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Liu Z, Wang W, Zong Y, Li M, Gao Y, Xin X, Zhu T, Wang L, Song L. Norepinephrine regulates TNF expression via the A1AR-p38 MAPK-Relish pathway in granulocytes of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105217. [PMID: 38901503 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is involved in regulating cytokine expression and phagocytosis of immune cells in the innate immunity of vertebrates. In the present study, the modulation mechanism of NE on the biosynthesis of TNFs in oyster granulocytes was explored. The transcripts of CgTNF-1, CgTNF-2 and CgTNF-3 were highly expressed in granulocytes, and they were significantly up-regulated after LPS stimulation, while down-regulated after NE treatment. The phagocytic rate and apoptosis index of oyster granulocytes were also triggered by LPS stimulation and suppressed by NE treatment. The mRNA expressions of CgMAPK14 and CgRelish were significantly induced after NE treatment, and the translocation of CgRelish from cytoplasm to nucleus was observed. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ in granulocytes was significantly up-regulated upon NE incubation, and this trend reverted after the treatment with DOX (specific antagonist for NE receptor, CgA1AR-1). No obvious significance was observed in intracellular cAMP concentrations in the PBS, NE and NE + DOX groups. Once CgA1AR-1 was blocked by DOX, the mRNA expressions of CgMAPK14 and CgRelish were significantly inhibited, and the translocation of CgRelish from cytoplasm to nucleus was also dramatically suppressed, while the mRNA expression of CgTNF-1 and the apoptosis index increased significantly to the same level with those in LPS group, respectively. These results collectively suggested that NE modulated TNF expression in oyster granulocyte through A1AR-p38 MAPK-Relish signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Bao Y, Shen G, Guo Y, Wang Q, Fan X, Li W. Effects of the tumor necrosis factor on hemocyte proliferation and bacterial infection in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109175. [PMID: 37890735 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important cytokine that can regulate a variety of cellular responses by binding tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). We studied whether the TNF of Eriocheir sinensis can regulate hemocyte proliferation. The results showed that the EsTNF and EsTNFR were constitutively expressed in all tested tissues, including the heart, hepatopancreas, muscles, gills, stomachs, intestines, and hemocytes. We found that low levels of EsTNF and EsTNFR transcripts were present in hemocytes. The gene expression levels were significantly increased in the hemocytes after being stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We also found some genes related to cell proliferation were expressed at a higher level in pulsing rTNF-stimulated hemocytes compared with the control group. We also knocked down the EsTNFR gene with RNAi technology. The results showed that the expression level of these genes related to cell proliferation was significantly down-regulated compared with the control group when the TNF does not bind TNFR. We used Edu technology to repeat the above experiments and the results were similar. Compared with the control group, the hemocytes stimulated by rTNF showed more significant proliferation, and the proliferation rate was significantly down-regulated after knocking down the EsTNFR gene. Therefore, we indicate that TNF binding TNFR can affect the proliferation of E. sinensis hemocytes, which might be manifested by affecting the expression of some proliferation-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Bao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Shen
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinpeng Fan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Qin Y, Wan W, Li J, Wang Z, Yang Y, Li J, Ma H, Yu Z, Xiang Z, Zhang Y. A novel Fas ligand plays an important role in cell apoptosis of Crassostrea hongkongensis: molecular cloning, expression profiles and functional identification of ChFasL. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267772. [PMID: 37868973 PMCID: PMC10585096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis regulates normal development, homeostasis, immune tolerance and response to environmental stress by eliminating unwanted or diseased cells, and plays a key role in non-specific immunity of invertebrates. The exogenous pathway mediated by death receptors and death ligands is a very important pathway for cell apoptosis. Death ligands are mainly members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, of which FasL is an important member. The deep involvement of FasL in vertebrates cell apoptosis and immunity has been reported many times, but there is limited research on the FasL gene in shellfish, and its functional importance in oyster cell apoptosis and immunity remains unclear. Methods The full length of ChFasL was identified and cloned based on the genome of Crassostrea hongkongensis. Quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative expression of ChFasL in different developmental stages and tissues, as well as the changes of relative expression in hemocytes after bacterial infection. The expression position of ChFasL in HEK293T cells was also located by subcellular localization, and the effect of increased recombinant protein content on the activity of reporter genes p53 and p21 was studied by dual-fluorescence reporter gene. Finally, the changes of apoptosis rate in hemocytes after ChFasL silencing was identified by RNA interference technology. Results We identified a novel FasL gene from C. hongkongensis and named it ChFasL. We found that ChFasL has potential N-linked glycosylation site, a transmembrane domain and a TNF region, which was a typical characteristics of TNF family. ChFasL was expressed in all developmental stages of larvae and in all tissues of oysters. After stimulation by V. alginolyticus or S. haemolyticus, its relative expression in hemocytes increased significantly, suggesting that ChFasL was deeply engaged in the immune response process of C. hongkongensis to external microbial stimulation. The results of subcellular localization showed that ChFasL was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of HEK293T cells. With the overexpression of the recombinant protein pcDNA3 1- ChFasL, the activity of p53 and p21 significantly increased, showing a positive regulatory effect. Moreover, after dsRNA successfully reduced the relative expression of ChFasL, the apoptosis rate of hemocytes was significantly lower than that the dsGFP group. Conclusion These results comprehensively confirmed the important role of ChFasL in the apoptosis process of C. hongkongensis, which provided the basis and premise for the in-depth understanding of the immune function of apoptosis in molluscs, and also contributed to the research on the pathogenic death mechanism and disease resistance breeding of marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Research Institute of Marine Ecological Environment Engineering, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weitao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Research Institute of Marine Ecological Environment Engineering, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Research Institute of Marine Ecological Environment Engineering, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Research Institute of Marine Ecological Environment Engineering, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Research Institute of Marine Ecological Environment Engineering, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Research Institute of Marine Ecological Environment Engineering, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Xue Y, Peng Z, Zhang L. Immune diversity in lophotrochozoans, with a focus on recognition and effector systems. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2262-2275. [PMID: 37035545 PMCID: PMC10073891 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lophotrochozoa is one of the most species-rich but immunologically poorly explored phyla. Although lack of acquired response in a narrow sense, lophotrochozoans possess various genetic mechanisms that enhance the diversity and specificity of innate immune system. Here, we review the recent advances of comparative immunology studies in lophotrochozoans with focus on immune recognition and effector systems. Haemocytes and coelomocytes are general important yet understudied player. Comparative genomics studies suggest expansion and functional divergence of lophotrochozoan immune reorganization systems is not as "homogeneous and simple" as we thought including the large-scale expansion and molecular divergence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (TLRs, RLRs, lectins, etc.) and signaling adapters (MyD88s etc.), significant domain recombination of immune receptors (RLR, NLRs, lectins, etc.), extensive somatic recombination of fibrinogenrelated proteins (FREPs) in snails. Furthermore, there are repeatedly identified molecular mechanisms that generate immune effector diversity, including high polymorphism of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and cytokines. Finally, we argue that the next generation omics tools and the recently emerged genome editing technicism will revolutionize our understanding of innate immune system in a comparative immunology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongnan Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Xue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhangjie Peng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author at: CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Liu J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Guo X, Lü Z, Zhou X, Liu H, Chi C. Molecular cloning, expression analysis and immune-related functional identification of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in Sepiella japonica under bacteria stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108509. [PMID: 36581254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a cytokine mainly secreted by active macrophages and monocytes, causes hemorrhagic necrosis of tumor tissues, kills tumor cells, regulates inflammatory responses, and plays a crucial role in innate immunity. In this study, TNFα of Sepiella japonica (named as SjTNFα) was acquired, whose full-length cDNA was 1206 bp (GenBank accession no. ON357428), containing a 5' UTR of 185 bp, a 3' UTR of 137 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1002bp to encode a putative peptide of 333 amino acids for constructing the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic TNF domain. Its predicted pI was 8.69 and the theoretical molecular weight was 44.72 KDa. