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Aboualaalaa H, Rijal Leblad B, Elkbiach ML, Ibghi M, Boutaib R, Maamour N, Savar V, Masseret E, Abadie E, Rolland JL, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Effect of temperature, salinity and nutrients on the growth and toxin content of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from the southwestern Mediterranean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174094. [PMID: 38906288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is considered the primary cause of recurrent paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish on the Moroccan Mediterranean coasts. The impacts of key environmental factors on the growth, cell yield, cell size and PST content of G. catenatum were determined. Results indicated that increasing salinity from 32 to 39 and nitrate concentrations from 441 μM to 1764 μM did not significantly (ANOVA, P-value >0.63) modify the growth rate of the studied species. Gymnodinium catenatum exhibited the highest growth rate at 24 °C. Cells arrested their division at 15 °C and at ammonium concentration above 441 μM, suggesting that this nitrogen form is toxic for G. catenatum. Furthermore, G. catenatum was unable to assimilate urea as a nitrogen source. In G. catenatum cells, eight analogues of saxitoxin were detected, belonging to the N-sulfocarbamoyl (C1-4, B1 and B2) and decarbamoyl (dc-GTX2/3) toxins. C-toxins contributed 92 % to 98 % of the molar composition of the PSTs. During the exponential growth, C2 tended to dominate, while C3 prevailed during the stationary phase. Toxin content per cell (ranging from 5.5 pg STXeq.cell-1 to 22.4 pg STXeq.cell-1) increased during the stationary growth phase. Cell toxin content increased with the concentrations of nitrate, ranging from 12.1 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 441 μM to 22.4 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 1764 μM during the stationary growth phase. The toxin content of G. catenatum showed the highest values measured at the highest tested temperatures, especially during the stationary phase, where toxicity reached 17.8 pg STXeq.cell-1 and 16.4 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 24 °C and 29 °C, respectively. The results can help understand the fluctuations in the growth and PST content of G. catenatum in its habitat in response to changing environmental variables in the Mediterranean Sea when exposed to increases in warming pressure and eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Aboualaalaa
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco.
| | | | - Mustapha Ibghi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Rachid Boutaib
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Niama Maamour
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | | | - Estelle Masseret
- Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- IFREMER, Biodivenv, 79 Route de Pointe Fort, 97231 Martinique, France
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France
| | | | - Mohamed Laabir
- Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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2
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Hu W, Su S, Mohamed HF, Xiao J, Kang J, Krock B, Xie B, Luo Z, Chen B. Assessing the global distribution and risk of harmful microalgae: A focus on three toxic Alexandrium dinoflagellates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174767. [PMID: 39004369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Harmful dinoflagellates and their resulting blooms pose a threat to marine life and human health. However, to date, global maps of marine life often overlook harmful microorganisms. As harmful algal blooms (HABs) increase in frequency, severity, and extent, understanding the distribution of harmful dinoflagellates and their drivers is crucial for their management. We used MaxEnt, random forest, and ensemble models to map the habitats of the representative HABs species in the genus Alexandrium, including A. catenella, A. minutum, and A. pacificum. Since species occurrence records used in previous studies were solely morphology-based, potentially leading to misidentifications, we corrected these species' distribution records using molecular criteria. The results showed that the key environmental drivers included the distance to the coastline, bathymetry, sea surface temperature (SST), and dissolved oxygen. Alexandrium catenella thrives in temperate to cold zones and is driven by low SST and high oxygen levels. Alexandrium pacificum mainly inhabits the Temperate Northern Pacific and prefers warmer SST and lower oxygen levels. Alexandrium minutum thrives universally and adapts widely to SST and oxygen. By analyzing the habitat suitability of locations with recorded HAB occurrences, we found that high habitat suitability could serve as a reference indicator for bloom risk. Therefore, we have proposed a qualitative method to spatially assess the harmful algae risk according to the habitat suitability. On the global risk map, coastal temperate seas, such as the Mediterranean, Northwest Pacific, and Southern Australia, faced higher risks. Although HABs currently have restricted geographic distributions, our study found these harmful algae possess high environmental tolerance and can thrive across diverse habitats. HAB impacts could increase if climate changes or ocean conditions became more favorable. Marine transportation may also spread the harmful algae to new unaffected ecosystems. This study has pioneered the assessment of harmful algal risk based on habitat suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangke Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hala F Mohamed
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Jiamei Xiao
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianhua Kang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bernd Krock
- Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Tornabene BJ, Smalling KL, Hossack BR. Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Amphibians and Reptiles are Under-Reported and Under-Represented. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38967263 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a persistent and increasing problem globally, yet we still have limited knowledge about how they affect wildlife. Although semi-aquatic and aquatic amphibians and reptiles have experienced large declines and occupy environments where HABs are increasingly problematic, their vulnerability to HABs remains unclear. To inform monitoring, management, and future research, we conducted a literature review, synthesized the studies, and report on the mortality events describing effects of cyanotoxins from HABs on freshwater herpetofauna. Our review identified 37 unique studies and 71 endpoints (no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effect concentrations) involving 11 amphibian and 3 reptile species worldwide. Responses varied widely among studies, species, and exposure concentrations used in experiments. Concentrations causing lethal and sublethal effects in laboratory experiments were generally 1 to 100 µg/L, which contains the mean value of reported HAB events but is 70 times less than the maximum cyanotoxin concentrations reported in the environment. However, one species of amphibian was tolerant to concentrations of 10,000 µg/L, demonstrating potentially immense differences in sensitivities. Most studies focused on microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which can increase systemic inflammation and harm the digestive system, reproductive organs, liver, kidneys, and development. The few studies on other cyanotoxins illustrated that effects resembled those of MC-LR at similar concentrations, but more research is needed to describe effects of other cyanotoxins and mixtures of cyanotoxins that commonly occur in the environment. All experimental studies were on larval and adult amphibians; there were no such studies on reptiles. Experimental work with reptiles and adult amphibians is needed to clarify thresholds of tolerance. Only nine mortality events were reported, mostly for reptiles. Given that amphibians likely decay faster than reptiles, which have tissues that resist decomposition, mass amphibian mortality events from HABs have likely been under-reported. We propose that future efforts should be focused on seven major areas, to enhance our understanding of effects and monitoring of HABs on herpetofauna that fill important roles in freshwater and terrestrial environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-14. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Tornabene
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Missoula, Montana
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- New Jersey Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Blake R Hossack
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Missoula, Montana
- Wildlife Biology Program, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Matte T, Lane K, Tipaldo JF, Barnes J, Knowlton K, Torem E, Anand G, Yoon L, Marcotullio P, Balk D, Constible J, Elszasz H, Ito K, Jessel S, Limaye V, Parks R, Rutigliano M, Sorenson C, Yuan A. NPCC4: Climate change and New York City's health risk. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024. [PMID: 38922909 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This chapter of the New York City Panel on Climate Change 4 (NPCC4) report considers climate health risks, vulnerabilities, and resilience strategies in New York City's unique urban context. It updates evidence since the last health assessment in 2015 as part of NPCC2 and addresses climate health risks and vulnerabilities that have emerged as especially salient to NYC since 2015. Climate health risks from heat and flooding are emphasized. In addition, other climate-sensitive exposures harmful to human health are considered, including outdoor and indoor air pollution, including aeroallergens; insect vectors of human illness; waterborne infectious and chemical contaminants; and compounding of climate health risks with other public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence-informed strategies for reducing future climate risks to health are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Matte
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Lane
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jenna F Tipaldo
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy and CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janice Barnes
- Climate Adaptation Partners, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kim Knowlton
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Torem
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gowri Anand
- City of New York, Department of Transportation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liv Yoon
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter Marcotullio
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deborah Balk
- Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College and also CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hayley Elszasz
- City of New York, Mayors Office of Climate and Environmental Justice, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Ito
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sonal Jessel
- WE ACT for Environmental Justice, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vijay Limaye
- Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robbie Parks
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mallory Rutigliano
- New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia Sorenson
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ariel Yuan
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Rahnama A, Vaithiyanathan M, Briceno-Mena L, Dugas TM, Yates KL, Romagnoli JA, Melvin AT. A microfluidic approach to study variations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alkaline phosphatase activity in response to phosphate availability. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 38895826 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Algal growth depends strongly on phosphorus (P) as a key nutrient, underscoring the significance of monitoring P levels. Algal species display a sensitive response to fluctuations in P availability, notably through the expression of alkaline phosphatase (AP) when challenged with P-depletion. As such, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) serves as a valuable metric for P availability, offering insights into how algae utilize and fix available P resources. However, current APA quantification methods lack single cell resolution, while also being time- and reagent consuming. Microfluidics offers a promising cost-effective solution to these limitations, providing a platform for precise single-cell analysis. In this study, a trap-based microfluidic device was integrated with a commercially available AP live stain to study the single cell APA response of a model algae strain, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, when exposed to different exogenous P levels. A three-step culture-starve-spike process was used to induce APA in cells cultured under two different basal P levels (1 and 21 mM). When challenged with different spiked P levels (ranging from 0.1-41 mM), C. reinhardtii cells demonstrated a highly heterogeneous APA response. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that this response is influenced by both spiked and basal P levels. Utilizing an unsupervised machine learning approach (HDBSCAN), distinct subpopulations of C. reinhardtii cells were identified exhibiting varying levels of APA at the single-cell level. These subpopulations encompass significant groups of individual cells with either notably high or low APA, contributing to the overall behavior of the cohorts. Considerable intrapopulation differences in APA were observed across cohorts with similar average behavior. For instance, while some cohorts exhibited a concentrated distribution around the overall average APA, others displayed subpopulations dispersed across a wider range of APA levels. This underscores the potential bias introduced by analyzing a small number of cells in bulk, which may skew results by overrepresenting extreme behavioral subpopulations. The findings if this study highlight the need for analytical approaches that account for single cell heterogeneity in APA and demonstrate the utility of microfluidics as a well-suited means for such investigations. This study illuminates the complexities of APA regulation at the single cell level, providing crucial insights that advance our understanding of algal phosphorus metabolism and environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rahnama
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Manibarathi Vaithiyanathan
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Luis Briceno-Mena
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Travis M Dugas
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Kelly L Yates
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Jose A Romagnoli
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
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Chi L, Shen H, Jiang K, Cao X, Song X, Yu Z. BTXs removals by modified clay during mitigation of Karenia brevis bloom: Insights from adsorption and transformation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142668. [PMID: 38906188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), especially those caused by toxic dinoflagellates, are spreading in marine ecosystems worldwide. Notably, the prevalence of Karenia brevis blooms and potent brevetoxins (BTXs) pose a serious risk to public health and marine ecosystems. Therefore, developing an environmentally friendly method to effectively control HABs and associated BTXs has been the focus of increasing attention. As a promising method, modified clay (MC) application could effectively control HABs. However, the environmental fate of BTXs during MC treatment has not been fully investigated. For the first time, this study revealed the effect and mechanism of BTX removal by MC from the perspective of adsorption and transformation. The results indicated that polyaluminium chloride-modified clay (PAC-MC, a typical kind of MC) performed well in the adsorption of BTX2 due to the elevated surface potential and more binding sites. The adsorption process was a spontaneous endothermic process that conformed to pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics (k2 = 6.8 × 10-4, PAC-MC = 0.20 g L-1) and the Freundlich isotherm (Kf = 55.30, 20 °C). In addition, detailed product analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated that PAC-MC treatment effectively removed the BTX2 and BTX3, especially those in the particulate forms. Surprisingly, PAC-MC could promote the transformation of BTX2 to derivatives, including OR-BTX2, OR-BTX3, and OR-BTX-B5, which were proven to have lower cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbao Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Huihui Shen
- Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Kaiqin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266200, China.
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7
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Zhou CY, Pan CG, Peng FJ, Zhu RG, Hu JJ, Yu K. Simultaneous determination of trace marine lipophilic and hydrophilic phycotoxins in various environmental and biota matrices. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116444. [PMID: 38705002 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and sensitivity approach, which combines solid-phase extraction or ultrasonic extraction for pretreatment, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, has been established to simultaneously determine eight lipophilic phycotoxins and one hydrophilic phycotoxin in seawater, sediment and biota samples. The recoveries and matrix effects of target analytes were in the range of 61.6-117.3 %, 55.7-121.3 %, 57.5-139.9 % and 82.6 %-95.0 %, 85.8-106.8 %, 80.7 %-103.3 % in seawater, sediment, and biota samples, respectively. This established method revealed that seven, six and six phycotoxins were respectively detected in the Beibu Gulf, with concentrations ranging from 0.14 ng/L (okadaic acid, OA) to 26.83 ng/L (domoic acid, DA) in seawater, 0.04 ng/g (gymnodimine-A, GYM-A) to 2.75 ng/g (DA) in sediment and 0.01 ng/g (GYM-A) to 2.64 ng/g (domoic acid) in biota samples. These results suggest that the presented method is applicable for the simultaneous determination of trace marine lipophilic and hydrophilic phycotoxins in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Zhou
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rong-Gui Zhu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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8
