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Valiente S, Krawic C, Zhitkovich A. ATR activation by Cr-DNA damage is a major survival response establishing late S and G2 checkpoints after Cr(VI) exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 477:116696. [PMID: 37734571 PMCID: PMC10591798 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium is known to cause lung cancer and other pulmonary toxicity. Cellular metabolism of chromium(VI) entering cells as chromate anion produces different amounts of reactive Cr(V) intermediates and finally yields Cr(III). Direct reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbate (Asc), the dominant metabolic reaction in vivo but not in standard cell cultures, skips production of Cr(V) but still permits extensive formation of Cr-DNA damage. To understand the importance of different forms of biological injury in Cr(VI) toxicity, we examined activation of several protein- and DNA damage-sensitive stress responses in human lung cells under Asc-restored conditions. We found that Asc-restored cells suppressed upregulation of oxidant-sensitive stress systems by Cr(VI) but showed a strong activation of the apical DNA damage-responsive kinase ATR. ATR signaling was triggered in late S phase and persisted upon entry of cells into G2 phase. Inhibition of ATR prevented the establishment of late-S and G2 cell cycle checkpoints and did not lead to a compensatory activation of a related kinase ATM. Inactivation of ATR also strongly impaired viability of Cr(VI)-treated lung cells including stem-like cells and revealed a significant formation of toxic Cr-DNA damage at low Cr(VI) doses. Our findings identified a major Cr(VI) resistance mechanism involving sensing of Cr-DNA damage by ATR in late S phase and a subsequent establishment of protective cell cycle checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Valiente
- Brown University, Legorreta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Casey Krawic
- Brown University, Legorreta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Brown University, Legorreta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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2
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Ondayo MA, Watts MJ, Hamilton EM, Mitchell C, Mankelow J, Osano O. Artisanal gold mining in Kakamega and Vihiga counties, Kenya: potential human exposure and health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6543-6565. [PMID: 37338637 PMCID: PMC10403399 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) represents 20% of gold supply and 90% of gold mining workforce globally, which operates in highly informal setups. Pollutants from mined ores and chemicals introduced during gold processing pose occupational and inadvertent health risks to the extent that has not been well elucidated in Africa. Trace and major elements were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in soil, sediment and water samples from 19 ASGM villages in Kakamega and Vihiga counties. Associated health risks for residents and ASGM workers were assessed. This paper focuses on As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb for which 96% of soil samples from mining and ore processing sites had As concentrations up to 7937 times higher than the US EPA 12 mg kg-1 standard for residential soils. Soil Cr, Hg and Ni concentrations in 98%, 49% and 68% of the samples exceeded respective USEPA and CCME standards, with 1-72% bioaccessibility. Twenty-five percentage of community drinking water sources were higher than the WHO 10 µg L-1 drinking water guideline. Pollution indices indicated significant enrichment and pollution of soils, sediment and water in decreasing order of As > Cr > Hg > Ni > Pb > Cd. The study revealed increased risks of non-cancer health effects (98.6) and cancer in adults (4.93 × 10-2) and children (1.75 × 10-1). The findings will help environment managers and public health authorities better understand the potential health risks in ASGM and support evidence-based interventions in ASGM processes, industrial hygiene and formulation of public health policy to protect residents and ASGM workers' health in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureene Auma Ondayo
- Department of Environmental Health and Biology, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Elliott M Hamilton
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Clive Mitchell
- Mineral Resource Security and Flows, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Joseph Mankelow
- Mineral Resource Security and Flows, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Odipo Osano
- Department of Environmental Health and Biology, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
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3
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Aschner M, Skalny AV, Lu R, Santamaria A, Zhou JC, Ke T, Karganov MY, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast KS, Bowman AB, Tinkov AA. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) modulation in heavy metal toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1299-1318. [PMID: 36933023 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an oxygen-sensing transcriptional regulator orchestrating a complex of adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia. Several studies have demonstrated that toxic metal exposure may also modulate HIF-1α signal transduction pathway, although the existing data are scarce. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize the existing data on the effects of toxic metals on HIF-1 signaling and the potential underlying mechanisms with a special focus on prooxidant effect of the metals. The particular effect of metals was shown to be dependent on cell type, varying from down- to up-regulation of HIF-1 pathway. Inhibition of HIF-1 signaling may contribute to impaired hypoxic tolerance and adaptation, thus promoting hypoxic damage in the cells. In contrast, its metal-induced activation may result in increased tolerance to hypoxia through increased angiogenesis, thus promoting tumor growth and contributing to carcinogenic effect of heavy metals. Up-regulation of HIF-1 signaling is mainly observed upon Cr, As, and Ni exposure, whereas Cd and Hg may both stimulate and inhibit HIF-1 pathway. The mechanisms underlying the influence of toxic metal exposure on HIF-1 signaling involve modulation of prolyl hydroxylases (PHD2) activity, as well as interference with other tightly related pathways including Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling. These effects are at least partially mediated by metal-induced ROS generation. Hypothetically, maintenance of adequate HIF-1 signaling upon toxic metal exposure through direct (PHD2 modulation) or indirect (antioxidant) mechanisms may provide an additional strategy for prevention of adverse effects of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ji-Chang Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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Reprogramming of glycolysis by chemical carcinogens during tumor development. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:127-136. [PMID: 36265806 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Indiscriminate usage and mismanagement of chemicals in the agricultural and industrial sectors have contaminated different environmental compartments. Exposure to these persistent and hazardous pollutants like heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides can result in various health adversities, including cancer. Chemical carcinogens follow a similar pattern of carcinogenesis, like oxidative stress, chromosomal aberration, DNA double-strand break, mismatch repair, and misregulation of oncogenic and/or tumor suppressors. Out of several cancer-associated endpoints, cellular metabolic homeostasis is the commonest to be deregulated upon chemical exposure. Chemical carcinogens hamper glycolytic reprogramming to fuel the malignant transformation of the cells and/or promote cancer progression. Several regulators like Akt, ERK, Ras, c-Myc, HIF-1α, and p53 regulate glycolysis in chemical-induced carcinogenesis. However, the deregulation of the anabolic biochemistry of glucose during chemical-induced carcinogenesis remains to be uncovered. This review comprehensively covers the environmental chemical-induced glycolytic shift during carcinogenesis and its mechanism. The focus is also to fill the major gaps associated with understanding the fairy tale between environmental carcinogens and metabolic reprogramming. Although evidence from studies regarding glycolytic reprogramming in chemical carcinogenesis provides valuable insights into cancer therapy, exposure to a mixture of toxicants and their mechanism of inducing carcinogenesis still needs to be studied.
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Thévenod F, Schreiber T, Lee WK. Renal hypoxia-HIF-PHD-EPO signaling in transition metal nephrotoxicity: friend or foe? Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1573-1607. [PMID: 35445830 PMCID: PMC9095554 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is the main organ that senses changes in systemic oxygen tension, but it is also the key detoxification, transit and excretion site of transition metals (TMs). Pivotal to oxygen sensing are prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs), which hydroxylate specific residues in hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), key transcription factors that orchestrate responses to hypoxia, such as induction of erythropoietin (EPO). The essential TM ion Fe is a key component and regulator of the hypoxia–PHD–HIF–EPO (HPHE) signaling axis, which governs erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, adaptation, survival and proliferation, and hence cell and body homeostasis. However, inadequate concentrations of essential TMs or entry of non-essential TMs in organisms cause toxicity and disrupt health. Non-essential TMs are toxic because they enter cells and displace essential TMs by ionic and molecular mimicry, e. g. in metalloproteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HPHE interactions with TMs (Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pt) as well as their implications in renal physiology, pathophysiology and toxicology. Some TMs, such as Fe and Co, may activate renal HPHE signaling, which may be beneficial under some circumstances, for example, by mitigating renal injuries from other causes, but may also promote pathologies, such as renal cancer development and metastasis. Yet some other TMs appear to disrupt renal HPHE signaling, contributing to the complex picture of TM (nephro-)toxicity. Strikingly, despite a wealth of literature on the topic, current knowledge lacks a deeper molecular understanding of TM interaction with HPHE signaling, in particular in the kidney. This precludes rationale preventive and therapeutic approaches to TM nephrotoxicity, although recently activators of HPHE signaling have become available for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thévenod
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Strasse 12, 58453, Witten, Germany.