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that SjTNFα had the highest homology to Octopus sinensis, they fell into a unified branch and further clustered with other animals. Real-time PCR indicated that SjTNFα was widely expressed in all subject tissues, including spleen, pancreas, gill, heart, brain, optic lobe, liver and intestine, and exhibited the highest in the liver and the lowest in the brain. The relative expression of SjTNFα varied at the developmental period of juvenile stage, pre-spawning and oviposition in the squid, with the highest in the liver at the juvenile stage and oviposition, and in the optic lobe of pre-spawning. After being infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression of SjTNFα in liver and gill were both upregulated with time, and the highest expression appeared at 24 h and 8 h in liver for different infection, and at 4 h in gill consistently. Cell localization showed that SjTNFα distributed on membrane of HEK293 cells because it was a type II soluble transmembrane protein. When HEK293 cells were stimulated with LPS of different concentrations, the NF-κB pathway was activated in the nucleus and the corresponding mRNA was transferred through the intracellular signal transduction pathway, resulting in the synthesis and release of TNFα, which made the expression of SjTNFα was up-regulated obviously. These findings showed that SjTNFα might play an essential role in the defense of S. japonica against bacteria challenge, which contributed to the understanding of the intrinsic immune signaling pathway of Cephalopoda and the further study of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Xiaoxian Guo
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lü
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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Wu W, Sun J, Dong M, Yang Q, Yang W, Zhang T, Wang L, Song L. CgTNF-2 promotes the proliferation of haemocytes by regulating the expressions of CgRunx and cell cycle related genes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108478. [PMID: 36509414 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A TNF-α family member, CgTNF-2, was previously identified from the oyster Crassostrea gigas to involve in the antibacterial response. In the present study, the role of CgTNF-2 in mediating the proliferation of haemocytes was further explored. The mRNA expression of CgTNF-2 in granulocytes was significantly higher than that in semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes, and the percentages of CgTNF-2 antibody labeled cells in agranulocytes, semi-granulocytes and granulocytes were 19.15%, 40.25% and 94.07%, respectively. After the treatment with rCgTNF-2, the percentage of EdU+ cells in haemocytes increased significantly (1.77-fold, p < 0.05) at 6 h compared with that in rGST-treated group, and the mRNA expressions of CgRunx, CgCyclin A, CgCDK2 and CgCDC45 in haemocytes all increased significantly (p < 0.05), which were 1.94-fold, 2.13-fold, 1.97-fold, 1.76-fold of that in rGST-treated group, respectively. Meanwhile, the protein abundance of CgRunx and CgCyclin A in the haemocytes of oysters in the rCgTNF-2-treated group increased, and the percentage of PI+ haemocytes in S phase also increased significantly (2.19-fold, p < 0.05) compared with that in rGST-treated group. These results collectively confirmed that CgTNF-2 was highly expressed in granulocytes and involved in the proliferation of haemocytes by regulating the expressions of CgRunx and cell cycle related genes in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Canesi L, Auguste M, Balbi T, Prochazkova P. Soluble mediators of innate immunity in annelids and bivalve mollusks: A mini-review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051155. [PMID: 36532070 PMCID: PMC9756803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Annelids and mollusks, both in the superphylum of Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria), are important ecological groups, widespread in soil, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Like all invertebrates, they lack adaptive immunity; however, they are endowed with an effective and complex innate immune system (humoral and cellular defenses) similar to vertebrates. The lack of acquired immunity and the capacity to form antibodies does not mean a lack of specificity: invertebrates have evolved genetic mechanisms capable of producing thousands of different proteins from a small number of genes, providing high variability and diversity of immune effector molecules just like their vertebrate counterparts. This diversity allows annelids and mollusks to recognize and eliminate a wide range of pathogens and respond to environmental stressors. Effector molecules can kill invading microbes, reduce their pathogenicity, or regulate the immune response at cellular and systemic levels. Annelids and mollusks are "typical" lophotrochozoan protostome since both groups include aquatic species with trochophore larvae, which unite both taxa in a common ancestry. Moreover, despite their extensive utilization in immunological research, no model systems are available as there are with other invertebrate groups, such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster, and thus, their immune potential is largely unexplored. In this work, we focus on two classes of key soluble mediators of immunity, i.e., antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, in annelids and bivalves, which are the most studied mollusks. The mediators have been of interest from their first identification to recent advances in molecular studies that clarified their role in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petra Prochazkova,
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Zhang Q, Huang J, Yang C, Chen J, Wang W. Transcriptomic responses to thermal stress in hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂). Front Genet 2022; 13:1053674. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1053674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
China is the world’s largest abalone producing country. Currently, summer mortality caused by high temperature, is one of the biggest challenges for abalone aquaculture industry. The hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂) was conferred on the “new variety”. It has heterosis for thermal tolerance and has been cultured at large-scale in southern China. In this study, a transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the related genes in this hybrid abalone under thermal stress and recovery stage. Compared to control group (18°C), a total of 75, 2173, 1050, 1349, 2548, 494, and 305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 21°C, 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, 32°C, 29°C, and 26°C, respectively. In this study, 24°C is the critical temperature at which the abalone is subjected to thermal stress. With the temperature rising, the number of stress-responsive genes increased. During the temperature recovering to the optimum, the number of stress-responsive genes decreased gradually. Thus, this hybrid abalone has a rapid response and strong adaptability to the temperature. Under the thermal stress, the abalone triggered a complicated regulatory network including degrading the misfolded proteins, activating immune systems, negative regulation of DNA replication, and activating energy production processes. The more quickly feedback regulation, more abundant energy supply and more powerful immune system might be the underlying mechanisms to fight against thermal stress in this hybrid abalone. These findings could provide clues for exploring the thermal-response mechanisms in abalone. The key genes and pathways would facilitate biomarker identification and thermal-tolerant abalone breeding studies.
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Huang Y, Si Q, Du S, Du J, Ren Q. Molecular identification and functional analysis of a tumor necrosis factor superfamily gene from Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 134:104456. [PMID: 35636588 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines involved in various biological processes in vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, a new member of the TNF superfamily (named EsTNFSF) was identified from the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). The full-length cDNA of EsTNFSF is 2462 bp and encodes a polypeptide with 499 amino acids. The deduced EsTNFSF protein contained a transmembrane region and a conserved extracellular C-terminal TNF domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that EsTNFSF was closely related to other TNFSFs from crustaceans. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that EsTNFSF was expressed in all the tissues examined, and the highest expression was found in the hepatopancreas. The mRNA levels of EsTNFSF in hemocytes underwent a time-dependent and variable degree of enhancement after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Functionally, EsTNFSF knockdown by siRNA suppressed the transcriptional levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and two antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor and crustin. Furthermore, purified recombinant EsTNFSF protein accelerated the bacterial clearance in vivo and inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus in vitro. The results revealed that EsTNFSF, as an inducible immune response gene, plays a crucial role in the antibacterial immune defense of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China.
