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Prause HC, Berk D, Alves-de-Souza C, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO, Marko D, Favero GD, Place A, Varga E. How relevant are sterols in the mode of action of prymnesins? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 276:107080. [PMID: 39276607 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Prymnesins, produced by the haptophyte Prymnesium parvum, are considered responsible for fish kills when this species blooms. Although their toxic mechanism is not fully understood, membrane disruptive properties have been ascribed to A-type prymnesins. Currently it is suggested that pore-formation is the underlying cause of cell disruption. Here the hypothesis that A-, B-, and C-type prymnesins interact with sterols in order to create pores was tested. Prymnesin mixtures containing various analogs of the same type were applied in hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays using Atlantic salmon Salmo salar erythrocytes or rainbow trout RTgill-W1 cells. The hemolytic potency of the prymnesin types reflected their cytotoxic potential, with approximate concentrations reaching 50 % hemolysis (HC50) of 4 nM (A-type), 54 nM (C-type), and 600 nM (B-type). Variabilities in prymnesin profiles were shown to influence potency. Prymnesin-A (3 Cl) + 2 pentose + hexose was likely responsible for the strong toxicity of A-type samples. Co-incubation with cholesterol and epi-cholesterol pre-hemolysis reduced the potential by about 50 % irrespective of sterol concentration, suggesting interactions with sterols. However, this effect was not observed in RTgill-W1 toxicity. Treatment of RTgill-W1 cells with 10 µM lovastatin or 10 µM methyl-β-cyclodextrin-cholesterol modified cholesterol levels by 20-30 %. Regardless, prymnesin cytotoxicity remained unaltered in the modified cells. SPR data showed that B-type prymnesins likely bound with a single exponential decay while A-types seemed to have a more complex binding. Overall, interaction with cholesterol appeared to play only a partial role in the cytotoxic mechanism of pore-formation. It is suggested that prymnesins initially interact with cholesterol and stabilize pores through a subsequent, still unknown mechanism possibly including other membrane lipids or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène-Christine Prause
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Deniz Berk
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Catharina Alves-de-Souza
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Per J Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Allen Place
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Kuhl H, Strassert JFH, Čertnerová D, Varga E, Kreuz E, Lamatsch DK, Wuertz S, Köhler J, Monaghan MT, Stöck M. The haplotype-resolved Prymnesium parvum (type B) microalga genome reveals the genetic basis of its fish-killing toxins. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3698-3706.e4. [PMID: 38986615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The catastrophic loss of aquatic life in the Central European Oder River in 2022, caused by a toxic bloom of the haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum (in a wide sense, s.l.), underscores the need to improve our understanding of the genomic basis of the toxin. Previous morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic studies have revealed cryptic diversity within P. parvum s.l. and uncovered three clade-specific (types A, B, and C) prymnesin toxins. Here, we used state-of-the-art long-read sequencing and assembled the first haplotype-resolved diploid genome of a P. parvum type B from the strain responsible for the Oder disaster. Comparative analyses with type A genomes uncovered a genome-size expansion driven by repetitive elements in type B. We also found conserved synteny but divergent evolution in several polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, which are known to underlie toxin production in combination with environmental cues. We identified an approximately 20-kbp deletion in the largest PKS gene of type B that we link to differences in the chemical structure of types A and B prymnesins. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy analyses confirmed diploidy in the Oder River strain and revealed differences to closely related strains in both ploidy and morphology. Our results provide unprecedented resolution of strain diversity in P. parvum s.l. and a better understanding of the genomic basis of toxin variability in haptophytes. The reference-quality genome will enable us to better understand changes in microbial diversity in the face of increasing environmental pressures and provides a basis for strain-level monitoring of invasive Prymnesium in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Kuhl
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen F H Strassert
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dora Čertnerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Kreuz
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dunja K Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Köhler
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Fallon TR, Shende VV, Wierzbicki IH, Pendleton AL, Watervoort NF, Auber RP, Gonzalez DJ, Wisecaver JH, Moore BS. Giant polyketide synthase enzymes in the biosynthesis of giant marine polyether toxins. Science 2024; 385:671-678. [PMID: 39116217 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum are harmful haptophyte algae that cause massive environmental fish kills. Their polyketide polyether toxins, the prymnesins, are among the largest nonpolymeric compounds in nature and have biosynthetic origins that have remained enigmatic for more than 40 years. In this work, we report the "PKZILLAs," massive P. parvum polyketide synthase (PKS) genes that have evaded previous detection. PKZILLA-1 and -2 encode giant protein products of 4.7 and 3.2 megadaltons that have 140 and 99 enzyme domains. Their predicted polyene product matches the proposed pre-prymnesin precursor of the 90-carbon-backbone A-type prymnesins. We further characterize the variant PKZILLA-B1, which is responsible for the shorter B-type analog prymnesin-B1, from P. parvum RCC3426 and thus establish a general model of haptophyte polyether biosynthetic logic. This work expands expectations of genetic and enzymatic size limits in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Fallon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vikram V Shende
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Igor H Wierzbicki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan F Watervoort
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert P Auber
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Wang X, Fon M, Andersen AJC, Solhaug A, Ingebrigtsen RA, Samdal IA, Uhlig S, Miles CO, Edvardsen B, Larsen TO. Insights into the nature of ichthyotoxins from the Chrysochromulina leadbeateri blooms in Northern Norwegian fjords. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 137:102681. [PMID: 39003025 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In May-June 2019, the microalga Chrysochromulina leadbeateri caused a massive fish-killing event in several fjords in Northern Norway, resulting in the largest direct impact ever on aquaculture in northern Europe due to toxic algae. Motivated by the fact that no algal toxins have previously been described from C. leadbeateri, we set out to investigate the chemical nature and toxicity of secondary metabolites in extracts of two strains (UIO 393, UIO 394) isolated from the 2019 bloom, as well as one older strain (UIO 035) isolated during a bloom in Northern Norway in 1991. Initial LC-DAD-MS/MS-based molecular networking analysis of the crude MeOH extracts of the cultivated strains showed that their profiles of small organic molecules, including a large number of known lipids, were very similar, suggesting that the same class of toxin(s) were likely the causative agents of the two harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. Next, bioassay-guided fractionation using the RTgill-W1 cell line and metabolomics analysis pointed to a major compound affording [M + H]+ ions at m/z 1399.8333 as a possible toxin, corresponding to a compound with the formula C67H127ClO27. Moreover, our study unveiled a series of minor analogues exhibiting distinct patterns of chlorination and sulfation, together defining a new family of compounds, which we propose to name leadbeaterins. Remarkably, these suspected toxins were detected in situ in samples collected during the 2019 bloom close to Tromsø, thereby consistent with a role in fish kills. The elemental compositions of the putative C. leadbeateri ichthyotoxins strongly indicate them to be long linear polyhydroxylated polyketides, structurally similar to sterolysins reported from a number of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Bioengineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Fon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aaron J C Andersen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Bioengineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Richard A Ingebrigtsen
