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Wang S, Sun D, Ye B, Xu G, Zou J. Dietary kelp meal improves serum antioxidants, intestinal immunity, and lipid metabolism in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:7464-7475. [PMID: 38733135 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary kelp possesses a variety of useful biological qualities but does not have a toxic effect on the host. In this study, we examine how kelp dietary supplementation enhances the serum biochemistry, intestinal immunity, and metabolism of hybrid snakehead. A total of 810 juvenile hybrid snakeheads (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂), with an initial average weight of 11.4 ± 0.15 g, were allocated randomly to three treatment groups (three replicates per group). The fish were fed for 60 days with isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets. The groups were the control group (C) (20% high-gluten flour), the medium replacement group (MR) (10% high-gluten flour and 10% kelp meal), and the full replacement group (FR) (0% high-gluten flour and 15% kelp meal). RESULTS The results showed that dietary kelp increased the activity of serum antioxidant enzymes significantly and decreased the content of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in hybrid snakeheads, with significant changes in the FR group (P < 0.05). The intestinal morphology results showed that dietary kelp helped to increase the specific surface area of intestinal villi, which was beneficial for intestinal digestion and absorption. According to transcriptome and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, dietary kelp can improve the expression of intestinal immunity and metabolism-related pathways. Among them, immune-related genes MHC1 and HSPA1 were significantly up-regulated, and IGH, MHC2, and IL-8 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). Lipid metabolism-related genes DGAT2, FABP2, RXRα, and PLPP1 were all significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary kelp can effectively improve the antioxidant function of hybrid snakeheads, improve intestinal morphology, reduce intestinal inflammation, and promote intestinal lipid synthesis and transportation, thereby improving intestinal immunity and metabolic functions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Di Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong province and Hong Kong region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Ye
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong province and Hong Kong region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong province and Hong Kong region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Luo L, Meng X, Wang S, Zhang R, Guo K, Zhao Z. Effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) polysaccharide on the growth, antioxidant, immunity response, intestinal microbiota, and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133711. [PMID: 38977043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Ginger polysaccharides (GP) promote growth and development in fish. However, the effects of GP on crucian carp remain unclear. The present study investigated the effects of GP on the growth performance, immunity, intestinal microbiota, and disease resistance in crucian carp. Four treatment groups were established with different concentrations of GP (0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.4 %, and 0.8 %). GP was not added as the control group, and the feeding period lasted for 56 d, followed by a 96-h anti-infection treatment using Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that dietary GP significantly improved growth performance, especially in the 0.4 % GP group. Furthermore, GP administration notably increased serum lysozyme (LMZ) activity, digestive enzyme performance, and antioxidant capacity of crucian carp. Moreover, dietary inclusion of GP up-regulated the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) genes while down-regulating IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene expressions, thus promoting liver health in crucian carp. Additionally, incorporating GP into the diet regulated both the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota in crucian carp, explicitly enhancing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Fusobacteriota and Firmicutes. Therefore, GP reduces the mortality of crucian carp infected with A. hydrophila. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the application of dietary GP in cultured fish and evaluates the value of traditional Chinese medicinal polysaccharides against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Multiplication and Cultivation of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Multiplication and Cultivation of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, PR China
| | - Shihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Multiplication and Cultivation of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Multiplication and Cultivation of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China
| | - Kun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Multiplication and Cultivation of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Multiplication and Cultivation of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
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Huang Y, Sun H, Dong J, Zhang J, Wang H, Yang L, Li Y, Wang Y. Novel identification of mixed infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Cryptocaryon irritans isolated from cultured Trachinotus ovatus in China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301674. [PMID: 39042608 PMCID: PMC11265655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae has recently been identified and listed as one of the causative agents of hyperacute hemorrhagic sepsis in fish. In intensive recirculating aquaculture systems where there are high fish densities and minimal water changes, not only will it be conducive to the growth of bacteria, but Cryptocaryon irritans as a marine protozoan fish parasite is also prone to appear. This study reports the disease status of Trachinotus ovatus in an aquaculture area in Yangjiang City, Guangdong Province. Through the diagnosis of clinical symptoms of the diseased fish, identification of specific primers, 16s rRNA sequences phylogenetic tree analysis, physiological and biochemical identification, and observation of histopathological sections, the result of the experiment is that the mass death of T. ovatus is caused by a mixture of L. garvieae and C. irritants infections. Subsequently, regression infection experiments were performed to verify Koch's law. It was confirmed that the pathogen had strong virulence to T. ovatus. This is the first time that the co-infection of L. garvieae and C. irritans to T. ovatus was found in South China. The research results of this experiment have certain enlightenment significance for the epidemic trend of fish diseases in relevant sea areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Lindi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Tong JF, Yu L, Gan RH, Shi LP, Bu SY, Gu Y, Wen X, Sun JL, Song FB, Zhou L, Gui JF, Luo J. Establishment and characterization of a golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fin cell line for applications in marine fish pathogen immunology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109568. [PMID: 38636741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Pompano fishes have been widely farmed worldwide. As a representative commercial marine species of the Carangidae family, the golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) has gained significant popularity in China and worldwide. However, because of rapid growth and high-density aquaculture, the golden pompano has become seriously threatened by various diseases. Cell lines are the most cost-effective resource for in vitro studies and are widely used for physiological and pathological research owing to their accessibility and convenience. In this study, we established a novel immortal cell line, GPF (Golden pompano fin cells). GPF has been passaged over 69 generations for 10 months. The morphology, adhesion and extension processes of GPF were evaluated using light and electron microscopy. GPF cells were passaged every 3 days with L-15 containing 20 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 1:3. The optimum conditions for GPF growth were 28 °C and a 20 % FBS concentration. DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA confirmed that GPF was derived from the golden pompano. Chromosomal analysis revealed that the number pattern of GPF was 48 chromosomes. Transfection experiments demonstrated that GPF could be utilized to express foreign genes. Furthermore, heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Fe) exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against GPF. After polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment, transcription of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) pathway genes, including mda5, mita, tbk1, irf3, and irf7 increased, inducing the expression of interferon (IFN) and anti-viral proteins in GPF cells. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation up-regulated the expression of inflammation-related factors, including myd88, irak1, nfκb, il1β, il6, and cxcl10 expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the immune response signaling pathways of the golden pompano using an established fin cell line. In this study, we describe a preliminary investigation of the GPF cell line immune response to poly I:C and LPS, and provide a more rapid and efficient experimental material for research on marine fish immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Tong
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lang Yu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Rui-Hai Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li-Ping Shi
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shao-Yang Bu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yue Gu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jun-Long Sun
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Fei-Biao Song
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian Luo
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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El-Sayed AFM, Figueiredo-Silva C, Zeid SMS, Makled SO. Metal-amino acid complexes (Zn, Se, Cu, Fe, and Mn) enhance immune response, antioxidant capacity, liver function enzymes, and expression of cytokine genes in Nile Tilapia reared under field conditions. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023; 35:248-262. [PMID: 37501584 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated the effects of partial or total replacement of dietary inorganic trace materials (ITM) with metal-amino acid complexes (MAACs) on immune response, antioxidant capacity, cytokine genes expression, and overall health status of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in in-pond hapas (mesh cages) under field conditions. METHODS All-male Nile Tilapia with an average initial weight of about 90 g fish-1 were stocked into the hapas, in quadruplicates, at a density of 60 fish per hapa (30 fish m-3 ). The fish in each hapa were acclimatized to culture conditions and test diets for 1 week. Water quality parameters, including temperature (°C), pH, dissolved oxygen (mg L-1 ), and total ammonia (mg L-1 ), were monitored regularly. The MAACs were formulated to contain the same mineral concentrations found in the inorganic premix. Metal-amino acid complexes replaced the ITM premix at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% levels (Table 1). The diets were fed to caged Nile Tilapia twice a day, for 80 days, at a daily rate of 3% of their body weights. The fish were weighed every 10 days, and the daily rations were readjusted. At harvest, fish in each hapa were collected, counted, and weighed collectively. Five fish from each hapa were rapidly anesthetized, and used for chemical and physiological analyses, including antioxidant and immune response analyses, liver function analysis, and gene expression. RESULT The activities of lysozyme, respiratory burst (%), alternative complement (ACH50), phagocytic cells, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and liver function enzymes were all improved with increasing supplemental MAACs up to the 50% substitution level. The expression of cytokine genes, including interferon, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, serum alkaline phosphatase, the integrated microbial genomes, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and transforming growth factor genes, was significantly upregulated in fish fed on MAAC-supplemented diets compared with the control group. The 50% MAAC level produced the highest upregulation of these genes, whereas gene expression decreased with increasing dietary MAAC levels to 75% and 100%. The quadratic regression analysis indicated that about 60-65% MAAC is required for maximum promotion of immunological and oxidative stress responses, gene expression, and overall health status of Nile Tilapia reared in in-pond hapas under field conditions. CONCLUSION Replacement of the ITM premix with a MAAC premix enhanced the immune and antioxidant responses of Nile Tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salma M S Zeid