| | - Timm Schreiber
- Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Strasse 12, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cells and Membranes, Medical School EWL, Bielefeld University, R.1 B2-13, Morgenbreede 1, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Lappano R, Todd LA, Stanic M, Cai Q, Maggiolini M, Marincola F, Pietrobon V. Multifaceted Interplay between Hormones, Growth Factors and Hypoxia in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:539. [PMID: 35158804 PMCID: PMC8833523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. They play important roles in both healthy and tumor cells, where they function by binding to specific receptors on target cells and activating downstream signaling cascades. The stages of tumor progression are influenced by hormones and GF signaling. Hypoxia, a hallmark of cancer progression, contributes to tumor plasticity and heterogeneity. Most solid tumors contain a hypoxic core due to rapid cellular proliferation that outgrows the blood supply. In these circumstances, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play a central role in the adaptation of tumor cells to their new environment, dramatically reshaping their transcriptional profile. HIF signaling is modulated by a variety of factors including hormones and GFs, which activate signaling pathways that enhance tumor growth and metastatic potential and impair responses to therapy. In this review, we summarize the role of hormones and GFs during cancer onset and progression with a particular focus on hypoxia and the interplay with HIF proteins. We also discuss how hypoxia influences the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, considering that a hypoxic environment may act as a determinant of the immune-excluded phenotype and a major hindrance to the success of adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Lauren A. Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Mia Stanic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Qi Cai
- Kite Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (Q.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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7
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Li T, Zhang T. The Application of Nanomaterials in Angiogenesis. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 16:74-82. [PMID: 32066364 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200211102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Induction of angiogenesis has enormous potential in the treatment of ischemic diseases and
the promotion of bulk tissue regeneration. However, the poor activity of angiogenic cells and proangiogenic
factors after transplantation is the main problem that imposes its wide applications. Recent
studies have found that the development of nanomaterials has solved this problem to some extent.
Nanomaterials can be mainly classified into inorganic nanomaterials represented by metals, metal oxides
and metal hydroxides, and organic nanomaterials including DNA tetrahedrons, graphene, graphene
oxide, and carbon nanotubes. These nanomaterials can induce the release of angiogenic factors
either directly or indirectly, thereby initiating a series of signaling pathways to induce angiogenesis.
Moreover, appropriate surface modifications of nanomaterial facilitate a variety of functions, such as
enhancing its biocompatibility and biostability. In clinical applications, nanomaterials can promote the
proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells or mesenchymal stem cells, thereby promoting the
migration of hemangioblast cells to form new blood vessels. This review outlines the role of nanomaterials
in angiogenesis and is intended to provide new insights into the clinical treatment of systemic
and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhang Z, Costa M. p62 functions as a signal hub in metal carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:267-278. [PMID: 33894381 PMCID: PMC9161642 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of metals are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in metal carcinogenesis. Oxidative stress acts as the converging point among various stressors with ROS being the main intracellular signal transducer. In metal-transformed cells, persistent expression of p62 and erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) result in apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis, inflammatory microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming, contributing to overall mechanism of metal carcinogenesis. Autophagy, a conserved intracellular process, maintains cellular homeostasis by facilitating the turnover of protein aggregates, cellular debris, and damaged organelles. In addition to being a substrate of autophagy, p62 is also a crucial molecule in a myriad of cellular functions and in molecular events, which include oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, that modulate cell survival and tumor growth. The multiple functions of p62 are appreciated by its ability to interact with several key components involved in various oncogenic pathways. This review summarizes the current knowledge and progress in studies of p62 and metal carcinogenesis with emphasis on oncogenic pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Zhitkovich A. Ascorbate: antioxidant and biochemical activities and their importance for in vitro models. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3623-3631. [PMID: 34596731 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate has many biological activities that involve fundamental cellular functions such as gene expression, differentiation, and redox homeostasis. Biochemically, it serves as a cofactor for a large family of dioxygenases (> 60 members) which control transcription, formation of extracellular matrix, and epigenetic processes of histone and DNA demethylation. Ascorbate is also a major antioxidant acting as a very effective scavenger of primary reactive oxygen species. Reduction of Fe(III) by ascorbate is important for cellular uptake of iron via DMT1. Cell culture models are extensively used in toxicology and pharmacology for mechanistic studies of nutrients, drugs and other xenobiotics. High-throughput screens in vitro, such as a large-scale Tox21 program in the US, offers opportunities to assess hazardous properties of a vast and growing number of industrial chemicals. However, cells in typical cultures are severely deficient in ascorbate, raising concerns about their ability to accurately recapitulate toxic and other responses in vivo. Scarcity of ascorbate and a frequently unrecognized use of media with its thiol substitute alters stress sensitivity of cells in different directions. Remediation of ascorbate deficiency in tissue culture restores the physiological state of many cellular processes and it should improve a currently limited toxicity predictability of in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 507, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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Nishimura K, Iitaka S, Nakagawa H. Effect of trivalent chromium on erythropoietin production and the prevention of insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 708:108960. [PMID: 34097902 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In erythropoietin (EPO)-producing HepG2 cells, we investigated the effect of trivalent chromium (Cr) on the promotion of EPO production and the induction of insulin resistance. Cr increased hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein, EPO mRNA expression and EPO protein levels in HepG2 cells. The effect of Cr on EPO production was inhibited by inhibition of proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Insulin resistance was induced by culturing with insulin resistance induction medium supplemented with palmitic acid for 24 h. When Cr was added to the medium, the increase in glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 mRNA expression levels and the decrease in the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to Akt protein were suppressed, and the induction of insulin resistance prevented. When a PPARγ inhibitor or siPPARγ was added together with Cr, the inhibitory effect of Cr on the induction of insulin resistance disappeared. In addition, pretreatment with siEPO suppressed the increase in EPO mRNA expression, and the inhibitory effect on the induction of insulin resistance due to the addition of Cr was significantly reduced. These results suggest that the inhibition of insulin resistance induction by Cr in HepG2 cells involves the promotion of EPO production mediated by PPARγ, in addition to other PPARγ-mediated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nishimura
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Suzuka Iitaka
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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Luczak MW, Krawic C, Zhitkovich A. NAD + metabolism controls growth inhibition by HIF1 in normoxia and determines differential sensitivity of normal and cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1812-1827. [PMID: 34382917 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1959988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-induced transcription factor HIF1 inhibits cell growth in normoxia through poorly understood mechanisms. A constitutive upregulation of hypoxia response is associated with increased malignancy, indicating a loss of antiproliferative effects of HIF1 in cancer cells. To understand these differences, we examined a control of cell cycle in primary human cells with activated hypoxia response in normoxia. Activated HIF1 caused a global slowdown of cell cycle progression through G1, S and G2 phases leading to the loss of mitotic cells. Cell cycle inhibition required a prolonged HIF1 activation and was not associated with upregulation of p53 or the CDK inhibitors p16, p21 or p27. Growth inhibition by HIF1 was independent of its Asn803 hydroxylation or the presence of HIF2. Antiproliferative effects of hypoxia response were alleviated by inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase and more effectively, by boosting cellular production of NAD+, which was decreased by HIF1 activation. In comparison to normal cells, various cancer lines showed several fold-higher expression of NAMPT which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the main biosynthetic pathway for NAD+. Inhibition of NAMPT activity in overexpressor cancer cells sensitized them to antigrowth effects of HIF1. Thus, metabolic changes in cancer cells, such as enhanced NAD+ production, create resistance to growth-inhibitory activity of HIF1 permitting manifestation of its tumor-promoting properties.AbbreviationsDMOG: dimethyloxalylglycine, DM-NOFD: dimethyl N-oxalyl-D-phenylalanine, NMN: β-nicotinamide mononucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal W Luczak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Casey Krawic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Filatova D, Cherpak C. Mechanisms of Nickel-Induced Cell Damage in Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Nutritional Intervention Strategies. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1010-1014. [PMID: 31969107 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200122155804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity to nickel is a very common cause of allergic contact dermatitis since this metal is largely present in industrial and consumer products as well as in some commonly consumed foods, air, soil, and water. In nickel-sensitized individuals, a cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity response results in contact to dermatitis due to mucous membranes coming in long-term contact with nickel-containing objects. This process involves the generation of reactive oxidative species and lipid peroxidation-induced oxidative damage. Immunologically, the involvement of T helper (h)-1 and Th-2 cells, as well as the reduced function of T regulatory cells, are of importance. The toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of nickel are attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of oxidative damage via lipid peroxidation, which results in DNA damage. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research is to identify nutritionally actionable interventions that can intercept nickel-induced cell damage due to their antioxidant capacities. CONCLUSION Nutritional interventions may be used to modulate immune dysregulation, thereby intercepting nickel-induced cellular damage. Among these nutritional interventions are a low-nickel diet and an antioxidant-rich diet that is sufficient in iron needed to minimize nickel absorption. These dietary approaches not only reduce the likelihood of nickel toxicity by minimizing nickel exposure but also help prevent oxidative damage by supplying the body with antioxidants that neutralize free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Filatova
