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Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Singh AK, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Al Othaim A, Begum SS, Ahmad F, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102224. [PMID: 38346505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kanna
- Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Guntur 522034, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Departement of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi 626140, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Zhu Y, Hu Z, Liu Y, Yan T, Liu L, Wang Y, Bai B. AChE activity self-breathing control mechanisms regulated by H 2S n and GSH: Persulfidation and glutathionylation on sulfhydryl after disulfide bonds cleavage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129117. [PMID: 38211930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), or dihydrogen sulfane (H2Sn), acts as a signal molecule through the beneficial mechanism of persulfidation, known as the post-translational transformation of cysteine residues to persulfides. We previously reported that Glutathione (GSH) could regulate enzyme activity through S-desulfurization or glutathionylation of residues to generate protein-SG or protein-SSG, releasing H2S. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which H2Sn and GSH affect the disulfide bonds. In this study, we provide direct evidences that H2Sn and GSH modify the sulfhydryl group on Cys272, which forms disulfide bonds in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), to generate Cys-SSH and Cys-SSG, respectively. Glutathionylation of disulfide is a two-step reaction based on nucleophilic substitution, in which the first CS bond is broken, then the SS bond is broken to release H2S. H2Sn and GSH controlled self-breathing motion in enzyme catalysis by disconnecting specific disulfide bonds and modifying cysteine residues, thereby regulating AChE activity. Here, we elucidated H2Sn and GSH mechanisms on disulfide in the AChE system and proposed a self-breathing control theory induced by H2Sn and GSH. These theoretical findings shed light on the biological functions of H2Sn and GSH on sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds and enrich the theory of enzyme activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhaoliang Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Tingcai Yan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Bing Bai
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Shah MA, Faheem HI, Hamid A, Yousaf R, Haris M, Saleem U, Shah GM, Alhasani RH, Althobaiti NA, Alsharif I, Silva AS. The entrancing role of dietary polyphenols against the most frequent aging-associated diseases. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:235-274. [PMID: 37486109 DOI: 10.1002/med.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Aging, a fundamental physiological process influenced by innumerable biological and genetic pathways, is an important driving factor for several aging-associated disorders like diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the modern era, the several mechanisms associated with aging have been deeply studied. Treatment and therapeutics for age-related diseases have also made considerable advances; however, for the effective and long-lasting treatment, nutritional therapy particularly including dietary polyphenols from the natural origin are endorsed. These dietary polyphenols (e.g., apigenin, baicalin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, quercetin, resveratrol, and theaflavin), and many other phytochemicals target certain molecular, genetic mechanisms. The most common pathways of age-associated diseases are mitogen-activated protein kinase, reactive oxygen species production, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways, metal chelation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inflammation. Polyphenols slow down the course of aging and help in combatting age-linked disorders. This exemplified in the form of clinical trials on specific dietary polyphenols in various aging-associated diseases. With this context in mind, this review reveals the new insights to slow down the aging process, and consequently reduce some classic diseases associated with age such as aforementioned, and targeting age-associated diseases by the activities of dietary polyphenols of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hafiza Ishmal Faheem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Yousaf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haris
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Health and Biological Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Reem H Alhasani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Althobaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Al-Quwaiiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de St Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhao Y, Li L, Ye Q, Gong Y, Yang R, Liu H. Reaction-Activated Disassembly of the NIR-II Probe Enables Fast Detection and Ratiometric Photoacoustic Imaging of Glutathione In Vivo. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14043-14051. [PMID: 37677104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant nonprotein biothiol, is a significant endogenous molecule that plays a key role in redox equilibrium in vivo and is regarded as a critical biomarker of cancer. Currently, various fluorescent probes have been designed and synthesized for imaging GSH at the cellular level in the visible range and the first near-infrared window (NIR-I, 750-900 nm). However, the application of these fluorescent probes for bioimaging and biosensing in vivo has been extremely hindered by the high biobackground and low tissue penetration. Herein, based on the self-assembly and disassembly of J-aggregation, we designed and synthesized a GSH-activatable probe MC-PSE for second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescence and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging of GSH in vivo. The anionic cyanine-based MC-PSE tends to form stable J-aggregates in an aqueous solution. Upon the reaction with GSH, the J-aggregates of MC-PSE disassembled, the emission peak intensity of MC-PSE at 940 nm significantly increased by about 20 times, and the PA900/PA980 ratio increased by 4 times within 15 min in vitro. Notably, we used MC-PSE to visualize GSH in tumor-bearing mice and to distinguish normal and tumor areas successfully by virtue of NIR-II FL and PA dual-modal imaging. The design strategy of MC-PSE provides a novel method for ratiometric photoacoustic imaging, and MC-PSE is expected to be a powerful tool for the accurate detection of GSH in cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qiaozhen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Shu W, Yu J, Wang H, Yu A, Xiao L, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wu Y. Rational design of a reversible fluorescent probe for sensing GSH in mitochondria. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1220:340081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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A novel selective probe for detecting glutathione from other biothiols based on the concept of Fluorescence Fusion. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1177:338786. [PMID: 34482889 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological thiols importantly regulate the intracellular redox activity and metabolic level, but many of the developed probes for biothiols are facing difficulty in effectively distinguishing GSH from Cys/Hcy due to the similarity in mechanism. In this work, despite the previous pattern of "Logic Gate", we reported the concept of "Fluorescence Fusion" for the first time to achieve only one excitation-emission process. The exploited the probe, MZ-NBD, could quickly measure GSH in 10 min with a large Stokes shift (130 nm). Though the reacting mechanism was similar, only GSH could cause the "Fluorescence Fusion" with only one strong fluorescence response while Cys/Hcy caused two peaks. Adjusting the excitation wavelength could hardly split the fused peak into two. Though image recognition by artificial intelligence could easily distinguish the patterns of peaks, here we used the signal-treating method to realize the high selectivity towards GSH. Moreover, MZ-NBD could be utilized for rapid detection of GSH in living MCF-7 cells, which was more suitable for GSH than using the "Logic Gate" strategy. More than introducing a novel probe with the new concept, this work was meaningful as the linker of traditional reaction-based fluorescent probes and potential image recognition by artificial intelligence, thus led to various future researches in inter-disciplines.