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah O Makled
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Magalhães R, Martins N, Fontinha F, Olsen RE, Serra CR, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A. Dietary ARA, DHA, and Carbohydrate Ratios Affect the Immune Status of Gilthead Sea Bream Juveniles upon Bacterial Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1770. [PMID: 37889635 PMCID: PMC10251966 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the effects of different dietary n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios and CHO content in the immune response of gilthead seabream. For that purpose, gilthead sea bream juveniles (initial body weight = 47.5 g) were fed for 84 days with four isoproteic (47% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipids) diets with high (20%) or low (5%) level of gelatinized starch (HS or LS diets, respectively) and included approximately 2.4% ARA or DHA. At the end of the trial, the DHA-enriched groups presented increased red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, plasmatic nitric oxide (NO) content, and antiprotease and alternative complement activities. The ARA groups had increased thrombocyte count, and plasmatic bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum was lower in the fish fed the ARA/LS diet. After the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of killed Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) and sampled at 4 and 24 h after the challenge. At 4 h after i.p., the ARA groups presented increased plasma total immunoglobulins (Ig) and bactericidal activity against V. anguillarum. In addition, the fish fed the ARA/LS diet presented lower white blood cell (WBC) and alternative complement activity. At 24 h after i.p., the ARA groups presented increased RBC, WBC, and thrombocyte numbers, total IG, plasma peroxidase activity, and casp3 expression in the distal intestine. The HS groups presented increased plasma NO content and bactericidal activity against Phdp and decreased protease, antiprotease activity, and bactericidal activity against V. anguillarum. In conclusion, high dietary DHA levels seemed to improve the immune status of unchallenged gilthead sea bream juveniles, while high dietary ARA levels improved the fish immune response to a bacterial challenge. The energy provided by dietary starch seems to be important to promote a fast response by the fish immune system after a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Magalhães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicole Martins
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Fontinha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rolf Erick Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia Reis Serra
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Yang L, Zhao M, Liu M, Zhang W, Zhi S, Qu L, Xiong J, Wang L, Qin C, Nie G. Effects of Genistein on Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Activity, and Immunity of Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) Fed with High-Carbohydrate and High-Fat Diets. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:9555855. [PMID: 37034827 PMCID: PMC10081910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9555855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genistein on growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of common carp fed with high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets. Five diets were used to feed fish: control diet (5% fat; CO), high-fat diet (11% fat; HF), high-carbohydrate diet (45% carbohydrate; HC), and HF or HC diet with 500 mg/kg genistein (FG or CG). Results showed that final body weight (FW) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly reduced, but the supplementation with genistein resulted in higher values of FW and SGR than the HF or HC group. Both high carbohydrate and high fat belong to high-energy diets, which may promote lipid deposition. Genistein obviously decreased liver triglyceride (TG) content and alleviated hepatic fat vacuolation in the HF and HC groups. The expression of lipid metabolism genes (cpt-1 and atgl) was markedly higher in the FG group than in the HF group. The lipid synthesis-related genes (fas, acc, and pparγ) were elevated in high-energy diets but recovered to the control level or reduced after genistein treatments. With respect to fatty acid transporter genes, fatp increased in the FG group, and cd36 increased in the CG group. Furthermore, the antioxidant and immune indexes, such as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LZM) activities, were decreased, while malonate aldehyde (MDA) content, activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were enhanced in the HF and HC groups. The antioxidant and immunity values could be ameliorated by treatment with genistein. Moreover, the transcript levels of antioxidant-related genes (cat, gr, and nrf2) in the liver and anti-inflammatory factors (tgf-β and il-10) and lyz in the head kidney tissue were promoted, although the expression levels of proinflammatory factors (tnf-α and il-6) declined in the genistein supplementation group, which confirmed the antioxidant and immune-enhancing effects of genistein. Therefore, 500 mg/kg genistein could ameliorate the negative effects of high-energy diets on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenlei Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shaoyang Zhi
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leya Qu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jinrui Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Luming Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chaobin Qin
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Yang G, Liang X, Hu J, Li C, Hu W, Li K, Chang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Shen Y, Meng X. Feeding tea polysaccharides affects lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity and immunity of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1074198. [PMID: 36505461 PMCID: PMC9729247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea polysaccharides plays a role in lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity and immunity of mammals. To investigate the functions of tea polysaccharides on fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was selected as the animal model in this study. In our study, the common carp (45±0.71g) were randomly divided into four groups and were fed fodder with 50% carbohydrate. The common carp were orally administrated with 0 mg/kg BW (control group), 200 mg/kg BW (low-dose group), 400 mg/kg BW (medium-dose group) and 800 mg/kg BW (high-dose group) tea polysaccharide for two week. At the end of experiment, the serum glucose, TG, MDA contents and antioxidase activities were measured by commercial kits. The serum immune factors levels were tested by ELISA. The genes expression levels related to antioxidant capacity, metabolism and immunity were measured by real-time PCR. The results showed that the glucose, TG and MDA contents in serum were significantly decreased by tea polysaccharides treatment. The serum activities of SOD were significantly increased by low-dose tea polysaccharides treatment. The serum activities of GPX were significantly increased by medium-dose tea polysaccharides treatment. The serum levels of IL-1β and TNFα were significantly decreased in the tea polysaccharides treatment group. In the high-dose treatment group, the serum level of TGFβ was significantly increased, and the serum level of IL-12 was markedly decreased. In the hepatopancreas, the expression of acc1, fas, srebp1c, lpl, gys and pparγ were significantly reduced, and the expression of pygl, cat, mnsod, ho-1 and gr were significantly up-regulated in the tea polysaccharides group. In the intestine, the expression of zo-1, occ and gip was significantly up-regulated in the high-dose treatment group. Moreover, the expression of glut2 and sglt1 were significantly down regulated. In the spleen, the expression of il-12, tnfα and il-6 were significantly decreased, and the expression of il-10 and tgfβ was significantly increased by the tea polysaccharides. In the spleen cells, the tea polysaccharides could relieve the LPS-induced immune damage. In conclusion, tea polysaccharides can improve antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and immunity of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jihong Hu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chengquan Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenpan Hu
- Henan JinBaiHe Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Anyang, China
| | - Keke Li
- Henan JinBaiHe Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Anyang, China
| | - Xulu Chang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xindang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yawei Shen
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaolin Meng
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiaolin Meng,
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Bai Y, Liao Y, Song Y, Wang J, Deng X, Luan L, An N, Zhou W, Liang T, Yang Y, Li X. Dietary yeast culture alleviates intestinal-hepatic damage related to TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway and antioxidant capability in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:428-435. [PMID: 36176225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Yeast culture (YC), as a member of probiotics family is a natural product produced from yeast fermentation, affects of improving immunity. However, the intestine and liver injury and immunosuppression mechanism caused by SBA in fish are unclear and more functions of YC supplement in the diet need to be developed. Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is an anti-nutritional factor in soybean and leads to growth-inhibitory effect in feeding of the high proportion of soybean meal replacing fish meal (FM). Therefore, one hundred and thirty-five Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (6.5 ± 0.27 g) were randomly selected and divided into three groups (Control, SBA and YC+SBA groups). For the model, fish were fed with 2% YC for 8 weeks and then given intragastric administration of 0.2-mL SBA solution for 20 days. The results showed that SBA damaged the immune and antioxidant capacity, causing an inflammatory reaction, leading to abnormal expression of cytokines in the intestine and liver of Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. YC could effectively attenuate intestinal and liver damage and downregulate the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and suppress oxidative stress in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. Besides, YC had obvious immune advantage, which could improve the immune ability. In summary, these results showed that YC could reduce immunosuppression and intestinal-liver injury by inhibiting the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway and oxidative stress induced by SBA. This study provided some explanations for the problems of fish diet caused by anti-nutritional factors from soybean meal and provided a theoretical basis for the function development of YC in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yilu Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yingying Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Liuyang Luan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ning An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Beijing Enhalor Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Tingyin Liang
- Beijing Enhalor Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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10