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Health, Maryland University of Integrative Health, Laurel, Maryland, United States
| | - Christine Cherpak
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Health, Maryland University of Integrative Health, Laurel, Maryland, United States
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Salloum Z, Lehoux EA, Harper ME, Catelas I. Effects of cobalt and chromium ions on glycolytic flux and the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in macrophages in vitro. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:112-120. [PMID: 32462687 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Implant wear and corrosion have been associated with adverse tissue reactions that can lead to implant failure. Wear and corrosion products are therefore of great clinical concern. For example, Co2+ and Cr3+ originating from CoCrMo-based implants have been shown to induce a proinflammatory response in macrophages in vitro. Previous studies have also shown that the polarization of macrophages by some proinflammatory stimuli is associated with a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-dependent metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) towards glycolysis. However, the potential of Co2+ and Cr3+ to induce this metabolic shift, which plays a determining role in the proinflammatory response of macrophages, remains largely unexplored. We recently demonstrated that Co2+ , but not Cr3+ , increased oxidative stress and decreased OXPHOS in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of Co2+ and Cr3+ on glycolytic flux and HIF-1α stabilization in the same experimental model. Cells were exposed to 6 to 24 ppm Co2+ or 50 to 250 ppm Cr3+ . Glycolytic flux was determined by analyzing extracellular flux and lactate production, while HIF-1α stabilization was analyzed by immunoblotting. Results showed that Co2+ , and to a lesser extent Cr3+ , increased glycolytic flux; however, only Co2+ acted through HIF-1α stabilization. Overall, these results, together with our previous results showing that Co2+ increases oxidative stress and decreases OXPHOS, suggest that Co2+ (but not Cr3+ ) can induce a HIF-1α-dependent metabolic shift from OXPHOS towards glycolysis in macrophages. This metabolic shift may play an early and pivotal role in the inflammatory response induced by Co2+ in the periprosthetic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Salloum
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric A Lehoux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Catelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are a superfamily of enzymes that play diverse roles in many biological processes, including regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated adaptation to hypoxia, extracellular matrix formation, epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. 2OGDDs all require oxygen, reduced iron and 2-oxoglutarate (also known as α-ketoglutarate) to function, although their affinities for each of these co-substrates, and hence their sensitivity to depletion of specific co-substrates, varies widely. Numerous 2OGDDs are recurrently dysregulated in cancer. Moreover, cancer-specific metabolic changes, such as those that occur subsequent to mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, can dysregulate specific 2OGDDs. This latter observation suggests that the role of 2OGDDs in cancer extends beyond cancers that harbour mutations in the genes encoding members of the 2OGDD superfamily. Herein, we review the regulation of 2OGDDs in normal cells and how that regulation is corrupted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Aurore Losman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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15
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Yu X, Yu RQ, Zhang X, Zhan F, Sun X, Wu Y. DDT exposure induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of skin fibroblasts from Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin via mitochondria dysfunction. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105229. [PMID: 31255889 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the global use of the 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) has been prohibited, its persistence in the environment has caused long-lasting exposure on marine mammals. Our previous studies revealed exceedingly high residue levels of DDTs in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) from the Pearl River Estuary region, China. However, the molecular mechanisms of p,p'-DDT toxicity on the dolphin are largely unknown. This study conducted the first cytotoxicity effect exploration of p,p'-DDT on the dolphin skin fibroblasts (ScSFs) to enhance the understanding of the cellular and molecular regulation impacts. ScSF cells were exposed to p,p'-DDT (28∼168 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The exposure remarkably decreased viability of ScSF cells, possibly due to the synergetic effects of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction. The DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction were likely triggered by an increase of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in the cellular ATP levels, decreased expression of the genes CDK1, CDK4, cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and apoptosis regulator Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9. Moreover, caspase inhibitor displayed protective activity against p,p'-DDT-induced apoptosis, indicating that caspases played a central role in p,p'-DDT-triggered apoptosis in the ScSF cells. We hypothesize apoptosis likely plays a minor role in cytocidal effects induced by p,p'-DDT exposure, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Overall, this research provides new evidence of the cytotoxic mechanisms underlying p,p'-DDT exposure on humpback dolphin skin cells, and suggests that p,p'-DDT contamination is one of key health concern issues for the protection of this marine mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Yu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ri-Qing Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fengping Zhan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xian Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuping Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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16
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Yu X, Yu RQ, Gui D, Zhang X, Zhan F, Sun X, Wu Y. Hexavalent chromium induces oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in isolated skin fibroblasts of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 203:179-186. [PMID: 30153559 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing gas emissions and industrial wastewater discharge of anthropogenic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) have been growing health concerns to the high trophic level marine mammals. Our previous studies showed that Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis), stranded on the Pearl River Estuary region, contained exceedingly high levels of Cr in their skin-tissues. Unfortunately, the molecular toxic mechanisms on this mammal are absent, limiting our understanding of the eco-physiological impacts of Cr(VI) on dolphins. Thus, the cytotoxicity effects of Cr(VI) were analyzed on fibroblasts we isolated from the skin of S. chinensis (ScSF). This study showed that Cr(VI) markedly inhibited the viability of ScSF cells via induction of apoptosis accompanied by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and the population of G2/M arrest or apoptotic sub-G1 phase cells, up-regulation of p53, and activation of caspase-3. Further investigation on intracellular mechanisms indicated that Cr(VI) induced depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential in cells through regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic (Bax) proteins, resulting in decrease of the ATP level, cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol, and the activation of caspase-9. Furthermore, antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C displayed chemoprotective activity against Cr(VI) via suppression of p53 expression, indicating that the Cr(VI)-induced cell death may be mediated by oxidative stress. Overall, these results provide insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin skin cells, offer experimental support for the proposed protective role of antioxidants in Cr(VI)-induced toxicity, and suggest that Cr(VI) contamination is one of key health concern issues for the protection of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Yu
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ri-Qing Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Duan Gui
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fenping Zhan
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xian Sun
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuping Wu