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Dithiophosphate-Induced Redox Conversions of Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102973. [PMID: 34067789 PMCID: PMC8157023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus species are potent modulators of physicochemical and bioactive properties of peptide compounds. O,O-diorganyl dithiophoshoric acids (DTP) form bioactive salts with nitrogen-containing biomolecules; however, their potential as a peptide modifier is poorly known. We synthesized amphiphilic ammonium salts of O,O-dimenthyl DTP with glutathione, a vital tripeptide with antioxidant, protective and regulatory functions. DTP moiety imparted radical scavenging activity to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), modulated the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) and profoundly improved adsorption and electrooxidation of both glutathione salts on graphene oxide modified electrode. According to NMR spectroscopy and GC–MS, the dithiophosphates persisted against immediate dissociation in an aqueous solution accompanied by hydrolysis of DTP moiety into phosphoric acid, menthol and hydrogen sulfide as well as in situ thiol-disulfide conversions in peptide moieties due to the oxidation of GSH and reduction of GSSG. The thiol content available in dissolved GSH dithiophosphate was more stable during air oxidation compared with free GSH. GSH and the dithiophosphates, unlike DTP, caused a thiol-dependent reduction of MTS tetrazolium salt. The results for the first time suggest O,O-dimenthyl DTP as a redox modifier for glutathione, which releases hydrogen sulfide and induces biorelevant redox conversions of thiol/disulfide groups.
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Cascella R, Cecchi C. Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094914. [PMID: 34066371 PMCID: PMC8124842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid β-protein deposition in senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles consisting of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, and neuronal loss leading to cognitive decline and dementia. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms underlying AD remain unknown and effective treatment is not available. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain AD pathophysiology; however, there is general consensus that the abnormal aggregation of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is the initial event triggering a pathogenic cascade of degenerating events in cholinergic neurons. The dysregulation of calcium homeostasis has been studied considerably to clarify the mechanisms of neurodegeneration induced by Aβ. Intracellular calcium acts as a second messenger and plays a key role in the regulation of neuronal functions, such as neural growth and differentiation, action potential, and synaptic plasticity. The calcium hypothesis of AD posits that activation of the amyloidogenic pathway affects neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and the mechanisms responsible for learning and memory. Aβ can disrupt Ca2+ signaling through several mechanisms, by increasing the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space and by activating its release from intracellular stores. Here, we review the different molecular mechanisms and receptors involved in calcium dysregulation in AD and possible therapeutic strategies for improving the treatment.
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Diab RT, Abdel-Sami ZK, Abdel-Aal EH, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abo-Dya NE. Design and synthesis of a new series of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as potential colchicine binding site inhibitors: antiproliferative activity, molecular docking, and SAR studies. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel oxadiazole candidates as potential colchicine binding site inhibitors: antiproliferative activity, molecular docking, and sar studie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana T. Diab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Zakaria K. Abdel-Sami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Eatedal H. Abdel-Aal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Nader E. Abo-Dya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Tobore TO. On the Etiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Theoretical Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:417-437. [PMID: 30775973 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimers' disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, with an estimated 5 million new cases occurring annually. Among the elderly, AD shortens life expectancy, results in disability, decreases quality of life, and ultimately, leads to institutionalization. Despite extensive research in the last few decades, its heterogeneous pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis have made it difficult to develop an effective treatment and prevention strategy. Aging is the biggest risk factor for AD and evidence suggest that the total number of older people in the population is going to increase astronomically in the next decades. Also, there is evidence that air pollution and increasing income inequality may result in higher incidence and prevalence of AD. This makes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease extremely critical. In this paper, a quintuple framework of thyroid dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, sex hormones, and mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress are used to provide a comprehensive description of AD etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. The individual role of each factor, their synergistic and genetic interactions, as well as the limitations of the framework are discussed.
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Sokolova SV, Sozarukova MM, Khannanova AN, Grishina NK, Portnova GV, Proskurnina EV. [Antioxidant status in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:82-87. [PMID: 32678552 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the antioxidant profile of blood plasma in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease (AD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-three patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 18 patients with AD were included in the study. Patients with schizophrenia were stratified into two subgroups by response to therapy. The indicators of the antioxidant profile were determined using methods based on chemiluminometry and spectrofluorimetry. RESULTS Systemic oxidative stress due to insufficiency of low molecular weight plasma antioxidants is not determined neither in AD nor in treatment resistant schizophrenia. At the same time, a «thiol» oxidative stress, which indirectly indicates a deficiency of the glutathione system, is present in both groups. In patients with paranoid schizophrenia responsive to treatment, systemic oxidative stress is more pronounced and «thiol» oxidative stress is less significant. Among the antipsychotics studied, haloperidol, zuclopenthixol, risperidone and ziprasidone do not exhibit antioxidant properties, but periciazine, clozapine and especially chlorpromazine exhibit strong antioxidant properties, but they unlikely affect the antioxidant potential of blood plasma. CONCLUSIONS The glutathione part of the antioxidant system is mostly affected, but systemic oxidative stress is not significant in patients with treatment resistant paranoid schizophrenia and AD. Oxidative disorders are more pronounced in treatment responsive paranoid schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Sokolova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Medical Research and Educational Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - M M Sozarukova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Khannanova
- Gilyarovsky Psychiatric Hospital, the branch of the Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 4 of the Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - N K Grishina
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Portnova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Mao Y, Xu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Du H, Liu L, Ding R, Liu G. A GSH Fluorescent Probe with a Large Stokes Shift and Its Application in Living Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5348. [PMID: 31817200 PMCID: PMC6960701 DOI: 10.3390/s19245348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular GSH is the most abundant non-protein biothiol and acts as a central antioxidant to defend against aging toxins and radicals. Meanwhile abnormal level of intracellular GSH concentration is directly related to some diseases. In this case, detecting intracellular GSH rapidly and sensitively is of great significance. We synthesize a simple fluorescent probe (named GP) which can discriminate GSH from Cys (cysteine) or Hcy (homocysteine) and presents a 50-fold fluorescence increasing. The response time of GP to GSH was only 5 min and the product GO (the product of GP after reacting with GSH) after reacting with GSH possesses a larger Stokes shift for 135 nm than that in reported work. Probe GP can detect intracellular effectively and shows obvious yellow fluorescence. Briefly, probe GP can detect intracellular GSH rapidly and effectively both in vitro and in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yediao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Huanhuan Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Ran Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China; (Y.X.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (H.D.); (L.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Guodong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233030, China
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Bartoccini F, Mari M, Retini M, Fraternale A, Piersanti G. Large-Scale Preparation of N-Butanoyl- l-glutathione (C4-GSH). Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Gluos s.r.l., Piazza Brancaleoni, 1, 61049 Urbania, Italy
| | - Michele Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Gluos s.r.l., Piazza Brancaleoni, 1, 61049 Urbania, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Gluos s.r.l., Piazza Brancaleoni, 1, 61049 Urbania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Gluos s.r.l., Piazza Brancaleoni, 1, 61049 Urbania, Italy
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Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From a Mitochondrial Point of View. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2105607. [PMID: 31210837 PMCID: PMC6532273 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for a number of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which increasing numbers of elderly individuals suffer. These pathological conditions are characterized by progressive loss of neuron cells, compromised motor or cognitive functions, and accumulation of abnormally aggregated proteins. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main features of the aging process, particularly in organs requiring a high-energy source such as the heart, muscles, brain, or liver. Neurons rely almost exclusively on the mitochondria, which produce the energy required for most of the cellular processes, including synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter synthesis. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress and damage, because of its high oxygen consumption, low antioxidant defenses, and high content of polyunsaturated fats very prone to be oxidized. Thus, it is not surprising the importance of protecting systems, including antioxidant defenses, to maintain neuronal integrity and survival. Here, we review the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the aging process, with a specific focus on neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involving mitochondria and oxidative stress in the aging and neurodegeneration may help to identify new strategies for improving the health and extending lifespan.