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Zhou C, Huang Z, Lin H, Ma Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu W. Rhizoma curcumae Longae ameliorates high dietary carbohydrate-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:31-42. [PMID: 36038103 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In general, starch, as a complex carbohydrate, is the most economical energy source in aquaculture for its relatively low cost. However, excessive dietary levels of carbohydrate result in pathological conditions. An 8-week feeding trial with CT (control diet, containing 21% carbohydrate), HC (a high-carbohydrate diet, containing 50% carbohydrate) and HCR (a HC diet supplemented with 0.015% Rhizoma curcumae Longae) was performed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on high-carbohydrate-induced hepatic oxidative stress and intestine lesion in juvenile Trachinotus ovatus. In the current study, HC group significantly decreased WGR, SGR, plasma CAT activity, intestinal C4 levels, hepatic Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1, HO1, CAT, and GPX mRNA expression as well as ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-3, TGF-β mRNA transcription levels, while the opposite was true for plasma AST activity, hepatic MDA contents, intestinal Claudin-15, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression. In contrast with the HC group, the HCR group significantly increased the activities of hepatic CAT, SOD, intestinal C3, C4, IgG and LZM levels, hepatic Nrf2, Bach1, CAT, and GPX mRNA expression as well as intestinal ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-3, TGF-β and IL-10 mRNA expression levels, but the opposite trend was found in plasma triglyceride content, hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic Keap1 mRNA level as well as intestinal NF-κB, IL-6. In conclusion, high-carbohydrate diet can cause detrimental effect on physiological health status in Trachinotus ovatus, while adding Rhizoma curcumae Longae can improve hepatic and intestinal health status via attenuating the oxidative stress, inflammation, and reducing lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
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Zhao W, Wei HL, Wang ZQ, He XS, Niu J. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Levels on Growth Performance, Body Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Liver Morphology in Oncorhynchus mykiss under Cage Culture with Flowing Freshwater. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:7820017. [PMID: 36860473 PMCID: PMC9973123 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7820017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and liver morphology in Oncorhynchus mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater. Fish (initial body weight 25.70 ± 0.24 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (420 g/kg protein) and isolipidic (150 g/kg lipid) diets containing 50.6, 102.1, 151.3, 200.9 and 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate levels, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed diets containing 50.6-200.9 g/kg carbohydrate showed significantly higher growth performance, feed utilization, and feed intake than those fed 251.8 g/kg dietary carbohydrate levels. Based on the analysis of the quadratic regression equation for weight gain rate, the appropriate dietary carbohydrate requirement of O. mykiss was estimated to be 126.2 g/kg. 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate level activated Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, suppressed superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity, and increased MDA content in the liver. Besides, fish fed a diet containing 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate showed a certain degree of hepatic sinus congestion and dilatation in the liver. Dietary 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate upregulated the mRNA transcription level of proinflammatory cytokines and downregulated the mRNA transcription level of lysozyme and complement 3. Whole-body compositions were not affected by dietary carbohydrate levels. In conclusion, 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate level suppressed the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity, resulting in liver injury and inflammatory response of O. mykiss. A diet containing more than 200.9 g/kg carbohydrate is not efficiently utilized by O. mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Han-Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuan-Shu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Li S, Yang Z, Tian H, Ren S, Zhang W, Wang A. Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacity, hepatopancreas and intestines histology, and expression of TLR-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes of Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:219-229. [PMID: 35421571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO: L) ratios on non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and expression of TLR-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different CHO: L ratios were formulated. The results showed that the group with a CHO: L ratio of 5.94 had better growth performance (P < 0.05). The highest T-AOC, CAT, and SOD activities and the lowest MDA content in hemolymph and hepatopancreas were observed in the group with a CHO: L ratio of 5.94 (P < 0.05). The lowest activities of ALT, AST, ACP, AKP, and ALB in the hemolymph were observed in CHO: L ratio 5.94 group (P < 0.05), while the highest LZM activity, TP, and GLB content were observed in CHO: L 5.94 group (P < 0.05). The highest mRNA expression levels of tlr3, myd88, and mapk3, and the lowest mRNA expression levels of nf-kb α, nf-kb β, nf-kb p105, and traf6 were observed in the CHO: L of 5.94 group (P < 0.05). The highest mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes were observed in the CHO: L of 5.94 group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicated that the optimum dietary CHO: L ratio is vital in promoting growth and enhancing antioxidants and immunity to maintain red swamp crayfish's intestinal and hepatopancreas health status. In conclusion, the diets with a CHO:L ratio of 5.94 (approximately 36.23% carbohydrate and 6.10% lipid) is optimal for juvenile red swamp crayfish's physiological condition and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Li
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China.
| | - Shengjie Ren
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Wuxiao Zhang
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China.
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Giri SS, Kim MJ, Kim SG, Kim SW, Kang JW, Kwon J, Lee SB, Jung WJ, Sukumaran V, Park SC. Role of dietary curcumin against waterborne lead toxicity in common carp Cyprinus carpio. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112318. [PMID: 33993091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin exhibited numerous key activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory effects in fish. This study evaluated the protective effects of curcumin (CUR) against lead (Pb)-induced toxicities in fish. Healthy Cyprinus carpio L. individuals were segregated into control, Pb only, Pb+CUR, and CUR only groups. Pb groups were exposed to 1 mg L -1 of Pb, and CUR groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 15 g kg-1 of CUR. After eight weeks, growth performance, Pb accumulation in tissues, various haemato-biochemical parameters, immune responses, and cytokine gene expression were measured. Dietary CUR effectively decreased Pb accumulation in tissues and increased the survival of Pb-exposed fish. Co-treatment with Pb and CUR reversed alterations in haemato-biochemical parameters, ameliorated Pb-induced oxidative stress, enhanced immune responses, and restored intestinal enzymatic activities. Dietary CUR reversed changes in intestinal microbiota in Pb-exposed fish. Pb-induced upregulation of NF-κBp65 and HSP70 was inhibited by dietary CUR. CUR supplementation upregulated the mRNA levels of SOD, Nrf2, IL-10, and CYP450 1A and attenuated Pb-induced degradation of I κB-α mRNA levels. Overall, CUR antagonizes Pb-induced negative impacts in fish. Thus, dietary CUR had several beneficial effects on immune responses, decreased Pb accumulation in tissues, and reversed Pb-induced oxidative stress in fish. Therefore, CUR plays a protective role in Pb-induced immune toxicity in fish, and, as such, may be suitable as an aqua feed additive for use in carp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Mjbiogen corp., Seoul 04788, South Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Bin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Won Joon Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Venkatachalam Sukumaran
- Dept. of Zoology, Kundavai Nachiyar Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur 613007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Inulin alleviates adverse metabolic syndrome and regulates intestinal microbiota composition in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) fed with high-carbohydrate diet. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:161-171. [PMID: 33046150 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452000402x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A high-carbohydrate diet could achieve a protein-sparing effect, but it may cause negative impacts on the growth condition of fish due to their poor utilisation ability of carbohydrate. How to reduce the adverse effects caused by a high-carbohydrate diet is important for the development of aquaculture. In the present study, we aimed to identify whether inulin could attenuate the metabolic syndrome caused by a high-carbohydrate diet in fish. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (1·19 (sd 0·01) g) were supplied with 35 % carbohydrate (CON), 45 % carbohydrate (HC) and 45 % carbohydrate + 5 g/kg inulin (HCI) diets for 10 weeks. The results showed that addition of inulin improved the survival rate when fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, indicating that inulin had an immunostimulatory effect. Compared with the HC group, the HCI group had lower lipid accumulation in liver and the gene expression analyses indicated that addition of inulin down-regulated genes related to lipogenesis and up-regulated genes relevant to β-oxidation significantly (P < 0·05). Higher liver glycogen and glucose tolerance were found in the HCI group compared with the HC group (P < 0·05). These results indicated that inulin could alleviate the metabolic syndrome induced by a high-carbohydrate diet. Furthermore, addition of inulin to a high-carbohydrate diet changed the intestinal bacterial composition and significantly increased the concentration of acetic acid and propionic acid in fish gut which have the potential to increase pathogen resistance and regulate metabolic characteristics in fish. Collectively, our results demonstrated a possible causal role for the gut microbiome in metabolic improvements induced by inulin in fish.
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Resveratrol inclusion alleviated high-dietary-carbohydrate-induced glycogen deposition and immune response of largemouth bass , Micropterus salmoides. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:165-176. [PMID: 33583445 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Excessive hepatic glycogen accumulation commonly impairs hepatocytes function and further produces negative effects on growth and health status of carnivorous fish. A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to explore the potential regulation of resveratrol (RSV) on high-carbohydrate-induced glycogen deposition and immune response of largemouth bass. Results showed that high dietary carbohydrate (10 % inclusion of starch) led to hepatic glycogen accumulation and post-prandial hyperglycemia compared with the diet with 5 % starch, which was both alleviated with the inclusion of RSV. The use of RSV promoted the expression of sirtuin 1, which was down-regulated by high dietary carbohydrate. Meanwhile, RSV inclusion promoted the expression of genes involved in insulin pathway and glycolysis and inhibited the expression of gluconeogenesis-related genes. Additionally, high dietary carbohydrate significantly reduced lysozyme content but increased complement C4 content, which were both reversed with RSV supplementation. Meanwhile, RSV inclusion inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but promoted anti-inflammatory cytokines expression, compared with the high carbohydrate treatment. In conclusion, RSV inclusion was beneficial in alleviating high-dietary-carbohydrate-induced glycogen accumulation and immune response in largemouth bass.
