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He Z, Xu Q, Chen Y, Liu S, Song H, Wang H, Leaw CP, Chen N. Acquisition and evolution of the neurotoxin domoic acid biosynthesis gene cluster in Pseudo-nitzschia species. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1378. [PMID: 39443678 PMCID: PMC11499653 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-07068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Of the hitherto over 60 taxonomically identified species in the genus of Pseudo-nitzschia, 26 have been confirmed to be toxigenic. Nevertheless, the acquisition and evolution of the toxin biosynthesis (dab) genes by this extensive group of Pseudo-nitzschia species remains unclear. Through constructing chromosome-level genomes of three Pseudo-nitzschia species and draft genomes of ten additional Pseudo-nitzschia species, putative genomic integration sites for the dab genes in Pseudo-nitzschia species were explored. A putative breakpoint was observed in syntenic regions in the dab gene cluster-lacking Pseudo-nitzschia species, suggesting potential independent losses of dab genes. The breakpoints between this pair of conserved genes were also identified in some dab genes-possessing Pseudo-nitzschia species, suggesting that the dab gene clusters transposed to other loci after the initial integration. A "single acquisition, multiple independent losses (SAMIL)" model is proposed to explain the acquisition and evolution of the dab gene cluster in Pseudo-nitzschia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
- College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10039, Beijing, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
- College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10039, Beijing, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shuya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huiyin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nansheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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García-Corona JL, Fabioux C, Hégaret H. The queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis: A slow domoic acid depurator? HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 138:102708. [PMID: 39244226 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a dangerous phycotoxin produced by several strains of diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, and responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans. The increasingly intense ASP-outbreaks along the English Channel over the last three decades have forced persistent harvest closures of economically important and highly contaminated bivalve stocks exhibiting slow DA-depuration rates, like the king scallop Pecten maximus. Under this scenario, other pectinid species, such as the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis have been empirically proposed as alternative resources to redress the high economic losses due to the banning of the exploitation of P. maximus. Nevertheless, the kinetics of DA depuration in A. opercularis have not been assessed so far, and its direct extraction after ASP-episodes could represent a serious threat to public health. Hence, the main objective of this work was to estimate the DA-depuration rate in the digestive gland (DG) of naturally contaminated scallops A. opercularis after a toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis bloom subjected to experimental depuration in the laboratory for 30 days. This study also intended to go further in the knowledge about the anatomical distribution of DA in scallop tissues, and corroborate the implications of autophagy in DA-sequestration in the DG of this species as recently hypothesized. In the DG, the DA-depuration rate (0.018 day-1) suggested that even with toxin burdens as low as 40 mg⋅kg-1 in the DG, queen scallops may remain contaminated for about 70 days, thus longer under intensely contamination scenarios. The subcellular analyses corroborated DA-sequestration mainly through late-autophagy within residual bodies in the DG, without differences in the frequencies of anti-DA labeled residual bodies across the entire depuration process. These results revealed that A. opercularis cannot be considered a fast DA-depurator, and represent a baseline knowledge for decision-making about harvesting natural beds of queen scallops after toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The findings of this work also represent a cornerstone for further research to accelerate DA-depuration in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Corona
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopộle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopộle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopộle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France.
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You S, Xing L, Lesperance M, Pan Y, Zhang X. Temporal and spatial variation of domoic acid along Canada's coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:172817. [PMID: 38688372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Shellfish poisonings have posed severe risks to human health globally. The Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program was established in 1948 to monitor the toxin levels at shellfish harvesting sites along the coast of six provinces in Canada. Domoic acid has been a causal toxin for amnesic shellfish poisoning, and a macro-scale analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of domoic acid along Canada's coast was conducted in this study. We aggregated the toxin levels by week in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) samples, respectively, over a one-year scale. The subsequent application of Functional Principal Component Analysis unveiled that magnitudes of seasonal variation and peaked DA levels around early summer, spring, or mid-fall formed the largest variation in the toxin levels in blue mussels along the coastlines of British Columbia and Prince Edward Island and in soft-shell calms along those of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In Quebec, the DA levels were low and varied mostly in terms of the overall magnitude from spring to fall. Downstream correlation analyses in British Columbia further discovered that, at most sites, the strongest correlations were negative between precipitation as well as inorganic nutrients (including nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate) on one side and DA a few weeks afterward on the other. These findings indicated associations between amnesic shellfish poisoning and environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai You
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Li Xing
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Mary Lesperance
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Youlian Pan
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Xuekui Zhang
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Skejić S, Milić Roje B, Matić F, Arapov J, Francé J, Bužančić M, Bakrač A, Straka M, Ninčević Gladan Ž. Phytoplankton Assemblage over a 14-Year Period in the Adriatic Sea: Patterns and Trends. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:493. [PMID: 39056687 PMCID: PMC11273836 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Considering the role of phytoplankton in the functioning and health of marine systems, it is important to characterize its responses to a changing environment. The central Adriatic Sea, as a generally oligotrophic area, is a suitable environment to distinguish between regular fluctuations in phytoplankton and those caused by anthropogenic or climatic influences. This study provides a long-term perspective of phytoplankton assemblage in the central eastern Adriatic Sea, with 14 years of continuous time series data collected at two coastal and two offshore stations. The predominant phytoplankton groups were diatoms and phytoflagellates, but their proportion varied depending on the vicinity of the coast, as evidenced also by the distribution of chlorophyll a. In the coastal environment, the phytoplankton biomass was substantially higher, with a higher proportion of microphytoplankton, while small phytoplankton accounted for the majority of biomass in the offshore area. In addition, a decreasing trend in diatom abundance was observed in the coastal waters, while such trend was not so evident in the offshore area. Using a neural gas algorithm, five clusters were defined based on the contribution of the major groups. The observed increase in diversity, especially in dinoflagellates, which outnumber diatom taxa, could be a possible adaptation of dinoflagellates to the increased natural solar radiation in summer and the increased sea surface temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Skejić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
| | - Blanka Milić Roje
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
| | - Frano Matić
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Jasna Arapov
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
| | - Janja Francé
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Mia Bužančić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
| | - Ana Bakrač
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
| | - Maja Straka
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
| | - Živana Ninčević Gladan
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; (S.S.)