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway; National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Canada
| | - Bente Edvardsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Bioengineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Köhler J, Varga E, Spahr S, Gessner J, Stelzer K, Brandt G, Mahecha MD, Kraemer G, Pusch M, Wolter C, Monaghan MT, Stöck M, Goldhammer T. Unpredicted ecosystem response to compound human impacts in a European river. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16445. [PMID: 39014022 PMCID: PMC11252402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change elevates the threat of compound heat and drought events, with their ecological and socioeconomic impacts exacerbated by human ecosystem alterations such as eutrophication, salinization, and river engineering. Here, we study how multiple stressors produced an environmental disaster in a large European river, the Oder River, where a toxic bloom of the brackish-water planktonic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum (the "golden algae") killed approximately 1000 metric tons of fish and most mussels and snails. We uncovered the complexity of this event using hydroclimatic data, remote sensing, cell counts, hydrochemical and toxin analyses, and genetics. After incubation in impounded upstream channels with drastically elevated concentrations of salts and nutrients, only a critical combination of chronic salt and nutrient pollution, acute high water temperatures, and low river discharge during a heatwave enabled the riverine mass proliferation of B-type P. parvum along a 500 km river section. The dramatic losses of large filter feeders and the spreading of vegetative cells and resting stages make the system more susceptible to new harmful algal blooms. Our findings show that global warming, water use intensification, and chronic ecosystem pollution could increase likelihood and severity of such compound ecoclimatic events, necessitating consideration in future impact models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Köhler
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Gessner
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Miguel D Mahecha
- Institute for Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, iDiv, Halle, Jena and Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Kraemer
- Institute for Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Pusch
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Wolter
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Goldhammer
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
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Mora D, Schlüsener M, Fischer H, Kleinteich J, Schulz M, Ternes T, Thiel J, Wick A, Krenek S. From genes to toxins: Profiling Prymnesium parvum during a riverine harmful algal bloom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 136:102644. [PMID: 38876525 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Blooms of Prymnesium parvum, a unicellular alga globally distributed in marine and brackish environments, frequently result in massive fish kills due to the production of toxins called prymnesins by this haptophyte. In August 2022, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of this species occurred in the lower Oder River (Poland and Germany), which caused mass mortalities of fish and other organisms. This HAB was linked to low discharge of the Oder and mining activities that caused a significant increase in salinity. In this context, we report on the molecular detection and screening of this haptophyte and its toxins in environmental samples and clonal cultures derived thereof. Both conventional PCR and droplet digital PCR assays reliably detected P. parvum in environmental samples. eDNA metabarcoding using the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene revealed a single Prymnesium sequence variant, but failed to identify it to species level. Four clonal cultures established from environmental samples were unambiguously identified as P. parvum by molecular phylogenetics (near full-length 18S rRNA gene) and light microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 marker region) placed the cultured phylotype within a clade containing other P. parvum strains known to produce B-type prymnesins. Toxin-screening of the cultures using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry identified B-type prymnesins, which were also detected in extracts of filter residues from water samples of the Oder collected during the HAB. Overall, our investigation provides a detailed characterization of P. parvum, including their prymnesins, during this HAB in the Oder River, contributing valuable insights into this ecological disaster. In addition, the droplet digital PCR assay established here will be useful for future monitoring of low levels of P. parvum on the Oder River or any other salt-impacted and brackish water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Mora
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany; Current address: Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity (OCEB), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schlüsener
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Helmut Fischer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Julia Kleinteich
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Joana Thiel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Sascha Krenek
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
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Kuhlisch C, Shemi A, Barak-Gavish N, Schatz D, Vardi A. Algal blooms in the ocean: hot spots for chemically mediated microbial interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:138-154. [PMID: 37833328 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The cycling of major nutrients in the ocean is affected by large-scale phytoplankton blooms, which are hot spots of microbial life. Diverse microbial interactions regulate bloom dynamics. At the single-cell level, interactions between microorganisms are mediated by small molecules in the chemical crosstalk that determines the type of interaction, ranging from mutualism to pathogenicity. Algae interact with viruses, bacteria, parasites, grazers and other algae to modulate algal cell fate, and these interactions are dependent on the environmental context. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and single-cell technologies have led to the discovery of a growing number of infochemicals - metabolites that convey information - revealing the ability of algal cells to govern biotic interactions in the ocean. The diversity of infochemicals seems to account for the specificity in cellular response during microbial communication. Given the immense impact of algal blooms on biogeochemical cycles and climate regulation, a major challenge is to elucidate how microscale interactions control the fate of carbon and the recycling of major elements in the ocean. In this Review, we discuss microbial interactions and the role of infochemicals in algal blooms. We further explore factors that can impact microbial interactions and the available tools to decipher them in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kuhlisch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adva Shemi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Barak-Gavish