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Zhou C, Lin H, Huang Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu W. Effects of dietary leucine levels on intestinal antioxidant status and immune response for juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) involved in Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:336-345. [PMID: 33080319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary leucine level on growth performance, intestinal antioxidant status and immune response involved in Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). A total of 450 juvenile golden pompano (9.15 ± 0.04 g) were fed three isonitrogenous diets with graded leucine levels [1.25% (control), 2.77% and 5.84%] for 8 weeks. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the WG was significantly improved in fish fed with 2.77% of dietary leucine (P < 0.05), and the 5.84% dietary leucine group had a tendency to increase. Compared to control group, 5.84% dietary leucine group significantly decreased the moisture and ash contents of whole body (P < 0.05), meanwhile, 2.77% dietary leucine group significantly decreased moisture content of whole body, but significantly improved the whole body crude lipid content (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the ALP level was significantly improved in fish fed with 2.77% of dietary leucine (P < 0.05). Inversely, the AST and ALT activities were significantly decreased in fish fed with 2.77% dietary leucine level (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, GPx, T-AOC, SOD activities in group of 2.77% dietary arginine level were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, MDA level showed a reverse trend, which was significantly decreased in fish fed with 2.77% dietary leucine level (P < 0.05). 2.77% dietary leucine levels significantly increased the relative expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT (P < 0.05). In contrast, the relative expression of Keap1 showed a converse trend. Compared with the control group, the relative expressions of NF-κB, TNF-α and IL1-β were significantly lowered in fish fed with 2.77% of dietary leucine (P < 0.05). Additionally, 2.77% dietary leucine level significantly improved the relative expressions of TGF-β and IL-10 (P < 0.05). The 2.77% dietary leucine level significantly increased the muscular thickness compared with 5.84% dietary leucine level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the control group, the villus height and goblet cell counts were significantly improved in fish fed with 2.77% of dietary leucine (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the optimum dietary leucine plays an important role in promoting growth, enhancing antioxidant and immunity to maintain the intestinal health status of juvenile golden pompano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China
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Rashmeei M, Hosseini Shekarabi SP, Shamsaie Mehrgan M, Paknejad H. Stimulatory effect of dietary chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) extract on immunity, some immune-related gene expression, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:129-136. [PMID: 33002603 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chasteberry is highly recommended as an herbal medicine across the globe for treating of many gynaecological disorders. In this study, chasteberry extract (CBE) was supplemented in goldfish diet to evaluate the immunity responses at the cellular and molecular levels. Moreover, after the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The fish (300 individuals, 2.4 ± 0.12 g initial weight) were randomly distributed in 12 tanks and were fed with 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 g CBE per kg of feed for 8 weeks. Based on the results, lysozyme activity, alkaline phosphatase, and total immunoglobulin (Ig) in the skin mucus samples were significantly enhanced in the fish fed with 15 g/kg CBE (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary CBE positively affected lysozyme activity, complement components, and IgM content of the serum samples compared to the control group. Also, the number of monocytes and lymphocytes were increased significantly with increasing CBE in the diet (P < 0.05). The highest mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α, TNF-2α) and Lysozyme were observed in 15 g/kg CBE treatment. After the challenge test, the highest relative percentage survival value (60%) was observed in the fish fed with 15 g/kg CBE. We concluded that dietary CBE especially at 15 g/kg has an immunomodulatory effect in goldfish by stimulating the innate immunity and some inflammatory cytokines as well as disease resistance against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rashmeei
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrgan
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Giri SS, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kim SW, Kwon J, Lee SB, Sukumaran V, Chang Park S. Effectiveness of the guava leaf extracts against lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and immune responses in Cyprinus carpio. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:164-176. [PMID: 32687879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of the guava leaf extracts (GLE) against LPS-induced inflammatory responses in fish macrophage cell lines is well documented. Here, we evaluated the effects of dietary GLE on LPS-induced oxidative stress, immune responses, and glucocorticoid receptor-related gene expression in Cyprinus carpio. Basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg kg-1 GLE for eight weeks. Highest (p < 0.05) weight gain rate was obtained in fish group supplemented with 200 mg kg-1 of GLE. The results showed that superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lysozyme, and complement C3 decreased, while malondialdehyde level increased in the liver and spleen upon LPS-challenge. Dietary GLE supplementation (especially 200 or 250 mg kg-1) alleviated LPS-induced changes. Similarly, GLE (150-250 mg kg-1) reversed LPS-induced alteration of serum biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and myeloperoxidase. LPS treatment markedly induced increased the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB p65 in both the liver and kidney tissues; however, GLE pre-treatment attenuated LPS-induced elicitation of TNF-α, IL-β, and NF-κB p65. Moreover, dietary GLE supplementation significantly increased the expression of HSP70 and HSP90, and glucocorticoid receptor in the liver and kidney after LPS challenge. Thus, GLE attenuated LPS-induced inflammation response by up-regulating glucocorticoid receptor-related gene expression in carp. Finally, GLE supplementation reduced carp mortality after LPS-challenge. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 200 mg kg-1 GLE is adequate for effectively attenuating LPS-induced oxidative stress and immune-suppressive effects in C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Bin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - V Sukumaran
- Dept. of Zoology, Kundavai Nachiyar Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur, 613007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Miao S, Hu J, Wan W, Xia S, Han B, Zhou Y, Dong X, Sun L. Effects of graded levels of starch on the non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacities and intestinal health in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir inensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:402-409. [PMID: 32562867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of dietary starch (12%, 17%, 22%, 27% and 32%) on growth, non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacities, immunity genes expression levels and pathogen resistance in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir inensis (initial body weight: 10.5 ± 0.5 g). Results showed that the highest weight gain rate of crabs was obtained in group containing 22% dietary starch. The highest activity of acid phosphatase, phenoloxidase and lysozyme in blood was found in crabs fed with 22-27% dietary starch. Additionally, 17%-27% dietary starch significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, reduced malondinaldehyde content and then increased the total antioxidant capacities in hepatopancreas of crabs. The highest activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was found in crabs fed with 32% dietary starch, indicating that excess starch had a negative effect on the liver function of crabs. With the dietary starch level increased, the transcription factors gene expression of the pro-inflammatory factors were significantly up-regulated, and the highest ILF2, IL-16, Relish and ADAM10 was found in crabs fed with dietary 32% starch, which may potentially promote the inflammatory response in intestines. Moreover, with the dietary starch increased, the activity of phenoloxidase and lysozyme, as well as the gene expression of crustin, were all increased in crabs after challenge against Citrobacter freundii, which demonstrated that additional dietary starch could provide immune-protection and help crabs improve their resistance against pathogens. In conclusion, these results suggest that adequate dietary starch can increase growth, enhance innate immune responses and promote disease resistance, reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in E. inensis. Taken together, 22-27% dietary starch (25.9-30.8% dietary carbohydrate) was suggested as a digestible energy source in crabs feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Juntao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenlong Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sudong Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College of Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Bei Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Longsheng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui east Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Liu H, Yang JJ, Dong XH, Tan BP, Zhang S, Chi SY, Yang QH, Liu HY, Yang YZ. Effects of different dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth, plasma biochemical indexes, digestive, and immune enzymes activities of sub-adult orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1409-1420. [PMID: 32240445 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid (CHO:L) ratios on glycogen content, hematological indices, liver, and intestinal enzyme activity of sub-adult grouper Epinephelus coioides. Five iso-nitrogenous (496.0 g kg-1 protein) and iso-energetic (21.6 KJ g-1 gross energy) diets with varying CHO: L ratios of 0.65 (D1), 1.31 (D2), 2.33 (D3), 4.24 (D4), and 8.51 (D5), respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (average 275.1 ± 1.86 g). Results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of sub-adult grouper increased and then stable when dietary CHO:L ratios reach D4 (CHO:L = 4.24). The trend of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was opposite to PER. Along with the dietary CHO:L ratios, the liver and muscle glycogen level increased gradually. Plasma triglycerides (TG) and glucose (GLU) were all maximized at D5 (CHO:L = 8.51) group, cholesterol (CHOL) at D4 (CHO:L = 4.24) group. Digestive enzyme activities were significantly affected by dietary CHO:L ratios. Liver hexokinase (HK), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity increased significantly as CHO:L ratios increased. Liver lysozyme (LYZ) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of sub-adult grouper fed the D4 diet was significantly higher than that of the D2 (CHO:L = 1.31) diet. The trend of acid phosphatase (ACP) is opposite to AKP. The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary CHO:L ratio to reach the highest SGR is 6.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Jiang Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China.
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bei-Ping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China.
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Yan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
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Li C, Wei J, Zhang X, Sun M, Wu S, Qin Q. Fish TRAF2 promotes innate immune response to RGNNV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:108-116. [PMID: 32311458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are key regulatory proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathways. TRAF2 participates in the activation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, which are crucial for cell inflammation and cell survival. To elucidate its function in teleost fish, TRAF2 homologues of yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara) and golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) have been cloned and characterized in this study. The open reading frame (ORF) of grouper TRAF2 (EaTRAF2) consists of 1563 nucleotides encoding a 521 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 58.70 kDa. The ORF of golden pompano TRAF2 (ToTRAF2) consists of 1563 nucleotides encoding a 521 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 58.66 kDa EaTRAF2 and ToTRAF2 share 99.23% and 99.42% identity with orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TRAF2 (EcTRAF2), respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that the expression of EaTRAF2 was increased in grouper spleen (GS) cells after Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection; while the expression of ToTRAF2 was decreased in golden pompano brain (TOGB) cells after RGNNV infection. Both EaTRAF2 and ToTRAF2 were identified as a cytosolic protein and suggested to be associated with vesicles scattering in the cytoplasm. Both EaTRAF2 and ToTRAF2 enhanced RGNNV replication during viral infection in vitro. Further studies showed that EaTRAF2 and ToTRAF2 overexpression decreased the expression levels of interferon associated cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors. Taken together, these results are important for better understanding of the function of TRAF2 in fish and reveal its involvement in host response to immune challenges in RGNNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengshi Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siting Wu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China.