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Deschler M, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Duflot A, Sauvey A, Arcanjo C, Coulaud R, Jolly O, Niquil N, Fauchot J. First evidence of the induction of domoic acid production in Pseudo-nitzschia australis by the copepod Temora longicornis from the French coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 135:102628. [PMID: 38830707 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are widespread in marine waters. Some of them can produce the toxin domoic acid (DA) which can be responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) when transferred into the food web. These ASP events are of major concern, due to their ecological and socio-economic repercussions, particularly on the shellfish industry. Many studies have focused on the influence of abiotic factors on DA induction, less on the role of biotic interactions. Recently, the presence of predators has been shown to increase DA production in several Pseudo-nitzschia species, in particular in Arctic areas. In order to investigate the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia species and grazers from the French coast, exposures between one strain of three species (P. australis, P. pungens, P. fraudulenta) and the copepod Temora longicornis were conducted for 5 days. Cellular and dissolved DA content were enhanced by 1,203 % and 1,556 % respectively after the 5-days exposure of P.australis whereas no DA induction was observed in P. pungens and P. fraudulenta. T. longicornis consumed all three Pseudo-nitzschia species. The copepod survival was not related to DA content. This study is an essential first step to better understanding the interactions between planktonic species from the French coast and highlights the potential key role of copepods in the Pseudo-nitzschia bloom events in the temperate ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Deschler
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France; Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France.
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Aurore Sauvey
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France
| | - Caroline Arcanjo
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Romain Coulaud
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Le Havre, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Orianne Jolly
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC), Station Marine, Université de Caen Normandie, 14530, Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nathalie Niquil
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France
| | - Juliette Fauchot
- Université Caen Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS UMR 8067, IRD 207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), 14000, Caen, France
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García-Corona JL, Fabioux C, Vanmaldergem J, Petek S, Derrien A, Terre-Terrillon A, Bressolier L, Breton F, Hegaret H. The amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid: The tattoo of the king scallop Pecten maximus. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 133:102607. [PMID: 38485441 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a potent neurotoxin produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and is responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans. Some fishery resources of high commercial value, such as the king scallop Pecten maximus, are frequently exposed to toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and are capable of accumulating high amounts of DA, retaining it for months or even a few years. This poses a serious threat to public health and a continuous economical risk due to fishing closures of this resource in the affected areas. Recently, it was hypothesized that trapping of DA within autophagosomic-vesicles could be one reason explaining the long retention of the remaining toxin in P. maximus digestive gland. To test this idea, we follow the kinetics of the subcellular localization of DA in the digestive glands of P. maximus during (a) the contamination process - with sequential samplings of scallops reared in the field during 234 days and naturally exposed to blooms of DA-producing Pseudo-nitzschia australis, and (b) the decontamination process - where highly contaminated scallops were collected after a natural bloom of toxic P. australis and subjected to DA-depuration in the laboratory for 60 days. In the digestive gland, DA-depuration rate (0.001 day-1) was much slower than contamination kinetics. The subcellular analyses revealed a direct implication of early autophagy in DA sequestration throughout contamination (r = 0.8, P < 0.05), while the presence of DA-labeled residual bodies (late autophagy) appeared to be strongly and significantly related to slow DA-depuration (r = -0.5) resembling an analogous DA-tattooing in the digestive glands of P. maximus. This work provides new evidence about the potential physiological mechanisms involved in the long retention of DA in P. maximus and represents the baseline to explore procedures to accelerate decontamination in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Corona
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539 LEMAR UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539 LEMAR UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Jean Vanmaldergem
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539 LEMAR UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Sylvain Petek
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539 LEMAR UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Littoral Ler Bo, Ifremer, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, Concarneau 29900 CEDEX, France
| | - Aouregan Terre-Terrillon
- Littoral Ler Bo, Ifremer, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, Concarneau 29900 CEDEX, France
| | - Laura Bressolier
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539 LEMAR UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Florian Breton
- Écloserie du Tinduff, 148 rue de l'écloserie, Port du Tinduff, Plougastel-Daoulas 29470, France
| | - Hélène Hegaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539 LEMAR UBO, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané F-29280, France.
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García-Corona JL, Hegaret H, Lassudrie M, Derrien A, Terre-Terrillon A, Delaire T, Fabioux C. Comparative study of domoic acid accumulation, isomer content and associated digestive subcellular processes in five marine invertebrate species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106793. [PMID: 38071899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the deleterious effects of the phycotoxin domoic acid (DA) on human health, and the permanent threat of blooms of the toxic Pseudo-nitzschia sp. over commercially important fishery-resources, knowledge regarding the physiological mechanisms behind the profound differences in accumulation and depuration of this toxin in contaminated invertebrates remain very scarce. In this work, a comparative analysis of accumulation, isomer content, and subcellular localization of DA in different invertebrate species was performed. Samples of scallops Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis, clams Donax trunculus, slippersnails Crepidula fornicata, and seasquirts Asterocarpa sp. were collected after blooms of the same concentration of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Differences (P < 0.05) in DA accumulation were found, wherein P. maximus showed up to 20-fold more DA in the digestive gland than the other species. Similar profiles of DA isomers were found between P. maximus and A. opercularis, whereas C. fornicata was the species with the highest biotransformation rate (∼10 %) and D. trunculus the lowest (∼4 %). DA localization by immunohistochemical analysis revealed differences (P < 0.05) between species: in P. maximus, DA was detected mainly within autophagosome-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of digestive cells, while in A. opercularis and C. fornicata significant DA immunoreactivity was found in post-autophagy residual bodies. A slight DA staining was found free within the cytoplasm of the digestive cells of D. trunculus and Asterocarpa sp. The Principal Component Analysis revealed similarities between pectinids, and a clear distinction of the rest of the species based on their capabilities to accumulate, biotransform, and distribute the toxin within their tissues. These findings contribute to improve the understanding of the inter-specific differences concerning the contamination-decontamination kinetics and the fate of DA in invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Corona
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Hélène Hegaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Malwenn Lassudrie
- Ifremer, LITTORAL LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Cedex, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LITTORAL LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Cedex, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Aouregan Terre-Terrillon
- Ifremer, LITTORAL LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Cedex, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Tomé Delaire
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France.