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Varga E, Prause HC, Riepl M, Hochmayr N, Berk D, Attakpah E, Kiss E, Medić N, Del Favero G, Larsen TO, Hansen PJ, Marko D. Cytotoxicity of Prymnesium parvum extracts and prymnesin analogs on epithelial fish gill cells RTgill-W1 and the human colon cell line HCEC-1CT. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:999-1014. [PMID: 38212450 PMCID: PMC10861388 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms kill fish populations worldwide, as exemplified by the haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum. The suspected causative agents are prymnesins, categorized as A-, B-, and C-types based on backbone carbon atoms. Impacts of P. parvum extracts and purified prymnesins were tested on the epithelial rainbow trout fish gill cell line RTgill-W1 and on the human colon epithelial cells HCEC-1CT. Cytotoxic potencies ranked A > C > B-type with concentrations spanning from low (A- and C-type) to middle (B-type) nM ranges. Although RTgill-W1 cells were about twofold more sensitive than HCEC-1CT, the cytotoxicity of prymnesins is not limited to fish gills. Both cell lines responded rapidly to prymnesins; with EC50 values for B-types in RTgill-W1 cells of 110 ± 11 nM and 41.5 ± 0.6 nM after incubations times of 3 and 24 h. Results of fluorescence imaging and measured lytic effects suggest plasma membrane interactions. Postulating an osmotic imbalance as mechanisms of toxicity, incubations with prymnesins in media lacking either Cl-, Na+, or Ca2+ were performed. Cl- removal reduced morphometric rearrangements observed in RTgill-W1 and cytotoxicity in HCEC-1CT cells. Ca2+-free medium in RTgill-W1 cells exacerbated effects on the cell nuclei. Prymnesin composition of different P. parvum strains showed that analog composition within one type scarcely influenced the cytotoxic potential, while analog type potentially dictate potency. Overall, A-type prymnesins were the most potent ones in both cell lines followed by the C-types, and lastly B-types. Disturbance of Ca2+ and Cl- ionoregulation may be integral to prymnesin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hélène-Christine Prause
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Riepl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Hochmayr
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Deniz Berk
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Attakpah
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikola Medić
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
- Center for Bioresources, Division for Food and Production, Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 8, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Fallon TR, Shende VV, Wierzbicki IH, Auber RP, Gonzalez DJ, Wisecaver JH, Moore BS. Giant polyketide synthase enzymes biosynthesize a giant marine polyether biotoxin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577497. [PMID: 38352448 PMCID: PMC10862718 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum are harmful haptophyte algae that cause massive environmental fish-kills. Their polyketide polyether toxins, the prymnesins, are amongst the largest nonpolymeric compounds in nature, alongside structurally-related health-impacting "red-tide" polyether toxins whose biosynthetic origins have been an enigma for over 40 years. Here we report the 'PKZILLAs', massive P. parvum polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, whose existence and challenging genomic structure evaded prior detection. PKZILLA-1 and -2 encode giant protein products of 4.7 and 3.2 MDa with 140 and 99 enzyme domains, exceeding the largest known protein titin and all other known PKS systems. Their predicted polyene product matches the proposed pre-prymnesin precursor of the 90-carbon-backbone A-type prymnesins. This discovery establishes a model system for microalgal polyether biosynthesis and expands expectations of genetic and enzymatic size limits in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Fallon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vikram V. Shende
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Igor H. Wierzbicki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert P. Auber
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Jian J, Wu Z, Silva-Núñez A, Li X, Zheng X, Luo B, Liu Y, Fang X, Workman CT, Larsen TO, Hansen PJ, Sonnenschein EC. Long-read genome sequencing provides novel insights into the harmful algal bloom species Prymnesium parvum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168042. [PMID: 37898203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing haptophyte that causes harmful algal blooms worldwide, which are often associated with massive fish-kills and subsequent economic losses. In here, we present nuclear and plastid genome assemblies using PacBio HiFi long reads and DNBseq short reads for the two P. parvum strains UTEX 2797 and CCMP 3037, representing producers of type A prymnesins. Our results show that the P. parvum strains have a moderate haptophyte genome size of 97.56 and 107.32 Mb. The genome assemblies present one of highest contiguous assembled contig sequences to date consisting of 463 and 362 contigs with a contig N50 of 596.99 kb and 968.39 kb for strain UTEX 2797 and CCMP 3037, respectively. The assembled contigs of UTEX 2797 and CCMP 3037 were anchored to 34 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 5.35 Mb and 3.61 Mb, respectively, accounting for 93.2 % and 97.9 % of the total length. Each plastid genome comprises a circular contig. A total of 20,578 and 19,426 protein-coding genes were annotated for UTEX 2797 and CCMP 3037. The expanded gene family analysis showed that starch and sucrose metabolism, sulfur metabolism, energy metabolism and ABC transporters are involved in the evolution of P. parvum. Polyketide synthase (PKS) genes responsible for the production of secondary metabolites such as prymnesins displayed different expression patterns under nutrient limitation. Overlap with repeats and horizontal gene transfer may be two contributing factors to the high number of PKS genes found in this species. The two high quality P. parvum genomes will serve as valuable resources for ecological, genetic, and toxicological studies of haptophytes that can be used to monitor and potentially manage harmful blooms of ichthyotoxic P. parvum in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jian
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; BGI-Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Arisbe Silva-Núñez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Xiaohui Li
- BGI-Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Bei Luo
- BGI-Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Liu
- BGI-Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Christopher T Workman
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Eva C Sonnenschein
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
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11
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Szlauer-Łukaszewska A, Ławicki Ł, Engel J, Drewniak E, Ciężak K, Marchowski D. Quantifying a mass mortality event in freshwater wildlife within the Lower Odra River: Insights from a large European river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167898. [PMID: 37858826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2022, the River Odra in Europe witnessed a significant ecological disaster, leading to an unprecedented mass mortality among fish, bivalves, and water snails. The disaster was attributed to toxins released by the haptophyte golden algae, Prymnesium parvum. This study primarily focused on the river's lower section, where the disaster's impacts were exacerbated by the downstream flow of deceased organisms. The Unionidae mussels' mortality rate in this section was estimated at 65 million individuals, marking an 88 % decline in their population. The native mussel, Anodonta anatina, saw the steepest decline at 95 %, while the invasive Sinanodonta woodiana decreased by 15 %. Additionally, a minimum of 147 million dead water snails, predominantly Viviparus viviparus, were found ashore, indicating an 85 % population decline. An estimated 3.3 million fish, predominantly ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua), bream (Abramis brama), and perch (Perca fluviatilis), were found deceased along the lower Odra, amounting to a biomass of 1025 tons. Across the entire 560 km affected stretch of the river, the estimated fish mortality was 1650 tons, a 60 % decline from pre-disaster levels. The swift deterioration of the river's ecosystem underscores the need for further studies on its adaptive capacity and potential recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Engel