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Liu Q, Cui R, Du Y, Shen J, Jin C, Zhou X. The green tide causative-species Ulva prolifera responding to exposure to oil and dispersant. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29641. [PMID: 38698977 PMCID: PMC11064083 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to study the role of oil spills in the occurrence of green tide in the Yellow Sea, the physiological characteristics and photosynthetic activities of green tide causative-species Ulva prolifera was monitored under different conditions including two oil water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of diesel oil and crude oil, dispersed water-accommodated fractions (DWAFs) and dispersant GM-2. The results showed that, the physiological parameters of U. prolifera including the growth, pigment, carbohydrate and protein contents decreased with the increased diesel oil WAF (WAFDO) concentration, while crude oil WAF (WAFCO) showed low concentration induction and high concentration inhibition effect. In addition, with the increase of WAFs concentration, two antioxidant activities were activated. However, compared with WAFDO alone and WAFCO alone, the mixture of oil and dispersant enhanced the toxicity on the above physiological characteristics of U. prolifera. On the other hand, the photosynthetic efficiency of U. prolifera showed a similar trend. Two WAFs showed significant concentration effects on the chlorophyll-a fluorescence transients and JIP-test. The addition of dispersant further blocked the electron flow beyond QA and from plastoquinone (PQ) to PSI acceptor side, damaged the active OEC centers at the PSII donor side, suppressed the pool size and the reduction rate of PSI acceptor side, and reduced the energy transfer efficiency between PSII functional units. These results implied that the crude oil spills may induce the formation of U. prolifera green tide, and the oil dispersant GM-2 used after the oil spills is unlikely to further stimulate the scale of bloom, while the diesel oil spills is always not conducive to the outbreak of green tide of U. prolifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Ruifei Cui
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Cuili Jin
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
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9
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Chambers C, Grimes S, Fire S, Reza MT. Influence of biochar on the removal of Microcystin-LR and Saxitoxin from aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11058. [PMID: 38745050 PMCID: PMC11094018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the effective use of biochar for the adsorption of two potent HAB toxins namely, Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and Saxitoxin (STX) through a combination of dosage, kinetic, equilibrium, initial pH, and competitive adsorption experiments. The adsorption results suggest that biochar has excellent capabilities for removing MCLR and STX, with STX reporting higher adsorption capacities (622.53-3507.46 µg/g). STX removal required a minimal dosage of 0.02 g/L, while MCLR removal needed 0.4 g/L for > 90%. Similarly, a shorter contact time was required for STX removal compared to MCLR for > 90% of toxin removed from water. Initial pH study revealed that for MCLR acidic conditions favored higher uptake while STX favored basic conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the Elovich model to be most suitable for both toxins, while STX also showed suitable fittings for Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order in individual toxin systems. Similarly, for the Elovich model the most suited kinetic model for both toxins in presence of each other. Isotherm studies confirmed the Langmuir-Freundlich model as the best fit for both toxins. These results suggest adsorption mechanisms including pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, and dispersive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadianne Chambers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Savannah Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Spencer Fire
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - M Toufiq Reza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
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10
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Lin W, Hu F, Liu F, Liao L, Ling L, Li L, Yang J, Yang P. Microcystin-LR and polystyrene microplastics jointly lead to hepatic histopathological damage and antioxidant dysfunction in male zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123789. [PMID: 38490526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and nano-microplastic pollution in the water is becoming an emerging risk. To assess the combined hepatotoxicity of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio), male adult zebrafish were exposed to single MC-LR (0, 1, 5, 25 μg/L) and a mixture of MC-LR and PSMPs (100 μg/L). After 60 d exposure, the results indicated that PSMPs significantly increased the MC-LR bioaccumulation in the livers in contrast to the single 25 μg/L MC-LR treatment group. Moreover, the severity of hepatic pathological lesions was aggravated in the MC-LR + PSMPs treatment groups, which were mainly characterized by cellular vacuolar degeneration, swollen hepatocytes, and pyknotic nucleus. The ultrastructural changes also proved that PSMPs combined with MC-LR could enhance the swollen mitochondria and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. The biochemical results, including increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione (GSH), indicated that PSMPs intensified the MC-LR-induced oxidative damage in the combined treatment groups. Concurrently, alterations of sod1 and keap1a mRNA levels also confirmed that PSMPs together with MC-LR jointly lead to enhanced oxidative injury. Our findings demonstrated that PSMPs enhanced the MC-LR bioavailability by acting as a vector and exacerbating the hepatic injuries and antioxidant dysfunction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Changde, 415000, PR China
| | - Fen Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China
| | - Ling Liao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China
| | - Ling Ling
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Jifeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China
| | - Pinhong Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Changde, 415000, PR China.