| | - Qin Si
- Biodiversity and Biosafety Research Center, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, 8 Jiangwangmiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Shenghao Du
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Jie Du
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu, 212400, China
| | - Qian Ren
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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10
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Tu Z, Tang L, Yang H, Zhang X, Jiang C, Shen H. Effect of low-frequency noise on the survival rate and immunity of infected Vibrio parahaemolyticus sea slug (Onchidium reevesii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:227-236. [PMID: 35643354 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise in the marine environment has become a global environmental pollutant that affects the behavior, physiology and immunity of marine animals. However, the resistance of marine animals to pathogens while under the influence of noise is a topic that has received little attention. To assess the immune defense response of sea slugs against pathogens when exposed to low frequency noise, we performed 120 h exposure experiments on sea slugs after a Vibrio parahaemolyticus application in low frequency noise at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz. We found that after the infection with V. parahaemolyticus, the survival rate of the sea slugs decreased, the apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of hemocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05), the proliferation of hemocytes accelerated, the activities of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lysozyme (LZM) in the hepatopancreas increased significantly, and the expression of TNF signaling pathway-related genes (TNF-α, FADD, Caspase 8, Caspase 3) and Hsp70 genes were generally upregulated. In addition, exposure of sea slug after infected with V. parahaemolyticus to low frequency noise resulted in a significant increase in both antioxidant and immune parameters, which were positively correlated with frequency. The results showed that noise frequency and exposure time had an interactive effect on the above indicators. In summary, low-frequency noise exposure increases the risk of pathogenic infections in sea slugs and exacerbates the negative effects on the antioxidant capacity and immune metabolism of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Tu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liusiqiao Tang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hang Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Heding Shen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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11
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Boamah GA, Huang Z, Shen Y, Lu Y, Wang Z, Su Y, Xu C, Luo X, Ke C, You W. Transcriptome analysis reveals fluid shear stress (FSS) and atherosclerosis pathway as a candidate molecular mechanism of short-term low salinity stress tolerance in abalone. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:392. [PMID: 35606721 PMCID: PMC9128277 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptome sequencing is an effective tool to reveal the essential genes and pathways underlying countless biotic and abiotic stress adaptation mechanisms. Although severely challenged by diverse environmental conditions, the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai remains a high-value aquaculture mollusk and a Chinese predominantly cultured abalone species. Salinity is one of such environmental factors whose fluctuation could significantly affect the abalone’s cellular and molecular immune responses and result in high mortality and reduced growth rate during prolonged exposure. Meanwhile, hybrids have shown superiority in tolerating diverse environmental stresses over their purebred counterparts and have gained admiration in the Chinese abalone aquaculture industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of low salinity adaptation in abalone. Therefore, this study used transcriptome analysis of the gill tissues and flow cytometric analysis of hemolymph of H. discus hannai (DD) and interspecific hybrid H. discus hannai ♀ x H. fulgens ♂ (DF) during low salinity exposure. Also, the survival and growth rate of the species under various salinities were assessed. Results The transcriptome data revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched on the fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis (FSS) pathway. Meanwhile, the expression profiles of some essential genes involved in this pathway suggest that abalone significantly up-regulated calmodulin-4 (CaM-4) and heat-shock protein90 (HSP90), and significantly down-regulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF), bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). Also, the hybrid DF showed significantly higher and sustained expression of CaM and HSP90, significantly higher phagocytosis, significantly lower hemocyte mortality, and significantly higher survival at low salinity, suggesting a more active molecular and hemocyte-mediated immune response and a more efficient capacity to tolerate low salinity than DD. Conclusions Our study argues that the abalone CaM gene might be necessary to maintain ion equilibrium while HSP90 can offset the adverse changes caused by low salinity, thereby preventing damage to gill epithelial cells (ECs). The data reveal a potential molecular mechanism by which abalone responds to low salinity and confirms that hybridization could be a method for breeding more stress-resilient aquatic species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08611-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Afumwaa Boamah
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yawei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisha Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Changan Xu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China. .,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Li Z, Cardoso JCR, Peng M, Inácio JPS, Power DM. Evolution and Potential Function in Molluscs of Neuropeptide and Receptor Homologues of the Insect Allatostatins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:725022. [PMID: 34659116 PMCID: PMC8514136 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.725022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The allatostatins (ASTs), AST-A, AST-B and AST-C, have mainly been investigated in insects. They are a large group of small pleotropic alloregulatory neuropeptides that are unrelated in sequence and activate receptors of the rhodopsin G-protein coupled receptor family (GPCRs). The characteristics and functions of the homologue systems in the molluscs (Buccalin, MIP and AST-C-like), the second most diverse group of protostomes after the arthropods, and of high interest for evolutionary studies due to their less rearranged genomes remains to be explored. In the present study their evolution is deciphered in molluscs and putative functions assigned in bivalves through meta-analysis of transcriptomes and experiments. Homologues of the three arthropod AST-type peptide precursors were identified in molluscs and produce a larger number of mature peptides than in insects. The number of putative receptors were also distinct across mollusc species due to lineage and species-specific duplications. Our evolutionary analysis of the receptors identified for the first time in a mollusc, the cephalopod, GALR-like genes, which challenges the accepted paradigm that AST-AR/buccalin-Rs are the orthologues of vertebrate GALRs in protostomes. Tissue transcriptomes revealed the peptides, and their putative receptors have a widespread distribution in bivalves and in the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis, elements of the three peptide-receptor systems are highly abundant in the mantle an innate immune barrier tissue. Exposure of M. galloprovincialis to lipopolysaccharide or a marine pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, provoked significant modifications in the expression of genes of the peptide precursor and receptors of the AST-C-like system in the mantle suggesting involvement in the immune response. Overall, our study reveals that homologues of the arthropod AST-systems in molluscs are potentially more complex due to the greater number of putative mature peptides and receptor genes. In bivalves they have a broad and varying tissue distribution and abundance, and the elements of the AST-C-like family may have a putative function in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Deborah M. Power, ; João C. R. Cardoso,
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - João P. S. Inácio
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Deborah M. Power, ; João C. R. Cardoso,
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13
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Gorbushin AM. Toll-like signaling pathway in the transcriptome of Littorina littorea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:640-644. [PMID: 32835850 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome of the caenogastropod mollusk Littorina littorea was scanned for the presence of sequences encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and corresponding proteins involved in downstream TLR signaling pathway. In the transcriptomic snapshots of hemocytes and kidney tissues, 45 complete TLRs encoded by 35 genes were identified. Out of the 59 non-TLR molecules involved in a canonical TLR signaling pathway, 35 genes were classified as homologous and could be placed within the TLR-mediated MyD88-and MAPK-dependent circuitries. No reference vertebrate adapters TIRAP, TRIF and TRAM were identified in the transcriptome. The results of RNA-seq experiments with an immune challenge (rediae of the digenean Himasthla elongata) indicate that four TLRs (LlTLR1, 3, 5 and 8) and a set of upregulated genes involved in signal transduction (LlMyd88, LlTNFα, LlCASP8, LlFADD, LlNFKBIA (IkBα), LlIRAK1, LlSTAT1, LlMAPK14 (P38), LlMAP2K1 (MEK1/2), LlIRF3 and LlIRF5) may participate in the anti-digenean immune response of L. littorea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gorbushin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPhB RAS), St Petersburg, Russia.
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14
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Zhu Y, Li J, Li Q, Pang Y. Characterization of lamprey (Lampetra japonica) tnfr10-like gene: A potential granulocyte marker molecule and its immune functions. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:25-34. [PMID: 32497752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) is an ancient protein superfamily. By binding to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), it can participate in inflammatory response, apoptosis, lymphocyte homeostasis and tissue development. Seven TNFR members have previously been identified in lampreys but detailed functions of TNFR members are not yet to be resolved. Here, we demonstrate some of the distinguishing features of TNFR10-like member which belongs to TNFRSF. The immunohistochemical results indicate that the TNFR10-like protein is abundant in vascular epithelial cells of the lamprey typhlosole and gills. The expression of tnfr10-like gene has a significantly increased at transcription level after Vibrio anguillarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Poly (I:C) stimulation. Notably, TNFR10-like is specifically expressed in the granulocytes of lamprey peripheral blood and supraneural body. Besides, overexpression tnfr10-like gene in HEK-293 T cells cause a decrease in cell activity and able to activate nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB). Together, these results imply that L-TNFR10-like may play a vital role as a potential marker in lamprey granulocytes and may also be involved in regulation of immune response mediated by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigao Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
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15
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Castillo MG, Humphries JE, Mourão MM, Marquez J, Gonzalez A, Montelongo CE. Biomphalaria glabrata immunity: Post-genome advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103557. [PMID: 31759924 PMCID: PMC8995041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. Current treatment and prevention strategies have not led to a significant decrease in disease transmission. However, the genome of B. glabrata was recently sequenced to provide additional resources to further our understanding of snail biology. This review presents an overview of recently published, post-genome studies related to the topic of snail immunity. Many of these reports expand on findings originated from the genome characterization. These novel studies include a complementary gene linkage map, analysis of the genome of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies looking at snail-parasite interactions and innate immune memory responses towards schistosomes. Also included are biochemical investigations on snail pheromones, neuropeptides, and attractants, as well as studies investigating the frontiers of molluscan epigenetics and cell signaling were also included. Findings support the current hypotheses on snail-parasite strain compatibility, and that snail host resistance to schistosome infection is dependent not only on genetics and expression, but on the ability to form multimeric molecular complexes in a timely and tissue-specific manner. The relevance of cell immunity is reinforced, while the importance of humoral factors, especially for secondary infections, is supported. Overall, these studies reflect an improved understanding on the diversity, specificity, and complexity of molluscan immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | | | - Marina M Mourão