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Cembella A, Klemm K, John U, Karlson B, Arneborg L, Clarke D, Yamanaka T, Cusack C, Naustvoll L, Bresnan E, Šupraha L, Lundholm N. Emerging phylogeographic perspective on the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in coastal northern European waters and gateways to eastern Arctic seas: Causes, ecological consequences and socio-economic impacts. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102496. [PMID: 37951606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo is perhaps the most intensively researched genus of marine pennate diatoms, with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, and biogeographical distribution. The global magnitude and consequences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia are particularly significant because of the high socioeconomic impacts and environmental and human health risks associated with the production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) among populations of many (although not all) species. This has led to enhanced monitoring and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxins in recent years. Nevertheless, human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and proposed shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change regimes have not been implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) program these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera such as Pseudo-nitzschia and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in relation to DA occurrence and associated amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades from key northern CoCliME Case Study areas. The regional studies comprised the greater North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak and Norwegian Sea, eastern North Atlantic marginal seas and Arctic gateways, and the Baltic Sea. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Pseudo-nitzschia taxa into frontier eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification were identified as drivers of upwelling and advection related to the distribution of regional Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species within the broader microeukaryote communities. Shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for high-magnitude Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are evaluated with reference to effects on fisheries and mariculture resources and coastal ecosystem function. Where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services for the northern CoCLiME region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Cembella
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Tsuyuko Yamanaka
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Caroline Cusack
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Directorate of the Scottish Government, Science, Evidence, Digital and Data, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Luka Šupraha
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
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9
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Sandoval-Belmar M, Smith J, Moreno AR, Anderson C, Kudela RM, Sutula M, Kessouri F, Caron DA, Chavez FP, Bianchi D. A cross-regional examination of patterns and environmental drivers of Pseudo-nitzschia harmful algal blooms along the California coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 126:102435. [PMID: 37290883 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia species with the ability to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) are the main cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs) along the U.S. West Coast, with major impacts on ecosystems, fisheries, and human health. While most Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) HAB studies to date have focused on their characteristics at specific sites, few cross-regional comparisons exist, and mechanistic understanding of large-scale HAB drivers remains incomplete. To close these gaps, we compiled a nearly 20-year time series of in situ particulate DA and environmental observations to characterize similarities and differences in PN HAB drivers along the California coast. We focus on three DA hotspots with the greatest data density: Monterey Bay, the Santa Barbara Channel, and the San Pedro Channel. Coastwise, DA outbreaks are strongly correlated with upwelling, chlorophyll-a, and silicic acid limitation relative to other nutrients. Clear differences also exist across the three regions, with contrasting responses to climate regimes across a north to south gradient. In Monterey Bay, PN HAB frequency and intensity increase under relatively nutrient-poor conditions during anomalously low upwelling intensities. In contrast, in the Santa Barbara and San Pedro Channels, PN HABs are favored under cold, nitrogen-rich conditions during more intense upwelling. These emerging patterns provide insights on ecological drivers of PN HABs that are consistent across regions and support the development of predictive capabilities for DA outbreaks along the California coast and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandoval-Belmar
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America.
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Allison R Moreno
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
| | - Clarissa Anderson
- Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Fayçal Kessouri
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, United States of America
| | - Francisco P Chavez
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
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10
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Min J, Kim KY. Seasonal change and subniche dynamics of three Alexandrium species in the Korea Strait. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102420. [PMID: 37220986 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Some members of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium produce toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, which causes environmental impacts and large economic losses worldwide. The Outlying Mean Index (OMI) and the Within Outlying Mean Index (WitOMI) were used to examine the ecological niches of three Alexandrium species identifying factors affecting their population dynamics in the Korea Strait (KS). Species niches were divided into seasonal subniches based on species' temporal and spatial patterns, with A. catenella being highest in the spring, A. pacificum in the summer, and A. affine in the autumn. These shifts in abundance are likely due to changes in their habitat preferences and resource availability, as well as the effects of biological constraints. A subniche-based approach, which considers the interactions between the environment and the biological characteristics of a species, was useful in understanding the factors shaping the population dynamics of the individual species. Additionally, a species distribution model was used to predict the phenology and biogeography of the three Alexandrium species in the KS and their thermal niches on a larger scale. The model predicted that, in the KS, A. catenella exists on the warm side of the thermal niche, while A. pacificum and A. affine exist on the cold side, indicating that these species may respond differently to increases in water temperature. However, the predicted phenology was incongruent with the abundance of the species as measured by droplet digital PCR. Overall, the WitOMI analysis and species distribution model can provide valuable insights into how population dynamics are influenced by the integrated interplay of biotic and abiotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Min
- Department of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Kwang Young Kim
- Department of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea.
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11
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Du M, Wang J, Jin Y, Fan J, Zan S, Li Z. Response mechanism of microbial community during anaerobic biotransformation of marine toxin domoic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114410. [PMID: 36154856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a potent neurotoxin produced by toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and quickly transfers to the benthic anaerobic environment by marine snow particles. DA anaerobic biotransformation is driven by microbial interactions, in which trace amounts of DA can cause physiological stress in marine microorganisms. However, the underlying response mechanisms of microbial community to DA stress remain unclear. In this study, we utilized an anaerobic marine DA-degrading consortium GLY (using glycine as co-substrate) to systematically investigate the global response mechanisms of microbial community during DA anaerobic biotransformation.16S rRNA gene sequencing and metatranscriptomic analyses were applied to measure microbial community structure, function and metabolic responses. Results showed that DA stress markedly changed the composition of main species, with increased levels of Firmicutes and decreased levels of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Several genera of tolerated bacteria (Bacillus and Solibacillus) were increased, while, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingomonas and Acinetobacter were decreased. Metatranscriptomic analyses indicated that DA stimulated the expression of quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, sporulation, membrane transporters, bacterial chemotaxis, flagellar assembly and ribosome protection in community, promoting bacterial adaptation ability under DA stress. Moreover, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were modulated during DA anaerobic biotransformation to reduce metabolic burden, increase metabolic demands for EPS production and DA degradation. This study provides the new insights into response of microbial community to DA stress and its potential impact on benthic microorganisms in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Yuan Jin
- Marine Ecology Department, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Jingfeng Fan
- Marine Ecology Department, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Shuaijun Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Zelong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
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12
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Addressing the Governance of Harmful Algal Bloom Impacts: A Case Study of the Scallop Fishery in the Eastern French Coasts of the English Channel. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are phenomena that result from alterations to ecosystems. Due to their potential toxicity, the level of danger depends on the species concerned, their frequency and intensity. They can cause impacts on biodiversity and on the anthropic activities that take place in maritime and coastal areas. Primary industries such as shellfish fisheries are mainly affected. To deal with this issue, the French administration has built a governance system based on two pillars. The first relies on a water quality monitoring system that assesses the risks of HAB contamination of coastal waters. The second is a regulatory system of production and commercial bans of seafood products from the impacted areas. This public action has two objectives. The first is human health-related and aims to protect consumers of seafood. The second is economic-based and aims to minimize the economic impacts associated with the commercial bans suffered by the businesses concerned. These two objectives may appear to be antagonistic. Using the case study of the French scallop fishery in the eastern Channel and based on an analysis of the commercial bans associated with HAB and associated potential economic impacts, this paper analyses the governance scheme dealing with HAB events in France. The authors highlight that this governance is not only a matter of applying administrative closures when toxicity thresholds are exceeded, but is a dynamic decision-making process involving experts and the Administration that attempts to balance acceptable health risks and economic impacts.