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Tobore TO. On the central role of mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1527-1540. [PMID: 30982132 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia, with approximately 5 million new cases occurring annually. Despite decades of research, its complex pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis presents a major hindrance to the development of an effective treatment and prevention strategy. Aging is the biggest risk factor for the development of AD, and the total number of older people in the population is going to significantly increase in the next decades, suggesting that AD incidence and prevalence is likely to increase in the future. This makes the need for a better understanding of the disease to be extremely urgent. METHODS A search was done by accessing PubMed/Medline, EBSCO, and PsycINFO databases. The search string used was "(dementia* OR Alzheimer's) AND (pathophysiology* OR pathogenesis)". New key terms were identified (new term included "vitamin D, thyroid hormone, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, testosterone, estrogen, melatonin, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, amyloid-β (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau"). The electronic databases were searched for titles or abstracts containing these terms in all published articles between January 1, 1965, and January 31, 2019. The search was limited to studies published in English and other languages involving both animal and human subjects. RESULTS Mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress play a critical role in AD etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. CONCLUSION AD treatment and prevention strategies must be geared towards improving mitochondrial function and attenuating oxidative stress.
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Glutathione-mimetic D609 alleviates memory deficits and reduces amyloid-β deposition in an AβPP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. Neuroreport 2019; 29:833-838. [PMID: 29672445 PMCID: PMC5999370 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Excessive extracellular deposition of amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Oxidative stress is associated with the onset and progression of AD and contributes to Aβ generation. Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is a glutathione (GSH)-mimetic compound. Although the antioxidant properties of D609 have been well-studied, its potential therapeutic significance on AD remains unclear. In the present study, we used a mouse model of AD to investigate the effects and the mechanism of action of D609 on AD. We found that D609 treatment significantly improved the spatial learning and alleviated the memory decline in the mice harboring amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) double mutations (AβPP/PS1 mice). D609 treatment also increased GSH level, GSH and oxidative glutathione ratio, and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels, suggesting that D609 alleviated oxidative stress in AβPP/PS1 mice. In addition, D609 reduced β-secretase 1 level and decreased amyloidogenic processing of AβPP, consequently reducing Aβ deposition in the mice. Thus, our findings suggest that D609 might produce beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Feng LD, Tian Y, Wang X, Dai R, Cai S, Cao YJ, Si YC. Therapy of Dredging the Bowels Enhanced the Neuroprotective Effect of Nourishing Kidney Herbs on Hippocampal Cholinergic System in Alzheimer's Disease Model Rat Induced by A β 1-42. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:3282385. [PMID: 30298092 PMCID: PMC6157172 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3282385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy of nourishing kidney has been used for treating memory deficits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for thousands of years based on traditional Chinese medicine. However, we found the therapy of dredging the bowels could alleviate both memory deficits and mental symptoms of AD in clinic. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the therapy of dredging the bowels could enhance the neuroprotective effect of nourishing kidney herbs for treating AD rats, and to explore the underlying mechanism of the combination of nourishing kidney and dredging the bowels (NKDB) herbs. METHODS 60 rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group (SOG), model group (MG), nourishing kidney group (NKG), dredging the bowels group (DBG), nourishing kidney and dredging the bowels group (NKDBG), and donepezil hydrochloride group (DHG). The model establishment was performed by injecting Aβ 1-42 into the hippocampal CA1 region. Animals received aqueous solution of Chinese herbal medicine or western medicine while SOG received only distilled water. Ability of learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze. Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and positive cells in the hippocampus were detected by the biochemical and immunofluorescent assay. RESULTS All rats were in the same baseline. While after model establishment, ability of learning and memory of MG, NKG, DBG, NKDBG, and DHG were significantly impaired compared with SOG. Whereas after treatment, ability of learning and memory of NKG, DBG, NKDBG, and DHG were significantly improved compared with MG. Additionally, AChE activity of NKG, DBG, and NKDBG was significantly decreased, meanwhile ChAT activity showed an increased tendency. The number of AChE-positive cells and ChAT-positive cells of both NKDBG and DHG were significantly decreased and increased respectively, superior to those when compared with NKG and DBG. What's more, there was no significant difference between NKDBG and DHG. CONCLUSION Therapy of dredging the bowels could enhance the neuroprotective effect of nourishing kidney herbs by reversing morphological damage of hippocampal cholinergic system. Furthermore, treatment with NKDB herbs could be effectively against AD, providing a practical therapeutic strategy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Da Feng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University, Boston MA, 02111, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center of TCM Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Run Dai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Song Cai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu-Jia Cao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yin-Chu Si
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Gaucher C, Boudier A, Bonetti J, Clarot I, Leroy P, Parent M. Glutathione: Antioxidant Properties Dedicated to Nanotechnologies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E62. [PMID: 29702624 PMCID: PMC5981248 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Which scientist has never heard of glutathione (GSH)? This well-known low-molecular-weight tripeptide is perhaps the most famous natural antioxidant. However, the interest in GSH should not be restricted to its redox properties. This multidisciplinary review aims to bring out some lesser-known aspects of GSH, for example, as an emerging tool in nanotechnologies to achieve targeted drug delivery. After recalling the biochemistry of GSH, including its metabolism pathways and redox properties, its involvement in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling is described. Analytical methods for the dosage and localization of GSH or glutathiolated proteins are also covered. Finally, the various therapeutic strategies to replenish GSH stocks are discussed, in parallel with its use as an addressing molecule in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane Boudier
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Igor Clarot
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Pierre Leroy