- Greenmind Foundation, Warszawa, Poland; Save the Rivers Coalition, Poland
| | - Ewa Drewniak
- Save the Rivers Coalition, Poland; Naturalist Club, Owczary, Poland
| | - Karol Ciężak
- Save the Rivers Coalition, Poland; The Society for Earth, Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Dominik Marchowski
- Ornithological Station, Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
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12
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Macêdo RL, Haubrock PJ, Rocha O. Towards effective management of the marine-origin Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyta): A growing concern in freshwater reservoirs? HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102513. [PMID: 37951608 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are highly susceptible to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are often caused by monospecific dense blooms. Effective preventive management strategies are urgently needed to avoid wide-ranging and severe impacts often resulting in costly damage to resources and unsustainable management options. In this study, we utilized SDM techniques focused on Prymnesium parvum, one of the most notorious HABs species worldwide. We first compare the climatic space occupied by P. parvum in North America, Europe and Australia. Additionally, we use MaxEnt algorithm to infer, for the first time, the potentially suitable freshwater environments in the aforementioned ranges. We also discuss the risks of invasion in reservoirs - prone habitats to persistent blooms of pests and invasive phytoplanktonic species. Our results show populations with distinctive niches suggesting ecophysiological tolerances, perhaps reflecting different strains. Our model projections revealed that the potential extent for P. parvum invasions is much broader than its current geographic distribution. The spatial configuration of reservoirs, if not sustaining dense blooms due to non-optimal conditions, favors colonization of multiple basins and ecoregions not yet occupied by P. parvum. Our models can provide valuable insights to decision-makers and monitoring programs while reducing the resources required to control the spread of P. parvum in disturbed habitats. Lastly, as impact magnitude is influenced by toxicity which in turn varies between different strains, we suggest future studies to incorporate intraspecific genetic information and fine-scale environmental variables to estimate potential distribution of P. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Macêdo
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Phillip J Haubrock
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystr. 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; CAMB, Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait
| | - Odete Rocha
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
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13
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Stonik VA, Stonik IV. Carbohydrate-Containing Low Molecular Weight Metabolites of Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:427. [PMID: 37623708 PMCID: PMC10456119 DOI: 10.3390/md21080427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are abundant components of the biosphere rich in low molecular weight carbohydrate-containing natural products (glycoconjugates). Glycoconjugates take part in the processes of photosynthesis, provide producers with important biological molecules, influence other organisms and are known by their biological activities. Some of them, for example, glycosylated toxins and arsenicals, are detrimental and can be transferred via food chains into higher organisms, including humans. So far, the studies on a series of particular groups of microalgal glycoconjugates were not comprehensively discussed in special reviews. In this review, a special focus is given to glycoconjugates' isolation, structure determination, properties and approaches to search for new bioactive metabolites. Analysis of literature data concerning structures, functions and biological activities of ribosylated arsenicals, galactosylated and sulfoquinovosylated lipids, phosphoglycolipids, glycoside derivatives of toxins, and other groups of glycoconjugates was carried out and discussed. Recent studies were fundamental in the discovery of a great variety of new carbohydrate-containing metabolites and their biological activities in defining the role of microalgal viral infections in regulating microalgal blooms as well as in the detection of glycoconjugates with potent immunomodulatory properties. Those discoveries support growing interest in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A. Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Inna V. Stonik
- A.V. Zhurmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Palchevskogo 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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14
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Sobieraj J, Metelski D. Insights into Toxic Prymnesium parvum Blooms as a Cause of the Ecological Disaster on the Odra River. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:403. [PMID: 37368703 PMCID: PMC10302719 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, Poland and Germany experienced a prolonged and extensive mass fish kill in the Odra River. During the period from the end of July to the beginning of September 2022, a high level of incidental disease and mortality was observed in various fish species (dozens of different species were found dead). The fish mortality affected five Polish provinces (Silesia, Opole, Lower Silesia, Lubuskie, and Western Pomerania) and involved reservoir systems covering most of the river (the Odra River is 854 km long, of which 742 km are in Poland). Fatal cases were investigated using toxicological, anatomopathological, and histopathological tests. Water samples were collected to determine nutrient status in the water column, phytoplankton biomass, and community composition. High nutrient concentrations indicated high phytoplankton productivity, with favorable conditions for golden algal blooms. The harmful toxins (prymnesins secreted by Prymnesium parvum habitats) had not been found in Poland before, but it was only a matter of time, especially in the Odra River, whose waters are permanently saline and still used for navigation. The observed fish mortality resulted in a 50% decrease in the fish population in the river and affected mainly cold-blooded species. Histopathological examinations of fish showed acute damage to the most perfused organs (gills, spleen, kidneys). The disruption to hematopoietic processes and damage to the gills were due to the action of hemolytic toxins (prymnesins). An evaluation of the collected hydrological, meteorological, biological, and physico-chemical data on the observed spatio-temporal course of the catastrophe, as well as the detection of three compounds from the group of B-type prymnesins in the analyzed material (the presence of prymnesins was confirmed using an analysis of the fragmentation spectrum and the accurate tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) measurement, in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), allowed the formulation and subsequent testing of the hypothesis for a direct link between the observed fish mortality and the presence of prymnesins in the Odra River. This article systematizes what is known about the causes of the fish kill in the Odra River in 2022, based on official government reports (one Polish and one German) and the EU technical report by the Joint Research Centre. A review and critical analysis of government findings (Polish and German) on this disaster were conducted in the context of what is known to date about similar cases of mass fish kills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Sobieraj
- Department of Building Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dominik Metelski
- Research Group SEJ-609 “AMIKO”, Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Campus de Cartuja s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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15