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Brazil
| | - Joshua Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Cesar E Montelongo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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16
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Wu Y, He J, Yao G, Liang H, Huang X. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of two TNFRs from the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:147-159. [PMID: 31923566 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily play significant roles in many physiological and pathological events, such as inflammation, apoptosis, autoimmunity, and organogenesis. Here, two TNFR gene homologs (PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5) were identified in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. The predicted PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5 protein sequences were 406 and 533 amino acids long, respectively, and both possessed motifs characteristic of the TNFR family, including a TNFR homology domain (CRD), a transmembrane domain (TM), and death domains. However, the predicted amino acid sequences of PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5 had low identity (~16-23%) with sequences of vertebrate TNFR family proteins. Furthermore, PmTNFR5 had a death domain at the C-terminal, indicating that this protein may be a novel member of the TNFR superfamily. Constitutive PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5 mRNA expression was detected in all six pearl oyster tissues tested, with comparatively greater transcript abundance in the hepatopancreas and gill. The gene expression levels of PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5, as well as those of downstream signaling molecules related to the NF-κB pathway (RIP, TRAF2, TRAF3, IKK, and NF-κB), were quantified in the gill after LPS challenge and in the hemocytes after nucleus insertion surgery using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found that all genes were significantly upregulated at 6 h and 12 h post-injection, as well as at 15 d post-insertion. We used RNAi to inhibit the expression of the PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5 genes. We then quantified the expression levels of PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5, as well as downstream genes, using qRT-PCR. We found that RNAi inhibition of PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5 downregulated the downstream genes (RIP, TRAF2, TRAF3, IKK, and NF-κB). Therefore, our results suggested that PmTNFR1 and PmTNFR5 mediate the NF-κB signaling pathway, and are closely related to immune defense, particularly allograft immunity, in the pearl oyster P. fucata martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, FuJian, China
| | - Junjun He
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaoyou Yao
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiying Liang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xuemin Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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17
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Zheng Y, Liu Z, Wang L, Li M, Zhang Y, Zong Y, Li Y, Song L. A novel tumor necrosis factor in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas mediates the antibacterial response by triggering the synthesis of lysozyme and nitric oxide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:334-341. [PMID: 31881330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are a group of multifunctional inflammatory cytokines involved in various pathological and immune processes. Recently, a few primitive TNFs have been characterized from molluscs, which play important roles in modulating cell apoptosis, phagocytosis and production of immune-related enzymes. In the present study, a novel TNF (named as CgTNF-2) with the activity to mediate antibacterial response was identified from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgTNF-2 was of 783 bp encoding a putative polypeptide of 261 amino acids with a typical TNF domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgTNF-2 shared high identity with that of TNFs previously identified from other molluscs, such as 96.1% identity with that in oyster C. hongkongensis, 33.7% identity with that in scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis and 33.0% identity with CgTNF-1 in oyster C. gigas. There were two distinct TNF branches of vertebrate and invertebrate in the phylogenetic tree, and CgTNF-2 was firstly clustered with TNF-14 from C. hongkongensis, and then clustered with other molluscan TNFs. The mRNA transcripts of CgTNF-2 were widely expressed in various oyster tissues, with the highest expression level in hemocytes. The expression level of CgTNF-2 increased significantly at 6 h (2.45-fold and 6.20-fold, respectively, p < 0.05) after peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides treatments, and peaked at 12 h (31.86-fold and 7.90-fold, respectively, p < 0.05). The recombinant protein of CgTNF-2 (rCgTNF-2) inhibited the growth of human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells at a concentration of 800 ng/mL. After the oysters received an injection of rCgTNF-2, the serum from those oysters exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity compared to that from control group, evidenced by inhibiting the growth of Vibrio splendidus. Moreover, the lysozyme activity as well as the contents of nitric oxide in the oyster serum also increased significantly. The above results collectively suggested that CgTNF-2 was a novel member of bivalve TNF-α family, which could prompt the antibacterial activity by inducing the lysozyme activity and the production of nitric oxide in the innate immune response of oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Zhu Y, Pang Y, Li Q. Molecular evolution of the tnfr gene family and expression profiles in response to pathogens in lamprey(Lethenteron reissneri). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:336-349. [PMID: 31759079 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamilies (TNFRSF) are one of essential cytokines and can trigger inflammation, apoptosis, participating lymphocyte homeostasis and tissue development in vertebrates. To gain insights into the evolution and characterization of tnfr genes in lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, we performed a genome-wide and transcriptome survey and identified 7 tnfr genes in the lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri) database. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, 7 L-tnfr genes are divided into three different clusters, and multiple members of tnfr genes family have appeared in lamprey. Meanwhile, protein domains and motifs analysis reveals that TNFRSF are conserved and have typical cysteine-rich domains (CRDs). Synteny results indicates that the L-tnfr neighborhood genes have taken place great changes compared to jawed vertebrates. Real-time quantitative results demonstrate that tnfr gene family plays an important role in the immune defense. This study has a new understanding for origin and evolution of the tnfr gene family in different vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigao Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China
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Martins E, Bettencourt R. Gene expression study in Bathymodiolus azoricus populations from three North Atlantic hydrothermal vent sites. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103390. [PMID: 31077690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The deep-sea hydrothermal vents are known as harsh environments, abundant in animal diversity surrounded by fluids with specific physiological and chemical composition. Bathymodiolus azoricus mussels are endemic species dwelling at hydrothermal vent sites and at distinct depth ranges. Mussels from Menez Gwen (MG), Lucky Strike (LS), Rainbow (Rb) were collected at 800 m, 1730 m and 2310 m depths respectively, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Five different tissues including gill, digestive gland, mantle, adductor muscle and foot from MG, LS and Rb mussels were selected for gene expression analyses by qPCR. 30 genes were tested to investigate the level of immune and apoptotic gene expression among B. azoricus populations. Statistical analyses confirmed tissue-specific gene expression differences among the five tissues. The digestive gland tissue showed a higher transcriptional activity characterized by an up-regulation of gene activities, contrary to what was assessed in the adductor muscle tissue. Five categories included recognition, signaling, transcription, effector and apoptotic genes were analyzed in this study. The majority of genes differed in levels of expression between MG/LS and LS/Rb in the digestive gland. Our findings suggest that gene expression profiles are inherent to the tissue analyzed, thus implying an immune tissue-specificity controlling defense responses across B. azoricus mussel body as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martins
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal; IMAR - Institute of Marine Research-Azores, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal.
| | - Raul Bettencourt
- OKEANOS Marine Research Center/Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
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20
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Hong S, Wang TY, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Different origins of paralogues of salmonid TNR1 and TNFR2: Characterisation and expression analysis of four TNF receptor genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103403. [PMID: 31150658 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian TNFR1 and TNFR2 bind TNFα and TNFβ, and provide key communication signals to a variety of cell types during development and immune responses that are crucial for cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. In teleost fish TNFβ is absent but TNFα has been expanded by the third whole genome duplication (3R WGD) and again by a 4R WGD in some lineages, leading to the four TNFα paralogues known in salmonids. Two paralogues for each of TNFR1 and TNFR2 have been cloned in rainbow trout in this study and are present in other salmonid genomes. Whilst the TNFR2 paralogues were generated via the 4R salmonid WGD, the TNFR1 paralogues arose from a local en bloc duplication. Functional diversification of TNFR paralogues was evidenced by differential gene expression and modulation, upstream ATGs affecting translation, ATTTA motifs in the 3'-UTR regulating mRNA stability, and post-translational modification by N-glycosylation. Trout TNFR are highly expressed in immune tissues/organs, and other tissues, in a gene- and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, their expression is differentially modulated by PAMPs and cytokines in a cell type- and stimulant-specific manner. Such findings suggest an important role of the TNF/TNFR axis in the immune response and other physiological processes in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Hong
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Involvement of a TNF homologue in balancing the host immune system of Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Immunological Parameters of the Pomacea lineata Spix, 1827 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) Exposed to Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:31-43. [PMID: 30671771 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-018-00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pomacea lineata acts as the natural biological controller of Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, as they are found in the same environment. However, there are no studies reporting an infection in P. lineata due to S. mansoni. Thus, this work investigated parameters related to the immunity of P. lineata after exposure for 24 and 48 h to S. mansoni under experimental conditions. METHODS The F1 generation of these snails was used in this study. The total and differential counts of hemocytes, phenoloxidase, nitric oxide, total proteins, expression of TNF-α in hemocytes and histopathology of the head-foot organ were analyzed. RESULTS Exposure to S. mansoni promoted an increase in the total number of hemocytes, an increase of granulocytes, a reduction of agranulocytes and hyalinocytes, an increase in phenoloxidase levels, total proteins and nitric oxide. There was TNF-α expression in the agranulocytes and granulocytes, increasing in intensity after exposure to the trematode. Head-foot histopathology revealed the presence of sporocytes in the fibromuscular layer surrounded by granulation tissue only within 24 h. At 48 h, there was marked fibrosis in this layer and little granulation tissue. CONCLUSION Thus, we can conclude that P. lineata seems to trigger a series of immunological strategies in a very effective way that confers some resistance to S. mansoni.
