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Megha KB, Arathi A, Shikha S, Alka R, Ramya P, Mohanan PV. Significance of Melatonin in the Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Disease Management. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5541-5571. [PMID: 38206471 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, the 'hormone of darkness' is a neuronal hormone secreted by the pineal gland and other extra pineal sites. Responsible for the circadian rhythm and seasonal behaviour of vertebrates and mammals, melatonin is responsible for regulating various physiological conditions and the maintenance of sleep, body weight and the neuronal activities of the ocular sites. With its unique amphiphilic structure, melatonin can cross the cellular barriers and elucidate its activities in the subcellular components, including mitochondria. Melatonin is a potential scavenger of oxygen and nitrogen-reactive species and can directly obliterate the ROS and RNS by a receptor-independent mechanism. It can also regulate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in various pathological conditions and exhibit therapeutic activities against neurodegenerative, psychiatric disorders and cancer. Melatonin is also found to show its effects on major organs, particularly the brain, liver and heart, and also imparts a role in the modulation of the immune system. Thus, melatonin is a multifaceted candidate with immense therapeutic potential and is still considered an effective supplement on various therapies. This is primarily due to rectification of aberrant circadian rhythm by improvement of sleep quality associated with risk development of neurodegenerative, cognitive, cardiovascular and other metabolic disorders, thereby enhancing the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Megha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - A Arathi
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - Saini Shikha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Rao Alka
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Prabhu Ramya
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Government Arts College, Trivandrum, 695 014, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India.
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2
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Hong H, Li J, Tong T, Yang T, Wang H, Xu Y, Lin X, Lin J, Liu S, Luo K, Yu Z, Yuan W, Pi H, Zhou Z. Paraquat disrupts KIF5A-mediated axonal mitochondrial transport in midbrain neurons and its antagonism by melatonin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173119. [PMID: 38750743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a broad-spectrum herbicide used worldwide and is a hazardous chemical to human health. Cumulative evidence strengthens the association between PQ exposure and the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanism and effective interventions against PQ-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 J mice were treated with PQ (i.p., 10 mg/kg, twice a week) and melatonin (i.g., 20 mg/kg, twice a week) for 8 weeks. Results showed that PQ-induced motor deficits and midbrain dopaminergic neuronal damage in C57BL/6 J mice were protected by melatonin pretreatment. In isolated primary midbrain neurons and SK-N-SH cells, reduction of cell viability, elevation of total ROS levels, axonal mitochondrial transport defects and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by PQ were attenuated by melatonin. After screening of expression of main motors driving axonal mitochondrial transport, data showed that PQ-decreased KIF5A expression in mice midbrain and in SK-N-SH cell was antagonized by melatonin. Using the in vitro KIF5A-overexpression model, it was found that KIF5A overexpression inhibited PQ-caused neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in SK-N-SH cells. In addition, application of MTNR1B (MT2) receptor antagonist, 4-P-PDOT, significantly counteracted the protection of melatonin against PQ-induced neurotoxicity. Further, Kif5a-knockdown diminished melatonin-induced alleviation of motor deficits and neuronal damage against PQ in C57BL/6 J mice. The present study establishes a causal link between environmental neurotoxicants exposure and PD etiology and provides effective interventive targets in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Hong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingdian Li
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yudong Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqin Lin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinxian Lin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sicheng Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, China.
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Birgül Iyison N, Abboud C, Abboud D, Abdulrahman AO, Bondar AN, Dam J, Georgoussi Z, Giraldo J, Horvat A, Karoussiotis C, Paz-Castro A, Scarpa M, Schihada H, Scholz N, Güvenc Tuna B, Vardjan N. ERNEST COST action overview on the (patho)physiology of GPCRs and orphan GPCRs in the nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38825750 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that play a critical role in nervous system function by transmitting signals between cells and their environment. They are involved in many, if not all, nervous system processes, and their dysfunction has been linked to various neurological disorders representing important drug targets. This overview emphasises the GPCRs of the nervous system, which are the research focus of the members of ERNEST COST action (CA18133) working group 'Biological roles of signal transduction'. First, the (patho)physiological role of the nervous system GPCRs in the modulation of synapse function is discussed. We then debate the (patho)physiology and pharmacology of opioid, acetylcholine, chemokine, melatonin and adhesion GPCRs in the nervous system. Finally, we address the orphan GPCRs, their implication in the nervous system function and disease, and the challenges that need to be addressed to deorphanize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necla Birgül Iyison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Bogazici, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Clauda Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Dayana Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Jülich, Germany
| | - Julie Dam
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zafiroula Georgoussi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christos Karoussiotis
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Alba Paz-Castro
- Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs research group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago, Spain
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bilge Güvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Romano IR, D’Angeli F, Gili E, Fruciano M, Lombardo GAG, Mannino G, Vicario N, Russo C, Parenti R, Vancheri C, Giuffrida R, Pellitteri R, Lo Furno D. Melatonin Enhances Neural Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4891. [PMID: 38732109 PMCID: PMC11084714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are adult multipotent stem cells, able to differentiate toward neural elements other than cells of mesodermal lineage. The aim of this research was to test ASC neural differentiation using melatonin combined with conditioned media (CM) from glial cells. Isolated from the lipoaspirate of healthy donors, ASCs were expanded in a basal growth medium before undergoing neural differentiation procedures. For this purpose, CM obtained from olfactory ensheathing cells and from Schwann cells were used. In some samples, 1 µM of melatonin was added. After 1 and 7 days of culture, cells were studied using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry to evaluate neural marker expression (Nestin, MAP2, Synapsin I, GFAP) under different conditions. The results confirmed that a successful neural differentiation was achieved by glial CM, whereas the addition of melatonin alone did not induce appreciable changes. When melatonin was combined with CM, ASC neural differentiation was enhanced, as demonstrated by a further improvement of neuronal marker expression, whereas glial differentiation was attenuated. A dynamic modulation was also observed, testing the expression of melatonin receptors. In conclusion, our data suggest that melatonin's neurogenic differentiation ability can be usefully exploited to obtain neuronal-like differentiated ASCs for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Roberta Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.G.); (M.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Mary Fruciano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.G.); (M.F.); (C.V.)
| | | | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (E.G.); (M.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.R.R.); (N.V.); (C.R.); (R.P.); (R.G.); (D.L.F.)