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22
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Li S, Wang A, Li Z, Zhang J, Sang C, Chen N. Antioxidant defenses and non-specific immunity at enzymatic and transcriptional levels in response to dietary carbohydrate in a typical carnivorous fish, hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:109-116. [PMID: 32156583 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the influence of dietary carbohydrate on antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity of hybrid grouper, which would contribute to determine the tolerable dietary carbohydrate content. Seven diets with grade levels of carbohydrate (5.27, 8.95, 11.49, 14.37, 17.78, 20.82 and 23.65%) were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 10 weeks. Results showed that the inclusion of carbohydrate above 11.49% produced significant increased content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in liver and malondialdehyde (MDA) in both serum and liver. The specific activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) were significantly elevated with the increase of dietary carbohydrate from 8.95 to 23.65%, which may be associated with the reduced hepatic soluble protein content. However, opposite variation was observed in the expression of antioxidant related genes (SOD1 and Gpx), which was partly caused by the activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibition of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) at the transcriptional level. The immunoglobulin M (lgM) content and activity of lysozyme and CCP in serum significantly depressed when dietary carbohydrate was above 11.49%. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8) was significantly increased with the increase of dietary carbohydrate from 5.27 to 8.95% and thereafter significantly reduced, which was consistent with the changed expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor κΒ (NF-κΒ). In above, high dietary carbohydrate significantly impaired the antioxidant capacity and reduced the non-specific immunity of hybrid grouper, and the tolerable dietary carbohydrate content should not exceed 11.49%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Li
- National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China; Research Centre of the Agriculture Ministry on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - An Wang
- National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ziqiang Li
- National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiacan Zhang
- National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chunyan Sang
- National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Naisong Chen
- National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Research Centre of the Agriculture Ministry on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Li M, Hu FC, Qiao F, Du ZY, Zhang ML. Sodium acetate alleviated high-carbohydrate induced intestinal inflammation by suppressing MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:758-765. [PMID: 31730927 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the development of aquaculture industry, high-carbohydrate diet is used to stimulate protein-sparing effect and reduce feed cost. However, fish utilize carbohydrates poorly in general, and instead, high level of carbohydrates in the diet influence the growth condition of fish. How to alleviate the side effects of high carbohydrate diet on fish health has attracted more and more attentions. In the present study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 25% and 45% of carbohydrate diet for eight weeks. Higher body weight but lower resistance to pathogen was found in 45% carbohydrate diet group. Higher expression level of inflammation cytokines, increased expression of total NF-κB protein and phosphorylated NF-κB protein (p-NF-κB) were detected in higher carbohydrate group. Concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was measured and the results indicated that high-carbohydrate diet decreased acetate content in the intestine. In order to detect the relationship between the decreased concentration of acetate and lower resistance to pathogen in high-carbohydrate group, 45% of carbohydrate diets (HC) supplemented with different concentrations of sodium acetate (HC + LA, 100 mmol/L; HC + MA, 200 mmol/L; HC + HA, 400 mmol/L) were used to raise Nile Tilapia for eight weeks. The results indicated that addition of 200 mmol/L sodium acetate (HC + MA) reduced the mortality when fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Furthermore, we also found that addition of 200 mmol/L sodium acetate mainly inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and NF-κB phosphorylation to decrease the expression level of inflammation cytokines (IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-1β) in the intestine. The present study indicated that certain concentration of sodium acetate could alleviate high-carbohydrate induced intestinal inflammation mainly by suppressing MAPK activation and NF-κB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), College of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fang-Chao Hu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), College of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), College of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), College of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), College of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Chen XQ, Zhao W, Xie SW, Xie JJ, Zhang ZH, Tian LX, Liu YJ, Niu J. Effects of dietary hydrolyzed yeast (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity and histomorphology of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:30-39. [PMID: 31004799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An 8 weeks feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with hydrolyzed yeast (HY) (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) on growth performance, hematological parameters, immune response and antioxidant ability of juvenile Nile tilapia. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (32% protein and 4% lipid) with different levels (0%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) of HY were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 19.1 ± 0.01 g). Results indicated that significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) were obtained in fish fed 1% HY diet than that of fish fed 0% HY diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed 0.25% HY diet showed the lowest value of hepatopancreas somatic indices (HSI) and significantly lower than that of fish fed 0% HY diet (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, protein and ash in the whole-body content of fish fed 1% HY diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed 0%-0.5% HY diets. Serum immunological parameters showed that the lysozyme (LZM) activity and Complement C3 content were significantly increased by dietary supplementation of 0.5%-1% HY (P < 0.05). However, dietary supplementation with 0.125%-1% HY significantly decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) (P < 0.05). Antioxidant status in serum and liver was significantly enhanced by dietary supplementation of 0.25%-1% HY through the remarkably improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity both in serum and liver, the raised total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) of serum as well as the notably reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver (P < 0.05). However, T-AOC in the liver was not significantly influenced among all diet treatments (P > 0.05). Villi height and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEFs) of mid-intestine were significantly higher in fish fed 0.5%-1% HY diets (P < 0.05). The challenge test demonstrated the enhanced protection against Streptococcus iniae strain by the obtained higher cumulative survival rate. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% HY could maintain the better growth performance, nutrient composition as well as immune response and antioxidant capacity for juvenile Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Shi-Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jia-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Jin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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25
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Bai N, Gu M, Liu M, Jia Q, Pan S, Zhang Z. Corn gluten meal induces enteritis and decreases intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) at high supplementation levels. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213867. [PMID: 30865702 PMCID: PMC6415862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn gluten meal (CGM) is an important alternative protein source in aquafeed production. However, in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), CGM could not be effectively utilized because of its low digestibility, the reason for which is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and elucidate the cause for the poor utilization of CGM by turbot from the view of gut health. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with turbot individuals (initial body weight 11.4 ± 0.2 g), which were fed with one of four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets formulated to include 0%, 21.2%, 31.8%, and 42.6% CGM to progressively replace 0%, 33%, 50%, and 67% fish meal (FM) protein in a FM-based diet, respectively. The results showed that CGM caused dose-dependent decreases in (1) growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and feed utilization; (2) activities of brush-border membrane enzymes; (3) intestinal antioxidant indices of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, and reduced glutathione level; (4) intestinal immune parameters of acid phosphatase activity, complement 3, complement 4, and IgM concentrations. Dose-dependent increases in the severity of the inflammation, with concomitant alterations on microvilli structure and increasing expression of inflammatory cytokine genes of Il-1β, Il-8, and Tnf-α were observed but without a change in the intracellular junctions and the epithelial permeability established by the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate level examinations. In conclusion, the present work proved that CGM negatively affected the gut health of turbot by inducing enteritis and by decreasing intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity, which could be one of the reasons for the reduced utilization of CGM by turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Bai
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Gu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qian Jia
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shihui Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
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26
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Yang C, Hao R, Du X, Wang Q, Deng Y, Sun R. Response to different dietary carbohydrate and protein levels of pearl oysters (Pinctada fucata martensii) as revealed by GC-TOF/MS-based metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2614-2623. [PMID: 30373048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Land-based culturing can avoid the effects of environmental pollution and natural disasters, thus ensuring food safety for shellfish. However, food availability, in this case, is limited. To achieve the optimum balance of dietary carbohydrates and proteins and explore the mechanisms behind the phenomenon, we formulated five isoenergetic and isolipidic diets (C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, C45P25, and C50P20) with different levels of carbohydrates (C) and proteins (P). There were five experimental groups (C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, C45P25, and C50P20) and two control groups (CG1 and CG2). CG1 was fed with mixed powders of yeast and Chlorella sp., and CG2 was cultured in natural sea. After 60-day feeding, the highest rates of survival and absolute growth appeared in C45P25. C45P25 exhibited significantly higher activities of amylase, protease, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and phenoloxidase and significantly lower malondialdehyde content than C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, C50P20, and CG1. No significant differences were observed between C45P25 and CG2. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity of the pearl oysters in C45P25 was significantly higher than that in C30P40, C35P35, C40P30, and C50P20. On the basis of these results, the optimal balance of proteins and carbohydrates for pearl oysters was the C45P25 diet. Metabolomics-based profiling of the pearl oysters fed with high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet (C45P25) and low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet (C30P40) revealed 80 significantly different metabolites (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05). Furthermore, integrated key metabolic pathway analysis showed that C45P25 regulated starch and sucrose metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism to meet the energy demand and increase the glucogenic amino acid, thereby promoting protein synthesis and reducing fatty acid β-oxidation in comparison with C30P40. This finding helps elucidate the underlying mechanisms leading to the high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet characteristic of the optimal dietary carbohydrate and protein levels of P. f. martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangye Yang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruijuan Hao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Qingheng Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruijiao Sun
- Zhejiang Hengxing Food Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314100, China
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27
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Huang X, Miao LH, Lin Y, Pan WJ, Ren MC, Ge XP, Liu B, Zhou QL. High glucose affected respiratory burst activity of peripheral leukocyte via G6PD and NOX inhibition in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:243-248. [PMID: 30213643 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High glucose levels are known to impair growth and immune function in fish. Here we investigated the role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) in high glucose-associated impairment of leukocyte respiratory burst activity in Megalobrama amblycephala. We cultured peripheral leukocytes isolated from M. amblycephala with media containing no glucose (non-glucose group), 11.1 mmol/L d-glucose (physiologic glucose group), 22.2 mmol/L d-glucose (high-glucose group), or 11.1 mmol/L d-glucose + 100 μmol/L dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (DHEA-treated group). After 24 h, we assayed production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a measure of respiratory burst function as well as activity of G6PD and NOX. The high-glucose group and DHEA-treated group showed significantly reduced respiratory burst function, reduced production of ROS, and reduced G6PD and NOX activity at 24 h, compared to the non-glucose and physiologic glucose groups (P < 0.05). The degree of impairment was similar between high-glucose and DHEA-treated groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that reduced NADPH availability likely underlies the suppression of respiratory burst function in M. amblycephala leukocytes exposed to high glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Ling-Hong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Wen-Jing Pan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ming-Chun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xian-Ping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Qun-Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
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28