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13
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Environmental Impact on Harmful Species Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Phaeocystis globosa Phenology and Niche. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental change modifies the phytoplankton community, which leads to variations in their phenology and potentially causes a temporal mismatch between primary producers and consumers. In parallel, phytoplankton community change can favor the appearance of harmful species, which makes the understanding of the mechanisms involved in structuring phytoplankton ecological niches paramount for preventing future risk. In this study, we aimed to assess for the first time the relationship between environmental conditions, phenology and niche ecology of harmful species Phaeocystis globosa and the complex Pseudo-nitzschia along the French coast of the eastern English Channel. A new method of bloom detection within a time-series was developed, which allowed the characterization of 363 blooms by 22 phenological variables over 11 stations from 1998 to 2019. The pairwise quantification of asymmetric dependencies between the phenological variables revealed the implication of different mechanisms, common and distinct between the taxa studied. A PERMANOVA helped to reveal the importance of seasonal change in the environmental and community variables. The Outlying Mean and the Within Outlying Mean indexes allowed us to position the harmful taxa niche among the rest of community and quantify how their respective phenology impacted the dynamic of their subniches. We also discussed the possible hypothesis involved and the perspective of predictive models.
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14
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Kelchner H, Reeve-Arnold KE, Schreiner KM, Bargu S, Roques KG, Errera RM. Domoic Acid and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Connected to Coastal Upwelling along Coastal Inhambane Province, Mozambique: A New Area of Concern. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:903. [PMID: 34941740 PMCID: PMC8704230 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing globally in frequency, persistence, and geographic extent, posing a threat to ecosystem and human health. To date, no occurrences of marine phycotoxins have been recorded in Mozambique, which may be due to absence of a monitoring program and general awareness of potential threats. This study is the first documentation of neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia along the east coast of Africa. Coastal Inhambane Province is a biodiversity hotspot where year-round Rhincodon typus (whale shark) sightings are among the highest globally and support an emerging ecotourism industry. Links between primary productivity and biodiversity in this area have not previously been considered or reported. During a pilot study, from January 2017 to April 2018, DA was identified year-round, peaking during Austral winter. During an intense study between May and August 2018, our research focused on identifying environmental factors influencing coastal productivity and DA concentration. Phytoplankton assemblage was diatom-dominated, with high abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Data suggest the system was influenced by nutrient pulses resulting from coastal upwelling. Continued and comprehensive monitoring along southern Mozambique would provide critical information to assess ecosystem and human health threats from marine toxins under challenges posed by global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Kelchner
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Katie E. Reeve-Arnold
- All Out Africa Marine Research Centre, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane 1300, Mozambique; (K.E.R.-A.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Kathryn M. Schreiner
- Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MI 55812, USA;
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Sibel Bargu
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Kim G. Roques
- All Out Africa Marine Research Centre, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane 1300, Mozambique; (K.E.R.-A.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Reagan M. Errera
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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15
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Blanco J, Moroño Á, Arévalo F, Correa J, Salgado C, Rossignoli AE, Lamas JP. Twenty-Five Years of Domoic Acid Monitoring in Galicia (NW Spain): Spatial, Temporal and Interspecific Variations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:756. [PMID: 34822540 PMCID: PMC8624277 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence, impact on shellfish resources and interspecific, spatial, and temporal variabilities of domoic acid (DA) in bivalves from Galicia (NW Spain) have been studied based on more than 25 years of monitoring data. The maximum prevalence (samples in which DA was detected) (100%) and incidence (samples with DA levels above the regulatory limit) (97.4%) were recorded in Pecten maximus, and the minimum ones in Mytilus galloprovincialis (12.6 and 1.1%, respectively). The maximum DA concentrations were 663.9 mg kg-1 in P. maximus and 316 mg kg-1 in Venerupis corrugata. After excluding scallop P. maximusdata, DA was found (prevalence) in 13.3% of bivalve samples, with 1.3% being over the regulatory limit. In general, the prevalence of this toxin decreased towards the North but not the magnitude of its episodes. The seasonal distribution was characterized by two maxima, in spring and autumn, with the later decreasing in intensity towards the north. DA levels decreased slightly over the studied period, although this decreasing trend was not linear. A cyclic pattern was observed in the interannual variability, with cycles of 4 and 11 years. Intoxication and detoxification rates were slower than those expected from laboratory experiments, suggesting the supply of DA during these phases plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Pedras de Corón, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - Ángeles Moroño
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Jorge Correa
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Covadonga Salgado
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Pedras de Corón, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - J. Pablo Lamas
- Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control de Medio Mariño, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain; (Á.M.); (F.A.); (J.C.); (C.S.); (J.P.L.)
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16
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Clark S, Hubbard KA, McGillicuddy DJ, Ralston DK, Shankar S. Investigating Pseudo-nitzschia australis introduction to the Gulf of Maine with observations and models. CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH 2021; 228:104493. [PMID: 36213213 PMCID: PMC9536250 DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2021.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, an unprecedented Pseudo-nitzschia australis bloom in the Gulf of Maine led to the first shellfishery closures due to domoic acid in the region's history. In this paper, potential introduction routes of P. australis are explored through observations, a hydrodynamic model, and a Lagrangian particle tracking model. Based on particle tracking experiments, the most likely source of P. australis to the Gulf of Maine was the Scotian Shelf. However, in 2016, connectivity between the Scotian Shelf and the bloom region was not significantly different from the other years between 2012 and 2019, nor were temperature conditions more favorable for P. australis growth. Observations indicated changes on the Scotian Shelf in 2016 preceded the introduction of P. australis: increased bottom salinity and decreased surface salinity. The increased bottom salinity on the shelf may be linked to anomalously saline water observed near the coast of Maine in 2016 via transport through Northeast Channel. The changes in upstream water mass properties may be related to the introduction of P. australis, and could be the result of either increased influence of the Labrador Current or increased outflow from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The ultimate source of P. australis remains unknown, although the species has previously been observed in the eastern North Atlantic, and connectivity across the ocean is possible via a subpolar route. Continued and increased monitoring is warranted to track interannual Pseudo-nitzschia persistence in the Gulf of Maine, and sampling on the Scotian Shelf should be conducted to map upstream P. australis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Clark
- MIT, WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Applied Ocean Sciences and Engineering, 86 Water St, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish, Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8 Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | | | - David K. Ralston
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Sugandha Shankar
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish, Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8 Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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Interactions between Filter-Feeding Bivalves and Toxic Diatoms: Influence on the Feeding Behavior of Crassostrea gigas and Pecten maximus and on Toxin Production by Pseudo-nitzschia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080577. [PMID: 34437448 PMCID: PMC8402372 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Pseudo-nitzschia species, some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a source of serious health problems for marine organisms. Filter-feeding organisms—e.g., bivalves feeding on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.—are the main vector of DA in humans. However, little is known about the interactions between bivalves and Pseudo-nitzschia. In this study, we examined the interactions between two juvenile bivalve species—oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Pecten maximus)—and two toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species—P. australis and P. fraudulenta. We characterized the influence of (1) diet composition and the Pseudo-nitzschia DA content on the feeding rates of oysters and scallops, and (2) the presence of bivalves on Pseudo-nitzschia toxin production. Both bivalve species fed on P. australis and P. fraudulenta. However, they preferentially filtered the non-toxic Isochrysis galbana compared to Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of the most toxic P. australis species resulted in a decreased clearance rate in C. gigas. The two bivalve species accumulated DA in their tissues (up to 0.35 × 10−3 and 5.1 × 10−3 µg g−1 for C. gigas and P. maximus, respectively). Most importantly, the presence of bivalves induced an increase in the cellular DA contents of both Pseudo-nitzschia species (up to 58-fold in P. fraudulenta in the presence of C. gigas). This is the first evidence of DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia species stimulated in the presence of filter-feeding bivalves. The results of this study highlight complex interactions that can influence toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia and accumulation in bivalves. These results will help to better understand the biotic factors that drive DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia and bivalve contamination during Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.