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Wisecaver JH, Auber RP, Pendleton AL, Watervoort NF, Fallon TR, Riedling OL, Manning SR, Moore BS, Driscoll WW. Extreme genome diversity and cryptic speciation in a harmful algal-bloom-forming eukaryote. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2246-2259.e8. [PMID: 37224809 PMCID: PMC10247466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms of the toxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum are a recurrent problem in many inland and estuarine waters around the world. Strains of P. parvum vary in the toxins they produce and in other physiological traits associated with harmful algal blooms, but the genetic basis for this variation is unknown. To investigate genome diversity in this morphospecies, we generated genome assemblies for 15 phylogenetically and geographically diverse strains of P. parvum, including Hi-C guided, near-chromosome-level assemblies for two strains. Comparative analysis revealed considerable DNA content variation between strains, ranging from 115 to 845 Mbp. Strains included haploids, diploids, and polyploids, but not all differences in DNA content were due to variation in genome copy number. Haploid genome size between strains of different chemotypes differed by as much as 243 Mbp. Syntenic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that UTEX 2797, a common laboratory strain from Texas, is a hybrid that retains two phylogenetically distinct haplotypes. Investigation of gene families variably present across the strains identified several functional categories associated with metabolic and genome size variation in P. parvum, including genes for the biosynthesis of toxic metabolites and proliferation of transposable elements. Together, our results indicate that P. parvum comprises multiple cryptic species. These genomes provide a robust phylogenetic and genomic framework for investigations into the eco-physiological consequences of the intra- and inter-specific genetic variation present in P. parvum and demonstrate the need for similar resources for other harmful algal-bloom-forming morphospecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Robert P Auber
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan F Watervoort
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Timothy R Fallon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivia L Riedling
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Schonna R Manning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, MSB 250B, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William W Driscoll
- Department of Biology, Penn State Harrisburg, 777 W. Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA 17057, USA
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16
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Driscoll WW, Wisecaver JH, Hackett JD, Espinosa NJ, Padway J, Engers JE, Bower JA. Behavioural differences underlie toxicity and predation variation in blooms of Prymnesium parvum. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:677-691. [PMID: 36924044 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Much of the evolutionary ecology of toxic algal blooms (TABs) remains unclear, including the role of algal toxins in the adaptive 'strategies' of TAB-forming species. Most eukaryotic TABs are caused by mixotrophs that augment autotrophy with organic nutrient sources, including competing algae (intraguild predation). We leverage the standing diversity of TABs formed by the toxic, invasive mixotroph Prymnesium parvum to identify cell-level behaviours involved in toxin-assisted predation using direct observations as well as comparisons between genetically distinct low- and high-toxicity isolates. Our results suggest that P. parvum toxins are primarily delivered at close range and promote subsequent prey capture/consumption. Surprisingly, we find opposite chemotactic preferences for organic (prey-derived) and inorganic nutrients between differentially toxic isolates, respectively, suggesting behavioural integration of toxicity and phagotrophy. Variation in toxicity may, therefore, reflect broader phenotypic integration of key traits that ultimately contribute to the remarkable flexibility, diversity, and success of invasive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Driscoll
- Department of Biology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Hackett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Noelle J Espinosa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jared Padway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jessica E Engers
- Department of Biology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica A Bower
- Department of Biology, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Caron DA, Lie AAY, Buckowski T, Turner J, Frabotta K. The Effect of pH and Salinity on the Toxicity and Growth of the Golden Alga, Prymnesium parvum. Protist 2023; 174:125927. [PMID: 36565615 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioassays using cultures of the toxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum and the ciliate Cyclidium sp. as prey were conducted to test the effect of pH (range = 6.5 - 8.5), salinity (range = 1.50 - 7.50‰), and a combination of pH and salinity on the toxicity of P. parvum. pH had a significant effect on P. parvum toxicity. Toxicity was rapidly (within 24 hr) induced by increasing pH of the medium, or reduced by lowering pH. Conversely, lowering salinity reduced toxicity, albeit less effectively compared to pH, and P. parvum cells remained toxic at the lowest values tested (1.50‰ at pH 7.5). An additional effect between pH and salinity was also observed: low salinity combined with low pH led to not only decreased toxicity, but also resulted in lower P. parvum growth rates. Such effects of pH and salinity on P. parvum growth and toxicity provide insight into the environmental factors supporting community dominance and toxic blooms of the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Caron
- Aquatic EcoTechnologies, LLC, Santa Cruz, CA 95065, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Alle A Y Lie
- Aquatic EcoTechnologies, LLC, Santa Cruz, CA 95065, USA
| | - Tom Buckowski
- Lake Mission Viejo Association, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
| | - Jim Turner
- Lake Mission Viejo Association, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
| | - Kevin Frabotta
- Lake Mission Viejo Association, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
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18
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Sundaravadivelu D, Sanan TT, Venkatapathy R, Mash H, Tettenhorst D, DAnglada L, Frey S, Tatters AO, Lazorchak J. Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030213. [PMID: 35324710 PMCID: PMC8949488 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measure cyanotoxins in complex matrices. This literature review discusses the methodologies currently used to measure the most commonly found freshwater cyanotoxins and prymnesins in various matrices and to assess their advantages and limitations. Identifying and quantifying cyanotoxins in surface waters, fish tissue, organs, and other matrices are crucial for risk assessment and for ensuring quality of food and water for consumption and recreational uses. This paper also summarizes currently available tissue extraction, preparation, and detection methods mentioned in previous studies that have quantified toxins in complex matrices. The structural diversity and complexity of many cyanobacterial and algal metabolites further impede accurate quantitation and structural confirmation for various cyanotoxins. Liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of toxin analysis has become an essential tool for cyanotoxin detection and can potentially be used for the concurrent analysis of multiple toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby T. Sanan
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.S.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-513-569-7076 (J.L.)
| | | | - Heath Mash
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Dan Tettenhorst
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Lesley DAnglada
- Office of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USA; (L.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Sharon Frey
- Office of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USA; (L.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Avery O. Tatters
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA;
| | - James Lazorchak
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Correspondence: (T.T.S.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-513-569-7076 (J.L.)
