notch signaling in the cytokine-dependent survival of activated T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5041-50. [PMID: 17015687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell homeostasis results from a balance between factors promoting survival and those that trigger deletion of Ag-reactive cells. The cytokine IL-2 promotes T cell survival whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitize T cells to apoptosis. Two pathways of activated T cell apoptosis-one triggered by Fas ligand and the other by cytokine deprivation-depend on ROS, with the latter also regulated by members of the Bcl-2 family. Notch family proteins regulate several cell-fate decisions in metazoans. Ectopic expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) in T cells inhibits Fas-induced apoptosis. The underlying mechanism is not known and the role, if any, of Notch in regulating apoptosis triggered by cytokine deprivation or neglect has not been examined. In this study, we use a Notch1/Fc chimera; a blocking Ab to Notch1 and chemical inhibitors of gamma-secretase to investigate the role of Notch signaling in activated T cells of murine origin. We show that perturbing Notch signaling in activated CD4+/CD8+ T cells maintained in IL-2 results in the accumulation of ROS, reduced Akt/protein kinase B activity, and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, culminating in apoptosis. A broad-spectrum redox scavenger inhibits apoptosis but T cells expressing mutant Fas ligand are sensitive to apoptosis. Activated T cells isolated on the basis of Notch expression (Notch+) are enriched for Bcl-xL expression and demonstrate reduced susceptibility to apoptosis triggered by neglect or oxidative stress. Furthermore, enforced expression of NICD protects activated T cells from apoptosis triggered by cytokine deprivation. Taken together, these data implicate Notch1 signaling in the cytokine-dependent survival of activated T cells.
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