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Clementino M, Shi X, Zhang Z. Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Reprogramming in Cr(VI) Carcinogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 8:20-27. [PMID: 29568811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cr(VI)-containing compounds are well-established lung carcinogens. Chronic exposure of the normal human epithelial cells is able to induce malignant cell transformation, the first stage of metal carcinogenesis. These Cr(VI)-transformed cells exhibit increased level of antioxidants, reduced capacity of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and development of apoptosis resistance, promoting tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed cells, the second stage of metal carcinogenesis. The mechanism of Cr(VI) induced carcinogenesis is still under investigation. Recent studies indicate that ROS play a positive role in the first stage while a negative role in the second stage. Transformed cells adapt metabolism to support tumor initiation and progression. Altered metabolic activities directly participate in the process of cell transformation or support a large requirement for nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids for tumor growth. In malignantly Cr(VI)-transformed cells, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is defective, and pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis are upregulated. These metabolic reprogramming supports rapid cell proliferation and contributes to tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed cells. This article summarizes the current progress in the studies of metabolic reprogramming and Cr(VI) carcinogenesis with emphasis on the metabolic enzymes and oxidative stress related major oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Clementino
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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18
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Jóźwiak P, Ciesielski P, Zaczek A, Lipińska A, Pomorski L, Wieczorek M, Bryś M, Forma E, Krześlak A. Expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α and 2α and its association with vitamin C level in thyroid lesions. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:83. [PMID: 29084538 PMCID: PMC5663109 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells adapt to hypoxia by transcriptional induction of genes that participate in regulation of angiogenesis, glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. The primary factors mediating cell response to low oxygen tension are hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), oxygen-dependent transcription activators. The stability and activity of the α subunits of HIFs are controlled by hydroxylation reactions that require ascorbate as a cofactor. Therefore, deficiency of intracellular vitamin C could contribute to HIFs overactivation. In this study, we investigated whether vitamin C content of human thyroid lesions is associated with HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein levels. Methods Expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α as well as vitamin C content was analyzed in thyroid lesions and cultured thyroid carcinoma cell lines (FTC-133 and 8305c) treated with hypoxia-mimetic agent (cobalt chloride) and ascorbic acid. The expression of HIFs and hypoxia–induced glucose transporters were determined by Western blots while quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect HIFs mRNA levels. Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate levels were measured by HPLC method. Results We found an inverse correlation between vitamin C level and HIF-1α but not HIF-2α expression in thyroid lesions. These results agree with our in vitro study showing that vitamin C induced a dose - dependent decrease of HIF-1α but not HIF-2α protein level in thyroid cancer cells FTC-133 and 8305C. The decreased HIF-1α expression was correlated with reduced expression of hypoxia-related glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) in thyroid cancer cells. Conclusion The results demonstrate that HIF-1α activation is associated with vitamin C content in thyroid lesions. Our study suggests that high tumor tissue ascorbate level could limit the expression of HIF-1α and its targets in thyroid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jóźwiak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Ciesielski
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zaczek
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Lipińska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lech Pomorski
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bryś
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Forma
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Krześlak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
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19
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Ross JA, George BJ, Bruno M, Ge Y. Chemical-agnostic hazard prediction: statistical inference of in vitro toxicity pathways from proteomics responses to chemical mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:39-44. [PMID: 30345409 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity pathways have been defined as normal cellular pathways that, when sufficiently perturbed as a consequence of chemical exposure, lead to an adverse outcome. If an exposure alters one or more normal biological pathways to an extent that leads to an adverse toxicity outcome, a significant correlation must exist between the exposure, the extent of pathway alteration, and the degree of adverse outcome. Biological pathways are regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and targeted degradation, each of which can affect the levels and extents of modification of proteins involved in the pathways. Significant alterations of toxicity pathways resulting from changes in regulation at any of these levels therefore are likely to be detectable as alterations in the proteome. We hypothesize that significant correlations between exposures, adverse outcomes, and changes in the proteome have the potential to identify putative toxicity pathways, facilitating selection of candidate targets for high throughput screening, even in the absence of a priori knowledge of either the specific pathways involved or the specific agents inducing the pathway alterations. We explored this hypothesis in vitro in BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cells exposed to different concentrations of Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cr6+, alone and in defined mixtures. Levels and phosphorylation status of a variety of signaling pathway proteins and cytokines were measured after 48 hours exposure, together with cytotoxicity. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) multiple regression was used to identify a subset of these proteins that constitute a putative toxicity pathway capable of predicting cytotoxicity. The putative toxicity pathway for cytotoxicity of these metals and metal mixtures identified by LASSO is composed of phospho-RPS6KB1, phospho-p53, cleaved CASP3, phospho-MAPK8, IL-10, and Hif-1α. As this approach does not depend on knowledge of the chemical composition of the mixtures, it may be generally useful for identifying sets of proteins predictive of adverse effects for a variety of mixtures, including complex environmental mixtures of unknown composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Ross
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Barbara Jane George
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Maribel Bruno
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Yue Ge
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
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20
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Padayatty SJ, Levine M. Vitamin C: the known and the unknown and Goldilocks. Oral Dis 2016; 22:463-93. [PMID: 26808119 PMCID: PMC4959991 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), the antiscorbutic vitamin, cannot be synthesized by humans and other primates, and has to be obtained from diet. Ascorbic acid is an electron donor and acts as a cofactor for fifteen mammalian enzymes. Two sodium-dependent transporters are specific for ascorbic acid, and its oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid is transported by glucose transporters. Ascorbic acid is differentially accumulated by most tissues and body fluids. Plasma and tissue vitamin C concentrations are dependent on amount consumed, bioavailability, renal excretion, and utilization. To be biologically meaningful or to be clinically relevant, in vitro and in vivo studies of vitamin C actions have to take into account physiologic concentrations of the vitamin. In this paper, we review vitamin C physiology; the many phenomena involving vitamin C where new knowledge has accrued or where understanding remains limited; raise questions about the vitamin that remain to be answered; and explore lines of investigations that are likely to be fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Padayatty
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Kulanthaivel S, Roy B, Agarwal T, Giri S, Pramanik K, Pal K, Ray SS, Maiti TK, Banerjee I. Cobalt doped proangiogenic hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:648-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Cobley JN, McHardy H, Morton JP, Nikolaidis MG, Close GL. Influence of vitamin C and vitamin E on redox signaling: Implications for exercise adaptations. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:65-76. [PMID: 25841784 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous antioxidants vitamin C (ascorbate) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) often blunt favorable cell signaling responses to exercise, suggesting that redox signaling contributes to exercise adaptations. Current theories posit that this antioxidant paradigm interferes with redox signaling by attenuating exercise-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation. The well-documented in vitro antioxidant actions of ascorbate and α-tocopherol and characterization of the type and source of the ROS/RNS produced during exercise theoretically enable identification of redox-dependent mechanisms responsible for the blunting of favorable cell signaling responses to exercise. This review aimed to apply this reasoning to determine how the aforementioned antioxidants might attenuate exercise-induced ROS/RNS production. The principal outcomes of this analysis are (1) neither antioxidant is likely to attenuate nitric oxide signaling either directly (reaction with nitric oxide) or indirectly (reaction with derivatives, e.g., peroxynitrite); (2) neither antioxidant reacts appreciably with hydrogen peroxide, a key effector of redox signaling; (3) ascorbate but not α-tocopherol has the capacity to attenuate exercise-induced superoxide generation; and (4) alternate mechanisms, namely pro-oxidant side reactions and/or reduction of bioactive oxidized macromolecule adducts, are unlikely to interfere with exercise-induced redox signaling. Out of all the possibilities considered, ascorbate-mediated suppression of superoxide generation with attendant implications for hydrogen peroxide signaling is arguably the most cogent explanation for blunting of favorable cell signaling responses to exercise. However, this mechanism is dependent on ascorbate accumulating at sites rich in NADPH oxidases, principal contributors to contraction-mediated superoxide generation, and outcompeting nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase isoforms. The major conclusions of this review are: (1) direct evidence for interference of ascorbate and α-tocopherol with exercise-induced ROS/RNS production is lacking; (2) theoretical analysis reveals that both antioxidants are unlikely to have a major impact on exercise-induced redox signaling; and (3) it is worth considering alternate redox-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cobley
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK, DD1 1HG.