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18
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Karlson B, Andersen P, Arneborg L, Cembella A, Eikrem W, John U, West JJ, Klemm K, Kobos J, Lehtinen S, Lundholm N, Mazur-Marzec H, Naustvoll L, Poelman M, Provoost P, De Rijcke M, Suikkanen S. Harmful algal blooms and their effects in coastal seas of Northern Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101989. [PMID: 33875185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are recurrent phenomena in northern Europe along the coasts of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat-Skagerrak, eastern North Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. These HABs have caused occasional massive losses for the aquaculture industry and have chronically affected socioeconomic interests in several ways. This status review gives an overview of historical HAB events and summarises reports to the Harmful Algae Event Database from 1986 to the end of year 2019 and observations made in long term monitoring programmes of potentially harmful phytoplankton and of phycotoxins in bivalve shellfish. Major HAB taxa causing fish mortalities in the region include blooms of the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway in 1991 and 2019, resulting in huge economic losses for fish farmers. A bloom of the prymesiophyte Prymnesium polylepis (syn. Chrysochromulina polylepis) in the Kattegat-Skagerrak in 1988 was ecosystem disruptive. Blooms of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis spp. have caused accumulations of foam on beaches in the southwestern North Sea and Wadden Sea coasts and shellfish mortality has been linked to their occurrence. Mortality of shellfish linked to HAB events has been observed in estuarine waters associated with influx of water from the southern North Sea. The first bloom of the dictyochophyte genus Pseudochattonella was observed in 1998, and since then such blooms have been observed in high cell densities in spring causing fish mortalities some years. Dinoflagellates, primarily Dinophysis spp., intermittently yield concentrations of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, above regulatory limits along the coasts of Norway, Denmark and the Swedish west coast. On average, DST levels in shellfish have decreased along the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak coasts since approximately 2006, coinciding with a decrease in the cell abundance of D. acuta. Among dinoflagellates, Alexandrium species are the major source of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) in the region. PST concentrations above regulatory levels were rare in the Skagerrak-Kattegat during the three decadal review period, but frequent and often abundant findings of Alexandrium resting cysts in surface sediments indicate a high potential risk for blooms. PST levels often above regulatory limits along the west coast of Norway are associated with A. catenella (ribotype Group 1) as the main toxin producer. Other Alexandrium species, such as A. ostenfeldii and A. minutum, are capable of producing PST among some populations but are usually not associated with PSP events in the region. The cell abundance of A. pseudogonyaulax, a producer of the ichthyotoxin goniodomin (GD), has increased in the Skagerrak-Kattegat since 2010, and may constitute an emerging threat. The dinoflagellate Azadinium spp. have been unequivocally linked to the presence of azaspiracid toxins (AZT) responsible for Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) in northern Europe. These toxins were detected in bivalve shellfish at concentrations above regulatory limits for the first time in Norway in blue mussels in 2005 and in Sweden in blue mussels and oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas) in 2018. Certain members of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid and analogs known as Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (AST). Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia were common in the North Sea and the Skagerrak-Kattegat, but levels of AST in bivalve shellfish were rarely above regulatory limits during the review period. Summer cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea are a concern mainly for tourism by causing massive fouling of bathing water and beaches. Some of the cyanobacteria produce toxins, e.g. Nodularia spumigena, producer of nodularin, which may be a human health problem and cause occasional dog mortalities. Coastal and shelf sea regions in northern Europe provide a key supply of seafood, socioeconomic well-being and ecosystem services. Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change create environmental stressors causing shifts in the biogeography and intensity of HABs. Continued monitoring of HAB and phycotoxins and the operation of historical databases such as HAEDAT provide not only an ongoing status report but also provide a way to interpret causes and mechanisms of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden.
| | - Per Andersen
- Aarhus University, Marine Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wenche Eikrem
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Joy West
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, P.O. Box 1129, 0318 Blindern, Oslo Norway
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Justyna Kobos
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Sirpa Lehtinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, N-4817 His, Norway
| | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Project Office for IODE, Wandelaarkaai 7/61 - 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Belin C, Soudant D, Amzil Z. Three decades of data on phytoplankton and phycotoxins on the French coast: Lessons from REPHY and REPHYTOX. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101733. [PMID: 33875174 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In France, REPHY (Observation and Surveillance Network for Phytoplankton and Hydrology in coastal waters) and REPHYTOX (Monitoring Network for Phycotoxins in marine organisms) have been contributing to long-term time series on ocean health for more than 30 years. The aim of this paper is to describe these networks and to highlight their key results. Over the last 20 years, phytoplankton flora analysis on French coasts from the Channel to Mediterranean has shown that the five "emblematic" taxa are Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Cryptophyceae, Leptocylindrus and Pseudo-nitzschia. The latter, together with the taxa of interest Dinophysis + Phalacroma, Alexandrium, and Karenia, have been consistently recorded along the entire French coastline. However, when taking into account frequency of occurrence some taxa exhibit more distinct geographical distributions. In particular, the occurrence of Phaeocystis appeared to be strongly specific to the northern coasts of the Channel. French coasts have been regularly affected since the 1980s by the presence of toxins in bivalve molluscs, leading to bans on fishing and sale of shellfish during periods of varying duration. Three categories of toxins were involved. PST and AST were absent from the French coasts, respectively before 1988 and 2000. DST (Diarrheic Shellfish Toxins) have affected many areas along the whole coast every year since 1987. For PST (Paralytic Shellfish Toxins), only a few areas have been affected, sometimes sporadically, since 1988 in the Channel, 1993 in the Atlantic, and 1998 in the Mediterranean. Many areas have been impacted since 2000 by AST (Amnesic Shellfish Toxins) episodes, mainly affecting scallops in the Channel and on Atlantic coasts. The patterns of change of shellfish toxicity episodes showed no real trend in any province over the entire period 1987-2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Belin
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Dominique Soudant