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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Akhmadishina RA, Garifullin R, Petrova NV, Kamalov MI, Abdullin TI. Triphenylphosphonium Moiety Modulates Proteolytic Stability and Potentiates Neuroprotective Activity of Antioxidant Tetrapeptides in Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:115. [PMID: 29520232 PMCID: PMC5827532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although delocalized lipophilic cations have been identified as effective cellular and mitochondrial carriers for a range of natural and synthetic drug molecules, little is known about their effects on pharmacological properties of peptides. The effect of triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation on bioactivity of antioxidant tetrapeptides based on the model opioid YRFK motif was studied. Two tetrapeptide variants with L-arginine (YRFK) and D-arginine (YrFK) were synthesized and coupled with carboxyethyl-TPP (TPP-3) and carboxypentyl-TPP (TPP-6) units. The TPP moiety noticeably promoted YRFK cleavage by trypsin, but effectively prevented digestion of more resistant YrFK attributed, respectively, to structure-organizing and shielding effects of the TPP cation on conformational variants of the tetrapeptide motif. The TPP moiety enhanced radical scavenging activity of the modified YRFK in a model Fenton-like reaction, whereas decreased reactivity was revealed for both YrFK and its TPP derivative. The starting motifs and modified oligopeptides, especially the TPP-6 derivatives, suppressed acute oxidative stress in neuronal PC-12 cells during a brief exposure similarly with glutathione. The effect of oligopeptides was compared upon culturing of PC-12 cells with CoCl2, L-glutamic acid, or menadione to mimic physiologically relevant oxidative states. The cytoprotective activity of oligopeptides significantly depended on the type of oxidative factor, order of treatment and peptide structure. Pronounced cell-protective effect was established for the TPP-modified oligopeptides, which surpassed that of the unmodified motifs. The protease-resistant TPP-modified YrFK showed the highest activity when administered 24 h prior to the cell damage. Our results suggest that the TPP cation can be used as a modifier for small therapeutic peptides to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezeda A. Akhmadishina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ruslan Garifullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Natalia V. Petrova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marat I. Kamalov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Timur I. Abdullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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20
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Chen C, Zheng Y, Wu T, Wu C, Cheng X. Oral administration of grape seed polyphenol extract restores memory deficits in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:207-213. [PMID: 27984208 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) has been recognized as an important cause of both vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the two most prominent neurodegenerative diseases causing memory impairment in the elderly. However, an effective therapy for CCH-induced memory impairment has not yet been established. Grape seed polyphenol extract (GSPE) has powerful antioxidant properties and protects neurons and glia during ischemic injury, but its potential use in the prevention of CCH-induced memory impairment has not yet been investigated. Here, CCH-related memory impairment was modeled in rats using permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. A Morris water maze task was used to evaluate memory, the levels of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine were used to evaluate cholinergic function, and oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malonic dialdehyde, and catalase. We found that oral administration of GSPE for 1 month can rescue memory deficits. We also found that GSPE restores cholinergic neuronal function and represses oxidative damage in the hippocampus of CCH rats. We propose that GSPE protects memory in CCH rats by reducing ischemia-induced oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction. These findings provide a novel application of GSPE in CCH-related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
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21
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Akhmadishina RA, Kuznetsova EV, Sadrieva GR, Sabirzyanova LR, Nizamov IS, Akhmedova GR, Nizamov ID, Abdullin TI. Glutathione salts of O,O-diorganyl dithiophosphoric acids: Synthesis and study as redox modulating and antiproliferative compounds. Peptides 2018; 99:179-188. [PMID: 28993278 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of glutathione (GSH) with O,O-diorganyl dithiophosphoric acids (DTPA) were studied to develop bioactive derivatives of GSH. Effective coupling reaction of GSH with DTPA was proposed to produce the ammonium dithiophosphates (GSH-DTPA) between the NH2 group in γ-glutamyl residue of GSH and the SH group in DTPA. A series of the GSH-DTPA salts based on O-alkyl or O-monoterpenyl substituted DTPA were synthesized. Enhanced radical scavenging activity of the GSH-DTPA over GSH was established with the use of DPPH assay and improved fluorescent assay which utilizes Co/H2O2 Fenton-like reaction. Similarly to GSH, the dithiophosphates induced both pro- and antioxidant effects in vitro attributed to different cellular availability of the compounds. Whereas extracellularly applied GSH greatly stimulated proliferation of cancer cells (PC-3, vinblastine-resistant MCF-7 cells), the GSH-DTPA exhibited antiproliferative activity, which was pronounced for the O-menthyl and O-isopinocampheolyl substituted compounds 3d and 3e (IC50≥1μM). Our results show that the GSH-DTPA are promising redox modulating and antiproliferative compounds. The approach proposed can be extended to modification and improvement of bioactivity of various natural and synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezeda A Akhmadishina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia
| | - Elena V Kuznetsova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia
| | - Gulnaz R Sadrieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia
| | - Leysan R Sabirzyanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia
| | - Ilyas S Nizamov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia.
| | - Gulnaz R Akhmedova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia
| | - Ilnar D Nizamov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia
| | - Timur I Abdullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Russia.
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Arenas F, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking and Impact in Neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:382. [PMID: 29204109 PMCID: PMC5698305 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a critical component of membrane bilayers where it plays key structural and functional roles by regulating the activity of diverse signaling platforms and pathways. Particularly enriched in brain, cholesterol homeostasis in this organ is singular with respect to other tissues and exhibits a heterogeneous regulation in distinct brain cell populations. Due to the key role of cholesterol in brain physiology and function, alterations in cholesterol homeostasis and levels have been linked to brain diseases and neurodegeneration. In the case of Alzheimer disease (AD), however, this association remains unclear with evidence indicating that either increased or decreased total brain cholesterol levels contribute to this major neurodegenerative disease. Here, rather than analyzing the role of total cholesterol levels in neurodegeneration, we focus on the contribution of intracellular cholesterol pools, particularly in endolysosomes and mitochondria through its trafficking via specialized membrane domains delineated by the contacts between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, in the onset of prevalent neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, Parkinson disease, and Huntington disease as well as in lysosomal disorders like Niemann-Pick type C disease. We dissect molecular events associated with intracellular cholesterol accumulation, especially in mitochondria, an event that results in impaired mitochondrial antioxidant defense and function. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the distribution of cholesterol in intracellular compartments may shed light on the role of cholesterol homeostasis disruption in neurodegeneration and may pave the way for specific intervention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Arenas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit and Hospital Clinic I Provincial, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit and Hospital Clinic I Provincial, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
- Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C. Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit and Hospital Clinic I Provincial, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
- Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01226-17. [PMID: 28760906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01226-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the most effective regimen for therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). As many patients with PCP are allergic or do not respond to it, efforts have been devoted to develop alternative therapies for PCP. We have found that the combination of vitamin D3 (VitD3) (300 IU/kg/day) and primaquine (PMQ) (5 mg/kg/day) was as effective as TMP-SMX for therapy of PCP. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which vitamin D enhances the efficacy of PMQ. C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed by CD4+ cell depletion, infected with Pneumocystismurina for 8 weeks, and then treated for 9 days with the combination of VitD3 and PMQ (VitD3-PMQ) or with TMP-SMX or PMQ to serve as controls. The results showed that vitamin D supplementation increased the number of CD11c+ cells, suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and enhanced the expression of genes related to antioxidation (glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin), and autophagy (ATG5 and beclin-1). These results suggest that the main action of vitamin D is enhancing the ability of the host to defend against Pneumocystis infection.