| | - Helen McHardy
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK, DD1 1HG
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Eqxercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, L3 3AF
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Eqxercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, L3 3AF
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23
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Anu Priya B, Senthilguru K, Agarwal T, Gautham Hari Narayana SN, Giri S, Pramanik K, Pal K, Banerjee I. Nickel doped nanohydroxyapatite: vascular endothelial growth factor inducing biomaterial for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial induced activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway for angiogenesis is now gaining recognition as an effective option for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Anu Priya
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | - K. Senthilguru
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | - T. Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | | | - S. Giri
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | - K. Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | - K. Pal
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | - I. Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
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24
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Campbell EJ, Vissers MCM, Bozonet S, Dyer A, Robinson BA, Dachs GU. Restoring physiological levels of ascorbate slows tumor growth and moderates HIF-1 pathway activity in Gulo(-/-) mice. Cancer Med 2014; 4:303-14. [PMID: 25354695 PMCID: PMC4329013 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) governs cellular adaption to the hypoxic microenvironment and is associated with a proliferative, metastatic, and treatment-resistant tumor phenotype. HIF-1 levels and transcriptional activity are regulated by proline and asparagine hydroxylases, which require ascorbate as cofactor. Ascorbate supplementation reduced HIF-1 activation in vitro, but only limited data are available in relevant animal models. There is no information of the effect of physiological levels of ascorbate on HIF activity and tumor growth, which was measured in this study. C57BL/6 Gulo−/− mice (a model of the human ascorbate dependency condition) were supplemented with 3300 mg/L, 330 mg/L, or 33 mg/L of ascorbate in their drinking water before and during subcutaneous tumor growth of B16-F10 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma (LL/2). Ascorbate levels in tumors increased significantly with elevated ascorbate intake and restoration of wild-type ascorbate levels led to a reduction in growth of B16-F10 (log phase P < 0.001) and LL/2 tumors (lag growth P < 0.001, log phase P < 0.05). Levels of HIF-1α protein in tumors decreased as dietary ascorbate supplementation increased for both tumor models (P < 0.001). Similarly, tumor ascorbate was inversely correlated with levels of the HIF-1 target proteins CA-IX, GLUT-1, and VEGF in both B16-F10 and LL/2 tumors (P < 0.05). The extent of necrosis was similar between ascorbate groups but varied between models (30% for B16-F10 and 21% for LL/2), indicating that ascorbate did not affect tumor hypoxia. Our data support the hypothesis that restoration of optimal intracellular ascorbate levels reduces tumor growth via moderation of HIF-1 pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Campbell
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Campbell EJ, Dachs GU. Current limitations of murine models in oncology for ascorbate research. Front Oncol 2014; 4:282. [PMID: 25353008 PMCID: PMC4196513 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of vitamin C (ascorbate) in cancer prevention, tumor growth, and treatment is of intense public interest. Clinical trial data have been sparse, contradictory, and highly controversial, and robust pre-clinical data are required for progress. This paper reviews pre-clinical models and their limitations with respect to ascorbate research. Most studies have utilized animals able to synthesize ascorbate and thus are not ideal models of the human condition. More recently, genetically modified mouse models have become available; yet, all studies compared healthy and scorbutic mice. The majority of investigations to date concluded that increased ascorbate led to decreased tumor growth, but data on mechanisms and doses are inconclusive. Clinically relevant animal studies are still required to convince a generally sceptical medical audience of the potential worth of ascorbate as an adjunct to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Campbell
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Abreu PL, Ferreira LMR, Alpoim MC, Urbano AM. Impact of hexavalent chromium on mammalian cell bioenergetics: phenotypic changes, molecular basis and potential relevance to chromate-induced lung cancer. Biometals 2014; 27:409-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pacheco M, Santos MA, Pereira P, Martínez JI, Alonso PJ, Soares MJ, Lopes JC. EPR detection of paramagnetic chromium in liver of fish (Anguilla anguilla) treated with dichromate(VI) and associated oxidative stress responses-contribution to elucidation of toxicity mechanisms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 157:132-40. [PMID: 23142145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of chromium (Cr) on fish health has been the subject of numerous investigations, establishing a wide spectrum of toxicity, attributed particularly to the hexavalent form [Cr(VI)]. However, reports on the simultaneous assessment of Cr toxicity in fish and its toxico-kinetics, namely involving metal speciation, are scarce. Therefore, keeping in view the understanding of the mechanisms of Cr(VI) toxicity, this work intended to detect the formation of paramagnetic Cr species in liver of Anguilla anguilla following short-term dichromate(VI) intraperitoneal treatment (up to 180 min), assessing simultaneously the pro-oxidant properties. The formation of Cr(V) and Cr(III) was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), as an innovative approach in the context of fish toxicology, and related with the levels of total Cr. Cr(V) was successfully detected and quantified by EPR spectrometry, showing a transient occurrence, mostly between 15 and 90 min post-injection, with a peak at 30 min. The limitations of EPR methodology towards the detection and quantification of Cr(III) were confirmed. Although Cr(VI) exposure induced the antioxidant system in the eel's liver, the oxidative deterioration of lipids was not prevented. Overall, the results suggested that Cr(V), as a short-lived species, did not appear to be directly and primarily responsible for the cellular damaging effects observed, since stress responses persisted up to the end of exposure regardless Cr(V) drastic decay. Though further research is needed, ROS mediated pathways (suggested by superoxide dismutase and catalase activity induction) and formation of Cr(III) complexes emerged as the most plausible mechanisms involved in Cr(VI) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pacheco
- Biology Department of the University of Aveiro & CESAM, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Zito E, Hansen H, Yeo G, Fujii J, Ron D. Endoplasmic reticulum thiol oxidase deficiency leads to ascorbic acid depletion and noncanonical scurvy in mice. Mol Cell 2012; 48:39-51. [PMID: 22981861 PMCID: PMC3473360 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) thiol oxidases initiate a disulfide relay to oxidatively fold secreted proteins. We found that combined loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding the ER thiol oxidases ERO1α, ERO1β, and PRDX4 compromised the extracellular matrix in mice and interfered with the intracellular maturation of procollagen. These severe abnormalities were associated with an unexpectedly modest delay in disulfide bond formation in secreted proteins but a profound, 5-fold lower procollagen 4-hydroxyproline content and enhanced cysteinyl sulfenic acid modification of ER proteins. Tissue ascorbic acid content was lower in mutant mice, and ascorbic acid supplementation improved procollagen maturation and lowered sulfenic acid content in vivo. In vitro, the presence of a sulfenic acid donor accelerated the oxidative inactivation of ascorbate by an H(2)O(2)-generating system. Compromised ER disulfide relay thus exposes protein thiols to competing oxidation to sulfenic acid, resulting in depletion of ascorbic acid, impaired procollagen proline 4-hydroxylation, and a noncanonical form of scurvy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Zito
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Henning Gram Hansen
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giles S.H. Yeo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - David Ron