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Bresnan E, Arévalo F, Belin C, Branco MAC, Cembella AD, Clarke D, Correa J, Davidson K, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Lozano RF, Fernández-Tejedor M, Guðfinnsson H, Carbonell DJ, Laza-Martinez A, Lemoine M, Lewis AM, Menéndez LM, Maskrey BH, McKinney A, Pazos Y, Revilla M, Siano R, Silva A, Swan S, Turner AD, Schweibold L, Provoost P, Enevoldsen H. Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101976. [PMID: 33875184 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT) was used to describe the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe from 1987 - 2018. The majority of events recorded are caused by Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs). These events are recorded annually over a wide geographic area from southern Spain to northern Scotland and Iceland, and are responsible for annual closures of many shellfish harvesting areas. The dominant causative dinoflagellates, members of the morphospecies 'Dinophysis acuminata complex' and D. acuta, are common in the waters of the majority of countries affected. There are regional differences in the causative species associated with PST events; the coasts of Spain and Portugal with the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, north west France/south west England/south Ireland with A. minutum, and Scotland/Faroe Islands/Iceland with A. catenella. This can influence the duration and spatial scale of PST events as well as the toxicity of shellfish. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis is the most widespread Domoic Acid (DA) producer, with records coming from Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland and the UK. Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (ASTs) have caused prolonged closures for the scallop fishing industry due to the slow depuration rate of DA. Amendments to EU shellfish hygiene regulations introduced between 2002 and 2005 facilitated end-product testing and sale of adductor muscle. This reduced the impact of ASTs on the scallop fishing industry and thus the number of recorded HAEDAT events. Azaspiracids (AZAs) are the most recent toxin group responsible for events to be characterised in the ICES area. Events associated with AZAs have a discrete distribution with the majority recorded along the west coast of Ireland. Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) has been an emerging issue in the Canary Islands and Madeira since 2004. The majority of aquaculture and wild fish mortality events are associated with blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Such fish killing events occur infrequently yet can cause significant mortalities. Interannual variability was observed in the annual number of HAEDAT areas with events associated with individual shellfish toxin groups. HABs represent a continued risk for the aquaculture industry along the Atlantic margin of Europe and should be accounted for when considering expansion of the industry or operational shifts to offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, U.K..
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Catherine Belin
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Maria A C Branco
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Luz Mamán Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de los Recursos Pesqueros, Huelva, Spain
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - April McKinney
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Marta Revilla
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), E-20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Raffaele Siano
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER), DYNECO F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sarah Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Distribution and abundance of azaspiracid-producing dinophyte species and their toxins in North Atlantic and North Sea waters in summer 2018. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235015. [PMID: 32559229 PMCID: PMC7304611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Representatives of the marine dinophyte family Amphidomataceae produce lipophilic phycotoxins called azaspiracids (AZA) which may cause azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP) in humans after consumption of contaminated seafood. Three of the four known toxigenic species are observed frequently in the eastern North Atlantic. In 2018, a research survey was performed to strengthen knowledge on the distribution and abundance of toxigenic Amphidomataceae and their respective toxins in Irish coastal waters and in the North Sea. Species-specific quantification of the three toxigenic species (Azadinium spinosum, Azadinium poporum and Amphidoma languida) was based on recently developed qPCR assays, whose performance was successfully validated and tested with specificity tests and spike experiments. The multi-method approach of on-board live microscopy, qPCR assays and chemical AZA-analysis revealed the presence of Amphidomataceae in the North Atlantic including the three targeted toxigenic species and their respective AZA analogues (AZA-1, -2, -33, -38, -39). Azadinium spinosum was detected at the majority of Irish stations with a peak density of 8.3 x 104 cells L-1 and AZA (AZA-1, -2, -33) abundances up to 1,274 pg L-1. Amphidoma languida was also present at most Irish stations but appeared in highest abundance in a bloom at a central North Sea station with a density of 1.2 x 105 cells L-1 and an AZA (AZA-38, -39) abundances of 618 pg L-1. Azadinium poporum was detected sporadically at the Irish south coast and North Sea and was rather low in abundance during this study. The results confirmed the wide distribution and frequent occurrence of the target species in the North Atlantic area and revealed, for the first time, bloom abundances of toxigenic Amphidomataceae in this area. This emphasizes the importance of future studies and monitoring of amphidomatacean species and their respective AZA analogues in the North Atlantic.
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Olesen AJ, Harðardóttir S, Daugbjerg N, Andersen P, Lyngsgaard M, Krock B, Lundholm N. The impact of urea on toxic diatoms - Potential effects of fertilizer silo breakdown on a Pseudo-nitzschia bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 95:101817. [PMID: 32439060 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2016, two silos containing liquid nitrogen-containing fertilizer collapsed on a harbor in Fredericia, Denmark. More than 2,750 tons of fertilizer spilled into inner Danish waters. A bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred approximately one month after the incident. The bloom caused a 5-week quarantine of numerous mussel-harvesting areas along the eastern coast of Jutland. The levels of domoic acid measured up to 49 mg kg-1 in mussel meat after the bloom. In the months following the event, the species diversity of phytoplankton was low, while the abundance was high comprising few dominant species including Pseudo-nitzschia. The main part of the liquid nitrogen-containing compound was urea, chemically produced for agricultural use. To investigate the potential impact of urea on Pseudo-nitzschia, four strains, including one strain of P. delicatissima, two of P. seriata and one of P. obtusa, were exposed each to three concentrations of urea in a batch culture experiment: 10 μM, 20 μM and 100 μM N urea, and for comparison one concentration of nitrate (10 μM). Nitrate, ammonium, and urea were metabolized at different rates. Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa produced domoic acid and grew best at low urea concentrations. Both P. seriata strains had a positive correlation between urea concentration and growth rate, and the highest growth rate in the nitrate treatment. One strain of P. seriata produced domoic acid peaking at low N loads (10 µM N urea and 10 µM N nitrate). In conclusion, the ability to adapt to the available nitrogen source and retain a high growth rate was exceedingly varying and not only species-specific but also strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Glaciology and Climate, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Université Laval, Département de Biologie, Pavillon C-É Marchand, G1V 0A6 Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Dept of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 1st floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maren Lyngsgaard
- Orbicon, Department for Nature and Environment, Jens Juuls vej 16, 8260 Viby, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Kumar MS, Sharma SA. Toxicological effects of marine seaweeds: a cautious insight for human consumption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:500-521. [PMID: 32188262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1738334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine environment is a rich and diverse source for many biologically active substances including functional foods and nutraceuticals. It is well exploited for useful compounds, natural products and aquaculture industry; and seaweeds is one of the major contributors in terms of both food security and healthy nutrition. They are well-known due to their enormous benefits and is consumed globally in many countries. However, there is lack of attention toward their toxicity reports which might be due toxic chemical compounds from seaweed, epiphytic bacteria or harmful algal bloom and absorbed heavy metals from seawater. The excess of these components might lead to harmful interactions with drugs and hormone levels in the human body. Due to their global consumption and to meet increasing demands, it is necessary to address their hazardous and toxic aspects. In this review, we have done extensive literature for healthy seaweeds, their nutritional composition while summarizing the toxic effects of selected seaweeds from red, brown and green group which includes- Gracilaria, Acanthophora, Caulerpa, Cladosiphon, and Laminaria sp. Spirulina, a microalgae (cyanobacteria) biomass is also included in toxicity discussion as it an important food supplement and many times shows adverse reactions and drug interactions. The identified compounds from seaweeds were concluded to be toxic to humans, though they exhibited certain beneficial effects too. They have an easy access in food chain and thus invade the higher trophic level organisms. This review will create an awareness among scientific and nonscientific community, as well as government organization to regulate edible seaweed consumption and keep them under surveillance for their beneficial and safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maushmi S Kumar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Simran A Sharma