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Zhao C, Zhang H, Li H, Lv C, Liu X, Li Z, Xin W, Wang Y, Zhang W. Geniposide ameliorates cognitive deficits by attenuating the cholinergic defect and amyloidosis in middle-aged Alzheimer model mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 116:18-29. [PMID: 27940040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory deficits and cognitive decline. Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and cholinergic defect are widely thought to be the underlying mechanism of learning and memory impairment. Geniposide, which is the main active component of the traditional Chinese herbal Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, elicits neuroprotective effects by alleviating inflammation responses and oxidative damages. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of geniposide on levels of cholinergic markers, RAGE, RAGE-dependent signalling pathways and amyloid accumulation in the APPswe/PS1dE9 AD model mouse. Geniposide suppressed MAPK signaling over-activation mediated by Aβ-RAGE interaction, resulting in reduced Aβ accumulation and amelioration of cholinergic deficits in the cerebral hippocampus. Furthermore, geniposide inhibited the toxic effect of oligomeric Aβ1-42 induced cholinergic deficit by increasing ChAT levels and activity but decreasing AChE activity in cultured primary hippocampal neurons. These results indicated that geniposide enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission, which likely contributes to its memory enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hang Li
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Cui Lv
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenfeng Xin
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical, Yun Nan Province, Kunming 650000, China.
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical, Yun Nan Province, Kunming 650000, China.
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Kim J, Cho CH, Hahn HG, Choi SY, Cho SW. Neuroprotective effects of N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine against amyloid β-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampus. Brain Res Bull 2016; 128:22-28. [PMID: 27816554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine (KHG26693) suppresses amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuronal oxidative damage in cortical neurons. Here we investigated the mechanism and antioxidative function of KHG26693 in the hippocampus of Aβ-treated mice. KHG26693 significantly attenuated Aβ-induced TNF-α and IL-1β enhancements. KHG26693 decreased Aβ-mediated malondialdehyde formation, protein oxidation, and reactive oxygen species by decreasing the iNOS level. KHG26693 suppressed Aβ-induced oxidative stress through a mechanism involving glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and GSH attenuation. Aβ-induced MMP-2, cPLA2, and pcPLA2 expressions were almost completely attenuated by KHG26693 treatment, suggesting that Aβ-induced oxidative stress reduction by KHG26693 is, at least partly, caused by the downregulation of MMP-2 and cPLA2 activation. Compared with Aβ treatment, KHG26693 treatment upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions, suggesting that KHG26693 protects the brain from Aβ-induced oxidative damage, likely by maintaining redox balance through Nrf2/HO-1 pathway regulation. KHG26693 significantly attenuated Aβ-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus of Aβ-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoh-Gyu Hahn
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02456, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Couto N, Wood J, Barber J. The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:27-42. [PMID: 26923386 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article we examine the role of glutathione reductase in the regulation, modulation and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis. Glutathione reductase is responsible for maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione; one of the most abundant reducing thiols in the majority of cells. In its reduced form, glutathione plays key roles in the cellular control of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species act as intracellular and extracellular signalling molecules and complex cross talk between levels of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidised and reduced glutathione and other thiols, and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase determine the most suitable conditions for redox control within a cell or for activation of programmed cell death. Additionally, we discuss the translation and expression of glutathione reductase in a number of organisms including yeast and humans. In yeast and human cells, a single gene expresses more than one form of glutathione reductase, destined for residence in the cytoplasm or for translocation to different organelles; in plants, however, two genes encoding this protein have been described. In general, insects and kinetoplastids (a group of protozoa, including Plasmodia and Trypanosoma) do not express glutathione reductase or glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Instead, they express either the thioredoxin system or the trypanothione system. The thioredoxin system is also present in organisms that have the glutathione system and there may be overlapping functions with cross-talk between the two systems. Finally we evaluate therapeutic targets to overcome oxidative stress associated cellular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Cho CH, Kim EA, Kim J, Choi SY, Yang SJ, Cho SW. N-Adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine suppresses amyloid β-induced neuronal oxidative damage in cortical neurons. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:678-90. [PMID: 27002191 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1167277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine (KHG26693) successfully reduced the production of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells by increasing their antioxidant capacity. However, antioxidative effects of KHG26693 against Aβ (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress have not yet been reported. In the present study, we further investigated the antioxidative function of KHG26693 in Aβ-mediated primary cultured cortical neurons. We showed here that KHG26693 attenuated Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, elevation of caspase-3 expression, and impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential in cultured primary cortical neurons. KHG26693 also decreases the Aβ-mediated formation of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and NO production by decreasing nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase level. Moreover, KHG26693 suppress the Aβ-induced oxidative stress through a possible mechanism involving attenuation of GSH and antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Finally, pretreatment of cortical neurons with KHG26693 significantly reduced the Aβ-induced protein oxidation and nitration. To our knowledge, this is the first report, showing that KHG26693 significantly attenuates Aβ-induced oxidative stress in primary cortical neurons, and may prove attractive strategies to reduce Aβ-induced neural cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hun Cho
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-A Kim
- b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science , Konyang University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiae Kim
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- c Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology , Hallym University , Chunchon , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Yang
- b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science , Konyang University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Zou J, Cai PS, Xiong CM, Ruan JL. Neuroprotective effect of peptides extracted from walnut (Juglans Sigilata Dode) proteins on Aβ25-35-induced memory impairment in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:21-30. [PMID: 26838735 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders of the elderly, which is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide in human brains. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ in brain are increasingly considered to be responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. The present study aimed to determine the protective effects of walnut peptides against the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ25-35 in vivo. Briefly, the AD model was induced by injecting Aβ25-35 into bilateral hippocampi of mice. The animals were treated with distilled water or walnut peptides (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) for five consecutive weeks. Spatial learning and memory abilities of mice were investigated by Morris water maze test and step-down avoidance test. To further explore the underlying mechanisms of the neuroprotectivity of walnut peptides, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the level of nitric oxide (NO) in the hippocampus of mice were measured by spectrophotometric method. In addition, the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the samples were determined using ELISA. The hippocampal expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. The results showed that walnut peptides supplementation effectively ameliorated the cognitive deficits and memory impairment of mice. Meanwhile, our study also revealed effective restoration of levels of antioxidant enzymes as well as inflammatory mediators with supplementation of walnut peptides (400 or 800 mg/kg). All the above findings suggested that walnut peptides may have a protective effect on AD by reducing inflammatory responses and modulating antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Pei-Shan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chao-Mei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin-Lan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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29