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Liu G, Ye Z, Liu D, Zhao J, Sivaramasamy E, Deng Y, Zhu S. Influence of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activities, immune responses, antioxidant of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings in biofloc systems. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:416-422. [PMID: 30056209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 120-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities on growth, the non-specific immunities, antioxidant status and digestive enzyme activities of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings under a zero-water exchange biofloc system. Tilapias (0.51 ± 0.05 g) were randomly distributed in twelve tanks, each with 300 L water. The experimental design was completely randomized using three replications with four treatments 166 orgs m-3 (LD, low density), 333 orgs m-3 (MD, middle density) and 600 orgs m-3 (HD, high density) with glucose added as biofloc groups, and a clear water group without glucose added as a control 333 orgs m-3. The fish cultured in LD and MD group showed higher final body weight. For the digestive enzymes, the lipase, trypsin, and amylase activities were all depressed in HD group and control group. Regarding the immune and antioxidant abilities, significantly lower values (P < 0.05) of the lysozyme, complement 3, and glutathione were observed for the fish that reared in the control group and HD group. The stress indicator, the cortisol, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and glucose concentrations were also depressed in HD group and control group, meanwhile the alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were all higher in HD group and control group. The significant higher survival was observed in the LD and MD group after Vibrio harveyi challenge test. The results of the experiment indicated that the biofloc in situ had the effects of anti-crowding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yale Deng
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Songming Zhu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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29
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Huang C, Wu P, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Zeng YY, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Deoxynivalenol decreased the growth performance and impaired intestinal physical barrier in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:376-391. [PMID: 29906621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of animal feed worldwide and brings significant threats to the animal production. However, studies concerning the effect of DON on fish intestine are scarce. This study explored the effects of DON on intestinal physical barrier in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 1440 juvenile grass carp (12.17 ± 0.01 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of DON (27, 318, 636, 922, 1243 and 1515 μg/kg diet) for 60 days. This study for the first time documented that DON caused body malformation in fish, and histopathological lesions, oxidative damage, declining antioxidant capacity, cell apoptosis and destruction of tight junctions in the intestine of fish. The results indicated that compared with control group (27 μg/kg diet), DON: (1) increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) content, and up-regulated the mRNA levels of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1: Keap1a but not Keap1b), whereas decreased glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzymes activities, and down-regulated the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes (except GSTR in MI) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as the protein levels of Nrf2 in fish intestine. (2) up-regulated cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease (caspase) -3, -7, -8, -9, apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), Fas ligand (FasL) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mRNA levels, whereas down-regulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) mRNA levels in fish intestine. (3) down-regulated the mRNA levels of ZO-1, ZO-2b, occludin, claudin-c, -f, -7a, -7b, -11 (except claudin-b and claudin-3c), whereas up-regulated the mRNA levels of claudin-12, -15a (not -15b) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in fish intestine. All above data indicated that DON caused the oxidative damage, apoptosis and the destruction of tight junctions via Nrf2, JNK and MLCK signaling in the intestine of fish, respectively. Finally, based on PWG, FE, PC and MDA, the safe dose of DON for grass carp were all estimated to be 318 μg/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yun-Yun Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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30
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Xia SL, Li XF, Abasubong KP, Xu C, Shi HJ, Liu WB, Zhang DD. Effects of dietary glucose and starch levels on the growth, apparent digestibility, and skin-associated mucosal non-specific immune parameters in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:193-201. [PMID: 29733960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 10-week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of different types and levels of carbohydrates in growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients and skin-associated mucosal non-specific immune parameters in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish were randomly fed four diets containing two carbohydrates (glucose and starch) diets and two carbohydrates levels (330 and 440 g kg-1). High carbohydrate levels remarkably increased the weight gain rate (WGR), apparent digestibility of dry matters, protein and carbohydrates, body crud protein content, plasma levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), and skin-associated mucosal levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), HDL cholesterol, lysozyme (LZM), advanced the transcriptions of mucin 2 (Muc2), mucin 5b (Muc5b) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), whereas the opposite was true for feed conversion ratio (FCR), plasma levels of IgM, skin-associated mucosal levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and β-Defensins, and the transcriptions of heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). In addition, carbohydrate types of glucose remarkably increased the survival rate, apparent digestibility of dry matters, protein and carbohydartes, body crud ash, plasma levels of total protein (TP), globulin (GLB), immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3 and complement C4 and the transcriptions of Muc5b. Whereas the carbohydrate types of starch remarkably increased viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (CF), abdominal fat percentage (AFP), apparent digestibility of liquid, advanced the transcriptions of Muc2, apoA-I and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Significant interactions between different types and levels of dietary carbohydrates were also observed in WGR, apparent digestibility of dry matters, protein and liquid, body crud ash, plasma levels of TP, albumin (ALB) and AST, skin-associated mucosal levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and β-Defensins, and the transcriptions of Muc2 and Muc5b. Our results indicate that inclusion of high level of glucose in the diet of blunt snout bream could improve growth performance, nonspecific immunity, and increase the efficiency of protein, which is suggesting that high level of glucose could be used in feed production. However, the proportion of the specific formula of glucose using in feed needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Lei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kenneth Prudence Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hua-Juan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ding-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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31
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Ranjan A, Sahu NP, Deo AD, Kumar HS, Kumar S, Jain KK. Comparative evaluation of fermented and non-fermented de-oiled rice bran with or without exogenous enzymes supplementation in the diet of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:1037-1049. [PMID: 29594890 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of exogenous enzymes (xylanase and phytase) supplementation in the non-fermented and fermented de-oiled rice bran (DORB)-based diet of Labeo rohita. Four test diets (T1-DORB-based diet, T2-fermented DORB-based diet, T3-phytase and xylanase supplemented DORB-based diet, and T4-phytase and xylanase supplemented fermented DORB-based diet) were formulated and fed to the respective groups. Test diets T3 and T4 were supplemented with 0.01% xylanase (16,000 U kg-1) and 0.01% phytase (500 U kg-1) enzymes. One hundred twenty juveniles of L. rohita, with an average weight 5.01 ± 0.02 g, were stocked in 12 uniform size plastic rectangular tanks in triplicate with 10 fishes per tank following a completely randomized design (CRD). Exogenous enzyme supplementation to the T3 group significantly improved the growth performance of L. rohita (p < 0.05). Fermented DORB fed groups registered significantly lower growth irrespective of the supplementation of exogenous enzymes. The carcass composition (except CP %), enzyme activities (except amylase activity), globulin, and A/G ratio did not vary significantly (p > 0.05). Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that exogenous enzyme supplementation significantly increases the growth of fish fed with DORB-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ranjan
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India.
| | - Ashutosh Dharmendra Deo
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - H Sanath Kumar
- Fisheries Resources, Harvest & Post-Harvest Division, ICAR-Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Sarvendra Kumar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Kamal Kant Jain
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute Of Fisheries Education, off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
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32
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Lin SM, Shi CM, Mu MM, Chen YJ, Luo L. Effect of high dietary starch levels on growth, hepatic glucose metabolism, oxidative status and immune response of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:121-126. [PMID: 29684600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An experimental trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary starch levels on growth, hepatic glucose metabolism enzyme, antioxidant capacity and immune responses of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Fish (initial body weight: 16.9 ± 0.24 g) were fed three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi-purified diets containing 5%, 10% and 20% wheat starch, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed 5% and 10% starch diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with that fed 20% starch diet. Meanwhile, fish fed 20% starch diet had a significantly higher hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen contents than those fed the other diets. The alanine amiotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, glucose and insulin contents in plasma increased significantly with dietary starch levels, whereas triglyceride content showed the opposite trend. In addition, the highest glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities in liver were also observed in fish fed 20% starch diet. However, both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activities in liver decreased significantly as dietary starch levels increased. Moreover, the lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), the higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in liver were observed in fish fed 20% starch diets. Compared to the 5% and 10% starch, the 20% starch could enhance the content of plasma nitric oxide (NO) and the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results demonstrate that the starch levels may affect growth performance and metabolic changes, which suggest that high-starch diets were inefficiently used as an energy source by M. salmoides juveniles. Excessive dietary starch contents could result in oxidative stress, suppress innate immunity, and thus affect the health status of M. salmoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Chao-Ming Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ming-Ming Mu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Li Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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33
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Li P, Yu Q, Li F, Qin X, Dong D, Chen B, Qin Q. First identification of the nervous necrosis virus isolated from cultured golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) in Guangxi, China. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1177-1180. [PMID: 29790575 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Q Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - F Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - X Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - D Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - B Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Q Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Cheng CH, Guo ZX, Wang AL. Growth performance and protective effect of vitamin E on oxidative stress pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) following by ammonia stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:735-745. [PMID: 29349632 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E on growth performance, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant capacity of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) exposed to ammonia stress. The experimental basal diets supplemented with vitamin E at the rates of 2.31 (control), 21.84, 40.23, 83.64, 158.93, and 311.64 mg kg-1 dry weight were fed to fish for 60 days. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to 100 mg L-1 ammonia-nitrogen for 48 h. The results shown that the vitamin E group significantly improved weight gain, specific growth rate, and the expression levels of growth hormone receptors and insulin-like growth factor. Fish fed with the vitamin E-supplemented diets could increase plasma alkaline phosphatase activities and decrease plasma glutamicoxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities. The relative expression levels of heat shock proteins (40.23-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group), manganese superoxide dismutase (83.64-158.93 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group), catalase (40.23-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group), and glutathione reductase (40.23-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group) were upregulated. On the other hand, the decreased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in the 83.64-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E additive group. These results showed that vitamin E might have a potentially useful role as an effective antioxidant to improve resistance in pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - An-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng CH, Guo ZX, Ye CX, Wang AL. Effect of dietary astaxanthin on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant capacity of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) under high temperature stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:209-218. [PMID: 28936571 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on growth performance, biochemical parameters, ROS production, and immune-related gene expressions of the pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) under high temperature stress. The experimental basal diets supplemented with astaxanthin at the rates of 0 (control), 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg kg-1 were fed to fish for 8 weeks. The results showed that the fish fed diet with 80, 160, and 320 mg kg-1 astaxanthin significantly improved weight gain and specific growth rate. Furthermore, fish fed the moderate dietary astaxanthin increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activities, and decrease plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to high temperature stress for 48 h. The results shown that astaxanthin could suppress ROS production induced by high temperature stress. Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the astaxanthin groups increased SOD, CAT, and HSP70 mRNA levels under high temperature stress. These results showed that the basal diet supplemented with 80-320 mg kg-1 astaxanthin could enhance growth, nonspecific immune responses, and antioxidant defense system and improve resistance against high temperature stress in pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, People's Republic of China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, People's Republic of China.