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Alavi MS, Al-Asady AM, Fanoudi S, Sadeghnia HR. Differential effects of antiseizure medications on neurogenesis: Evidence from cells to animals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26650. [PMID: 38420427 PMCID: PMC10901100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the process of generating functionally integrated neurons from neural stem and progenitor cells, is involved in brain development during embryonic stages but continues throughout life. Adult neurogenesis plays essential roles in many brain functions such as cognition, brain plasticity, and repair. Abnormalities in neurogenesis have been described in many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including epilepsy. While sharing a common property of suppressing seizures, accumulating evidence has shown that some antiseizure medications (ASM) exhibit neuroprotective potential in the non-epileptic models including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, or traumatic brain injury. ASM are a heterogeneous group of medications with different mechanisms of actions. Therefore, it remains to be revealed whether neurogenesis is a class effect or related to them all. In this comprehensive literature study, we reviewed the literature data on the influence of ASM on the neurogenesis process during brain development and also in the adult brain under physiological or pathological conditions. Meanwhile, we discussed the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurogenic effects of ASM by linking the reported in vivo and in vitro studies. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched until the end of February 2023. A total of 83 studies were used finally. ASM can modulate neurogenesis through the increase or decrease of proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the quiescent NSC pool. The present article indicated that the neurogenic potential of ASM depends on the administered dose, treatment period, temporal administration of the drug, and normal or disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdulridha Mohammed Al-Asady
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang C, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Guo N, Han C, Wu Q, Mu C, Zhang Y, Tan S, Zhang J, Liu X. Systematic review of melatonin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: critical role and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356112. [PMID: 38375039 PMCID: PMC10875093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the predominant causes for the poor prognosis of ischemic stroke patients after reperfusion therapy. Currently, potent therapeutic interventions for cerebral I/R injury are still very limited. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, was found to be valid in preventing I/R injury in a variety of organs. However, a systematic review covering all neuroprotective effects of melatonin in cerebral I/R injury has not been reported yet. Thus, we perform a comprehensive overview of the influence of melatonin on cerebral I/R injury by collecting all available literature exploring the latent effect of melatonin on cerebral I/R injury as well as ischemic stroke. In this systematic review, we outline the extensive scientific studies and summarize the beneficial functions of melatonin, including reducing infarct volume, decreasing brain edema, improving neurological functions and attenuating blood-brain barrier breakdown, as well as its key protective mechanisms on almost every aspect of cerebral I/R injury, including inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excessive autophagy, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequently, we also review the predictive and therapeutic implications of melatonin on ischemic stroke reported in clinical studies. We hope that our systematic review can provide the most comprehensive introduction of current advancements on melatonin in cerebral I/R injury and new insights into personalized diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yumei Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Changqing Mu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shutong Tan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Yan L, Han X, Zhang M, Kou H, Liu H, Cheng T. Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects in mice with spinal cord injury by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway via the MT2 receptor. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:37. [PMID: 38125360 PMCID: PMC10731399 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that often leads to severe disability, and effective treatments for SCI are currently limited. The present study investigated the potential effects and specific mechanisms of melatonin treatment in SCI. Mice were divided into Sham (Sham), Vehicle (Veh), Melatonin (Mel), and Melatonin + 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin (4P-PDOT) (Mel + 4PP) groups based on randomized allocation. The expression of MT2 and the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Keap1 signaling pathways were examined, along with oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory factors and GFAP-positive cells near the injury site. The polarization of microglial cells in different inflammatory microenvironments was also observed. Cell survival, motor function recovery and spinal cord tissue morphology were assessed using staining and Basso Mouse Scale scores. On day 7 after SCI, the results revealed that melatonin treatment increased MT2 protein expression and activated the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. It also reduced GFAP-positive cells, mitigated oxidative stress, and suppressed inflammatory responses around the injury site. Furthermore, melatonin treatment promoted the polarization of microglia toward the M2 type, increased the number of neutrophil-positive cells, and modulated the transcription of Bax and Bcl2 in the injured spinal cord. Melatonin treatment alleviated the severity of spinal injuries and facilitated functional recovery in mice with SCI. Notably, blocking MT2 with 4P-PDOT partially reversed the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in SCI, indicating that the activation of the MT2/Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway contributes to the neuroprotective properties of melatonin in SCI. The therapeutic and translational potentials of melatonin in SCI warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Sun Q, Chen SN, Yu SY, Wang F, Fu X, Chen R, Li J. Lower Melatonin Indicates Poor Short-term Prognosis in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neurovasc Res 2024; 21:148-156. [PMID: 38468527 DOI: 10.2174/0115672026302380240307091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated endogenous melatonin levels in the acute phase of cerebral infarction and explored the impact of possible changes in melatonin levels on the prognosis of patients. METHODS This study recruited acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients from the Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between December 2019 and June 2021, along with healthy control subjects. Salivary melatonin samples were collected from each participant between 7 pm and 10 pm, and fasting plasma was collected the following morning to measure the levels of inflammatory markers. The prognosis was assessed through follow-up three months after discharge. The relationship between melatonin levels and plasma inflammatory markers was assessed, followed by an analysis of the effect of melatonin levels on patient prognosis. RESULTS The study enrolled a total of 160 participants, including 120 AIS patients aged 50 years or older (61.7% male) and 40 age-matched controls (55.0% male). The AIS group exhibited lower salivary melatonin levels at 19 (P = 0.002), 20 (P < 0.001), 21 (P < 0.001), and 22 (P < 0.001) o'clock, and the average melatonin level was also lower (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis models indicated an association between low melatonin levels and poor prognosis. Salivary melatonin levels demonstrated good predictive ability for the prognosis of AIS patients. CONCLUSION Melatonin levels were lower in AIS patients compared to controls. In addition, lower melatonin levels were associated with a poorer prognosis among AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No.2 people's hospital, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Si-Yuan Yu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Xiang Fu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
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Wang J, Wang XQ, Liu RP, Li YH, Yao XR, Kim NH, Xu YN. Melatonin Supplementation during In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Oocytes Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Imidacloprid Exposure. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2596. [PMID: 37627386 PMCID: PMC10451172 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is an endogenous neonicotinoid insecticide widely used in agriculture and has attracted researchers' attention because of its risks to the environment and human health. Melatonin (MT) is an antioxidant hormone produced by the pineal gland of the brain. Studies have shown that it has a variety of physiological functions and plays a crucial role in the development of animal germ cells and embryos. The potential protective effects of MT against oocyte damage caused by neonicotinoid pesticide toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we report the toxicity of IMI against, and its effects on the quality of, porcine oocytes and the protective effect of MT on IMI-exposed oocytes. The results show that IMI exposure adversely affected oocyte maturation, while MT supplementation ameliorated its toxic effects. Specifically, IMI exposure increased oxidative stress (OS), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis, which may affect polar body expulsion rates and blastocyst formation. Also, IMI exposure reduced oocyte cleavage rates and the number of cells in blastocysts. However, all of these toxic effects can be restored after a melatonin supplementation treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that melatonin has a protective effect on IMI-induced defects during porcine oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xin-Qin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Rong-Ping Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Xue-Rui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China (Y.-H.L.)
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10
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Duarte MB, Medeiros BZ, da Silva Lemos I, da Silva GL, Alano CG, Dondossola ER, Torres CA, Effting PS, Rico EP, Streck EL. Melatonin improves behavioral parameters and oxidative stress in zebrafish submitted to a leucine-induced MSUD protocol. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2105-2114. [PMID: 37099078 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKAC). The treatment is a standard therapy based on a protein-restricted diet with low branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) content to reduce plasma levels and, consequently, the effects of accumulating their metabolites, mainly in the central nervous system. Although the benefits of dietary therapy for MSUD are undeniable, natural protein restriction may increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, resulting in a low total antioxidant status that can predispose and contribute to oxidative stress. As MSUD is related to redox and energy imbalance, melatonin can be an important adjuvant treatment. Melatonin directly scavenges the hydroxy radical, peroxyl radical, nitrite anion, and singlet oxygen and indirectly induces antioxidant enzyme production. Therefore, this study assesses the role of melatonin treatment on oxidative stress in brain tissue and behavior parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to two concentrations of leucine-induced MSUD: leucine 2 mM and 5mM; and treated with 100 nM of melatonin. Oxidative stress was assessed through oxidative damage (TBARS, DCF, and sulfhydryl content) and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). Melatonin treatment improved redox imbalance with reduced TBARS levels, increased SOD activity, and normalized CAT activity to baseline. Behavior was analyzed with novel object recognition test. Animals exposed to leucine improved object recognition due to melatonin treatment. With the above, we can suggest that melatonin supplementation can protect neurologic oxidative stress, protecting leucine-induced behavior alterations such as memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Bernardo Duarte
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Bianca Zampiroli Medeiros
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Isabela da Silva Lemos
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Lodetti da Silva
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Carolina Giassi Alano
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Ronconi Dondossola
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Carolina Antunes Torres
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Pauline Souza Effting
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil.