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Labbé A, Lafleur VN, Patten DA, Robitaille GA, Garand C, Lamalice L, Lebel M, Richard DE. The Werner syndrome gene product (WRN): a repressor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1620-32. [PMID: 22659133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal disease characterized by the premature onset of several age-associated pathologies. The protein defective in WS patients (WRN) is a helicase/exonuclease involved in DNA repair, replication, transcription and telomere maintenance. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a decisive element for the transcriptional regulation of genes essential for adaptation to low oxygen conditions. HIF-1 is also implicated in the molecular mechanisms of ageing. Here, we show that the cellular depletion of WRN protein (by siRNA targeting) leads to increased HIF-1 complex stabilization and activation. HIF-1 activation in the absence of WRN involves the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) since SkQ1, a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, and stigmatellin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex III, blocked increased HIF-1 levels. Ascorbate, an essential co-factor involved in HIF-1 stability, was decreased in WRN-depleted cells. Interestingly, expression levels of GLUT1, a known dehydroascorbic acid transporter, were also decreased in WRN-depleted cells. Ascorbate supplementation of WRN-depleted cells led to a dose-dependent inhibition of HIF-1 activation. These results indicate that WRN protein regulates HIF-1 activation by affecting mitochondrial ROS production and intracellular ascorbate levels. This work provides a novel mechanistic link between HIF-1 activity and different age-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Labbé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
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Guo X, Lu J, Wang Y, Gui Y, Duan X, Cai Z. Ascorbate antagonizes nickel ion to regulate JMJD1A expression in kidney cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:330-8. [PMID: 22318714 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of histone demethylase Jumonji domain-containing protein 1A (JMJD1A) is associated with many kinds of cancers. JMJD1A is also a hypoxic response gene and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In this study, we determined the role of JMJD1A in development and hypoxia pathway. We also measured the expression of JMJD1A and two hypoxia factors glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 786-0 and HEK293 cells treated with different concentrations of NiCl(2) (2.5-100 μM) for 24 h, and found that JMJD1A mRNA and protein were up-regulated with increased concentrations of NiCl(2). We then observed that ascorbate could retard the up-regulated effect of NiCl(2)-induced JMJD1A expression in a dose-dependent manner through decreasing the stability of HIF-1α protein. Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated ascorbate antagonized Ni(2+)-induced up-regulation of JMJD1A expression in 786-0, HEK293, and OS-RC-2 cells. These findings suggest that both Ni(2+) and ascorbate can regulate the expression of histone demethylase JMJD1A, which is important for cancer development or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Guo
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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Glutathione homeostasis and functions: potential targets for medical interventions. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2012:736837. [PMID: 22500213 PMCID: PMC3303626 DOI: 10.1155/2012/736837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, which has many biological roles including protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The primary goal of this paper is to characterize the principal mechanisms of the protective role of GSH against reactive species and electrophiles. The ancillary goals are to provide up-to-date knowledge of GSH biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and utilization; intracellular compartmentalization and interorgan transfer; elimination of endogenously produced toxicants; involvement in metal homeostasis; glutathione-related enzymes and their regulation; glutathionylation of sulfhydryls. Individual sections are devoted to the relationships between GSH homeostasis and pathologies as well as to developed research tools and pharmacological approaches to manipulating GSH levels. Special attention is paid to compounds mainly of a natural origin (phytochemicals) which affect GSH-related processes. The paper provides starting points for development of novel tools and provides a hypothesis for investigation of the physiology and biochemistry of glutathione with a focus on human and animal health.
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Li Chen T, LaCerte C, Wise SS, Holmes A, Martino J, Wise JP, Thompson WD, Wise JP. Comparative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:143-50. [PMID: 21466859 PMCID: PMC4084666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a global marine pollutant, present in marine mammal tissues. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known human carcinogen. In this study, we compare the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of Cr(VI) in human (Homo sapiens) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin fibroblasts. Our data show that increasing concentrations of both particulate and soluble Cr(VI) induce increasing amounts of cytotoxicity and clastogenicity in human and sperm whale skin cells. Furthermore, the data show that sperm whale cells are resistant to these effects exhibiting less cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than the human cells. Differences in Cr uptake accounted for some but not all of the differences in particulate and soluble Cr(VI) genotoxicity, although it did explain the differences in particulate Cr(VI) cytotoxicity. Altogether, the data indicate that Cr(VI) is a genotoxic threat to whales, but also suggest that whales have evolved cellular mechanisms to protect them against the genotoxicity of environmental agents such as Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Li Chen
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - Carolyne LaCerte
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
| | - Sandra S. Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
| | - Amie Holmes
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - Julieta Martino
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
| | - W. Douglas Thompson
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
- Correspondence: Sr. Express Mail: 178 Science Building 96 Falmouth St. Portland, Maine 04103 Phone: (207) 228-8050; FAX: (207) 228-8518
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Permenter MG, Lewis JA, Jackson DA. Exposure to nickel, chromium, or cadmium causes distinct changes in the gene expression patterns of a rat liver derived cell line. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27730. [PMID: 22110744 PMCID: PMC3218028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many heavy metals, including nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) are toxic industrial chemicals with an exposure risk in both occupational and environmental settings that may cause harmful outcomes. While these substances are known to produce adverse health effects leading to disease or health problems, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. To elucidate the processes involved in the toxicity of nickel, cadmium, and chromium at the molecular level and to perform a comparative analysis, H4-II-E-C3 rat liver-derived cell lines were treated with soluble salts of each metal using concentrations derived from viability assays, and gene expression patterns were determined with DNA microarrays. We identified both common and unique biological responses to exposure to the three metals. Nickel, cadmium, chromium all induced oxidative stress with both similar and unique genes and pathways responding to this stress. Although all three metals are known to be genotoxic, evidence for DNA damage in our study only exists in response to chromium. Nickel induced a hypoxic response as well as inducing genes involved in chromatin structure, perhaps by replacing iron in key proteins. Cadmium distinctly perturbed genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress and invoked the unfolded protein response leading to apoptosis. With these studies, we have completed the first gene expression comparative analysis of nickel, cadmium, and chromium in H4-II-E-C3 cells.
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Kasprzak KS, Diwan BA, Kaczmarek MZ, Logsdon DL, Fivash MJ, Salnikow K. Effects of ascorbic acid on carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of nickel subsulfide, and on tumor transplants growth in gulonolactone oxidase knock-out mice and wild-type C57BL mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:32-7. [PMID: 21878346 PMCID: PMC3392721 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a hypothesis that ascorbate depletion could enhance carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of nickel. Homozygous L-gulono--lactone oxidase gene knock-out mice (Gulo-/- mice) unable to produce ascorbate and wild-type C57BL mice (WT mice) were injected intramuscularly with carcinogenic nickel subsulfide (Ni₃S₂), and observed for the development of injection site tumors for 57 weeks. Small pieces of one of the induced tumors were transplanted subcutaneously into separate groups of Gulo-/- and WT mice and the growth of these tumors was measured for up to 3 months. The two strains of mice differed significantly with regard to (1) Ni₃S₂ carcinogenesis: Gulo-/- mice were 40% more susceptible than WT mice; and (2) transplanted tumors development: Gulo-/- mice were more receptive to tumor growth than WT mice, but only in terms of a much shorter tumor latency; later in the exponential phase of growth, the growth rates were the same. And, with adequate ascorbate supplementation, the two strains were equally susceptible to acute toxicity of Ni₃S₂. Statistically significant effects of dietary ascorbate dosing levels were the following: (1) reduction in ascorbate supplementation increased acute toxicity of Ni₃S₂ in Gulo-/- mice; (2) ascorbate supplementation extended the latency of transplanted tumors in WT mice. In conclusion, the lack of endogenous ascorbate synthesis makes Gulo-/- mice more susceptible to Ni₃S₂ carcinogenesis. Dietary ascorbate tends to attenuate acute toxicity of Ni₃S₂ and to extend the latency of transplanted tumors. The latter effects may be of practical importance to humans and thus deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz S. Kasprzak