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao-Xia Ye
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Li Wang
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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Pan W, Miao L, Lin Y, Huang X, Ge X, Moosa SL, Liu B, Ren M, Zhou Q, Liang H, Zhang W, Pan L. Regulation mechanism of oxidative stress induced by high glucose through PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:66-75. [PMID: 28882793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of a high concentration of glucose on the respiratory burst, antioxidant status, and hepatic gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (ho1) and PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-related signaling molecules in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Blunt snout bream juveniles with an initial body weight of 19.94 ± 0.58 g were orally fed with a high concentration of glucose (3 g/kg body weight). The results indicated that plasma glucose exhibited a biphasic response. Acute and persistent hyperglycemia due to the oral glucose administration significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin content and caused oxidative stress (significantly increased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose levels) and early apoptosis of hepatocytes in the fish. Hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities increased rapidly (P < 0.05) as protection from oxidative stress and were downregulated (P < 0.05) because of persistent hyperglycemia. Blood respiratory burst was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) because of hyperglycemia and showed a trend that was opposite to that of plasma glucose. Slight upregulation of nrf2 mRNA and antioxidants acts as a compensative protection mechanism, and the downregulated PI3K/Akt pathway blocked this function of Nrf2. In conclusion, the PI3K/Akt pathway and Nrf2 mediated the antioxidative mechanism independently in the blunt snout bream juveniles subjected to the oral administration of a high glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Pan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Linghong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China.
| | - Silli Laban Moosa
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Wuxiao Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Liangkun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
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Liu G, Zhu S, Liu D, Guo X, Ye Z. Effects of stocking density of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) on immunities, antioxidant status, and resistance against Vibrio harveyi in a biofloc system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:19-26. [PMID: 28522419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Determining optimum stocking density of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) is a big concern for shrimp farmers. However, few studies have assessed the influence of stocking density on the antioxidant status, immunology, digestive enzyme activities, and growth performance of white shrimp in biofloc systems. In this study, these parameters of white shrimp in a biofloc system were compared at three stocking densities: 300 orgs m-3 as low stocking density (LD), 400 orgs m-3 as medium stocking density (MD), and 500 orgs m-3 as high stocking density (HD). The feed conversion ratio in the LD group was significantly lower than that in the MD and HD groups (P < 0.05), and the ultimate individual weight in the LD group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). The antioxidant status and immunology parameters, including complement 3, complement 4, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde were all depressed in the HD groups. Furthermore, activities of the digestive enzymes, amylase, trypsin, and lipase were lower in the MD and HD groups than that in the LD group. The highest relative percentage survival was observed in the LD group 10 days after challenge with the pathogen Vibrio harveyi. Results of this study indicated that the immune status and welfare of white shrimp can be seriously impaired in the HD condition (i.e., ≥500 m-3) in biofloc systems. These findings can be used to determine suitable stocking densities in the white shrimp farming industry using the biofloc system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Songming Zhu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xishan Guo
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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38
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Fu YW, Wang B, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Lin DJ, Yang XY, Zhu SQ, Pan JY, Deng Q, Liu YM, Zhou SY. Combined effects of Chinese medicine feed and ginger extract bath on co-infection of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonid in grass carp. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2017-2025. [PMID: 28528516 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonid and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis are two important ectoparasites of freshwater fish. Co-infection by the two parasites leads to high fish mortality and results in heavy economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of medicated feed and a ginger extract bath against D. ctenopharyngodonid and I. multifiliis on grass carp and investigate the hematological response of grass carp co-infected by the two parasites. These results demonstrated that red blood cell (RBC) and thrombocyte percentage among leucocytes significantly decreased after grass carp were co-infected by D. ctenopharyngodonid and I. multifiliis. The monocyte and neutrophil percentages significantly increased with the increment of parasite mean intensities, while the lymphocyte percentage decreased. The activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lysozyme (LZM), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased after co-infection. When grass carp treated with medicated feed containing 4% of Astragalus membranaceus, Allium sativum, Morus alba, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, the activities of ACP, AKP, LZM, and SOD were significantly enhanced, and the mean intensities of D. ctenopharyngodonid and I. multifiliis were significantly decreased. When grass carp was treated with medicated feed and a 4-mg/L ginger extract bath, all parasites were eliminated during 28 days. The bath of ginger extract at a concentration of 4 mg/L kept a low mean intensity of I. multifiliis and D. ctenopharyngodonid, then the two parasites were eliminated by oral administration of the medicated feed with an immunostimulant (Chinese medicine compound).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Hai Xu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832-4352, USA
| | - De-Jie Lin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Ya Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qun Zhu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yang Pan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Deng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Meng Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
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Systemic regulation of L-carnitine in nutritional metabolism in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40815. [PMID: 28102299 PMCID: PMC5244368 DOI: 10.1038/srep40815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess fat accumulation has been observed widely in farmed fish; therefore, efficient lipid-lowering factors have obtained high attention in the current fish nutrition studies. Dietary L-carnitine can increase fatty acid β-oxidation in mammals, but has produced contradictory results in different fish species. To date, the mechanisms of metabolic regulation of L-carnitine in fish have not been fully determined. The present study used zebrafish to investigate the systemic regulation of nutrient metabolism by dietary L-carnitine supplementation. L-carnitine significantly decreased the lipid content in liver and muscle, accompanied by increased concentrations of total and free carnitine in tissues. Meanwhile, L-carnitine enhanced mitochondrial β-oxidation activities and the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNA significantly, whereas it depressed the mRNA expression of adipogenesis-related genes. In addition, L-carnitine caused higher glycogen deposition in the fasting state, and increased and decreased the mRNA expressions of gluconeogenesis-related and glycolysis-related genes, respectively. L-carnitine also increased the hepatic expression of mTOR in the feeding state. Taken together, dietary L-carnitine supplementation decreased lipid deposition by increasing mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and is likely to promote protein synthesis. However, the L-carnitine-enhanced lipid catabolism would cause a decrease in glucose utilization. Therefore, L-carnitine has comprehensive effects on nutrient metabolism in fish.
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Establishment and characterization of a mid-kidney cell line derived from golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a new cell model for virus pathogenesis and toxicology studies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:320-327. [PMID: 27981423 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a popularly cultured and commercially important marine fish worldwide, has been recognized as a promising candidate for mariculture. However, outbreaks of infectious bacterial or viral diseases and environmental deterioration have led to great economic losses in T. ovatus aquaculture recently. In our research, we established a new mid-kidney cell line, designated as TOK, from golden pompano, T. ovatus. The optimized growth temperature and working concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were 28°C and 10-20%, respectively. Foreign genes could express well in TOK cells. The modal number of TOK cells was 54. The TOK cells were susceptive to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), and the virus could propagate in cells. Propagation was verified by qRT-PCR, and virions were observed under electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that TOK cells were sensitive to different concentrations of extracellular products (ECPs) from Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum. Moreover, heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Hg) also showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to the TOK cell line. We established a mid-kidney cell line from T. ovatus which could be applied to cytotoxicity assays of heavy metals. The newly established TOK cell line possesses great application potential in genetic manipulation, virus-host interaction studies, and toxicity assays of bacterial extracellular products and heavy metals.