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11
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Tang H, Li Y, Tang W, Zhu J, Parker GC, Zhang JH. Endogenous Neural Stem Cell-induced Neurogenesis after Ischemic Stroke: Processes for Brain Repair and Perspectives. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:297-303. [PMID: 36057034 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a very common cerebrovascular accident that occurred in adults and causes higher risk of neural deficits. After ischemic stroke, patients are often left with severe neurological deficits. Therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke might mitigate neuronal loss due to delayed neural cell death in the penumbra or seek to replace dead neural cells in the ischemic core. Currently, stem cell therapy is the most promising approach for inducing neurogenesis for neural repair after ischemic stroke. Stem cell treatments include transplantation of exogenous stem cells but also stimulating endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and differentiation into neural cells. In this review, we will discuss endogenous NSCs-induced neurogenesis after ischemic stroke and provide perspectives for the therapeutic effects of endogenous NSCs in ischemic stroke. Our review would inform future therapeutic development not only for patients with ischemic stroke but also with other neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosurgery, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosurgery, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Graham C Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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12
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Korostovtseva LS, Kolomeichuk SN. Circadian Factors in Stroke: A Clinician's Perspective. Cardiol Ther 2023; 12:275-295. [PMID: 37191897 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-023-00313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term and permanent disability worldwide despite technological innovations and developments in pharmacotherapy. In the last few decades, the growing data have evidenced the role of the circadian system in brain vulnerability to damage, the development and evolution of stroke, and short-term and long-term recovery. On the other hand, the stroke itself can affect the circadian system via direct injury of specific brain structures involved in circadian regulation (i.e., hypothalamus, retinohypothalamic tracts, etc.) and impairment of endogenous regulatory mechanisms, metabolic derangement, and a neurogenic inflammatory response in acute stroke. Moreover, the disruption of circadian rhythms can occur or exacerbate as a result of exogenous factors related to hospitalization itself, the conditions in the intensive care unit and the ward (light, noise, etc.), medication (sedatives and hypnotics), and loss of external factors entraining the circadian rhythms. In the acute phase of stroke, patients demonstrate abnormal circadian variations in circadian biomarkers (melatonin, cortisol), core body temperature, and rest-activity patterns. The approaches aimed at the restoration of disrupted circadian patterns include pharmacological (melatonin supplementation) and non-medication (bright light therapy, shifting feeding schedules, etc.) interventions; however, their effects on short- and long-term recovery after stroke are not well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila S Korostovtseva
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., St Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Kolomeichuk
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., St Petersburg, 197341, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetics Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Gao Y, Wang T, Cheng Y, Wu Y, Zhu L, Gu Z, Wu Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Gao C, Li L, Li J, Li Q, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang F, Luo C, Tao L. Melatonin ameliorates neurological deficits through MT2/IL-33/ferritin H signaling-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation and ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 199:97-112. [PMID: 36805045 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability worldwide, there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic drugs and targets. To reveal the complex pathophysiologic mechanisms of TBI, we performed transcriptome analysis of the mouse cerebral cortex and immunohistochemical analysis of human cerebral tissues. The genes Mt1, Mt2, Il33, and Fth1 were upregulated post-TBI and enriched in pathways associated with the inflammatory response, oxidative phosphorylation, and ferroptosis. As an agonist of MT1/2, melatonin (MLT) confers anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ferroptosis effects after TBI. However, whether these upregulated genes and their corresponding pathways are involved in the neuroprotective effect of MLT remains unclear. In this study, interventions to inhibit MT1/2, IL-33, and ferroptosis (i.e., ferritin H (Fth)-KO) were applied post-TBI. The results showed that MLT attenuated TBI-induced cerebral edema and neurological outcomes by inhibiting inflammation and ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MLT mainly suppressed inflammatory responses and ferroptosis via the activation of MT2 and IL-33 pathways. Building on the previous finding that Fth deletion increases susceptibility to ferroptosis post-TBI, we demonstrated that Fth depletion remarkably exacerbated the post-TBI inflammatory response, and abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of MLT both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the post-TBI anti-inflammatory effect of MLT, which occurs by promoting the polarization of CD206+ macrophages, was dependent on Fth. Taken together, these results clarified that MLT alleviates inflammation- and ferroptosis-mediated brain edema and neurological deficits by activating the MT2/IL-33/Fth pathway, which provides a novel target and theoretical basis for MLT to treat TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Luwen Zhu
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Youzhuang Wu
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Luwei Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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14
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Hu X, Geng P, Zhao X, Wang Q, Liu C, Guo C, Dong W, Jin X. The NG2-glia is a potential target to maintain the integrity of neurovascular unit after acute ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106076. [PMID: 36921779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays a critical role in health and disease. In the current review, we discuss the critical role of a class of neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing glial cells (NG2-glia) in regulating NVU after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We first introduce the role of NG2-glia in the formation of NVU during development as well as aging-induced damage to NVU and accompanying NG2-glia change. We then discuss the reciprocal interactions between NG2-glia and the other component cells of NVU, emphasizing the factors that could influence NG2-glia. Damage to the NVU integrity is the pathological basis of edema and hemorrhagic transformation, the most dreaded complication after AIS. The role of NG2-glia in AIS-induced NVU damage and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation on AIS-induced NVU damage are summarized. We next discuss the role of NG2-glia and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation in oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair as well as angiogenesis which is associated with the outcome of the patients after AIS. Finally, we review the current strategies to promote NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation and propose to use the dental pulp stem cells (DPSC)-derived exosome as a promising strategy to reduce AIS-induced injury and promote repair through maintaining the integrity of NVU by regulating endogenous NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Wen Dong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
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15
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Potes Y, Cachán-Vega C, Antuña E, García-González C, Menéndez-Coto N, Boga JA, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez J, Bermúdez M, Sierra V, Vega-Naredo I, Coto-Montes A, Caballero B. Benefits of the Neurogenic Potential of Melatonin for Treating Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054803. [PMID: 36902233 PMCID: PMC10002978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several neurological diseases under which processes related to adult brain neurogenesis, such cell proliferation, neural differentiation and neuronal maturation, are affected. Melatonin can exert a relevant benefit for treating neurological disorders, given its well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as its pro-survival effects. In addition, melatonin is able to modulate cell proliferation and neural differentiation processes in neural stem/progenitor cells while improving neuronal maturation of neural precursor cells and newly created postmitotic neurons. Thus, melatonin shows relevant pro-neurogenic properties that may have benefits for neurological conditions associated with impairments in adult brain neurogenesis. For instance, the anti-aging properties of melatonin seem to be linked to its neurogenic properties. Modulation of neurogenesis by melatonin is beneficial under conditions of stress, anxiety and depression as well as for the ischemic brain or after a brain stroke. Pro-neurogenic actions of melatonin may also be beneficial for treating dementias, after a traumatic brain injury, and under conditions of epilepsy, schizophrenia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Melatonin may represent a pro-neurogenic treatment effective for retarding the progression of neuropathology associated with Down syndrome. Finally, more studies are necessary to elucidate the benefits of melatonin treatments under brain disorders related to impairments in glucose and insulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Potes
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (B.C.); Tel.: +34-985102767 (Y.P.); +34-985102784 (B.C.)
| | - Cristina Cachán-Vega
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Eduardo Antuña
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Claudia García-González
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nerea Menéndez-Coto
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Boga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Manuel Bermúdez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Verónica Sierra
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ignacio Vega-Naredo
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Coto-Montes
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Beatriz Caballero
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (B.C.); Tel.: +34-985102767 (Y.P.); +34-985102784 (B.C.)
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16
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Ramos E, Romero A, Morales-García J. Melatonin: a multitasking indoleamine to modulate hippocampal neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:503-505. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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17
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Wang J, Gao S, Lenahan C, Gu Y, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu W, Wu H, Pan Y, Shao A, Zhang J. Melatonin as an Antioxidant Agent in Stroke: An Updated Review. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1823-1844. [PMID: 36465183 PMCID: PMC9662272 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease associated with high mortality and disability worldwide, and is generally classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic, which share certain similar pathophysiological processes. Oxidative stress is a critical factor involved in stroke-induced injury, which not only directly damages brain tissue, but also enhances a series of pathological signaling cascades, contributing to inflammation, brain edema, and neuronal death. To alleviate these serious secondary brain injuries, neuroprotective agents targeting oxidative stress inhibition may serve as a promising treatment strategy. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, and has various properties, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, circadian rhythm modulation, and promotion of tissue regeneration. Numerous animal experiments studying stroke have confirmed that melatonin exerts considerable neuroprotective effects, partially via anti-oxidative stress. In this review, we introduce the possible role of melatonin as an antioxidant in the treatment of stroke based on the latest published studies of animal experiments and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| | - Yichen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanbo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Fu J, Zhou Q, Wu B, Huang X, Tang Z, Tan W, Zhu Z, Du M, Wu C, Ma J, Balawi E, Liao ZB. Protective effects and regulatory pathways of melatonin in traumatic brain injury mice model: Transcriptomics and bioinformatics analysis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974060. [PMID: 36157079 PMCID: PMC9500234 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of disability and mortality globally. Melatonin (Mel) is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized from the pineal gland that protects against TBI. Yet, the precise mechanism of action is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the protective effect and regulatory pathways of melatonin in the TBI mice model using transcriptomics and bioinformatics analysis. The expression profiles of mRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) were constructed using the whole transcriptomes sequencing technique. In total, 93 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 48 lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), 59 miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and 59 circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were identified by the TBI mice with Mel treatment compared to the group without drug intervention. The randomly selected coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were identified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To further detect the biological functions and potential pathways of those differentially expressed RNAs, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were executed. In our research, the regulatory network was constructed to show the relationship of lncRNA-RBPs. The lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network was established based on the Pearson coefficient to indicate the expression correlations. Moreover, the DEcircRNA–DEmiRNA–DEmRNA and DElncRNA–DEmiRNA–DEmRNA regulatory networks were constructed to demonstrate the regulatory relationship between ncRNAs and mRNA. Finally, to further verify our predicted results, cytoHubba was used to find the hub gene in the synaptic vesicle cycle pathway, and the expression level of SNAP-25 and VAMP-2 after melatonin treatment were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. To sum up, these data offer a new insight regarding the molecular effect of melatonin treatment after TBI and suggest that the high-throughput sequencing and analysis of transcriptomes are useful for studying the drug mechanisms in treatment after TBI.