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Medić N, Varga E, Waal DBVD, Larsen TO, Hansen PJ. The coupling between irradiance, growth, photosynthesis and prymnesin cell quota and production in two strains of the bloom-forming haptophyte, Prymnesium parvum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 112:102173. [PMID: 35144820 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum causes harmful algal blooms worldwide that are often associated with massive fish-kills and subsequent economic losses. Most of our knowledge of the toxicity of P. parvum derives from bioassays since methods for the identification and quantification of their toxins have been lacking. Recently, a quantitation method was developed for the causative lytic toxins, the prymnesins. Here, we for the first time present data on the influence of irradiance on cellular content and production of prymnesins under nutrient replete conditions in two P. parvum strains, which both produce B-type prymnesins. Large differences were observed between the two strains with regard to the influence of irradiance on prymnesin cell quota and production rates. At the highest irradiance level (550 µmol photons m-2 s-1), the cellular prymnesin quota was thirty times higher in strain K-0081 strain than in K-0374. The cellular prymnesin quota and production rates were closely linked to rates of growth and photosynthesis in strain K-0081, while this was not the case for K-0374. Yet, growth rate did explain the differences in prymnesin quota in the two strains. Consequently, the maximum prymnesin production rate (414 attomol cell-1 d-1) was only about three times higher in strain K-0081 than in K-0374, and revealed an optimum at the same irradiance of 200 µmol photons m-2 s-1 in both strains. At low irradiance levels, the difference in production rates between both strains became smaller, with 41 and 49 attomol cell-1 d-1 for K-0081 and K-0374, respectively. The carbon content of prymnesins made up for ∼3% and <1% of the total cellular carbon content in strains K-0081 and K-0374, respectively. The fraction of extracellular dissolved prymnesins was measured for strain K-0081, where it accounted for 14-30% of total prymnesin concentration in the cultures, irrespective of irradiance. The concentrations of prymnesins released to the water by the K-0081 strain were not significantly influenced by irradiance. Overall, we observed comparable responses in growth and photosynthesis of both tested strains toward changes in irradiance. However, the effects of irradiance on prymnesin quota and production rates were remarkably different between the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Medić
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
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20
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Clinton M, Król E, Sepúlveda D, Andersen NR, Brierley AS, Ferrier DEK, Hansen PJ, Lorenzen N, Martin SAM. Gill Transcriptomic Responses to Toxin-producing Alga Prymnesium parvum in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2021; 12:794593. [PMID: 34956228 PMCID: PMC8693183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gill of teleost fish is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological processes, including protection of the mucosal gill surface against pathogens and other environmental antigens by the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). Climate change associated phenomena, such as increasing frequency and magnitude of harmful algal blooms (HABs) put extra strain on gill function, contributing to enhanced fish mortality and fish kills. However, the molecular basis of the HAB-induced gill injury remains largely unknown due to the lack of high-throughput transcriptomic studies performed on teleost fish in laboratory conditions. We used juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to investigate the transcriptomic responses of the gill tissue to two (high and low) sublethal densities of the toxin-producing alga Prymnesium parvum, in relation to non-exposed control fish. The exposure time to P. parvum (4–5 h) was sufficient to identify three different phenotypic responses among the exposed fish, enabling us to focus on the common gill transcriptomic responses to P. parvum that were independent of dose and phenotype. The inspection of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), canonical pathways, upstream regulators and downstream effects pointed towards P. parvum-induced inflammatory response and gill inflammation driven by alterations of Acute Phase Response Signalling, IL-6 Signalling, IL-10 Signalling, Role of PKR in Interferon Induction and Antiviral Response, IL-8 Signalling and IL-17 Signalling pathways. While we could not determine if the inferred gill inflammation was progressing or resolving, our study clearly suggests that P. parvum blooms may contribute to the serious gill disorders in fish. By providing insights into the gill transcriptomic responses to toxin-producing P. parvum in teleost fish, our research opens new avenues for investigating how to monitor and mitigate toxicity of HABs before they become lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag Clinton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Elżbieta Król
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Andrew S Brierley
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - David E K Ferrier
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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21
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Wagstaff BA, Pratscher J, Rivera PPL, Hems ES, Brooks E, Rejzek M, Todd JD, Murrell JC, Field RA. Assessing the Toxicity and Mitigating the Impact of Harmful Prymnesium Blooms in Eutrophic Waters of the Norfolk Broads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16538-16551. [PMID: 34882392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing microalga, which causes harmful algal blooms globally, frequently leading to massive fish kills that have adverse ecological and economic implications for natural waterways and aquaculture alike. The dramatic effects observed on fish are thought to be due to algal polyether toxins, known as the prymnesins, but their lack of environmental detection has resulted in an uncertainty about the true ichthyotoxic agents. Using qPCR, we found elevated levels of P. parvum and its lytic virus, PpDNAV-BW1, in a fish-killing bloom on the Norfolk Broads, United Kingdom, in March 2015. We also detected, for the first time, the B-type prymnesin toxins in Broads waterway samples and gill tissue isolated from a dead fish taken from the study site. Furthermore, Norfolk Broads P. parvum isolates unambiguously produced B-type toxins in laboratory-grown cultures. A 2 year longitudinal study of the Broads study site showed P. parvum blooms to be correlated with increased temperature and that PpDNAV plays a significant role in P. parvum bloom demise. Finally, we used a field trial to show that treatment with low doses of hydrogen peroxide represents an effective strategy to mitigate blooms of P. parvum in enclosed water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Wagstaff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Jennifer Pratscher
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Peter Paolo L Rivera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Edward S Hems
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Elliot Brooks
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
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22
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Long M, Krock B, Castrec J, Tillmann U. Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A Review of Overlooked Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:905. [PMID: 34941742 PMCID: PMC8703713 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of Alexandrium can produce a number of bioactive compounds, e.g., paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), spirolides, gymnodimines, goniodomins, and also uncharacterised bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs). The latter metabolites are released into the environment and affect a large range of organisms (from protists to fishes and mammalian cell lines). These compounds mediate allelochemical interactions, have anti-grazing and anti-parasitic activities, and have a potentially strong structuring role for the dynamic of Alexandrium blooms. In many studies evaluating the effects of Alexandrium on marine organisms, only the classical toxins were reported and the involvement of BECs was not considered. A lack of information on the presence/absence of BECs in experimental strains is likely the cause of contrasting results in the literature that render impossible a distinction between PSTs and BECs effects. We review the knowledge on Alexandrium BEC, (i.e., producing species, target cells, physiological effects, detection methods and molecular candidates). Overall, we highlight the need to identify the nature of Alexandrium BECs and urge further research on the chemical interactions according to their ecological importance in the planktonic chemical warfare and due to their potential collateral damage to a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Justine Castrec
- University Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France;
- Station de Recherches Sous-Marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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23
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Feist SM, Lance RF. Genetic detection of freshwater harmful algal blooms: A review focused on the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in Microcystis aeruginosa and Prymnesium parvum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 110:102124. [PMID: 34887004 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing due to a number of factors, including human practices and climate change. Sensitive and robust methods that allow for early and expedited HAB detection across large landscape scales are needed. Among the suite of HAB detection tools available, a powerful option exists in genetics-based approaches utilizing environmental sampling, also termed environmental DNA (eDNA). Here we provide a detailed methodological review of three HAB eDNA approaches (quantitative PCR, high throughput sequencing, and isothermal amplification). We then summarize and synthesize recently published eDNA applications covering a variety of HAB surveillance and research objectives, all with a specific emphasis in the detection of two widely problematic freshwater species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Prymnesium parvum. In our summary and conclusion we build on this literature by discussing ways in which eDNA methods could be advanced to improve HAB detection. We also discuss ways in which eDNA data could be used to potentially provide novel insight into the ecology, mitigation, and prediction of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena M Feist
- Environmental Lab, United States Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States.