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Calamai M, Evangelisti E, Cascella R, Parenti N, Cecchi C, Stefani M, Pavone F. Single molecule experiments emphasize GM1 as a key player of the different cytotoxicity of structurally distinct Aβ1-42 oligomers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:386-92. [PMID: 26656159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that cytotoxic Aβ oligomers are the key factor that triggers the initial tissue and cell modifications eventually culminating in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ1-42 oligomers display a high degree of polymorphism, and several structurally different oligomers have been described. Amongst them, two types, recently classified as A+ and A-, have been shown to possess similar size but distinct toxic properties, as a consequence of their biophysical and structural differences. Here, we have investigated by means of single molecule tracking the oligomer mobility on the plasma membrane of living neuroblastoma cells and the interaction with the ganglioside GM1, a component of membrane rafts. We have found that A+ and A- oligomers display a similar lateral diffusion on the plasma membrane of living cells. However, only the toxic A+ oligomers appear to interact and alter the mobility of GM1. We have also studied the lateral diffusion of each kind of oligomers in cells depleted or enriched in GM1. We found that the content of GM1 influences the diffusion of both types of oligomer, although the effect of the increased levels of GM1 is higher for the A+ type. Interestingly, the content of GM1 also affects significantly the mobility of GM1 molecules themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Calamai
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Largo Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisa Evangelisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Clinche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Cascella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Clinche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Niccoló Parenti
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Clinche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario per lo Studio delle Malattie Neurodegenerative (CIMN), 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Clinche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario per lo Studio delle Malattie Neurodegenerative (CIMN), 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Fu K, Wang QF, Zhan FX, Yang L, Yang Q, Zheng GX. An Improved Process for Preparation of S-Acetyl- l-glutathione. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xu Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Geng-Xiu Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, P.R. China
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Liu A, Zhao X, Li H, Liu Z, Liu B, Mao X, Guo L, Bi K, Jia Y. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, an antioxidant agent from Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. improves cognitive impairment in Aβ1–42 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:719-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cascella R, Evangelisti E, Zampagni M, Becatti M, D'Adamio G, Goti A, Liguri G, Fiorillo C, Cecchi C. S-linolenoyl glutathione intake extends life-span and stress resistance via Sir-2.1 upregulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:127-35. [PMID: 24835770 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a prominent role in life-span regulation of living organisms. One of the endogenous free radical scavenger systems is associated with glutathione (GSH), the most abundant nonprotein thiol in mammalian cells, acting as a major reducing agent and in antioxidant defense by maintaining a tight control over redox status. We have recently designed a series of novel S-acyl-GSH derivatives capable of preventing amyloid oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease models, upon an increase in GSH intake. In this study we show that the longevity of the wild-type N2 Caenorhabditis elegans strain was significantly enhanced by dietary supplementation with linolenoyl-SG (lin-SG) thioester with respect to the ethyl ester of GSH, linolenic acid, or vitamin E. RNA interference analysis and activity inhibition assay indicate that life-span extension was mediated by the upregulation of Sir-2.1, a NAD-dependent histone deacetylase ortholog of mammalian SIRT1. In particular, lin-SG-mediated overexpression of Sir-2.1 appears to be related to the Daf-16 (FoxO) pathway. Moreover, the lin-SG derivative protects N2 worms from the paralysis and oxidative stress induced by Aβ/H2O2 exposure. Overall, our findings put forward lin-SG thioester as an antioxidant supplement triggering sirtuin upregulation, thus opening new future perspectives for healthy aging or delayed onset of oxidative-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cascella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Evangelisti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mariagioia Zampagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giampiero D'Adamio
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Liguri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Jujuboside A, a neuroprotective agent from semen Ziziphi Spinosae ameliorates behavioral disorders of the dementia mouse model induced by Aβ 1-42. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:206-13. [PMID: 24886882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) has been used as a hypnotic-sedative medicine for thousands of years. Recently, SZS has also shown notable neuroprotective activities via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in dementia animals. Jujuboside A (JuA), isolated from SZS, has been proved to be a major hypnotic-sedative component of SZS. In the present study, we firstly evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of JuA (0.02 and 0.2mg/kg) for five consecutive days on cognitive impairment induced by ICV injection of Aβ 1-42. The results showed that ICV treatment with JuA significantly mitigated learning and memory impairment in mice induced by Aβ 1-42 as measured by the Y-maze, active avoidance and Morris water maze. Furthermore, ICV treatment with JuA reduced the level of Aβ 1-42 in hippocampus, significantly inhibited the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and NO, and decreased the amount of the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice treated with ICV injection of Aβ 1-42. Shrinkage of nuclei, swollen and eccentrically dispersed neuronal bodies were observed in hippocampus of AD mice induced by Aβ 1-42, however, JuA noticeably improved the histopathological damage. Cumulatively, the present study indicates that JuA may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer' disease.
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Spongionella secondary metabolites protect mitochondrial function in cortical neurons against oxidative stress. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:700-18. [PMID: 24473170 PMCID: PMC3944510 DOI: 10.3390/md12020700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine habitat provides a large number of structurally-diverse bioactive compounds for drug development. Marine sponges have been studied over many years and are found to be a rich source of these bioactive chemicals. This study is focused on the evaluation of the activity of six diterpene derivatives isolated from Spongionella sp. on mitochondrial function using an oxidative in vitro stress model. The test compounds include the Gracilins (A, H, K, J and L) and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1. Compounds were co-incubated with hydrogen peroxide for 12 hours to determine their protective capacities and their effect on markers of apoptosis and Nrf2/ARE pathways was evaluated. Results conclude that Gracilins preserve neurons against oxidative damage, and that in particular, tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 shows a complete neuroprotective activity. Oxidative stress is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and consequently to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, Friedreich ataxia or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This neuroprotection against oxidation conditions suggest that these metabolites could be interesting lead candidates in drug development for neurodegenerative diseases.