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The Role of Concomitant Nrf2 Targeting and Stem Cell Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081447. [PMID: 35892653 PMCID: PMC9332234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the reality that a death from cerebrovascular accident occurs every 3.5 min in the United States, there are few therapeutic options which are typically limited to a narrow window of opportunity in time for damage mitigation and recovery. Novel therapies have targeted pathological processes secondary to the initial insult, such as oxidative damage and peripheral inflammation. One of the greatest challenges to therapy is the frequently permanent damage within the CNS, attributed to a lack of sufficient neurogenesis. Thus, recent use of cell-based therapies for stroke have shown promising results. Unfortunately, stroke-induced inflammatory and oxidative damage limit the therapeutic potential of these stem cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been implicated in endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, thus presenting an attractive target for novel therapeutics to enhance stem cell therapy and promote neurogenesis. This review assesses the current literature on the concomitant use of stem cell therapy and Nrf2 targeting via pharmaceutical and natural agents, highlighting the need to elucidate both upstream and downstream pathways in optimizing Nrf2 treatments in the setting of cerebrovascular disease.
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Song D, Liu Y, Yao Y, Liu F, Tao W, Zhou X, Li R, Zhang X, Li X. Melatonin improves bisphenol A-induced cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and autophagy impairment via inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in FLK-BLV cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1551-1562. [PMID: 35238458 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect and potential mechanism of melatonin against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in FLK-BLV cells. The results showed that BPA reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, caused cell shrinkage and induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in FLK-BLV cells, which were effectively reversed by melatonin. In addition, BPA caused autophagy flux impairment, which was confirmed by the increased of LC3-II and p62 levels, whereas melatonin treatment effectively reduced p62 levels under BPA treatment, and reversed apoptosis-related protein expression patterns caused by BPA. However, inhibition of autophagy by CQ partially abolished the protective effect of melatonin on apoptosis, suggesting that melatonin against BPA-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis by activating autophagy pathway. Moreover, we found that melatonin inhibited BPA-induced the activation of p38 MAPK, which was comparable to SB203580 pretreatment, and companied by the activation of autophagy and decreases of apoptosis when compared to BPA alone, indicating that melatonin protected against BPA-induced apoptosis partially through the p38 MAPK-autophagy pathway. In conclusion, these results suggest that melatonin may prevent BPA-induced FLK-BLV cell damage by inhibiting p38/MAPK signaling pathway and activating autophagy, and it could be a potential therapeutic compound in preventing BPA-induced cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Yao
- Department of Clinical Research, Yikon Genomics Company, Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Runsheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Zhejiang Animal Husbandry Technology Extension and Breeding Livestock and Poultry Monitoring Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Unal GO, Demirdas A, Nazıroglu M, Ovey IS. Agomelatine attenuates calcium signaling and apoptosis via the inhibition of TRPV1 channel in the hippocampal neurons of rats with chronic mild stress depression model. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Park H, Kim J. Activation of melatonin receptor 1 by CRISPR-Cas9 activator ameliorates cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12787. [PMID: 35133672 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of neurotoxic beta-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. Melatonin receptors have been reported to associate with aging and AD, and their expression decreased with the progression of AD. As an alternative to AD treatment, overexpression of melatonin receptors may lead to melatonin-like effects to treat alleviate the symptoms of AD. Here, we successfully activated the type 1 melatonin receptor (Mt1) in vivo brain using a Cas9 activator as a novel AD therapeutic strategy. The Cas9 activator efficiently activated the endogenous Mt1 gene in the brain. Activation of Mt1 via Cas9 activators modulated anti-amyloidogenic and anti-inflammatory roles in 5xFAD AD mice brain. Moreover, activation of Mt1 with the CRISPR/Cas9 activator improved cognitive deficits in an AD model. These results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of melatonin receptor activation via CRISPR/Cas9 activator for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseul Park
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Cell Reprogramming, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Melatonin and the Programming of Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041971. [PMID: 35216086 PMCID: PMC8879213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin interacts with various types of stem cells, in multiple ways that comprise stimulation of proliferation, maintenance of stemness and self-renewal, protection of survival, and programming toward functionally different cell lineages. These various properties are frequently intertwined but may not be always jointly present. Melatonin typically stimulates proliferation and transition to the mature cell type. For all sufficiently studied stem or progenitor cells, melatonin’s signaling pathways leading to expression of respective morphogenetic factors are discussed. The focus of this article will be laid on the aspect of programming, particularly in pluripotent cells. This is especially but not exclusively the case in neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Concerning developmental bifurcations, decisions are not exclusively made by melatonin alone. In MSCs, melatonin promotes adipogenesis in a Wnt (Wingless-Integration-1)-independent mode, but chondrogenesis and osteogenesis Wnt-dependently. Melatonin upregulates Wnt, but not in the adipogenic lineage. This decision seems to depend on microenvironment and epigenetic memory. The decision for chondrogenesis instead of osteogenesis, both being Wnt-dependent, seems to involve fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Stem cell-specific differences in melatonin and Wnt receptors, and contributions of transcription factors and noncoding RNAs are outlined, as well as possibilities and the medical importance of re-programming for transdifferentiation.
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Kvetnoy I, Ivanov D, Mironova E, Evsyukova I, Nasyrov R, Kvetnaia T, Polyakova V. Melatonin as the Cornerstone of Neuroimmunoendocrinology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031835. [PMID: 35163757 PMCID: PMC8836571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has been recently drawn to studying melatonin – a hormone whose synthesis was first found in the epiphysis (pineal gland). This interest can be due to discovering the role of melatonin in numerous physiological processes. It was the discovery of melatonin synthesis in endocrine organs (pineal gland), neural structures (Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, retinal photoreceptors), and immunocompetent cells (T lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells) that triggered the evolution of new approaches to the unifield signal regulation of homeostasis, which, at the turn of the 21st century, lead to the creation of a new integral biomedical discipline — neuroimmunoendocrinology. While numerous hormones have been verified over the last decade outside the “classical” locations of their formation, melatonin occupies an exclusive position with regard to the diversity of locations where it is synthesized and secreted. This review provides an overview and discussion of the major data regarding the role of melatonin in various physiological and pathological processes, which affords grounds for considering melatonin as the “cornerstone” on which neuroimmunoendocrinology has been built as an integral concept of homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kvetnoy
- Center of Molecular Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Physiology and Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Ivanov
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (R.N.); (V.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Mironova
- Center of Molecular Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Inna Evsyukova
- Department of Perinatal Pathology, Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ruslan Nasyrov
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (R.N.); (V.P.)
| | - Tatiana Kvetnaia
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Victoria Polyakova
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (R.N.); (V.P.)