| | - Richard F Lance
- Environmental Lab, United States Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
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24
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Anestis K, Kohli GS, Wohlrab S, Varga E, Larsen TO, Hansen PJ, John U. Polyketide synthase genes and molecular trade-offs in the ichthyotoxic species Prymnesium parvum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148878. [PMID: 34252778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum is a bloom forming haptophyte that has been responsible for numerous fish kill events across the world. The toxicity of P. parvum has been attributed to the production of large polyketide compounds, collectively called prymnesins, which based on their structure can be divided into A-, B- and C-type. The polyketide chemical nature of prymnesins indicates the potential involvement of polyketide synthases (PKSs) in their biosynthesis. However, little is known about the presence of PKSs in P. parvum as well as the potential molecular trade-offs of toxin biosynthesis. In the current study, we generated and analyzed the transcriptomes of nine P. parvum strains that produce different toxin types and have various cellular toxin contents. Numerous type I PKSs, ranging from 37 to 109, were found among the strains. Larger modular type I PKSs were mainly retrieved from strains with high cellular toxin levels and eight consensus transcripts were present in all nine strains. Gene expression variance analysis revealed potential molecular trade-offs associated with cellular toxin quantity, showing that basic metabolic processes seem to correlate negatively with cellular toxin content. These findings point towards the presence of metabolic costs for maintaining high cellular toxin quantity. The detailed analysis of PKSs in P. parvum is the first step towards better understanding the molecular basis of the biosynthesis of prymnesins and contributes to the development of molecular tools for efficient monitoring of future blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Anestis
- Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Gurjeet Singh Kohli
- Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 40, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biology Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Uwe John
- Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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25
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Taylor RB, Hill BN, Langan LM, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Sunlight concurrently reduces Prymnesium parvum elicited acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127927. [PMID: 32814137 PMCID: PMC8117398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum continues to spread globally, producing harmful algal blooms that release toxins known to cause fish kills. While previous work has identified possible P. parvum toxin(s) (e.g., prymnesins, fatty acids, fatty acid amides) and investigated treatment strategies targeted at minimizing cell abundance, studies examining efficacy of treatment approaches to remove toxins are lacking. To understand influences of sunlight on toxins stability and toxicity to fish, acutely toxic P. parvum cultures were exposed to three light scenarios (lab dark control, field dark, and field light) and then evaluated for acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins abundance. Previous work showed acute toxicity to fathead minnow larvae was ameliorated after 2 h of sunlight exposure, and results observed herein found an identical trend. Acute toxicity disappeared in light exposed filtrate, but filtrate exposed to 35 °C without sunlight remained acutely toxic to fish. Additionally, six prymnesins were identified through high-resolution mass spectrometry and abundance corresponded to acute toxicity levels. Prymnesins were present at the highest level in filtrate that was acutely toxic but diminished in filtrate that was exposed to light and correspondingly ameliorated acute toxicity to fish. These findings suggest prymnesins are responsible for measured acute toxicity and are photo-labile, which represents an important implication for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegyn B Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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26
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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27
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Characterization of New Spirolides from Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae). Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100505. [PMID: 33023163 PMCID: PMC7599687 DOI: 10.3390/md18100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirolides belong to a group of marine phycotoxins produced by the marine planktonic dinophyte Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Composed of an imine moiety and a spiroketal ring system within a macrocylcle, spirolides are highly diverse with toxin types that vary among different strains. This study aims to characterize the spirolides from clonal A. ostenfeldii strains collected from The Netherlands, Greenland and Norway by mass spectral techniques. The structural characterization of unknown spirolides as inferred from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra revealed the presence of nine novel spirolides that have the pseudo-molecular ions m/z 670 (1), m/z 666 (2), m/z 696 (3), m/z 678 (4), m/z 694 (5), m/z 708 (6), m/z 720 (7), m/z 722 (8) and m/z 738 (9). Of the nine new spirolides proposed in this study, compound 1 was suggested to have a truncated side chain in lieu of the commonly observed butenolide ring in spirolides. Moreover, there is indication that compound 5 might belong to new spirolide subclasses with a trispiroketal ring configuration having a 6:5:6 trispiroketal ring system. On the other hand, the other compounds were proposed as C- and G-type SPX, respectively. Compound 7 is proposed as the first G-type SPX with a 10-hydroxylation as usually observed in C-type SPX. This mass spectrometry-based study thus demonstrates that structural variability of spirolides is larger than previously known and does not only include the presence or absence of certain functional groups but also involves the triketal ring system.
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28
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LC-MS/MS Method Development for the Discovery and Identification of Amphidinols Produced by Amphidinium. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100497. [PMID: 33003497 PMCID: PMC7601433 DOI: 10.3390/md18100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphidinols are polyketides produced by dinoflagellates suspected of causing fish kills. Here, we demonstrate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the identification and quantification of amphidinols (AM). Novel AM were detected by neutral loss (NL) scan and then quantified together with known AM by selection reaction monitoring (SRM). With the new method, AM were detected in four of eight analyzed strains with a maximum of 3680 fg toxin content per cell. In total, sixteen novel AM were detected by NL scan and characterized via their fragmentation patterns. Of these, two substances are glycosylated forms. This is the first detection of glycosylated AM.