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35
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Leirós M, Alonso E, Sanchez JA, Rateb ME, Ebel R, Houssen WE, Jaspars M, Alfonso A, Botana LM. Mitigation of ROS insults by Streptomyces secondary metabolites in primary cortical neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:71-80. [PMID: 24219236 DOI: 10.1021/cn4001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common point in neurodegenerative diseases, widely connected with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we screened seven natural products from Streptomyces sources against hydrogen peroxide insult in primary cortical neurons, an oxidative stress in vitro model. We showed the ability of these compounds to inhibit neuronal cytotoxicity and to reduce ROS release after 12 h treatment. Among the tested compounds, the quinone anhydroexfoliamycin and the red pyrrole-type pigment undecylprodigiosin stand out. These two compounds displayed the most complete protection against oxidative stress with mitochondrial function improvement, ROS production inhibition, and increase of antioxidant enzyme levels, glutathione and catalase. Further investigations confirmed that anhydroexfoliamycin acts over the Nrf2-ARE pathway, as a Nrf2 nuclear translocation inductor, and is able to strongly inhibit the effect of the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP over cytosolic Ca(2+), pointing to mitochondria as a cellular target for this molecule. In addition, both compounds were able to reduce caspase-3 activity induced by the apoptotic enhancer staurosporine, but undecylprodigiosin failed to inhibit FCCP effects and it did not act over the Nrf2 pathway as was the case for anhydroexfoliamycin. These results show that Streptomyces metabolites could be useful for the development of new drugs for prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leirós
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Jon A. Sanchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Mostafa E. Rateb
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 32514, Egypt
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Wael E. Houssen
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
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Turunc Bayrakdar E, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A. Nicotinamide treatment reduces the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity in Aβ(1-42)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:146-58. [PMID: 24151909 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.857018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are still unclear. It is suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation can cause neuroinflammation and cell death. In this study we searched the effects of nicotinamide (NA), endogenous PARP-1 inhibitor, on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the regulation of PARP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (Aβ(1-42))-induced neurodegeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as control, Aβ(1-42), Aβ(1-42) + NA(100 and 500 mg/kg). All groups were stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the hippocampus with Aβ(1-42) or saline. After surgery NA administrations were made intraperitoneally (ip) for 7 days. In order to investigate the effects of Aβ(1-42) and NA, protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione (GSH) levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), mitochondrial function, mRNA and protein levels of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured in specific brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. Aβ(1-42) treatment only increased the oxidative stress parameters and caused decline in antioxidant enzyme activities, mitochondrial function, and GSH levels. Also, overexpression of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and the decreased levels of Bcl-2 were observed in Aβ(1-42)-treated group. NA treatments against Aβ(1-42)-upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, and Bax levels. NA treatments also decreased the oxidative stress parameters and elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH levels, and mitochondrial function against Aβ(1-42) treatment. These data suggest that NA may have a therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative processes due to the decreased levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
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Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Fornasari E, Baldassarre L, Pinnen F, Sozio P, Di Stefano A, Marinelli L, Dean A, Fulle S, Di Filippo ES, La Rovere RML, Patruno A, Ferrone A, Di Marco V. A glutathione derivative with chelating and in vitro neuroprotective activities: synthesis, physicochemical properties, and biological evaluation. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1818-29. [PMID: 24106097 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ion dysregulation and oxidative stress have been linked to the progressive neurological decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Herein we report the synthesis and chelating, antioxidant, and in vitro neuroprotective activities of a novel derivative of glutathione, GS(HQ)H, endowed with an 8-hydroxyquinoline group as a metal-chelating moiety. In vitro results showed that GS(HQ)H may be stable enough to be absorbed unmodified and arrive intact to the blood-brain barrier, that it may be able to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) from the Aβ peptide without causing any copper or zinc depletion in vivo, and that it protects SHSY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells against H2 O2 - and 6-OHDA-induced damage. Together, these findings suggest that GS(HQ)H could be a potential neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in which a lack of metal homeostasis has been reported as a key factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (Italy).
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38
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Tatini F, Pugliese AM, Traini C, Niccoli S, Maraula G, Ed Dami T, Mannini B, Scartabelli T, Pedata F, Casamenti F, Chiti F. Amyloid-β oligomer synaptotoxicity is mimicked by oligomers of the model protein HypF-N. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Okada Y, Okada M. Protective effects of plant seed extracts against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 5:141-7. [PMID: 23833520 PMCID: PMC3697193 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by large deposits of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. Aβ is known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neurons, leading to cell death. In this study, we screened 15 plant seeds’ aqueous extracts (PSAE) for inhibitory effects on Aβ (25-35)-induced cell death using hippocampus neurons (HIPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen chosen plants were nine medical herbs (Japanese honeywort, luffa, rapeseed, Chinese colza, potherb mustard, Japanese radish, bitter melon, red shiso, corn, and kaiware radish) and six general commercial plants (common bean, komatsuna, Qing geng cai, bell pepper, kale, and lettuce). PSAE were measured for total phenolic content (TPC) with the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of each seed extract was measured. To find a protectant against Aβ-induced oxidative stress, we screened 15 PSAE using a 2’, 7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. To further unravel the anti-inflammatory effects of PSAE on Aβ-induced inflammation, PSAE were added to HIPN. The neuroprotective effects of the PSAE were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, measuring the cell viability in Aβ-induced HIPN. RESULTS: TPC of 15 PSAE was in the range of 0.024-1.96 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalents/gram. The aqueous extracts showed antioxidant activities. Furthermore, intracellular ROS accumulation resulting from Aβ treatment was reduced when cells were treated with some PSAE. Kale, bitter melon, kaiware radish, red shiso, and corn inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion by the Aβ-stimulated neurons and all samples except Japanese honeywort showed enhancement of cell survival. CONCLUSION: From these results, we suggest that some plant seed extracts offer protection against Aβ-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Okada
- Laboratory on Ageing and Health Management, School of Nursing and Health, Aichi Prefectural University, Tohgoku, Kamishidami, Moriyama, Nagoya, Japan
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Kasote DM, Hegde MV, Katyare SS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological diseases: cause(s), consequence(s), and implications of antioxidant therapy. Biofactors 2013; 39:392-406. [PMID: 23460132 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is at the base of development and progression of several psychiatric and neurologic diseases with different etiologies. MtDNA/nDNA mutational damage, failure of endogenous antioxidant defenses, hormonal malfunction, altered membrane permeability, metabolic dysregulation, disruption of calcium buffering capacity and ageing have been found to be the root causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in psychatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the overall consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction are only limited to increase in oxidative/nitrosative stress and cellular energy crises. Thus far, extensive efforts have been made to improve mitochondrial function through specific cause-dependent antioxidant therapy. However, owing to complex genetic and interlinked causes of mitochondrial dysfunction, it has not been possible to achieve any common, unique supportive antioxidant therapeutic strategy for the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic diseases. Hence, we propose an antioxidant therapeutic strategy for management of consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric and neurologic diseases. It is expected that this will not only reduces oxidative stress, but also promote anaerobic energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak M Kasote
- MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, MS, India.