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Pineles B, Mani A, Sura L, Rossignol C, Albayram M, Weiss MD, Goetzl L. Neuronal exosome proteins: novel biomarkers for predicting neonatal response to therapeutic hypothermia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 107:60-64. [PMID: 34021027 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central nervous system (CNS) derived exosomes can be purified from peripheral blood and have been used widely in adult neurological disease. Application to neonatal neurological disease deserves investigation in the setting of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). DESIGN Observational cohort. SETTING Level III neonatal intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS Term/near-term neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for HIE. INTERVENTIONS Blood samples were collected at 0-6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours of life. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES CNS exosomes were purified from serum using previously described methods. Biomarker protein levels were quantified using standard ELISA methods and normalised to exosome marker CD-81. The slope of change for biomarker levels was calculated for each time interval. Our primary outcome was MRI basal ganglia/watershed score of ≥3. RESULTS 26 subjects were included (umbilical artery pH range 6.6-7.29; 35% seizures). An increasing MRI injury score was significantly associated with decreasing levels of synaptopodin between 0-6 and 12 hours (p=0.03) and increasing levels of lipocalin-2 (NGAL) between 12 and 48 hours (p<0.0001). Neuronal pentraxin was not significant. The negative predictive values for increasing synaptopodin and decreasing NGAL was 70.0% and 90.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our results indicate that CNS exosome cargo has the potential to act as biomarkers of the severity of brain injury and response to TH as well as quantify pharmacological response to neuroactive therapeutic/adjuvant agents. Rigorous prospective trials are critical to evaluate potential clinical use of exosome biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Pineles
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arunmani Mani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Livia Sura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Candace Rossignol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehmet Albayram
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael David Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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Won E, Na KS, Kim YK. Associations between Melatonin, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Alterations in Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010305. [PMID: 35008730 PMCID: PMC8745430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory systemic conditions that can cause neuroinflammation and subsequent alterations in brain regions involved in emotional regulation have been suggested as an underlying mechanism for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). A prominent feature of MDD is disruption of circadian rhythms, of which melatonin is considered a key moderator, and alterations in the melatonin system have been implicated in MDD. Melatonin is involved in immune system regulation and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in inflammatory conditions, through both immunological and non-immunological actions. Melatonin has been suggested as a highly cytoprotective and neuroprotective substance and shown to stimulate all stages of neuroplasticity in animal models. The ability of melatonin to suppress inflammatory responses through immunological and non-immunological actions, thus influencing neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, along with subsequent alterations in brain regions that are implicated in depression, can be demonstrated by the antidepressant-like effects of melatonin. Further studies that investigate the associations between melatonin, immune markers, and alterations in the brain structure and function in patients with depression could identify potential MDD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaum, Seoul 06062, Korea;
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Suppression of Inflammatory and Fibrotic Signals by Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and Cinnamaldehyde in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Overactive Bladder in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5205759. [PMID: 34976095 PMCID: PMC8716214 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5205759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used to treat nocturia by tonifying and warming the kidney. Our recent clinical study found that overactive bladder (OAB) patients treated with cinnamon powder (CNP) patches exhibited significantly ameliorated OAB symptoms without significant side effects, but the mechanism of action is unclear. To explore the beneficial effects and action mechanisms of CNP and its major active component cinnamaldehyde (CNA) in an OAB-related murine model, cyclophosphamide- (CYP-) induced OAB injury was performed on male ICR mice in the presence or absence of CNP and CNA, as well as solifenacin, a clinical drug for OAB as a reference. Twenty-four-hour micturition patterns (frequency of urination and volume of urine per time), as well as histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blotting of the bladder, were analyzed for mechanism elucidation. Administration of CYP (300 mg/kg, i.p.) induced typical OAB pathophysiological changes, including increased frequency of urination and reduced volume of urine. CYP-induced mice displayed strong edema of the bladder and hemorrhagic cystitis, accompanied by loss of normal corrugated folds and decreased muscarinic receptors (M2/M3) in the urothelium, and disordered/broken structures of the lamina propria and detrusor. These changes were correlated with increased leukocyte (CD11b) infiltration colocalized with inflammatory (pp65 NFκB, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)) and fibrotic (stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)/β-catenin) signals. Treatment with CNP (600 mg/kg, p.o.) and CNA (10–50 mg/kg, p.o.), but not solifenacin (50 mg/kg), 30 min after CYP induction significantly ameliorated CYP-induced dysfunction in micturition patterns and pathophysiological changes. CNP and CNA further suppressed MIF/TLR4-associated inflammatory and SCF/c-Kit-related fibrotic signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that suppression of inflammatory and fibrotic signals contributes to the crucial mechanism in the improvement of CYP-induced OAB by CNP and CNA.
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Babaee A, Vaghefi SHE, Dehghani Soltani S, Asadi Shekaari M, Shahrokhi N, Basiri M. Hippocampal Astrocyte Response to Melatonin Following Neural Damage Induction in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:177-186. [PMID: 34925714 PMCID: PMC8672670 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.2.986.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain injury induces an almost immediate response from glial cells, especially astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that may result in secondary neuronal damage. Melatonin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and it has been reported to exert neuroprotection through the prevention of neuronal death in several models of central nervous system injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin on astrocyte activation induced by Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups; Sham group, TBI group, vehicle group, and melatonin-treated TBI groups (TBI+Mel5, TBI+Mel20). Immunohistochemical method (GFAP marker) and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate astrocyte reactivity and neuronal death, respectively. Results: The results demonstrated that the astrocyte number was reduced significantly in melatonin-treated groups compared to the vehicle group. Additionally, based on TUNEL results, melatonin administration noticeably reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Conclusion: In general, our findings suggest that melatonin treatment after brain injury reduces astrocyte reactivity as well as neuronal cell apoptosis in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Babaee
- Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Samereh Dehghani Soltani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi Shekaari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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29
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Huang R, Xu Y, Lu X, Tang X, Lin J, Cui K, Yu S, Shi Y, Ye D, Liu Y, Liang X. Melatonin protects inner retinal neurons of newborn mice after hypoxia-ischemia. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12716. [PMID: 33426650 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity is a vision-threatening disease associated with retinal hypoxia-ischemia, leading to the death of retinal neurons and chronic neuronal degeneration. During this study, we used the oxygen-induced retinopathy mice model to mimic retinal hypoxia-ischemia phenotypes to investigate further the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on neonatal retinal neurons. Melatonin helped maintain relatively normal inner retinal architecture and thickness and preserve inner retinal neuron populations in avascular areas by rescuing retinal ganglion and bipolar cells, and horizontal and amacrine neurons, from apoptosis. Meanwhile, melatonin recovered visual dysfunction, as reflected by the improved amplitudes and implicit times of a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials. Additionally, elevated cleaved caspase-3 and Bax protein levels and reduced Bcl-2 protein levels in response to hypoxia-ischemia were diminished after melatonin treatment. Moreover, melatonin increased BDNF and downstream phospho-TrkB/Akt/ERK/CREB levels. ANA-12, a TrkB receptor antagonist, antagonized these melatonin actions and reduced melatonin-induced neuroprotection. Furthermore, melatonin rescued the reduction in melatonin receptor expression. This study suggests that melatonin exerted anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects in inner retinal neurons after hypoxia-ischemia, at least partly due to modulation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Wang X, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Melatonin Alleviates Acute Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Loss in Mice by Suppressing Hippocampal Ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708645. [PMID: 34335271 PMCID: PMC8322577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Memory decline caused by insufficient sleep is a critical public health issues and currently lacks effective treatments. This study objective was to explore alleviative effect of melatonin on sleep deprivation (SD)-induced deficiencies in learning and memory. Materials and Methods: A continuous 72 h SD mouse model, with or without melatonin or Fer-1 supplementation were established. The changes of cognitive function, iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and intracellular signal pathways in mice were detected by Morris water maze, antioxidant assay, immunohistochemistry, western blot, RT-PCR and Prussian blue staining. In vitro, we treated HT-22 cells with ferroptosis inducer (Erastin) to further explore the specific mechanism of melatonin in ferroptosis. Results: Mice subjected to SD had significantly elevated latency and path length to reach hidden platform, as well as a decrease in number of entries and time spent in the target zone when the hidden platform was removed (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, supplementation with ferroptosis inhibitor (Fer-1) mitigated the memory impairment associated with SD. Further evaluation revealed an up-regulation of intracellular iron accumulation, transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 expression and ROS and MDA production, and a down-regulation of ferroportin and antioxidant enzyme (GPX4 and SOD) expression in SD mice. SD decreased expression of MT2 receptor rather than of MT1, and inhibited ERK/Nrf2 signaling activation in the hippocampus (p < 0.05). In contrast, the aforementioned SD-inductions were reversed by supplementation using 20 and 40 mg/kg melatonin in SD mice. In vitro, melatonin pretreatment reversed Erastin-induced ferroptosis, abnormalities in iron transporter protein and antioxidant enzyme expression and suppression of ERK/Nrf2 signaling in HT-22 cells, however this protective effect of melatonin was blocked by MT2-, ERK- and Nrf2-specific antagonists (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our finding suggested SD may induce ferroptosis, in turn leading to cognitive deficits. Melatonin alleviated memory loss and hippocampal ferroptosis caused by acute SD through binding to the MT2 receptor to activate ERK/Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
This review summarizes the available data about genetic factors which can link ischemic stroke and sleep. Sleep patterns (subjective and objective measures) are characterized by heritability and comprise up to 38-46%. According to Mendelian randomization analysis, genetic liability for short sleep duration and frequent insomnia symptoms is associated with ischemic stroke (predominantly of large artery subtype). The potential genetic links include variants of circadian genes, genes encoding components of neurotransmitter systems, common cardiovascular risk factors, as well as specific genetic factors related to certain sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Korostovtseva
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Department for Cardiology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