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29
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Lassudrie M, Hégaret H, Wikfors GH, da Silva PM. Effects of marine harmful algal blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103660. [PMID: 32145294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves were long thought to be "symptomless carriers" of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that harmful algae and their toxins can be harmful to grazers, including bivalves. Indeed, studies have shown conclusively that some microalgal toxins function as active grazing deterrents. When responding to marine Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, bivalves can reject toxic cells to minimize toxin and bioactive extracellular compound (BEC) exposure, or ingest and digest cells, incorporating nutritional components and toxins. Several studies have reported modulation of bivalve hemocyte variables in response to HAB exposure. Hemocytes are specialized cells involved in many functions in bivalves, particularly in immunological defense mechanisms. Hemocytes protect tissues by engulfing or encapsulating living pathogens and repair tissue damage caused by injury, poisoning, and infections through inflammatory processes. The effects of HAB exposure observed on bivalve cellular immune variables have raised the question of possible effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. As science has described a previously unrecognized diversity in microalgal bioactive substances, and also found a growing list of infectious diseases in bivalves, episodic reports of interactions between harmful algae and disease in bivalves have been published. Only recently, studies directed to understand the physiological and metabolic bases of these interactions have been undertaken. This review compiles evidence from studies of harmful algal effects upon bivalve shellfish that establishes a framework for recent efforts to understand how harmful algae can alter infectious disease, and particularly the fundamental role of cellular immunity, in modulating these interactions. Experimental studies reviewed here indicate that HABs can modulate bivalve-pathogen interactions in various ways, either by increasing bivalve susceptibility to disease or conversely by lessening infection proliferation or transmission. Alteration of immune defense and global physiological distress caused by HAB exposure have been the most frequent reasons identified for these effects on disease. Only few studies, however, have addressed these effects so far and a general pattern cannot be established. Other mechanisms are likely involved but are under-studied thus far and will need more attention in the future. In particular, the inhibition of bivalve filtration by HABs and direct interaction between HABs and infectious agents in the seawater likely interfere with pathogen transmission. The study of these interactions in the field and at the population level also are needed to establish the ecological and economical significance of the effects of HABs upon bivalve diseases. A more thorough understanding of these interactions will assist in development of more effective management of bivalve shellfisheries and aquaculture in oceans subjected to increasing HAB and disease pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT, 0640, USA
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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Taylor RB, Hill BN, Bobbitt JM, Hering AS, Brooks BW, Chambliss CK. Suspect and non-target screening of acutely toxic Prymnesium parvum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136835. [PMID: 32007880 PMCID: PMC8080972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in frequency, magnitude, and duration around the world. Prymnesium parvum is a HAB species known to cause massive fish kills, but the toxin(s) it produces contributing to this acute toxicity to fish have not been confirmed. In the present study, a 2 × 2 factorial design was employed to examine influences of salinity (2.4 or 5 ppt) and nutrient limitation (f/2 or f/8) on P. parvum acute toxicity to fish and produced molecules. Acute toxicity (LC50) of these cultures, following a 48-h mortality assay, ranged from 10,213 to 96,816 cells mL-1. Non-targeted analysis was performed using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to investigate compounds contributing to the differential toxicological responses. When P. parvum elicited toxicity to fish, suspect screening confirmed the presence of several prymnesins, and the peak area of PRM-A (3 Cl; prymnesin2aglycone) was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively related to acute toxicity. In addition, a non-targeted approach to highlighting peaks that differ between two chemical fingerprints was developed, termed a relative difference plot, and used to search for peaks co-varying with P. parvum induced acute toxicity to fish. Several peaks were highlighted along with the prymnesins identified through suspect screening when acute toxicity to fish was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegyn B Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Jonathan M Bobbitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Amanda S Hering
- Department of Statistical Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97140, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Hill BN, Saari GN, Steele WB, Corrales J, Brooks BW. Nutrients and salinity influence Prymnesium parvum (UTEX LB 2797) elicited sublethal toxicity in Pimephales promelas and Danio rerio. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101795. [PMID: 32307075 PMCID: PMC8166212 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude, frequency, and duration of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing worldwide, primarily due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Prymnesium parvum is a euryhaline and eurythermal HAB forming species that has expanded throughout North America, resulting in massive fish kills. Previous aquatic ecology and toxicology efforts supported an understanding of conditions resulting in P. parvum HABs and fish kills; however, the primary endpoint selected for these studies was acute mortality. Whether adverse sublethal responses to P. parvum occur in fish are largely unknown. To begin to address this question, molecular and biochemical oxidative stress (OS) biomarker responses and photomotor behavioral alterations were investigated in two common fish models, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Varying nutrient and salinity conditions influenced P. parvum related OS biomarkers and fish behavioral responses in zebrafish and fathead minnows, which were heightened by nonoptimal conditions for P. parvum growth. Such sublethal observations present important considerations for future aquatic assessments and management of P. parvum HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - W Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States.
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Svenssen DK, Binzer SB, Medić N, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO, Varga E. Development of an Indirect Quantitation Method to Assess Ichthyotoxic B-Type Prymnesins from Prymnesium parvum. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050251. [PMID: 31060245 PMCID: PMC6563205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms of Prymnesium parvum have recurrently been associated with the killing of fish. The causative ichthyotoxic agents of this haptophyte are believed to be prymnesins, a group of supersized ladder-frame polyether compounds currently divided into three types. Here, the development of a quantitative method to assess the molar sum of prymnesins in water samples and in algal biomass is reported. The method is based on the derivatization of the primary amine group and subsequent fluorescence detection using external calibrants. The presence of prymnesins in the underivatized sample should be confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The method is currently only partly applicable to water samples due to the low amounts that are present. The growth and cellular toxin content of two B-type producing strains were monitored in batch cultures eventually limited by an elevated pH. The cellular toxin contents varied by a factor of ~2.5 throughout the growth cycle, with the highest amounts found in the exponential growth phase and the lowest in the stationary growth/death phases. The strain K-0081 contained ~5 times more toxin than K-0374. Further investigations showed that the majority of prymnesins were associated with the biomass (89% ± 7%). This study provides the basis for further investigations into the toxicity and production of prymnesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Killerup Svenssen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sofie Bjørnholt Binzer
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Nikola Medić
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 40, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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