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Adorian TJ, Goulart FR, Mombach PI, de Menezes Lovatto N, Dalcin M, Molinari M, Lazzari R, da Silva LP. Effect of different dietary fiber concentrates on the metabolism and indirect immune response in silver catfish. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu C, Ye J, Gao J, Chen L, Lu Z. The effects of dietary carbohydrate on the growth, antioxidant capacities, innate immune responses and pathogen resistance of juvenile Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:132-142. [PMID: 26723263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the growth, antioxidant capacities, innate immune responses and pathogen resistance in juvenile Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus fed with graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) (0.6, 106.5, 194.3, 288.4, 379.1 and 473.8 g kg(-1)) for 9 weeks. Results showed that highest weight gain and special growth ratio was obtained at 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO. And adequate dietary CHO content (288.4 g kg(-1)) could significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), promote reduced glutathione (GSH) content and then increase the total antioxidant capacities (TAOC) in the liver of M. piceus. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the fish liver could be significantly aggravated by excessive dietary CHO. Serum cortisol (COL) levels could be significantly increased in juvenile Black carp M. piceus fed with 379.1 g kg(-1) dietary CHO compared with CHO-deficient diets. Activities of alanine transaminase (GPT) and aspartate transaminase (GOT) were both decreased in the serum of juvenile Black carp M. piceus fed with 194.3 g kg(-1) dietary CHO compared with CHO-deficient diets (0.6 and 106.5 g kg(-1)) or CHO-excess diets (379.1 and 473.8 g kg(-1)). In addition, 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO could significantly up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of hepcidin (HEPC), natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon (IFN), lysozyme (LYZ) and complement component 3 (C3) in the blood and liver samples of juvenile Black carp M. piceus compared with the CHO-deficient diets (0.6 and 106.5 g kg(-1)). Moreover, 288.4 g kg(-1) dietary CHO could also enhance the contents of C3 and plasma nitrogen monoxide (NO), and increase the activities of LYZ and total nitric oxide synthase (t-NOS) in the serum compared with the CHO-deficient or CHO-excess diets. Furthermore, the survival rates were also increased by adequate dietary CHO (194.3 and 288.4 g kg(-1)) fed to juvenile Black carp M. piceus after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. In conclusion, these results suggest that adequate dietary CHO (288.4 g kg(-1)) could increase growth, reduce oxidative stress, enhance innate immune responses, improve the health states and then promote disease resistance in juvenile Black carp M. piceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
| | - Jinyun Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China.
| | - Jun'e Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Lian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou 313000, PR China
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43
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Li P, Zhou L, Ni S, Xu M, Yu Y, Cai J, Wei S, Qin Q. Establishment and characterization of a novel cell line from the brain of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:410-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Zhou C, Lin H, Huang Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu W. Effects of dietary soybean isoflavones on non-specific immune responses and hepatic antioxidant abilities and mRNA expression of two heat shock proteins (HSPs) in juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus under pH stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:1043-53. [PMID: 26518502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the effect of dietary soybean isoflavones on non-specific immunity and on mRNA expression of two HSPs in juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus under pH stress. Six diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg of soybean isoflavones. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish in cylindrical tanks. After 56 days of feeding, 15 fish per tank were exposed to pH stress (pH ≈ 9.2) for 24 h. Serum total protein (TP), respiratory burst activity (RBA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lysozyme (LYZ), complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), cortisol, hepatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and the relative mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and 90 (HSP90) were investigated. The results showed that after pH stress, serum TP, RBA, LYZ, C4, hepatic T-AOC and CAT levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) while serum ALT, hepatic MDA and HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). On the other hand, supplementation with soybean isoflavones significantly reduced levels of serum ALT (20, 40, 60 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups) and hepatic MDA (40, 60 and 80 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups). Supplemented groups had increased serum TP content (40 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups), RBA (20 and 40 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups), LYZ (40 and 60 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups), C3(20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups), hepatic SOD activity (40, 60 and 80 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups) as well as increased relative mRNA expression of hepatic HSP70 (40, 60 and 80 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups) and HSP90 (40 and 60 mg/kg soybean isoflavones groups) (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ingestion of a basal diet supplemented with 40-60 mg/kg soybean isoflavones could enhance resistance against pH stress in T. Ovatus to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, PR China.
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
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45
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Kumar S, Sahu NP, Gal D. Mitigation of immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of dietary gelatinized starch in Labeo rohita fingerlings by elevation of rearing temperature within optimum range. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:868-877. [PMID: 26475365 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the strategy to mitigate the immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of gelatinized starch in fingerling of Labeo rohita. Fingerlings were either maintained at ambient water temperature (26 °C) or exposed to 32 °C for one week and then subjected to 26 °C for four weeks. Both groups were fed with isoproteinous (30% crude protein) diets containing gelatinized (G) or non-gelatinized (NG) starch. After 5 weeks of feeding trial, fingerlings were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and survival rate was recorded for the next 7 days. Serum cortisol and glucose content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in G starch fed group and decreased with the increase in temperature from 26 to 32 °C, which was consistent for next four week after decrease in temperature from 32 to 26 °C. Lower respiratory burst activity and serum total protein and globulin content in G starch fed group at 26 °C significantly (p < 0.05) increased after elevation of temperature from 26 to 32 °C and levelled off to NG starch fed group. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of G starch fed group was significantly higher in group reared at 32 °C compared to 26 °C. After challenge, fish fed G starch showed lower survival rate than that of fish fed NG starch. Subsequently, exposure of elevated temperature (32 °C) for one week significantly increased the survival rate of G starch fed group and levelled off to NG starch fed group. The results of this study indicated that dietary G starch may cause metabolic stress of fingerling L. rohita, as might consequently lead to the decrease antioxidant abilities, depressed immunity and reduced resistance to A. hydrophila infection. Subsequently, exposure of elevated temperature (32 °C) for one week mitigate immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of dietary G starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra Kumar
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NARIC - HAKI), H-5540 Szarvas, Anna-liget 8, Hungary; Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India.
| | - N P Sahu
- Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - Denes Gal
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NARIC - HAKI), H-5540 Szarvas, Anna-liget 8, Hungary
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46
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Wang L, Guo H, Zhang N, Ma Z, Jiang S, Zhang D. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a peroxiredoxin 1 cDNA from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:261-270. [PMID: 25889122 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx 1) is an important antioxidant protein that can protect organisms against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species. In this study, a full-length Prx 1 cDNA sequence (ToPrx 1) was identified from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). The ToPrx 1 cDNA was 1049 base pairs (bp) long and contained a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 127 nucleotides, a 3'-UTR of 328 nucleotides, and a 594 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 197 amino acid polypeptide. The ToPrx 1 protein showed strong homology (79-91%) with Prx 1 proteins from other species and contained the conserved Prx domain and the signature of the peroxidase catalytic center. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ToPrx 1 was in the fish Prx 1 subgroup, which suggests that ToPrx 1 could belong to the 2-Cys Prx subgroup. ToPrx 1 mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all tested tissues, and its expression was comparatively high in the fin, spleen, kidney, intestine, eye, gill, and blood. The expression levels of ToPrx 1 mRNA were significantly up-regulated in liver, spleen, kidney, and intestine of golden pompano injected with Photobacterium damselae. The recombinant ToPrx 1 protein (rToPrx 1) was expressed and purified through affinity chromatography and refolded successfully using ion-exchange chromatography. The antioxidant activity assay of rToPrx 1 showed that it could reduce insulin in the presence of dithiothreitol, which suggests that the antioxidant function of rToPrx 1 is thiol dependent. This study provides useful information to help further understand the functional mechanism of Prx 1 in marine fish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231 Xingang Road West, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huayang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231 Xingang Road West, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231 Xingang Road West, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231 Xingang Road West, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Shigui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231 Xingang Road West, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Dianchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231 Xingang Road West, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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47
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Zhou C, Lin H, Ge X, Niu J, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen L, Huang Z, Yu W, Tan X. The effects of dietary soybean isoflavones on growth, innate immune responses, hepatic antioxidant abilities and disease resistance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:158-66. [PMID: 25541076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soybean isoflavones (SI) supplementation on growth performance, innate immune responses, hepatic antioxidant abilities, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression and resistance to the pathogen Vibrio harveyi in Trachinotus ovatus. A basal diet was supplemented with SI at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg kg(-1) feed for 8 weeks. Significantly maximum weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in treatment with 40 mg kg(-1) SI supplement (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feeding rate (FR) and survival rate were not significantly different among treatments. Fish fed a diet with 40 mg kg(-1) SI showed significant increase in plasma total protein content, complement 3 content, lysozyme activity as well as respiratory burst activity, but decrease in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities (P < 0.05). Increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, hepatic total antioxidative capacity, catalase activity and superoxide dismutase activity were also noticed in fish fed SI at 40 or 60 mg kg(-1) (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the lowest hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in fish fed SI at 40 mg kg(-1) (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, the relative level of HSP70 mRNA in fish fed SI at 40-80 mg kg(-1) were significantly increased, respectively (P < 0.05). After challenge with V. harveyi, significant higher post-challenge survival was observed in fish fed diets with 40-80 mg kg(-1) SI supplement than that in control group (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary intake containing SI could enhance the immune ability of fish and improve its resistance to infection by V. harveyi. Especially supplementation with 40 mg kg(-1) SI to the fish for 8 weeks showed remarkable improvement in the growth, non-specific immune responses, hepatic antioxidant abilities and HSP70 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
| | - Jin Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Lixiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
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