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Tang T, Li W, Wang X, Wu Y, Liu F. A house fly TNF ortholog Eiger regulates immune defense via cooperating with Toll and Imd pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:21-28. [PMID: 30165084 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the TNF family is important inflammatory cytokines. Eiger, the invertebrate ortholog of TNF identified firstly in Drosophila, has been implicated in immune response with an unknown molecular mechanism. The present work reports a novel eiger like gene (Mdeiger) from Musca domestica. Mdeiger was significantly up-regulated upon challenge with either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Silencing Mdeiger led to higher mortalities of larvae post either E. coli or S. aureus infection, enhanced the expressions of attacin and diptericin, but blocked the induction of ceropin and muscin, and inhibited the activation of phenoloxidase following bacterial challenge. Meanwhile, the expression of dorsal and JNK was inhibited while that of relish was enhanced in Mdeiger-depleted larvae. We suppose that, by coordinating with the Imd, Toll and JNK pathways, Mdeiger be involved in regulating the innate immune response through controlling the capacity of phenoloxidase and the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Yinjian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
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24
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Batista FM, Churcher AM, Manchado M, Leitão A, Power DM. Uncovering the immunological repertoire of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus through a transcriptomic-based approach. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Tafalla C, Granja AG. Novel Insights on the Regulation of B Cell Functionality by Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily in Jawed Fish. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1285. [PMID: 29930556 PMCID: PMC6001812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most ligands and receptors from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play very important roles in the immune system. In particular, many of these molecules are essential in the regulation of B cell biology and B cell-mediated immune responses. Hence, in mammals, it is known that many TNF family members play a key role on B cell development, maturation, homeostasis, activation, and differentiation, also influencing the ability of B cells to present antigens or act as regulators of immune responses. Evolutionarily, jawed fish (including cartilaginous and bony fish) constitute the first animal group in which an adaptive immune response based on B cells and immunoglobulins is present. However, until recently, not much was known about the expression of TNF ligands and receptors in these species. The sequences of many members of the TNF superfamily have been recently identified in different species of jawed fish, thus allowing posterior analysis on the role that these ligands and receptors have on B cell functionality. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the impact that the TNF family members have in different aspects of B cell functionality in fish, also providing an in depth comparison with functional aspects of TNF members in mammals, that will permit a further understanding of how B cell functionality is regulated in these distant animal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Gerdol M, Luo YJ, Satoh N, Pallavicini A. Genetic and molecular basis of the immune system in the brachiopod Lingula anatina. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:7-30. [PMID: 29278680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extension of comparative immunology to non-model systems, such as mollusks and annelids, has revealed an unexpected diversity in the complement of immune receptors and effectors among evolutionary lineages. However, several lophotrochozoan phyla remain unexplored mainly due to the lack of genomic resources. The increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing technologies offers unique opportunities for extending genome-wide studies to non-model systems. As a result, the genome-based study of the immune system in brachiopods allows a better understanding of the alternative survival strategies developed by these immunologically neglected phyla. Here we present a detailed overview of the molecular components of the immune system identified in the genome of the brachiopod Lingula anatina. Our findings reveal conserved intracellular signaling pathways as well as unique strategies for pathogen detection and killing in brachiopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Yi-Jyun Luo
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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27
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Molecular identification and functional characterization of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene in Crassostrea hongkongensis. Immunobiology 2017; 222:751-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Wei J, Liu B, Fan S, Li H, Chen M, Zhang B, Su J, Meng Z, Yu D. Differentially expressed immune-related genes in hemocytes of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata against allograft identified by transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:247-256. [PMID: 28126621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata is commonly cultured for marine pearls in China. To culture pearls, a mantle piece from a donor pearl oyster is grafted with a nucleus into a receptor. This transplanted mantle piece may be rejected by the immune system of the recipient oyster, thus reducing the success of transplantation. However, there have been limited studies about the oyster's immune defense against allograft. In this study, hemocyte transcriptome analysis was performed to detect the immune responses to allograft in P. fucata at 0 h and 48 h after a transplant. The sequencing reaction produced 92.5 million reads that were mapped against the reference genome sequences of P. fucata. The Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to identify all immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Compared with patterns at 0 h, a total of 798 DEGs were identified, including 410 up-regulated and 388 down-regulated genes at 48 h. The expression levels of interleukin receptor and toll-like receptor in hemocytes were increased significantly 48 h post-transplant, indicating that the oyster immune response was induced. Finally, altered levels of 18 randomly selected immune-related DEGs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results provide the basis for further analysis of the immune rejection of allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfen Wei
- Qinzhou University, Qinzhou 535011, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Baosuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Sigang Fan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jiaqi Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Zihao Meng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dahui Yu
- Qinzhou University, Qinzhou 535011, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou 510300, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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29
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Xiang Z, Xiao S, Wang F, Qin Y, Wu J, Ma H, Li J, Yu Z. Cloning, characterization and comparative analysis of four death receptorTNFRs from the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:288-297. [PMID: 27666188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in homeostasis of the immune systems. The tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) play critical roles in the extrinsic apoptosis pathways and in determining cell fate. In this study, four death receptors (DR) named ChEDAR, ChTNFR27, ChTNFR5, and ChTNFR16 were identified from the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. These ChDRs proteins had 382, 396, 414 and 384 amino acids, respectively, with the typical domains of death receptors, such as the signal peptide (SP), transmembrane helix region (TM) and death domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the ChDR proteins clustered into three distinct groups, indicating that these subfamilies had common ancestors. mRNA expression of the ChDRs were detected in all 8 of the selected oyster tissues and at different stages of development. Furthermore, expression of all the genes was increased in the hemocytes of oysters challenged with pathogens or air stress. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the full-length proteins of the ChDRs were located in the plasma membrane of HEK293T cells. Over-expression of the ChDRs activated the NF-κB-Luc reporter in HEK293T cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the ChDRs may play important roles in the extrinsic apoptotic pathways in oysters.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crassostrea/classification
- Crassostrea/genetics
- Crassostrea/immunology
- Crassostrea/microbiology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Immunity, Innate
- Organ Specificity
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Signal Transduction
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus/physiology
- Vibrio alginolyticus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fuxuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanping Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Abstract
The evolution of the tumor necrosis factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNF/TNFR) is complicated and not well understood. To date, most TNFR studies have focused on vertebrate models leaving the role of TNFRs in invertebrates largely unexplored. The evolution of important cellular processes including stress response, apoptosis, development, and inflammation will be better understood by examining the TNF/TNFR superfamily in ancient invertebrate phyla. How widespread is this gene family within the evolutionary tree of life and is there evidence for similar function in invertebrates? A first step is to identify the presence or absence of these genes within basal metazoan taxa using the signature cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of the TNFR superfamily. In this perspective, we will start by examining what is currently known about the function of TNFRs in invertebrates. Then, we will assess the role of TNFRs in apoptosis and explore the origins of the domains found in TNFRs including the death domain (DD) and CRD. Finally, we will examine the phylogenetic relationship between TNFRs containing DDs identified to date. From these data, we propose a model for a Precambrian origin of TNFRs and their functional role in apoptosis.
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Pozzolini M, Scarfì S, Ghignone S, Mussino F, Vezzulli L, Cerrano C, Giovine M. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the first Porifera tumor necrosis factor superfamily member and of its putative receptor in the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:88-98. [PMID: 26705701 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the first Tumor Necrosis Factor homologous and of its putative receptor in the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis: chTNF and chTNFR, respectively. The deduced chTNF amino acid sequence is a type II transmembrane protein containing the typical TNFSF domain. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that chTNF is more related to Chordata TNFs rather than to other invertebrates. chTNF and chTNFR are constitutively expressed both in the ectosome and in the choanosome of the sponge, with higher levels in the ectosome. chTNF and chTNFR mRNAs were monitored in sponge fragmorphs treated with Gram(+) or Gram(-) bacteria. chTNF was significantly upregulated in Gram(+)-treated fragmorphs as compared to controls, while chTNFR was upregulated by both treatments. Finally, the possible chTNF fibrogenic role in sponge fragmorphs was studied by TNF inhibitor treatment measuring fibrillar and non fibrillar collagen gene expression; results indicate that the cytokine is involved in sponge collagen deposition and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132, Italy.