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bhalchandra A. Diwan
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Monika Z. Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel L. Logsdon
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mathew J. Fivash
- Data Management Services, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Konstantin Salnikow
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1000-13. [PMID: 21664268 PMCID: PMC3156342 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic properties of two dietary antioxidants that are required by humans, vitamins C and E, are discussed relative to their biological effects. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential cofactor for α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Examples are prolyl hydroxylases, which play a role in the biosynthesis of collagen and in down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a transcription factor that regulates many genes responsible for tumor growth, energy metabolism, and neutrophil function and apoptosis. Vitamin C-dependent inhibition of the HIF pathway may provide alternative or additional approaches for controlling tumor progression, infections, and inflammation. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) functions as an essential lipid-soluble antioxidant, scavenging hydroperoxyl radicals in a lipid milieu. Human symptoms of vitamin E deficiency suggest that its antioxidant properties play a major role in protecting erythrocyte membranes and nervous tissues. As an antioxidant, vitamin C provides protection against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage by scavenging of reactive oxygen species, by vitamin E-dependent neutralization of lipid hydroperoxyl radicals, and by protecting proteins from alkylation by electrophilic lipid peroxidation products. These bioactivities bear relevance to inflammatory disorders. Vitamin C also plays a role in the function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by recycling the eNOS cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, which is relevant to arterial elasticity and blood pressure regulation. Evidence from plants supports a role for vitamin C in the formation of covalent adducts with electrophilic secondary metabolites. Mechanism-based effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on biomarkers and on clinical outcomes from randomized, placebo-controlled trials are emphasized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Sekirnik R, Rose NR, Mecinović J, Schofield CJ. 2-Oxoglutarate oxygenases are inhibited by a range of transition metals. Metallomics 2010; 2:397-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c004952b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ding J, He G, Gong W, Wen W, Sun W, Ning B, Huang S, Wu K, Huang C, Wu M, Xie W, Wang H. Effects of nickel on cyclin expression, cell cycle progression and cell proliferation in human pulmonary cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1720-9. [PMID: 19505905 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent exposure to nickel compounds has been considered as one of the potential causes of human lung cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of nickel-induced lung carcinogenesis remains obscure. In the current study, slight S-phase increase, significant G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, and proliferation blockage were observed in human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B) upon nickel exposure. Moreover, the induction of cyclin D1 and cyclin E by nickel was shown for the first time in human pulmonary cells, which may be involved in nickel-triggered G(1)/S transition and cell transformation. In addition, we verified that hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, an important transcription factor of nickel response, was not required for the cyclin D1 or cyclin E induction. The role of p53 in nickel-induced G(2)/M arrest was excluded, respecting that its protein level, ser(15) phosphorylation, and transcriptional activity were not changed in nickel response. Further study revealed that cyclin A was not activated in nickel response, and cyclin B1, which not only promotes G(2)/M transition but also prevents M-phase exit of cells if not degraded in time, was up-regulated by nickel through a manner independent of hypoxia-inducible factor. More importantly, our results verified that overexpressed cyclin B1, veiling the effect of cyclin D1 or cyclin E, mediated nickel-caused M-phase blockage and cell growth inhibition, which may render pulmonary cells more sensitive to DNA damage and facilitates cancer initiation. These results will not only deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in nickel carcinogenecity, but also lead to the further study on chemoprevention of nickel-associated human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ding
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Guoping He
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Gong
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wen
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sun
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beifang Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology of Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanna Huang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wu
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Mengchao Wu
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology of Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Goodman JE, Prueitt RL, Dodge DG, Thakali S. Carcinogenicity assessment of water-soluble nickel compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:365-417. [PMID: 19514913 DOI: 10.1080/10408440902762777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
IARC is reassessing the human carcinogenicity of nickel compounds in 2009. To address the inconsistencies among results from studies of water-soluble nickel compounds, we conducted a weight-of-evidence analysis of the relevant epidemiological, toxicological, and carcinogenic mode-of-action data. We found the epidemiological evidence to be limited, in that some, but not all, data suggest that exposure to soluble nickel compounds leads to increased cancer risk in the presence of certain forms of insoluble nickel. Although there is no evidence that soluble nickel acts as a complete carcinogen in animals, there is limited evidence that suggests it may act as a tumor promoter. The mode-of-action data suggest that soluble nickel compounds will not be able to cause genotoxic effects in vivo because they cannot deliver sufficient nickel ions to nuclear sites of target cells. Although the mode-of-action data suggest several possible non-genotoxic effects of the nickel ion, it is unclear whether soluble nickel compounds can elicit these effects in vivo or whether these effects, if elicited, would result in tumor promotion. The mode-of-action data equally support soluble nickel as a promoter or as not being a causal factor in carcinogenesis at all. The weight of evidence does not indicate that soluble nickel compounds are complete carcinogens, and there is only limited evidence that they could act as tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Goodman
- Gradient Corporation, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Lushchak OV, Kubrak OI, Lozinsky OV, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Chromium(III) induces oxidative stress in goldfish liver and kidney. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 93:45-52. [PMID: 19395069 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the environment chromium is found mainly in two valence states-hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) and trivalent chromium (Cr3+). The present study evaluates the effects of Cr3+ exposure on goldfish by analyzing parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in liver and kidney of fish given 96 h exposures to Cr3+ concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/l in aquarium water. Cr3+ exposure did not alter two parameters of oxidative stress-protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxide concentrations in either organ. However, Cr3+ exposure did decrease total glutathione concentration in liver by 34-69% and in kidney to 36-49% of the respective control values. Oxidized GSSG content fell by similar percentages so that the ratio [GSSG]/[total glutathione] remained constant at all Cr3+ exposure levels except in liver under the highest, 10 mg/l, exposure level. In liver, exposure to 1-5 mg/l Cr3+ led to a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29-36%, and at 10 mg/l Cr3+ the reduction was 54%, whereas in kidney approximately 30% reductions in SOD activity were seen at concentrations 1 and 10 mg/l Cr3+. Catalase activity was not significantly affected by 1-5 mg/l Cr3+, but was reduced by 57 and 42% in liver and kidney, respectively. Chromium exposure also reduced the activity of glutathione-S-transferase in both organs by 17-50% but did not affect glutathione reductase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. A comparison of Cr3+ effects on goldfish liver and kidney metabolism indicates that the trivalent ion induces stronger oxidative stress than Cr6+ at the same concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh V Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Precarpathian National University Named After Vassyl Stefanyk, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine.