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Liu L, Cao Q, Gao W, Li B, Xia Z, Zhao B. Melatonin protects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic mice by ameliorating mitochondrial impairments: involvement of the Akt-SIRT3-SOD2 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16105-16123. [PMID: 34118791 PMCID: PMC8266371 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury and have a worse prognosis and higher mortality after ischemic stroke than non-diabetic counterparts. Melatonin can exert neuroprotective effects against CIR injury in nondiabetic animal models. However, its effects on diabetic CIR injury and the underlying mechanisms remain unclarified. Herein, we found that melatonin administration improved neurological deficit, cerebral infarct volume, brain edema, and cell viability, reduced mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytoplasmic cytochrome C release, and increased mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes activities, adenosine triphosphate production, and mitochondrial membrane potential in both streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and high glucose-treated HT22 cells. Importantly, melatonin also activated protein kinase B (Akt) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)/superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) signaling and upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors. However, these effects were largely attenuated by LY294002 (a specific Akt signaling blocker) administration. Additionally, 3-TYP (a selective SIRT3 inhibitor) and SIRT3 siRNA inhibited the above protective effects of melatonin as well as the upregulation of SIRT3 and the decrease of SOD2 acetylation but did not affect the p-Akt/Akt ratio. Overall, we demonstrate that melatonin can alleviate CIR injury in diabetic mice by activating Akt-SIRT3-SOD2 signaling and subsequently improving mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Quan Cao
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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Toader AM, Hoteiuc O, Bidian C, Oltean DD, Tabaran F, Grad O, Clichici S, Mitrea DR. Neuronal apoptosis can be prevented by the combined therapy with melatonin and hypothermia in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:197-207. [PMID: 34013191 PMCID: PMC8118207 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Birth hypoxia is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and neurological morbidity, resulting in central nervous system injury. Cerebral hypoxia and ischemia can produce a severe brain damage following a typical pattern, defined by selective vulnerability of the brain regions. The neonates are most prone to hypoxic-ischemic injuries due to the lack of efficient antioxidant defense. Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in a 7-day-old rat HI model can produce cell death by apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms. The degree of apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms responsible for cell death in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia are not very clear as yet. The form of neuronal death may also depend on the severity of ischemic injury. Necrosis predominates in more severe cases, whereas apoptosis occurs in areas with milder ischemic injury. A human study demonstrated apoptotic and necrotic forms of cell death after hypoxic injury, whereas in some brains from stillbirths, only apoptotic figures were observed. The expression of activated caspase-3 reflects the role of apoptosis in neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of melatonin and hypothermia in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborn rats. Local damages induced by hypoxia and ischemia were assessed by evaluating the changes in terms of histology and apoptosis. Methods The experiment was conducted on 20 newborn Wistar rats premedicated for seven days with melatonin in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. On the 7th postnatal day (P7), the newborn rats were exposed to ischemia (by clamping the right carotid artery) and hypobaric hypoxia (8% O2 for 90 minutes) and some groups to hypothermia. Results In this experimental model of neonatal encephalopathy, melatonin, in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day has neuroprotective effect by reducing the number of cells expressing apoptosis in Cornu Ammonis (CA) (Ammon's Horn) CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus when combined with hypothermia. Conclusion The results of this study prove that melatonin is protective in ischemic-hypoxic brain injuries, but the protection is conditioned in most of the brain regions (excepting cerebral cortex) by conjugation with post-injury hypothermia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mihaela Toader
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Hoteiuc
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Bidian
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan-Daniel Oltean
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Flaviu Tabaran
- Department of Morphopathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Grad
- Department of Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Rodica Mitrea
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Abolhasanpour N, Alihosseini S, Golipourkhalili S, Badalzadeh R, Mahmoudi J, Hosseini L. Insight into the effects of melatonin on endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial function, and their cross-talk in the stroke. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:673-682. [PMID: 33926763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has remained a principal cause of mortality and neurological disabilities worldwide. Blood flow resumption, reperfusion, in the cerebral ischemia prompts a cascade in the brain characterized by various cellular mechanisms like mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stresses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and excitotoxicity, finally resulting in programmed cell death. Any changes in the ER-mitochondria axis are probably responsible for both the onset and progression of central nervous system diseases. Melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland, has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Most studies have shown that it exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. It was observed that melatonin therapy after the stroke not only leads to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction but also cause to alleviate ER stress and inflammation. This review discusses the impact of melatonin on mitochondrial, ER function, and on the crosstalk between two organelles as a therapeutic target for stroke. Given that the influences of melatonin on each organelle separately, its effects on mechanisms of crosstalk between ER and mitochondria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Abolhasanpour
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Samin Alihosseini
- Student research center, Tabriz university of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevda Golipourkhalili
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Badalzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Hosseini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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35
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Ramelteon Ameliorates LPS-Induced Hyperpermeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) by Activating Nrf2. Inflammation 2021; 44:1750-1761. [PMID: 33876343 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is important for protecting the brain tissue by selectively exchanging substances between the blood and brain. The integrity of the BBB can be damaged by multiple factors, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Ramelteon is an oral hypnotic drug, and in the present study, we investigated its protective effect on BBB damage, as well as the underlying mechanism. LPS was used to induce BBB damage on mice and stimulate injury on endothelial cells. Evans blue staining assay was used to measure the brain permeability. The expressions of ZO-1 and Occludin were evaluated using immunostaining and Western blot in the brain tissue and endothelial cells, respectively. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to detect the production of IL-1β and MCP-1 in the brain vessels. TBA assay was utilized to examine the concentration of MDA in the brain tissue and endothelial cells. The expression of Nrf2 in the nucleus and NQO1 were determined using Western blot assay. The endothelial permeability of the monolayer was examined using the FITC-dextran permeation assay. Firstly, the increased brain permeability and downregulated expression of tight junction proteins in the brain tissue induced by LPS were significantly reversed by treatment with Ramelteon, accompanied by the decrease in the production of IL-1β and MCP-1 in the vessels in mice. Also, the Nrf2 signaling was activated and oxidative stress in the brain vessels was alleviated by treatment with Ramelteon. Secondly, LPS-induced increase in endothelial monolayer permeability and decrease in tight junction protein expression in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells were significantly reversed by Ramelteon, accompanied by activated Nrf2 signaling and alleviated oxidative stress. Lastly, the protective effects of Ramelteon against LPS-induced reduction of ZO-1 and Occludin, and the increase in endothelial monolayer permeability were dramatically abolished by silencing Nrf2. Ramelteon might ameliorate LPS-induced hyperpermeability of the BBB by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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36
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Li J, Wu G, Song W, Liu Y, Han Z, Shen Z, Li Y. Prophylactic Melatonin Treatment Ameliorated Propofol-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:227-239. [PMID: 33159663 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Considering the fact that melatonin acts as protective agent in various cognitive impairment, we decided to explore the precise effect of pretreatment with melatonin on cognitive function, mitochondrial activity, apoptosis and synaptic integrity in aged rats anesthetized by propofol. We first randomly allocated the thirty Sprague Dawley rats into three groups: Control vehicle-treated group (Con), Propofol-treated group (Pro) and Melatonin + Propofol group (Mel + Pro). The Barnes maze, open field and contextual fear conditioning test were employed to evaluate spatial memory, exploratory behavior and general locomotor activity, and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory ability, respectively. Moreover, mitochondrial function (including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels) and apoptosis were detected in the regions of hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results of behavioral tests suggested that melatonin improved propofol-induced memory impairment in aged rats. Melatonin mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased the apoptotic cell counts in the regions of HIP and PFC. Furthermore, prophylactic melatonin treatment also reversed the propofol-induced inactivation of PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling and synaptic dysfunction. On the whole, our results indicated that melatonin ameliorated the propofol-induced cognitive disorders via attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inactivation of PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling and synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guiyun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhixiao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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37
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Rui T, Wang H, Li Q, Cheng Y, Gao Y, Fang X, Ma X, Chen G, Gao C, Gu Z, Song S, Zhang J, Wang C, Wang Z, Wang T, Zhang M, Min J, Chen X, Tao L, Wang F, Luo C. Deletion of ferritin H in neurons counteracts the protective effect of melatonin against traumatic brain injury-induced ferroptosis. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12704. [PMID: 33206394 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that ferroptosis may be important in the pathophysiological process of traumatic brain injury (TBI). As a major hormone of the pineal gland, melatonin exerts many beneficial effects on TBI, but there is no information regarding the effects of melatonin on ferroptosis after TBI. As expected, TBI resulted in the time-course changes of ferroptosis-related molecules expression and iron accumulation in the ipsilateral cortex. Importantly, we found that treating with melatonin potently rescued TBI induced the changes mentioned above and improved functional deficits versus vehicle. Similar results were obtained with a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. Moreover, the protective effect of melatonin is likely dependent on melatonin receptor 1B (MT2). Although ferritin plays a vital role in iron metabolism by storing excess cellular iron, its precise function in the brain, and whether it involves melatonin's neuroprotection remain unexplored. Considering ferritin H (Fth) is expressed predominantly in the neurons and global loss of Fth in mice induces early embryonic lethality, we then generated neuron-specific Fth conditional knockout (Fth-KO) mice, which are viable and fertile but have altered iron metabolism. In addition, Fth-KO mice were more susceptible to ferroptosis after TBI, and the neuroprotection by melatonin was largely abolished in Fth-KO mice. In vitro siFth experiments further confirmed the results mentioned above. Taken together, these data indicate that melatonin produces cerebroprotection, at least partly by inhibiting neuronal Fth-mediated ferroptosis following TBI, supporting the notion that melatonin is an excellent ferroptosis inhibitor and its anti-ferroptosis provides a potential therapeutic target for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuexian Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuying Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shunchen Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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38