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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Ayache N, Hervé F, Lundholm N, Amzil Z, Caruana AMN. Acclimation of the Marine Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis to Different Salinity Conditions: Effects on Growth, Photosynthetic Activity, and Domoic Acid Content 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:97-109. [PMID: 31591715 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis strains isolated from French coastal waters were studied to investigate their capacity to adapt to different salinities. Their acclimation to different salinity conditions (10, 20, 30, 35, and 40) was studied on growth, photosynthetic capacity, cell biovolume, and domoic acid (DA) content. The strains showed an ability to acclimate to a salinity range from 20 to 40, with optimal growth rates between salinities 30 and 40. The highest cell biovolume was observed at the lowest salinity 20 and was associated with the lowest growth rate. Salinity did not affect the photosynthetic activity; Fv /Fm values and the pigment contents remained high with no significant difference among salinities. An enhanced production of zeaxanthin was, however, observed in the late stationary and decline phases in all cultures except for those acclimated to salinity 20. In terms of cellular toxin content, DA concentrations were 2 to 3-fold higher at the lowest salinity (20) than at the other salinities and were combined with a low amount of dissolved DA. The fact that P. australis accumulate more DA per cell in less saline waters, illustrates that climate-related changes in salinity may affect Pseudo-nitzschia physiology through direct effects on growth, physiology, and toxin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Amandine M N Caruana
- IFREMER, Phycotoxin Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
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Managing the Agri-Food System of Watersheds to Combat Coastal Eutrophication: A Land-to-Sea Modelling Approach to the French Coastal English Channel. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The continental coastal waters of the Eastern Channel, from Normandy to Hauts-de-France, are subject to the major influence of unbalanced nutrient inputs from inflowing rivers. Several episodes of harmful algal blooms (HABs) compromising fishing and shellfish farming activities have been observed at the coast. For a better understanding of how the land-to-sea aquatic continuum functions, the GRAFS-RIVERSTRAHLER river biogeochemical model was implemented to cover the watersheds of 11 rivers flowing into this area (including the Seine) and chained with the ecological marine ECO-MARS3D model, applied to the French Northern coastal zone. Human activities strongly impact on the functioning of coastal ecosystems. Specifically, for these fertile soils of Northern France, intensive agricultural nitrogen (N) deliveries in excess over silica (Si) and phosphorus (P), essentially of diffuse origin, are potentially responsible for coastal eutrophication. Phosphorous is today equally supplied by diffuse and point sources, after a drastic reduction of inputs from wastewater treatment plants since the 2000s, and is better balanced regarding Si, as shown by the indicators of coastal eutrophication potential (P-ICEP versus N-ICEP). However, despite this drastic P reduction, HABs still appear repeatedly. Exploration of several scenarios of agro-food chain reorganization shows that (i) further progress in urban wastewater treatment to fully comply with current European regulations will not result in a significant reduction of nutrient fluxes to the sea, hence including HABs, and (ii) radical structural changes in agriculture, based on generalization of long and diversified organic crop rotations, reconnection of crop and livestock farming and changes in the human diet have the capacity to significantly reduce nutrient flows, coastal eutrophication and HABs.
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Rowland-Pilgrim S, Swan SC, O'Neill A, Johnson S, Coates L, Stubbs P, Dean K, Parks R, Harrison K, Teixeira Alves M, Walton A, Davidson K, Turner AD, Maskrey BH. Variability of Amnesic Shellfish Toxin and Pseudo-nitzschia occurrence in bivalve molluscs and water samples-Analysis of ten years of the official control monitoring programme. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 87:101623. [PMID: 31349885 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the official control laboratory for marine biotoxins within Great Britain, the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, in conjunction with the Scottish Association for Marine Science, has amassed a decade's worth of data regarding the prevalence of the toxins associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning within British waters. This monitoring involves quantitative HPLC-UV analysis of shellfish domoic acid concentration, the causative toxin for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, and water monitoring for Pseudo-nitzschia spp., the phytoplankton genus that produces domoic acid. The data obtained since 2008 indicate that whilst the occurrence of domoic acid in shellfish was generally below the maximum permitted limit of 20 mg/kg, there were a number of toxic episodes that breached this limit. The data showed an increase in the frequency of both domoic acid occurrence and toxic events, although there was considerable annual variability in intensity and geographical location of toxic episodes. A particularly notable increase in domoic acid occurrence in England was observed during 2014. Comparison of Scottish toxin data and Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities during this ten-year period revealed a complex relationship between the two measurements. Whilst the majority of events were associated with blooms, absolute cell densities of Pseudo-nitzschia did not correlate with domoic acid concentrations in shellfish tissue. This is believed to be partly due to the presence of a number of different Pseudo-nitzschia species in the water that can exhibit variable toxin production. These data highlight the requirement for tissue monitoring as part of an effective monitoring programme to protect the consumer, as well as the benefit of more detailed taxonomic discrimination of the Pseudo-nitzschia genus to allow greater accuracy in the prediction of shellfish toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison O'Neill
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Lewis Coates
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Patrycja Stubbs
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Karl Dean
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Rachel Parks
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Keith Harrison
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Aquatic Pathogens and Pests, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alison Walton
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Ayache N, Hervé F, Martin-Jézéquel V, Amzil Z, Caruana AMN. Influence of sudden salinity variation on the physiology and domoic acid production by two strains of Pseudo-nitzschia australis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:186-195. [PMID: 30329158 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several coastal countries including France have experienced serious and increasing problems related to Pseudo-nitzschia toxic blooms. These toxic blooms occur in estuarine and coastal waters potentially subject to fluctuations in salinity. In this study, we document for the first time the viability, growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and toxin production of two strains of Pseudo-nitzschia australis grown under conditions with sudden salinity changes. Following salinity variation, the two strains survived over a restricted salinity range of 30-35, with favorable physiological responses, as the growth, effective quantum yield and toxin content were high compared to the other conditions. In addition, high cellular quotas of domoic acid (DA) were observed at a salinity of 40 for the strain IFR-PAU-16.1 in comparison with the other strain IFR-PAU-16.2 where the cell DA content was directly released into the medium. On the other hand, the osmotic stress imposed at lower salinities, 20 and 10, resulted in cell lysis and a sudden DA leakage in the medium. Intra-specific variability was observed in growth and toxin production, with the strain IFR-PAU-16.1 apparently able to withstand higher salinities than the strain IFR-PAU-16.2. On the whole, DA does not appear to act as an osmolyte in response to sudden salinity changes. Since most of the shellfish harvesting areas of bivalve molluscs in France are located in areas where the salinity generally varies between 30 and 35, Pseudo-nitzschia australis blooms might potentially impact public health and commercial shellfish resources in these places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Amandine M N Caruana