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Turin Unit (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Mussino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132, Italy
| | - Carlo Cerrano
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences (DiSVA), Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132, Italy
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Gerdol M, Venier P. An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:17-38. [PMID: 25700785 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-self recognition with the consequent tolerance or immune reaction is a crucial process to succeed as living organisms. At the same time the interactions between host species and their microbiome, including potential pathogens and parasites, significantly contribute to animal life diversity. Marine filter-feeding bivalves, mussels in particular, can survive also in heavily anthropized coastal waters despite being constantly surrounded by microorganisms. Based on the first outline of the Mytilus galloprovincialis immunome dated 2011, the continuously growing transcript data and the recent release of a draft mussel genome, we explored the available sequence data and scientific literature to reinforce our knowledge on the main gene-encoded elements of the mussel immune responses, from the pathogen recognition to its clearance. We carefully investigated molecules specialized in the sensing and targeting of potential aggressors, expected to show greater molecular diversification, and outlined, whenever relevant, the interconnected cascades of the intracellular signal transduction. Aiming to explore the diversity of extracellular, membrane-bound and intracellular pattern recognition receptors in mussel, we updated a highly complex immune system, comprising molecules which are described here in detail for the first time (e.g. NOD-like receptors) or which had only been partially characterized in bivalves (e.g. RIG-like receptors). Overall, our comparative sequence analysis supported the identification of over 70 novel full-length immunity-related transcripts in M. galloprovincialis. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of gene functions relevant to immunity, the involvement of part of them in other vital processes, and also the lack of a refined mussel genome make this work still not-exhaustive and support the development of more specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgeri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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Romero A, Novoa B, Figueras A. The complexity of apoptotic cell death in mollusks: An update. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:79-87. [PMID: 25862972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death that produces changes in cell morphology and in biochemical intracellular processes without inflammatory reactions. The components of the apoptotic pathways are conserved throughout evolution. Caspases are key molecules involved in the transduction of the death signal and are responsible for many of the biochemical and morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Nowadays, It is known that caspases are activated through two major apoptotic pathways (the extrinsic or death receptor pathway and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway), but there are also evidences of at least other alternative pathway (the perforin/granzyme pathway). Apoptosis in mollusks seems to be similar in complexity to apoptosis in vertebrates but also has unique features maybe related to their recurrent exposure to environmental changes, pollutants, pathogens and also related to the sedentary nature of some stages in the life cycle of mollusks bivalves and gastropods. As in other animals, apoptotic process is involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and also constitutes an important immune response that can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, hormones, toxic insults, viruses, and protozoan parasites. The main goal of this work is to present the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in mollusks and to highlight those steps that need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - A Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Gao D, Qiu L, Gao Q, Hou Z, Wang L, Song L. Repertoire and evolution of TNF superfamily in Crassostrea gigas: implications for expansion and diversification of this superfamily in Mollusca. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:251-260. [PMID: 25910814 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members represent a group of cytokines participating in diverse immunological, pathological and developmental pathways. However, compared with deuterostomia and cnidaia, the composition and evolution of TNF homologous in protostomia are still not well understood. In the present study, a total of 81 TNF superfamily (TNFSF) genes from 15 mollusk species, including 23 TNFSF genes from Crassostrea gigas, were surveyed by genome-wide bioinformatics analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that 14 out of 23 C. gigas TNFSF genes in five clades exhibited orthologous relationships with Pinctada fucata TNFSF genes. Moreover, there were 15 C. gigas TNFSF genes located in oyster-specific clusters, which were contributed by small-scaled tandem and/or segmental duplication events in oyster. By comparing the sequences of duplicated TNFSF pairs, exon loss and variant in exon/intron length were revealed as the major modes of divergence in gene structure. Most of the duplicated C. gigas TNFSF pairs were evolved under purifying selection with consistent tissue expression patterns, implying functional constraint shaped diversification. This study demonstrated the expansion and early divergence of TNF superfamily in C. gigas, which provides potential insight into revealing the evolution and function of this superfamily in mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhanhui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7th Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Vizzini A, Di Falco F, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Mazzarella C, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona intestinalis interleukin 17-like genes expression is upregulated by LPS challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:129-137. [PMID: 25305501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans, IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the clearance of extracellular bacteria promoting cell infiltration and production of several cytokines and chemokines. Here, we report on three Ciona intestinalis IL-17 homologues (CiIL17-1, CiIL17-2, CiIL17-3). The gene organization, phylogenetic tree and modeling supported the close relationship with the mammalian IL-17A and IL-17F suggesting that the C. intestinalis IL-17 genes share a common ancestor in the chordate lineages. Real time PCR analysis showed a prompt expression induced by LPS inoculation suggesting that they are involved in the first phase of inflammatory response. In situ hybridization assays disclosed that the genes transcription was upregulated in the pharynx, the main organ of the ascidian immune system, and expressed by hemocytes (granulocytes and univacuolar refractile granulocyte) inside the pharynx vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Di Falco
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Sanfratello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzarella
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
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Barros I, Divya B, Martins I, Vandeperre F, Santos RS, Bettencourt R. Post-capture immune gene expression studies in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus acclimatized to atmospheric pressure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:159-170. [PMID: 25462464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are extreme habitats that are distributed worldwide in association with volcanic and tectonic events, resulting thus in the establishment of particular environmental conditions, in which high pressure, steep temperature gradients, and potentially toxic concentrations of sulfur, methane and heavy metals constitute driving factors for the foundation of chemosynthetic-based ecosystems. Of all the different macroorganisms found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus is the most abundant species inhabiting the vent ecosystems from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). In the present study, the effect of long term acclimatization at atmospheric pressure on host-symbiotic associations were studied in light of the ensuing physiological adaptations from which the immune and endosymbiont gene expressions were concomitantly quantified by means of real-time PCR. The expression of immune genes at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, 72 h, 1 week and 3 weeks post-capture acclimatization was investigated and their profiles compared across the samples tested. The gene signal distribution for host immune and bacterial genes followed phasic changes in gene expression at 24 h, 1 week and 3 weeks acclimatization when compared to other time points tested during this temporal expression study. Analyses of the bacterial gene expression also suggested that both bacterial density and activity could contribute to shaping the intricate association between endosymbionts and host immune genes whose expression patterns seem to be concomitant at 1 week acclimatization. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to assess the distribution and prevalence of endosymbiont bacteria within gill tissues confirming the gradual loss of sulfur-oxidizing (SOX) and methane-oxidizing (MOX) bacteria during acclimatization. The present study addresses the deep-sea vent mussel B. azoricus as a model organism to study how acclimatization in aquaria and the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria are driving the expression of host immune genes. Tight associations, unseen thus far, suggest that host immune and bacterial gene expression patterns reflect distinct physiological responses over the course of acclimatization under aquarium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Barros
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; IMAR-Center of the University of the Azores, LARSyS Associate Laboratory, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Baby Divya
- The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Dona Paula, Biological Oceanography Division, 403 004 Goa, India
| | - Inês Martins
- IMAR-Center of the University of the Azores, LARSyS Associate Laboratory, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Frederic Vandeperre
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; IMAR-Center of the University of the Azores, LARSyS Associate Laboratory, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Serrão Santos
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; IMAR-Center of the University of the Azores, LARSyS Associate Laboratory, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Raul Bettencourt
- IMAR-Center of the University of the Azores, LARSyS Associate Laboratory, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; MARE-Marine and Environmental Science Center, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Azores, Portugal.