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Stefani M, Rigacci S. Protein folding and aggregation into amyloid: the interference by natural phenolic compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12411-57. [PMID: 23765219 PMCID: PMC3709793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation is a hallmark of several degenerative diseases affecting the brain or peripheral tissues, whose intermediates (oligomers, protofibrils) and final mature fibrils display different toxicity. Consequently, compounds counteracting amyloid aggregation have been investigated for their ability (i) to stabilize toxic amyloid precursors; (ii) to prevent the growth of toxic oligomers or speed that of fibrils; (iii) to inhibit fibril growth and deposition; (iv) to disassemble preformed fibrils; and (v) to favor amyloid clearance. Natural phenols, a wide panel of plant molecules, are one of the most actively investigated categories of potential amyloid inhibitors. They are considered responsible for the beneficial effects of several traditional diets being present in green tea, extra virgin olive oil, red wine, spices, berries and aromatic herbs. Accordingly, it has been proposed that some natural phenols could be exploited to prevent and to treat amyloid diseases, and recent studies have provided significant information on their ability to inhibit peptide/protein aggregation in various ways and to stimulate cell defenses, leading to identify shared or specific mechanisms. In the first part of this review, we will overview the significance and mechanisms of amyloid aggregation and aggregate toxicity; then, we will summarize the recent achievements on protection against amyloid diseases by many natural phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
- Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-55-275-8307; Fax: +39-55-275-8905
| | - Stefania Rigacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
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Jain SK, Micinski D. Vitamin D upregulates glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione reductase, and GSH formation, and decreases ROS and MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion in high-glucose exposed U937 monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:7-11. [PMID: 23770363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glutathione is a major endogenous antioxidant and its deficiency is implicated in the etiology and progression of a number of human diseases. Vitamin D is important for the prevention of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and some cancers. Using a monocyte cell model, this study examined the hypothesis that vitamin D upregulate glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC) and glutathione reductase (GR), which catalyzes GSH biosynthesis. METHODS U937 monocytes were pretreated with and without 1,25 (OH)₂ vitamin D (10-25 nM) for 24 h and then exposed to control and high glucose (HG, 25 mM) for 4h. Levels of GSH determined using HPLC; GR activity by oxidation of NADPH; GCLC protein, MCP-1 and IL-8 using ELISA kits. RESULTS 1,25 (OH)₂ vitamin D supplementation significantly upregulated expression of GCLC and GR, levels of GCLC protein and GR activity, and formation of GSH in control and HG-treated monocytes. 1,25 (OH)₂ vitamin D caused significantly (p<0.05) lower secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1, and lower ROS levels in monocytes exposed to control and HG-treated monocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a positive link between vitamin D and GSH levels, and that some beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation may be mediated by an improvement in the cellular GSH levels and a decrease in ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, United States.
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Bhullar KS, Rupasinghe HPV. Polyphenols: multipotent therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:891748. [PMID: 23840922 PMCID: PMC3690243 DOI: 10.1155/2013/891748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to numerous transitions in brain physiology including synaptic dysfunction and disturbances in cognition and memory. With a few clinically relevant drugs, a substantial portion of aging population at risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders require nutritional intervention. Dietary intake of polyphenols is known to attenuate oxidative stress and reduce the risk for related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Polyphenols exhibit strong potential to address the etiology of neurological disorders as they attenuate their complex physiology by modulating several therapeutic targets at once. Firstly, we review the advances in the therapeutic role of polyphenols in cell and animal models of AD, PD, MS, and HD and activation of drug targets for controlling pathological manifestations. Secondly, we present principle pathways in which polyphenol intake translates into therapeutic outcomes. In particular, signaling pathways like PPAR, Nrf2, STAT, HIF, and MAPK along with modulation of immune response by polyphenols are discussed. Although current polyphenol researches have limited impact on clinical practice, they have strong evidence and testable hypothesis to contribute clinical advances and drug discovery towards age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
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Wang CM, Liu MY, Wang F, Wei MJ, Wang S, Wu CF, Yang JY. Anti-amnesic effect of pseudoginsenoside-F11 in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 106:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cascella R, Conti S, Tatini F, Evangelisti E, Scartabelli T, Casamenti F, Wilson MR, Chiti F, Cecchi C. Extracellular chaperones prevent Aβ42-induced toxicity in rat brains. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1217-26. [PMID: 23602994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by cognitive decline, formation of the extracellular amyloid β (Aβ42) plaques, neuronal and synapse loss, and activated microglia and astrocytes. Extracellular chaperones, which are known to inhibit amyloid fibril formation and promote clearance of misfolded aggregates, have recently been shown to reduce efficiently the toxicity of HypF-N misfolded oligomers to immortalised cell lines, by binding and clustering them into large species. However, the role of extracellular chaperones on Aβ oligomer toxicity remains unclear, with reports often appearing contradictory. In this study we microinjected into the hippocampus of rat brains Aβ42 oligomers pre-incubated for 1h with two extracellular chaperones, namely clusterin and α2-macroglobulin. The chaperones were found to prevent Aβ42-induced learning and memory impairments, as assessed by the Morris Water Maze test, and reduce Aβ42-induced glia inflammation and neuronal degeneration in rat brains, as probed by fluorescent immunohistochemical analyses. Moreover, the chaperones were able to prevent Aβ42 colocalisation with PSD-95 at post-synaptic terminals of rat primary neurons, suppressing oligomer cytotoxicity. All such effects were not effective by adding pre-formed oligomers and chaperones without preincubation. Molecular chaperones have therefore the potential to prevent the early symptoms of AD, not just by inhibiting Aβ42 aggregation, as previously demonstrated, but also by suppressing the toxicity of Aβ42 oligomers after they are formed. These findings elect them as novel neuroprotectors against amyloid-induced injury and excellent candidates for the design of therapeutic strategies against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cascella
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, V.le GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Italy
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Kaddurah-Daouk R, Zhu H, Sharma S, Bogdanov M, Rozen SG, Matson W, Oki NO, Motsinger-Reif AA, Churchill E, Lei Z, Appleby D, Kling MA, Trojanowski JQ, Doraiswamy PM, Arnold SE. Alterations in metabolic pathways and networks in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e244. [PMID: 23571809 PMCID: PMC3641405 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain largely unknown and clinical trials have not demonstrated significant benefit. Biochemical characterization of AD and its prodromal phase may provide new diagnostic and therapeutic insights. We used targeted metabolomics platform to profile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD (n=40), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=36) and control (n=38) subjects; univariate and multivariate analyses to define between-group differences; and partial least square-discriminant analysis models to classify diagnostic groups using CSF metabolomic profiles. A partial correlation network was built to link metabolic markers, protein markers and disease severity. AD subjects had elevated methionine (MET), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), vanillylmandelic acid, xanthosine and glutathione versus controls. MCI subjects had elevated 5-HIAA, MET, hypoxanthine and other metabolites versus controls. Metabolite ratios revealed changes within tryptophan, MET and purine pathways. Initial pathway analyses identified steps in several pathways that appear altered in AD and MCI. A partial correlation network showed total tau most directly related to norepinephrine and purine pathways; amyloid-β (Ab42) was related directly to an unidentified metabolite and indirectly to 5-HIAA and MET. These findings indicate that MCI and AD are associated with an overlapping pattern of perturbations in tryptophan, tyrosine, MET and purine pathways, and suggest that profound biochemical alterations are linked to abnormal Ab42 and tau metabolism. Metabolomics provides powerful tools to map interlinked biochemical pathway perturbations and study AD as a disease of network failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Wright D, Zampagni M, Evangelisti E, Conti S, D'Adamio G, Goti A, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Taddei N, Cecchi C, Liguri G. Protective Properties of NovelS-Acyl-Glutathione Thioesters Against Ultraviolet-induced Oxidative Stress. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:442-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wright
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Mariagioia Zampagni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Elisa Evangelisti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Simona Conti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Giampiero D'Adamio
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Sesto Fiorentino; Florence; Italy
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Sesto Fiorentino; Florence; Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Niccolò Taddei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Gianfranco Liguri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences; University of Florence; Firenze; Florence; Italy
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