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, France
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A Time Series of Water Column Distributions and Sinking Particle Flux of Pseudo-Nitzschia and Domoic Acid in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110480. [PMID: 30453659 PMCID: PMC6265954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Water column bulk Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and the dissolved and particulate domoic acid (DA) concentrations were measured in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California from 2009–2013 and compared to bulk Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and DA concentrations and fluxes in sediment traps moored at 147 m and 509 m. Pseudo-nitzschia abundance throughout the study period was spatially and temporally heterogeneous (<200 cells L−1 to 3.8 × 106 cells L−1, avg. 2 × 105 ± 5 × 105 cells L−1) and did not correspond with upwelling conditions or the total DA (tDA) concentration, which was also spatially and temporally diverse (<1.3 ng L−1 to 2.2 × 105 ng L−1, avg. 7.8 × 103 ± 2.2 × 104 ng L−1). We hypothesize that the toxicity is likely driven in part by specific Pseudo-nitzschia species as well as bloom stage. Dissolved (dDA) and particulate (pDA) DA were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.01) and both comprised major components of the total DA pool (pDA = 57 ± 35%, and dDA = 42 ± 35%) with substantial water column concentrations (>1000 cells L−1 and tDA = 200 ng L−1) measured as deep as 150 m. Our results highlight that dDA should not be ignored when examining bloom toxicity. Although water column abundance and pDA concentrations were poorly correlated with sediment trap Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and fluxes, DA toxicity is likely associated with senescent blooms that rapidly sink to the seafloor, adding another potential source of DA to benthic organisms.
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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30
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Thorel M, Claquin P, Schapira M, Le Gendre R, Riou P, Goux D, Le Roy B, Raimbault V, Deton-Cabanillas AF, Bazin P, Kientz-Bouchart V, Fauchot J. Nutrient ratios influence variability in Pseudo-nitzschia species diversity and particulate domoic acid production in the Bay of Seine (France). HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:192-205. [PMID: 28962980 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The population dynamics of different Pseudo-nitzschia species, along with particulate domoic acid (pDA) concentrations, were studied from May 2012 to December 2013 in the Bay of Seine (English Channel, Normandy). While Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms occurred during the two years of study, Pseudo-nitzschia species diversity and particulate domoic acid concentrations varied greatly. In 2012, three different species were identified during the spring bloom (P. australis, P. pungens and P. fraudulenta) with high pDA concentrations (∼1400ngl-1) resulting in shellfish harvesting closures. In contrast, the 2013 spring was characterised by a P. delicatissima bloom without any toxic event. Above all, the results show that high pDA concentrations coincided with the presence of P. australis and with potential silicate limitation (Si:N<1), while nitrate concentrations were still replete. The contrasting environmental conditions between 2012 and 2013 highlight different environmental controls that might favour the development of either P. delicatissima or P. australis. This study points to the key role of Pseudo-nitzschia diversity and cellular toxicity in the control of particulate domoic acid variations and highlights the fact that diversity and toxicity are influenced by nutrients, especially nutrient ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Thorel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Pascal Claquin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France
| | | | | | | | - Didier Goux
- CMAbio-SF 4206 ICORE UNICAEN, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Bertrand Le Roy
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Virginie Raimbault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Anne-Flore Deton-Cabanillas
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Pauline Bazin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France
| | | | - Juliette Fauchot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, 14032 Caen, France.
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31
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Guallar C, Bacher C, Chapelle A. Global and local factors driving the phenology of Alexandrium minutum (Halim) blooms and its toxicity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 67:44-60. [PMID: 28755720 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is a toxic bloom-forming species distributed worldwide. The mechanisms driving and promoting the species blooms and their toxicity are studied and presented here. Most previously published work focuses on local and/or short-term scales. In this study, a broad temporal and spatial approach is addressed using time series covering several sites over several years and combining environmental variables and A. minutum abundances from the French English Channel - Atlantic coasts. Data were explored by means of phenology and threshold analysis. The A. minutum bloom characteristics are defined. Only one bloom per year is measured and it may reach more than a million of cells L-1. Bloom period extends from April to October and the bloom length ranges from two weeks to six months. In the ecosystems studied, water temperature and river flow, as regional and local factors respectively, are the main environmental drivers influencing the magnitude, growth rate and length of the blooms. Bloom toxicity is linked to the bloom maximum abundance and river flow. This work provides new knowledge for further managing tools for A. minutum blooms in the ecosystems studied.
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Gentry RR, Lester SE, Kappel CV, White C, Bell TW, Stevens J, Gaines SD. Offshore aquaculture: Spatial planning principles for sustainable development. Ecol Evol 2016; 7:733-743. [PMID: 28116067 PMCID: PMC5243789 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine aquaculture is expanding into deeper offshore environments in response to growing consumer demand for seafood, improved technology, and limited potential to increase wild fisheries catches. Sustainable development of aquaculture will require quantification and minimization of its impacts on other ocean-based activities and the environment through scientifically informed spatial planning. However, the scientific literature currently provides limited direct guidance for such planning. Here, we employ an ecological lens and synthesize a broad multidisciplinary literature to provide insight into the interactions between offshore aquaculture and the surrounding environment across a spectrum of spatial scales. While important information gaps remain, we find that there is sufficient research for informed decisions about the effects of aquaculture siting to achieve a sustainable offshore aquaculture industry that complements other uses of the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Gentry
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Sarah E Lester
- Department of Geography Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Carrie V Kappel
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Crow White
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences California Polytechnic Institute San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo CA USA
| | - Tom W Bell
- Earth Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Joel Stevens
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences California Polytechnic Institute San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo CA USA
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
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