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Castellanos-Martínez S, Arteta D, Catarino S, Gestal C. De novo transcriptome sequencing of the Octopus vulgaris hemocytes using Illumina RNA-Seq technology: response to the infection by the gastrointestinal parasite Aggregata octopiana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107873. [PMID: 25329466 PMCID: PMC4199593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Octopus vulgaris is a highly valuable species of great commercial interest and excellent candidate for aquaculture diversification; however, the octopus’ well-being is impaired by pathogens, of which the gastrointestinal coccidian parasite Aggregata octopiana is one of the most important. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the immune response in cephalopods, especially in octopus is scarce. The transcriptome of the hemocytes of O. vulgaris was de novo sequenced using the high-throughput paired-end Illumina technology to identify genes involved in immune defense and to understand the molecular basis of octopus tolerance/resistance to coccidiosis. Results A bi-directional mRNA library was constructed from hemocytes of two groups of octopus according to the infection by A. octopiana, sick octopus, suffering coccidiosis, and healthy octopus, and reads were de novo assembled together. The differential expression of transcripts was analysed using the general assembly as a reference for mapping the reads from each condition. After sequencing, a total of 75,571,280 high quality reads were obtained from the sick octopus group and 74,731,646 from the healthy group. The general transcriptome of the O. vulgaris hemocytes was assembled in 254,506 contigs. A total of 48,225 contigs were successfully identified, and 538 transcripts exhibited differential expression between groups of infection. The general transcriptome revealed genes involved in pathways like NF-kB, TLR and Complement. Differential expression of TLR-2, PGRP, C1q and PRDX genes due to infection was validated using RT-qPCR. In sick octopuses, only TLR-2 was up-regulated in hemocytes, but all of them were up-regulated in caecum and gills. Conclusion The transcriptome reported here de novo establishes the first molecular clues to understand how the octopus immune system works and interacts with a highly pathogenic coccidian. The data provided here will contribute to identification of biomarkers for octopus resistance against pathogens, which could improve octopus farming in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Castellanos-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Acuicultura. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Spain
| | - David Arteta
- PROGENIKA Biopharma. A Grifols Company. Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia. Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Susana Catarino
- PROGENIKA Biopharma. A Grifols Company. Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia. Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Camino Gestal
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Acuicultura. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Lee Y, Elvitigala DAS, Whang I, Lee S, Kim H, Zoysa MD, Oh C, Kang DH, Lee J. Structural and functional characterization of a novel molluskan ortholog of TRAF and TNF receptor-associated protein from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:32-39. [PMID: 24955922 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune signaling cascades have an indispensable role in the host defense of almost all the organisms. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling is considered as a prominent signaling pathway in vertebrate as well as invertebrate species. Within the signaling cascade, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) and TNF receptor-associated protein (TTRAP) has been shown to have a crucial role in the modulation of immune signaling in animals. Here, we attempted to characterize a novel molluskan ortholog of TTRAP (AbTTRAP) from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) and analyzed its expression levels under pathogenic stress. The complete coding sequence of AbTTRAP consisted of 1071 nucleotides, coding for a 357 amino acid peptide, with a predicted molecular mass of 40 kDa. According to our in-silico analysis, AbTTRAP resembled the typical TTRAP domain architecture, including a 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase domain. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed its common ancestral invertebrate origin, where AbTTRAP was clustered with molluskan counterparts. Quantitative real time PCR showed universally distributed expression of AbTTRAP in selected tissues of abalone, from which more prominent expression was detected in hemocytes. Upon stimulation with two pathogen-derived mitogens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), transcript levels of AbTTRAP in hemocytes and gill tissues were differentially modulated with time. In addition, the recombinant protein of AbTTRAP exhibited prominent endonuclease activity against abalone genomic DNA, which was enhanced by the presence of Mg(2+) in the medium. Collectively, these results reinforce the existence of the TNF signaling cascade in mollusks like disk abalone, further implicating the putative regulatory behavior of TTRAP in invertebrate host pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdeuk Lee
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Sun Y, Zhou Z, Wang L, Yang C, Jianga S, Song L. The immunomodulation of a novel tumor necrosis factor (CgTNF-1) in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:291-299. [PMID: 24685510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines involved in many processes in both vertebrate and invertebrate. In the present study, a new tumor necrosis factor with a typical TNF domain was identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated CgTNF-1). CgTNF-1 shared low sequence identity and similarity with the TNF superfamily members from other vertebrate and invertebrate. After LPS stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgTNF-1 in haemocytes increased significantly and peaked at 12h (1.39±0.12, P<0.05) post treatment, and the expression of CgTNF-1 protein in haemolymph also increased obviously during 6-12h. When the oyster haemocytes were incubated with rCgTNF-1, its apoptosis and phagocytosis rate were both effectively induced and peaked at 12h post the treatment of rCgTNF-1 with the concentration of 100ngmL(-1) (23.3±3%, P<0.01), 50ngmL(-1) (5.3±0.6%, P<0.05) and 10ngmL(-1) (6.7±1.2%, P<0.05), respectively. After the co-stimulation of LPS and rCgTNF-1, the apoptosis and phagocytosis rate of oyster haemocytes, and the activities of PO and lysozyme in the haemolymph all increased significantly, and reached the peak at 12h (apoptosis rate 26.7±1.5%, P<0.01), 12h (phagocytosis rate 8.3±0.6%, P<0.01), 6h (PO 1.11±0.01Umg prot(-1), P<0.01) and 12h (lysozyme 168.9±8.3Umg prot(-1), P<0.05), respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the LPS group. Furthermore, the anti-bacteria activity in the LPS+TNF group was significantly higher than that in the LPS group during 6-12h. All the results collectively indicated that CgTNF-1 was involved in the oyster immunity and played a crucial role in the modulation of immune response including apoptosis and phagocytosis of haemocytes, and regulation of anti-bacterial activity as well as the activation of immune relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jianga
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Igaki T, Miura M. The Drosophila TNF ortholog Eiger: emerging physiological roles and evolution of the TNF system. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:267-74. [PMID: 24981286 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF and TNFR superfamilies of proteins are conserved throughout evolution. The first invertebrate orthologs of TNF and TNFR, Eiger and Wengen, were identified in Drosophila, which enabled us to take advantage of its powerful genetics. Indeed, genetic studies on Eiger in the last decade have discovered their signaling mechanisms through activation of the JNK pathway and unveiled the role of Eiger-JNK signaling in a variety of cellular and tissue processes such as cell death, cell proliferation, tissue growth regulation, host defense, pain sensitization, and canalization. In this review, we will describe the in vivo signaling of Eiger and its physiological roles in fly development and homeostasis, and will discuss the evolution of the TNF/TNFR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Basic Research Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Basic Research Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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41
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Wen R, Li F, Li S, Xiang J. Function of shrimp STAT during WSSV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:354-360. [PMID: 24727196 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays key roles in the antiviral immunity of mammals, fish and insect. However, limited knowledge is known about the function of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the antiviral immunity of shrimp although virus disease has caused severe mortality in shrimp aquaculture. In order to understand the function of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the antiviral immunity of shrimp, dsRNA interfering technique was used to silence the expression of STAT gene in Litopenaeus vannamei, and the mortality of shrimp was detected after WSSV infection. Furthermore, the expressions of some potential target genes regulated by STAT or genes related to RNA interfering pathway were detected in STAT silenced shrimp during WSSV infection. The WSSV copy number in STAT silenced shrimp was 10(2)-10(3) copies/ng DNA which was much lower than that in the control. The mortality in STAT silenced shrimp caused by WSSV infection decreased very significantly compared to their controls. The function of STAT was verified in vitro cultured cells of hematopoietic tissue of crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus by adding specific inhibitor of STAT3(S3I-201), and the cultured cells treated with S3I-201 showed much less WSSV copy number than their controls, which further suggested that STAT might be helpful for the replication of WSSV. Expression analysis on the potential STAT target genes and genes in RNA interfering pathway provide important information for understanding the functional mechanism of STAT in antiviral immunity of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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42
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Molecular characterisation of TNF, AIF, dermatopontin and VAMP genes of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis and analysis of their modulation by diseases. Gene 2013; 533:208-17. [PMID: 24095775 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bonamiosis and disseminated neoplasia (DN) are the most important diseases affecting cultured flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) in Galicia (NW Spain). Previous research of the response of O. edulis against bonamiosis by suppression subtractive hybridisation yielded a partial expressed sequence tag of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and allograft inflammatory factor (AIF), as well as the whole open reading frame for dermatopontin and vesicle-associated membrane (VAMP). Herein, the complete open reading frames of TNF and AIF genes were determined by the rapid amplification of cDNA, and the deduced amino acid sequences of the four genes were characterised. Phylogenetic relationships for each gene were studied using maximum likelihood parameters. Quantitative-PCR assays were also performed in order to analyse the modulation of the expression of these genes by bonamiosis and disseminated neoplasia. Gene expression profiles were studied in haemolymph cells and in various organs (gill, gonad, mantle and digestive gland) of oysters affected by bonamiosis, DN, and both diseases with regard to non-affected oysters (control). TNF expression in haemolymph cells was up-regulated at heavy stage of bonamiosis but its expression was not affected by DN. AIF expression was up-regulated at heavy stage of bonamiosis in haemolymph cells and mantle, which is associated with heavy inflammatory response, and in haemolymph cells of oysters affected by DN. AIF expression was, however, down-regulated in other organs as gills and gonads. Dermatopontin expression was down-regulated in haemolymph cells and digestive gland of oysters affected by bonamiosis, but DN had no significant effect on its expression. Gills and gonads showed up-regulation of dermatopontin expression associated with bonamiosis. There were significant differences in the expression of TNF and VAMP depending on the bonamiosis intensity stage whereas no significant differences were detected between light and heavy severity degrees of DN for the studied genes. VAMP expression showed also differences among haemolymph cells and the organs studied. The occurrence of both diseases in oysters involved haemolymph cell gene expression patterns different from those associated to each disease separately: no significant effect was observed in TNF expression, dermatopontin was up-regulated and marked up-regulation of AIF and VAMP was recorded, which suggests a multiplier effect of the combination of both diseases for the latter two genes.