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Amer ME, Othamn AI, El-Missiry MA. Melatonin ameliorates diabetes-induced brain injury in rats. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151677. [PMID: 33401187 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic brain is a serious complication of diabetes, and it is associated with oxidative stress and neuronal injury. This study investigated the protective effect of melatonin (MLT) on diabetes-induced brain injury. A rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus was produced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide 100 mg/kg, followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 55 mg/kg. The diabetic rats were orally administered MLT 10 mg/kg of body weight for 15 days. MLT remarkably downregulated serum glucose levels. It also improved levels of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal, improved levels of antioxidants including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the brains of the diabetic rats, and this is indicative of the antioxidant potential of MLT. MLT also prevented increase in homocysteine, amyloid-β42 and tau levels in diabetic rats, and this suggests that it can reduce the risk of dementia. This is associated with reduction in the levels of the dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate and is indicative of the regulatory effect of MLT on neurotransmitters. Treatment with MLT improved diabetes-induced structural alteration in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. MLT significantly reduced caspase-3 and Bax as well as significantly increase Bcl-2 protein and GFAP-positive astrocytes indicating its anti-apoptotic effect. MLT showed remarkable ameliorative effect against biochemical and molecular alterations in the brains of diabetic rats most likely through its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie E Amer
- Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Azza I Othamn
- Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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39
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Kinker GS, Ostrowski LH, Ribeiro PAC, Chanoch R, Muxel SM, Tirosh I, Spadoni G, Rivara S, Martins VR, Santos TG, Markus RP, Fernandes PACM. MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors play opposite roles in brain cancer progression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:289-301. [PMID: 33392634 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors remain among the deadliest of all cancers. Glioma grade IV (glioblastoma), the most common and malignant type of brain cancer, is associated with a 5-year survival rate of < 5%. Melatonin has been widely reported as an anticancer molecule, and we have recently demonstrated that the ability of gliomas to synthesize and accumulate this indolamine in the surrounding microenvironment negatively correlates with tumor malignancy. However, our understanding of the specific effects mediated through the activation of melatonin membrane receptors remains limited. Thus, here we investigated the specific roles of MT1 and MT2 in gliomas and medulloblastomas. Using the MT2 antagonist DH97, we showed that MT1 activation has a negative impact on the proliferation of human glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines, while MT2 activation has an opposite effect. Accordingly, gliomas have a decreased mRNA expression of MT1 (also known as MTNR1A) and an increased mRNA expression of MT2 (also known as MTNR1B) compared to the normal brain cortex. The MT1/MT2 expression ratio negatively correlates with the expression of cell cycle-related genes and is a positive prognostic factor in gliomas. Notably, we showed that functional selective drugs that simultaneously activate MT1 and inhibit MT2 exert robust anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo, downregulating the expression of cell cycle and energy metabolism genes in glioma stem-like cells. Overall, we provided the first evidence regarding the differential roles of MT1 and MT2 in brain tumor progression, highlighting their relevance as druggable targets. KEY MESSAGES: • MT1 impairs while MT2 promotes the proliferation of glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines. • Gliomas have a decreased expression of MT1 and an increased expression of MT2 compared to normal brain cortex. • Tumors with a high MT1/MT2 expression ratio have significantly better survival rates. • Functional selective drugs that simultaneously activate MT1 and inhibit MT2 downregulate the expression of cell cycle and energy metabolism genes in glioma stem-like cells and exert robust anti-tumor effects in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/mortality
- Glioma/pathology
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Kinker
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - L H Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P A C Ribeiro
- International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Chanoch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Tirosh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Spadoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - S Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - V R Martins
- International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation - INCITO-INOTE, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - T G Santos
- International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation - INCITO-INOTE, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R P Markus
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P A C M Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Lu J, Luo Y, Mei S, Fang Y, Zhang J, Chen S. The Effect of Melatonin Modulation of Non-coding RNAs on Central Nervous System Disorders: An Updated Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:3-23. [PMID: 32359338 PMCID: PMC7903498 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503024700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced in and secreted by the pineal gland. Besides its role in regulating circadian rhythms, melatonin has a wide range of protective functions in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The mechanisms underlying this protective function are associated with the regulatory effects of melatonin on related genes and proteins. In addition to messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) that can be translated into protein, an increasing number of non-coding RNAs in the human body are proven to participate in many diseases. This review discusses the current progress of research on the effects of melatonin modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA, long ncRNA, and circular RNA. The role of melatonin in regulating common pathological mechanisms through these ncRNAs is also summarized. Furthermore, the ncRNAs, currently shown to be involved in melatonin signaling in CNS diseases, are discussed. The information compiled in this review will open new avenues for future research into melatonin mechanisms and provide a further understanding of ncRNAs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yujie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Shuhao Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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Ferlazzo N, Andolina G, Cannata A, Costanzo MG, Rizzo V, Currò M, Ientile R, Caccamo D. Is Melatonin the Cornucopia of the 21st Century? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111088. [PMID: 33167396 PMCID: PMC7694322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, an indoleamine hormone produced and secreted at night by pinealocytes and extra-pineal cells, plays an important role in timing circadian rhythms (24-h internal clock) and regulating the sleep/wake cycle in humans. However, in recent years melatonin has gained much attention mainly because of its demonstrated powerful lipophilic antioxidant and free radical scavenging action. Melatonin has been proven to be twice as active as vitamin E, believed to be the most effective lipophilic antioxidant. Melatonin-induced signal transduction through melatonin receptors promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes as well as inflammation-related genes. Melatonin also exerts an immunomodulatory action through the stimulation of high-affinity receptors expressed in immunocompetent cells. Here, we reviewed the efficacy, safety and side effects of melatonin supplementation in treating oxidative stress- and/or inflammation-related disorders, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, infectious diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as osteoporosis and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Caccamo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-221-3386 or +39-090-221-3389
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Kılıç E, Çağlayan B, Caglar Beker M. Physiological and pharmacological roles of melatonin in the pathophysiological components of cellular injury after ischemic stroke. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1655-1664. [PMID: 32962330 PMCID: PMC7672349 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2008-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its metabolic or physiological functions, melatonin has a potent cytoprotective activity in the physiological and pathological conditions. It is synthetized by the pineal gland and released into the blood circulation but particularly cerebrospinal fluid in a circadian manner. It can also easily diffuse through cellular membranes due its small size and lipophilic structure. Its cytoprotective activity has been linked to its potent free radical scavenger activity with the desirable characteristics of a clinically- reliable antioxidant. Melatonin detoxifies oxygen and nitrogen-based free radicals and oxidizing agents, including the highly toxic hydroxyl-and peroxynitrite radicals, initiating cellular damage. However, the cytoprotective activity of melatonin is complex and cannot be solely limited to its free radical scavenger activity. It regulates cellular signaling pathways through receptor– dependent and independent mechanisms. Most of these downstream molecules, such as PI3K/AKT pathway components, also contribute to the cytoprotective effects of melatonin. In this term, melatonin is a promising molecule for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as ischemic stroke, which melatonin reduces ischemic brain injury in animal models of ischemic stroke. It regulates also circadian rhythm proteins after ischemic stroke, playing roles in cellular survival. In this context, present article summarizes the possible role of melatonin in the pathophysiological events after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertuğrul Kılıç
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Çağlayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey,Department of Medical Biology, International School of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey,Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Tiong YL, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ponnudurai G, Chye SM. Melatonin promotes Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation through the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK pathways, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 32934681 PMCID: PMC7471953 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon peripheral nerve injury (PNI), continuous proliferation of Schwann cells is critical for axon regeneration and tubular reconstruction for nerve regeneration. Melatonin is a hormone that is able to induce proliferation in various cell types. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on promoting Schwann cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism involved were investigated. The present results showed that melatonin enhanced the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) expression in Schwann cells. Melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation into progenitor-like Schwann cells, as observed by immunofluorescence staining, which showed Sox2 marker expression. In addition, melatonin enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, mediated by the upregulation of glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GNDF) and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK signaling pathways were also involved in Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation. In conclusion, melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation via the Ras/Raf/ERK, MAPK and GDNF/PKC pathways. The present results suggested that melatonin could be used to enhance the recovery of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Leung JWH, Cheung KK, Ngai SPC, Tsang HWH, Lau BWM. Protective Effects of Melatonin on Neurogenesis Impairment in Neurological Disorders and Its Relevant Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165645. [PMID: 32781737 PMCID: PMC7460604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process by which functional new neurons are generated from the neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Increasing lines of evidence show that neurogenesis impairment is involved in different neurological illnesses, including mood disorders, neurogenerative diseases, and central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Since reversing neurogenesis impairment was found to improve neurological outcomes in the pathological conditions, it is speculated that modulating neurogenesis is a potential therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Among different modulators of neurogenesis, melatonin is a particularly interesting one. In traditional understanding, melatonin controls the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle, although it is not directly involved in the proliferation and survival of neurons. In the last decade, it was reported that melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of neurogenesis, and thus it may be a potential treatment for neurogenesis-related disorders. The present review aims to summarize and discuss the recent findings regarding the protective effects of melatonin on the neurogenesis impairment in different neurological conditions. We also address the molecular mechanisms involved in the actions of melatonin in neurogenesis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wai-Hin Leung
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Kwok-Kuen Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.-K.C.); (S.P.-C.N.)