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Qiao H, Li L, Qu ZC, May JM. Cobalt-induced oxidant stress in cultured endothelial cells: prevention by ascorbate in relation to HIF-1alpha. Biofactors 2009; 35:306-13. [PMID: 19396871 PMCID: PMC2714551 DOI: 10.1002/biof.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to hypoxia by decreased degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha), accumulation of which leads to increased transcription of numerous proteins involved in cell growth and survival. Ascorbic acid prevents HIF-1alpha stabilization in many cell types, but the physiologic relevance of such effects is uncertain. Given their relevance for angiogenesis, endothelial cells in culture were used to evaluate the effects of ascorbate on HIF-1alpha expression induced by hypoxia and the hypoxia mimic cobalt. Although EA.hy926 cells in culture under oxygenated conditions did not contain ascorbate, HIF-1alpha expression was very low, showing that the vitamin is not necessary to suppress HIF-1alpha. On the other hand, hypoxia- or cobalt-induced HIF-1alpha expression/stabilization was almost completely suppressed by what are likely physiologic intracellular ascorbate concentrations. Increased HIF-1alpha expression was not associated with significant changes in expression of the SVCT2, the major transporter for ascorbate in these cells. Cobalt at concentrations sufficient to stabilize HIF-1alpha both oxidized intracellular ascorbate and induced an oxidant stress in the cells that was prevented by ascorbate. Whereas the interaction of ascorbate and cobalt is complex, the presence of physiologic low millimolar concentrations of ascorbate in endothelial cells effectively decreases HIF-1alpha expression and protects against cobalt-induced oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James M. May
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. James May, 7465 Medical Research Building IV, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0475. Tel. (615) 936-1653; Fax: (615) 936-1667. E-mail:
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Lushchak OV, Kubrak OI, Torous IM, Nazarchuk TY, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Trivalent chromium induces oxidative stress in goldfish brain. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:56-62. [PMID: 19162297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although information on the effects of Cr(6+) in biological systems is abundant, Cr(3+) has received less attention. Toxic effects of chromium compounds are partially associated with activation of redox processes. Recently we found that Cr(6+) induced oxidative stress in goldfish tissues and the glutathione system was shown to play a protective role. The present study aimed to investigate free radical processes in brain of goldfish exposed to CrCl(3). Trivalent chromium at a concentration of 50 mg L(-1) was lethal and therefore we chose to examine sublethal dosages of 1.0-10.0 mg L(-1) in aquarium water. The levels of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls (measures of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins) in brain increased after 96 h exposure of goldfish to Cr(3+). However, exposure to 1.0-10.0 mg L(-1) Cr(3+) decreased total glutathione concentration in brain by approximately 50-60%. Oxidized glutathione levels also fell by approximately 40-60% except at the 10.0 mg L(-1) dosage where they decreased by 85%. Therefore, 10.0 mg L(-1) Cr(3+) significantly reduced the ratio [GSSG]/[totalGSH] to 35% of the control value. Chromium treatment did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase, but reduced the activities of catalase by 55-62% and glutathione-S-transferase by 14-21%. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase were unchanged under any experimental conditions used. Therefore, it can be concluded that although Cr(3+) exposure induced oxidative stress in goldfish brain, it failed to enhance the efficiency of the antioxidant system in the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh V Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76025, Ukraine
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Di Pietro A, Visalli G, Munaò F, Baluce B, La Maestra S, Primerano P, Corigliano F, De Flora S. Oxidative damage in human epithelial alveolar cells exposed in vitro to oil fly ash transition metals. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:196-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kaczmarek M, Cachau RE, Topol IA, Kasprzak KS, Ghio A, Salnikow K. Metal ions-stimulated iron oxidation in hydroxylases facilitates stabilization of HIF-1 alpha protein. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:394-403. [PMID: 19074761 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of cells to several metal ions stabilizes HIF-1 alpha protein. However, the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. They may involve inhibition of hydroxylation by either substitution of iron by metal ions or by iron oxidation in the hydroxylases. Here we provide evidence supporting the latter mechanism. We show that HIF-1 alpha stabilization in human lung epithelial cells occurred following exposure to various metal and metalloid ions, including those that cannot substitute for iron in the hydroxylases. In each case addition of the reducing agent ascorbic acid (AA)* abolished HIF-1 alpha protein stabilization. To better understand the role of iron oxidation in hydroxylase inhibition and to define the role of AA in the enzyme recovery we applied molecular modeling techniques. Our results indicate that the energy required for iron substitution by Ni(II) in the enzyme is high and unlikely to be achieved in a biological system. Additionally, computer modeling allowed us to identify a tridentate coordination of AA with the enzyme-bound iron, which explains the specific demand for AA as the iron reductant. Thus, the stabilization of HIF-1 alpha by numerous metal ions that cannot substitute for iron in the enzyme, the alleviation of this effect by AA, and our computer modeling data support the hypothesis of iron oxidation in the hydroxylases following exposure to metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Lushchak OV, Kubrak OI, Nykorak MZ, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. The effect of potassium dichromate on free radical processes in goldfish: possible protective role of glutathione. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 87:108-114. [PMID: 18304661 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 96 h exposure to Cr(6+) (added as potassium dichromate) on the status of antioxidant defenses and markers of oxidative damage were evaluated in three tissues of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Fish exposure to high dichromate concentrations, 10 and 50mg/l, increased protein carbonyl levels in brain and liver, but not in kidney. Chromium exposure also increased concentrations of lipid peroxides in brain (at 5mg/l) and liver (10mg/l), but not in kidney. The concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) were higher in the liver of goldfish treated with 5-50mg/l Cr(6+) than in controls, but in kidney only the 5mg/l-treated group showed increased GSH levels. Dichromate at 1mg/l increased the concentration of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in liver and kidney by 80% and 60%, respectively, whereas at 10 and 50mg/l the levels of GSSG decreased by 50% in kidney. These results indicate that the dichromate concentrations used induced oxidation of lipids and proteins in goldfish tissues in a concentration- and tissue-specific manner. Also, the redox status of fish tissues was affected in a concentration- and tissue-specific manner. The activities of glutathione reductase increased in all three tissues in response to dichromate treatment, increasing by approximately 2-fold in brain and liver in goldfish treated with 50mg/l Cr(6+). Dichromate treatment did not change the activities of SOD, catalase or GST in brain, but reduced the activities of SOD in liver and kidney, and catalase in liver. The results suggest that the glutathione system may be responsible for protecting against the deleterious effects of dichromate in fish and indicate the possible development of an adaptive response during the 96 h treatment with the toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh V Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, 57 Shevchenko Street, Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine
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Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:28-44. [PMID: 17970581 PMCID: PMC2602826 DOI: 10.1021/tx700198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to nickel(II), chromium(VI), or inorganic arsenic (iAs) has long been known to increase cancer incidence among affected individuals. Recent epidemiological studies have found that carcinogenic risks associated with chromate and iAs exposures were substantially higher than previously thought, which led to major revisions of the federal standards regulating ambient and drinking water levels. Genotoxic effects of Cr(VI) and iAs are strongly influenced by their intracellular metabolism, which creates several reactive intermediates and byproducts. Toxic metals are capable of potent and surprisingly selective activation of stress-signaling pathways, which are known to contribute to the development of human cancers. Depending on the metal, ascorbate (vitamin C) has been found to act either as a strong enhancer or suppressor of toxic responses in human cells. In addition to genetic damage via both oxidative and nonoxidative (DNA adducts) mechanisms, metals can also cause significant changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications, leading to epigenetic silencing or reactivation of gene expression. In vitro genotoxicity experiments and recent animal carcinogenicity studies provided strong support for the idea that metals can act as cocarcinogens in combination with nonmetal carcinogens. Cocarcinogenic and comutagenic effects of metals are likely to stem from their ability to interfere with DNA repair processes. Overall, metal carcinogenesis appears to require the formation of specific metal complexes, chromosomal damage, and activation of signal transduction pathways promoting survival and expansion of genetically/epigenetically altered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Salnikow
- Konstantin Salnikow, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 538, Room 205 E, Frederick, MD 21702, Phone: 301-846-5623, Fax: 301-846-5946, E-mail:
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Anatoly Zhitkovich, Brown University, Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 70 Ship Street, Providence RI 02912, Phone: 401-863-2912, Fax: 401-863-9008, E-mail:
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Pagé EL, Chan DA, Giaccia AJ, Levine M, Richard DE. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha stabilization in nonhypoxic conditions: role of oxidation and intracellular ascorbate depletion. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 19:86-94. [PMID: 17942596 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-06-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a decisive element for the transcriptional regulation of many genes induced under low oxygen conditions. Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-1alpha, the active subunit of HIF-1, is hydroxylated on proline residues by specific HIF prolyl-hydroxylases, leading to ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. In hypoxia, hydroxylation and ubiquitination are blocked and HIF-1alpha accumulates in cells. Recent studies have shown that in normal oxygen conditions G-protein-coupled receptor agonists, including angiotensin (Ang) II and thrombin, potently induce and activate HIF-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. The current study identifies HIF-1alpha protein stabilization as a key mechanism for HIF-1 induction by Ang II. We show that hydroxylation on proline 402 is altered by Ang II, decreasing pVHL binding to HIF-1alpha and allowing HIF-1alpha protein to escape subsequent ubiquitination and degradation mechanisms. We show that HIF-1alpha stability is mediated through the Ang II-mediated generation of hydrogen peroxide and a subsequent decrease in ascorbate levels, leading to decreased HIF prolyl-hydroxylase activity and HIF-1alpha stabilization. These findings identify novel and intricate signaling mechanisms involved in HIF-1 complex activation and will lead to the elucidation of the importance of HIF-1 in different Ang II-related cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth L Pagé
- Centre de recherche de L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
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