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Wickramaarachchi WDN, De Zoysa M, Whang I, Wan Q, Lee J. Kazal-type proteinase inhibitor from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): molecular characterization and transcriptional response upon immune stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1039-1043. [PMID: 23859879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteinases and proteinase inhibitors are involved in several biological and physiological processes in all multicellular organisms. Proteinase inhibitors play a key role in regulating the activity of the respective proteinases. Among serine proteinase inhibitors, kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (KPIs) are widely found in mammals, avians, and a variety of invertebrates. In this study, we describe the identification of a kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor (Ab-KPI) from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus, which is presumably involved in innate immunity. The full-length cDNA of Ab-KPI includes 600 bp nucleotides with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 143 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ab-KPI contains a putative 17-amino acid signal peptide and two tandem kazal domains with high similarity to other kazal-type SPIs. Each kazal domain consists of reactive site (P1) residue containing a leucine (L), and a threonine (T) located in the second amino acid position after the second conserved cysteine of each domain. Temporal expression of Ab-KPI was assessed by real time quantitative PCR in hemocytes and mantle tissue following bacterial and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) challenge, and tissue injury. At 6 h post-bacterial and -VHSV challenge, Ab-KPI expression in hemocytes was increased 14-fold and 4-fold, respectively, compared to control samples. The highest up-regulations upon tissue injury were shown at 9 h and 12 h in hemocytes and mantle, respectively. The transcriptional modulation of Ab-KPI following bacterial and viral challenges and tissue injury indicates that it might be involved in immune defense as well as wound healing process in abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Niroshana Wickramaarachchi
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Jiang Q, Zhou Z, Wang L, Wang L, Yue F, Wang J, Song L. A scallop nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with structure similar to neuronal NOS and its involvement in the immune defense. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69158. [PMID: 23922688 PMCID: PMC3724850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is responsible for synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine, and involved in multiple physiological functions. However, its immunological role in mollusc was seldom reported. METHODOLOGY In the present study, an NOS (CfNOS) gene was identified from the scallop Chlamys farreri encoding a polypeptide of 1486 amino acids. Its amino acid sequence shared 50.0~54.7, 40.7~47.0 and 42.5~44.5% similarities with vertebrate neuronal (n), endothelial (e) and inducible (i) NOSs, respectively. CfNOS contained PDZ, oxygenase and reductase domains, which resembled those in nNOS. The CfNOS mRNA transcripts expressed in all embryos and larvae after the 2-cell embryo stage, and were detectable in all tested tissues with the highest level in the gonad, and with the immune tissues hepatopancreas and haemocytes included. Moreover, the immunoreactive area of CfNOS distributed over the haemocyte cytoplasm and cell membrane. After LPS, β-glucan and PGN stimulation, the expression level of CfNOS mRNA in haemocytes increased significantly at 3 h (4.0-, 4.8- and 2.7-fold, respectively, P < 0.01), and reached the peak at 12 h (15.3- and 27.6-fold for LPS and β-glucan respectively, P < 0.01) and 24 h (17.3-fold for PGN, P < 0.01). In addition, TNF-α also induced the expression of CfNOS, which started to increase at 1 h (5.2-fold, P < 0.05) and peaked at 6 h (19.9-fold, P < 0.01). The catalytic activity of the native CfNOS protein was 30.3 ± 0.3 U mgprot(-1), and it decreased significantly after the addition of the selective inhibitors of nNOS and iNOS (26.9 ± 0.4 and 29.3 ± 0.1 U mgprot(-1), respectively, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that CfNOS, with identical structure with nNOS and similar enzymatic characteristics to nNOS and iNOS, played the immunological role of iNOS to be involved in the scallop immune defense against PAMPs and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Qiu R, Liu X, Hu YH, Sun BG. Expression characterization and activity analysis of a cathepsin B from Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1376-1382. [PMID: 23473863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) is a member of lysosomal cysteine protease and has a papain-like fold. In mammals, it is involved in protein degradation and other physiological processes including immune response. However, little is known about the function of cathepsin B in mollusks. In this study, we identified and analyzed a cathepsin B homolog (HdCatB) from Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), an economically important mollusk species cultured in East Asia. HdCatB is composed of 336 amino acid residues and its mature form is predicted to start at residue 86. HdCatB possesses typical domain architecture of cathepsin B and contains a propeptide region and a cysteine protease domain, the latter containing the four active site residues (Q108, C114, H282, and N302) that are conserved in many different organisms. HdCatB shares 40-60% overall sequence identities with the cathepsin Bofa number of vertebrates and invertebrates and is phylogenetically very close to mollusk cathepsin B. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis revealed that HdCatB expression occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated by bacterial infection. Recombinant HdCatB purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent protease activity, which was optimal at 45 °C and pH 6.0. These results indicate that HdCatB is a bioactive protease that is likely to be implicated in the immune response of abalone during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reng Qiu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Genes of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61502. [PMID: 23626691 PMCID: PMC3634015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves play vital roles in marine, brackish, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. In recent years, these ecosystems have become affected through anthropogenic activities. The ecological success of marine bivalves is based on the ability to modify their physiological functions in response to environmental changes. One of the most important mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to environmental and biological stresses is apoptosis, which has been scarcely studied in mollusks, although the final consequence of this process, DNA fragmentation, has been frequently used for pollution monitoring. Environmental stressors induce apoptosis in molluscan cells via an intrinsic pathway. Many of the proteins involved in vertebrate apoptosis have been recognized in model invertebrates; however, this process might not be universally conserved. Mytilus galloprovincialis is presented here as a new model to study the linkage between molecular mechanisms that mediate apoptosis and marine bivalve ecological adaptations. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to identify the key elements involved in bivalve apoptosis. In the present study, six mitochondrial apoptotic-related genes were characterized, and their gene expression profiles following UV irradiation were evaluated. This is the first step for the development of potential biomarkers to assess the biological responses of marine organisms to stress. The results confirmed that apoptosis and, more specifically, the expression of the genes involved in this process can be used to assess the biological responses of marine organisms to stress.
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Timmins‐Schiffman EB, Friedman CS, Metzger DC, White SJ, Roberts SB. Genomic resource development for shellfish of conservation concern. Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 13:295-305. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn S. Friedman
- University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Dave C. Metzger
- University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Samuel J. White
- University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Steven B. Roberts
- University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195 USA
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De Vico G, Carella F. Morphological features of the inflammatory response in molluscs. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Characterization of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 binding protein 1 gene in small abalone Haliotis diversicolor. Gene 2012; 506:417-22. [PMID: 22781544 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 binding protein 1 (IRAK1BP1) is a critical factor in preventing dangerous overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines by the innate immune system and in influencing the specificity of TLR responses. In this study, a first molluscan IRAK1BP1 gene, saIRAK1BP1, was cloned from the small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor). Its full-length cDNA sequence is 1047bp, with a 747bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 249 aa. The molecular mass of the deduced protein is approximately 28.1kDa with an estimated pI of 8.87, and shows highest identity (52%) to acorn worm Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that saIRAK1BP1 shares a conserved SIMPL domain. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to investigate the tissue distribution of saIRAK1BP1 mRNA, and its expression in abalone under bacteria challenge and larvae at different developmental stages. The saIRAK1BP1 mRNA could be detected in all examined tissues, with the highest expression level in hemocytes, and was up-regulated in gills, kidneys and hemocytes after bacteria injection. Additionally, saIRAK1BP1 was constitutively expressed at all examined developmental stages. These results indicate that saIRAK1BP1 play an important role in the adult abalone immune system and might be essential in embryo and larval development in abalone.
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De Zoysa M, Nikapitiya C, Oh C, Whang I, Shin HJ, Lee J. cDNA microarray analysis of disk abalone genes in gills and hemocytes after viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1205-1215. [PMID: 22465362 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A disk abalone Haliotis discus discus 4.2 K cDNA microarray was designed by selecting abalone expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Transcriptional profiles in gills and hemocytes were analyzed upon abalone challenged with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in order to select candidates for screening of immune response genes. Among the 4188 genes analyzed, 280 (6.6%) transcripts were changed their expression level in gills and hemocytes against VHSV challenge compared to control animals. Total of 88 and 65 genes were up-regulated in gills and hemocytes, respectively. These genes can be grouped under various immune-functional categories such as transcription factors (Krüppell-like factor; ETS-family transcription factor), inflammatory and apoptosis related genes (TNF superfamily members, Fas ligand), IFN regulatory proteins (IFN-44 like, interferon gamma-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase) and detoxification proteins (glutathione peroxidase). In contrast, 25 and 102 genes were shown down-regulation in gills and hemocytes, respectively. Among the differentially expressed transcripts, considerably higher numbers of ESTs were represented as either hypothetical (unknown) proteins or no GenBank match suggesting those may be novel genes associated with internal defense of abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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