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.-K.C.); (S.P.-C.N.)
| | - Hector Wing-Hong Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.-K.C.); (S.P.-C.N.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.-H.T.); (B.W.-M.L.)
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.-K.C.); (S.P.-C.N.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.-H.T.); (B.W.-M.L.)
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Wu XL, Lu SS, Liu MR, Tang WD, Chen JZ, Zheng YR, Ahsan A, Cao M, Jiang L, Hu WW, Wu JY, Chen Z, Zhang XN. Melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon attenuates mouse acute and chronic ischemic brain injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1016-1024. [PMID: 32107468 PMCID: PMC7470806 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptors (MTs) are potential drug targets for stroke therapy. Ramelteon is a selective melatonin receptor agonist used to treat insomnia. In this study we investigated whether ramelteon could attenuate cerebral ischemia in mice. Acute focal cerebral ischemia was induced in mice via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We found oral administration of ramelteon (3.0 mg/kg) significantly attenuated ischemic injury even when it was given 4 h after the onset of ischemia. We showed that administration of ramelteon (3.0 mg/kg) displayed comparable protective efficacy and length of effective time window as administration of edaravone (10 mg/kg, i.p.), which was used in clinic to treat ischemic stroke. Chronic ischemic brain injury was induced in mice using photothrombosis. Oral administration of ramelteon (3.0 mg · kg-1 · d-1) for 7 days after ischemia significantly attenuated functional deficits for at least 15 days. The neuroprotection of ramelteon was blocked by 4-P-PDOT, a specific MT antagonist. We further revealed that ramelteon significantly inhibited autophagy in the peri-infarct cortex in both the mouse ischemia models via regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Intracerebroventricular injection of rapamycin, an autophagy activator, compromised the neuroprotection of ramelteon, suggesting ramelteon might attenuate ischemic injury by counteracting autophagic cell death. These data demonstrate for the first time the potential benefits of ramelteon in the treatment of both acute and chronic ischemic brain injury and provide the rationale for the application of ramelteon in stroke therapy.
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Chen KH, Lin KC, Ko SF, Chiang JY, Guo J, Yip HK. Melatonin against acute ischaemic stroke dependently via suppressing both inflammatory and oxidative stress downstream signallings. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10402-10419. [PMID: 32729676 PMCID: PMC7521217 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that melatonin (Mel) therapy preserved the brain architectural and functional integrity against ischaemic stroke (IS) dependently through suppressing the inflammatory/oxidative stress downstream signalling pathways. Adult male B6 (n = 6 per each B6 group) and TLR4 knockout (ie TLR4−/−) (n = 6 per each TLR4−/− group) mice were categorized into sham control (SCB6), SCTLR4−/−, ISB6, ISTLR4−/−, ISB6 + Mel (i.p. daily administration) and ISTLR4−/− + Mel (i.p. daily administration). By day 28 after IS, the protein expressions of inflammatory (HMBG1/TLR2/TLR4/MAL/MyD88/RAM TRIF/TRAF6/IKK‐α/p‐NF‐κB/nuclear‐NF‐κB/nuclear‐IRF‐3&7/IL‐1β/IL‐6/TNF‐α/IFN‐γ) and oxidative stress (NOX‐1/NOX‐2/ASK1/p‐MKK4&7/p‐JNK/p‐c‐JUN) downstream pathways as well as mitochondrial‐damaged markers (cytosolic cytochrome C/cyclophilin D/SRP1/autophagy) were highest in group ISB6, lowest in groups SCB6 and SCTLR4−/−, lower in group ISTLR4−/− + Mel than in groups ISTLR4−/− and ISB6 + Mel and lower in group ISB6 + Mel than in group ISTLR4−/− (all P < .0001). The brain infarct volume, brain infarct area and the number of inflammatory cells in brain (CD14/F4‐88) and in circulation (MPO+//Ly6C+/CD11b+//Ly6G+/CD11b+) exhibited an identical pattern, whereas the neurological function displayed an opposite pattern of inflammatory protein expression among the six groups (all P < .0001). In conclusion, TLR inflammatory and oxidative stress signallings played crucial roles for brain damage and impaired neurological function after IS that were significantly reversed by Mel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheung-Fat Ko
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - John Y Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Fujian, China
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Melatonin-A Potent Therapeutic for Stroke and Stroke-Related Dementia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080672. [PMID: 32731545 PMCID: PMC7463751 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted by the pineal gland to regulate the circadian rhythm, melatonin is a powerful antioxidant that has been used to combat oxidative stress in the central nervous system. Melatonin-based therapies have been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in the setting of ischemic stroke by mitigating neuroinflammation and accelerating brain tissue restoration. Melatonin treatment includes injection of exogenous melatonin, pineal gland grafting and melatonin-mediated stem cell therapy. This review will discuss the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating melatonin-based therapeutics to treat stroke.
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48
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Lumsden SC, Clarkson AN, Cakmak YO. Neuromodulation of the Pineal Gland via Electrical Stimulation of Its Sympathetic Innervation Pathway. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:264. [PMID: 32300290 PMCID: PMC7145358 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the pineal gland via its sympathetic innervation pathway results in the production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Melatonin has many therapeutic roles and is heavily implicated in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, N-acetylserotonin has recently been reported to promote neurogenesis in the brain. Upregulation of these indoleamines is possible via neuromodulation of the pineal gland. This is achieved by electrical stimulation of structures or fibres in the pineal gland sympathetic innervation pathway. Many studies have performed such pineal neuromodulation using both invasive and non-invasive methods. However, the effects of various experimental variables and stimulation paradigms has not yet been reviewed and evaluated. This review summarises these studies and presents the optimal experimental protocols and stimulation parameters necessary for maximal upregulation of melatonin metabolic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah C. Lumsden
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Health Systems and Technology, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Bizzarri M. Advances in Characterizing Recently-Identified Molecular Actions of Melatonin: Clinical Implications. APPROACHING COMPLEX DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7164543 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32857-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine, was discovered to be a product of serotonin metabolism in the mammalian pineal gland where its synthesis is under control of the light:dark cycle. Besides its regulatory pathway involving ganglion cells in the retina, the neural connections between the eyes and the pineal gland include the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since pineal melatonin is released into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid, it has access to every cell in an organism and it mediates system-wide effects. Subsequently, melatonin was found in several extrapineal organs and, more recently, perhaps in every cell of every organ. In contrast to the pinealocytes, non-pineal cells do not discharge melatonin into the blood; rather it is used locally in an intracrine, autocrine, or paracrine manner. Melatonin levels in non-pineal cells do not exhibit a circadian rhythm and do not depend on circulating melatonin concentrations although when animals are treated with exogenous melatonin it is taken up by presumably all cells. Mitochondria are the presumed site of melatonin synthesis in all cells; the enzymatic machinery for melatonin synthesis has been identified in mitochondria. The association of melatonin with mitochondria, because of its ability to inhibit oxidative stress, is very fortuitous since these organelles are a major site of damaging reactive oxygen species generation. In this review, some of the actions of non-pineal-derived melatonin are discussed in terms of cellular and subcellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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50
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Younis N, Mohamed M. Sandalwood oil neuroprotective effects on middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic brain stroke. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_398_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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