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11
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Leitão E, Castellanos DF, Park G, Dam HG. Antagonistic interactions of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella under simultaneous warming and acidification. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 134:102625. [PMID: 38705619 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a concern that harmful algal bloom (HAB) species may increase under climate change. Yet, we lack understanding of how ecological interactions will be affected under ocean warming and acidification (OWA) conditions. We tested the antagonistic effects of three strains of the dinoflagellate HAB species Alexandrium catenella on three target species (the chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp., the cryptomonad Rhodomonas salina, and the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii) at various biomass ratios between species, at ambient (16 °C and 400 µatm CO2) and OWA (20 °C and 2000 µatm CO2) conditions. In these experiments the Alexandrium strains had been raised under OWA conditions for ∼100 generations. All three non-HAB species increased their growth rate under OWA relative to ambient conditions. Growth rate inhibition was evident for R. salina and Tetraselmis sp. under OWA conditions, but not under ambient conditions. These negative effects were exacerbated at higher concentrations of Alexandrium relative to non-HAB species. By contrast, T. weissflogii showed positive growth in the presence of two strains of Alexandrium under ambient conditions, whereas growth was unaffected under OWA. Contrary to our expectations, A. catenella had a slight negative response in the presence of the diatom. These results demonstrate that Alexandrium exerts higher antagonistic effects under OWA compared to ambient conditions, and these effects are species-specific and density dependent. These negative effects may shift phytoplankton community composition under OWA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewaldo Leitão
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Diana F Castellanos
- Biology Department, Pomona College, 175 W. 6th St., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Gihong Park
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Hans G Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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12
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Yang Y, Li A, Qiu J, Gao D, Yin C, Li D, Yan W, Dang H, Li P, Wu R, Han L, Wang X. Responses of the intestinal microbiota to exposure of okadaic acid in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133087. [PMID: 38035524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
It is still limited that how the microalgal toxin okadaic acid (OA) affects the intestinal microbiota in marine fishes. In the present study, adult marine medaka Oryzias melastigma was exposed to the environmentally relevant concentration of OA (5 μg/L) for 10 days, and then recovered in fresh seawater for 10-days depuration. Analysis of taxonomic composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota, as well as function prediction analysis and histology observation were carried out in this study. Functional prediction analysis indicated that OA potentially affected the development of colorectal cancer, protein and carbohydrate digestion and absorption functions, and development of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, which may be associated with changes in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in marine medaka. Significant increases of C-reactive protein (CRP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, as well as the changes of histology of intestinal tissue demonstrated that an intestinal inflammation was induced by OA exposure in marine medaka. This study showed that the environmental concentrations of OA could harm to the intestinal microbiota thus threatening the health of marine medaka, which hints that the chemical ecology of microalgal toxins should be paid attention to in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmeng Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongyue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hui Dang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ruolin Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lilin Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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13
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Fick R, Medina M, Angelini C, Kaplan D, Gader P, He W, Jiang Z, Zheng G. Fusing remote sensing data with spatiotemporal in situ samples for red tide (Karenia brevis) detection. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024. [PMID: 38426802 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel method for detecting red tide (Karenia brevis) blooms off the west coast of Florida, driven by a neural network classifier that combines remote sensing data with spatiotemporally distributed in situ sample data. The network detects blooms over a 1-km grid, using seven ocean color features from the MODIS-Aqua satellite platform (2002-2021) and in situ sample data collected by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and its partners. Model performance was demonstrably enhanced by two key innovations: depth normalization of satellite features and encoding of an in situ feature. The satellite features were normalized to adjust for depth-dependent bottom reflection effects in shallow coastal waters. The in situ data were used to engineer a feature that contextualizes recent nearby ground truth of K. brevis concentrations through a K-nearest neighbor spatiotemporal proximity weighting scheme. A rigorous experimental comparison revealed that our model outperforms existing remote detection methods presented in the literature and applied in practice. This classifier has strong potential to be operationalized to support more efficient monitoring and mitigation of future blooms, more accurate communication about their spatial extent and distribution, and a deeper scientific understanding of bloom dynamics, transport, drivers, and impacts in the region. This approach also has the potential to be adapted for the detection of other algal blooms in coastal waters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-15. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Fick
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Miles Medina
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- ECCO Scientific, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Angelini
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Kaplan
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Gader
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wenchong He
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Computer & Information Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Center for Coastal Solutions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Computer & Information Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Guangming Zheng
- NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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14
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Odehnalová K, Přibilová P, Maršálek B, Babica P. A fast and reliable LC-MS-MS method for the quantification of saxitoxin in blood plasma samples. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:119-125. [PMID: 38175940 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxins (STXs) are potent neurotoxins produced by marine dinoflagellates or freshwater cyanobacteria known to cause acute and eventually fatal human intoxications, which are classified as paralytic shellfish poisonings (PSPs). Rapid analysis of STXs in blood plasma can be used for a timely diagnosis and confirmation of PSPs. We developed a fast and simple method of STX extraction based on plasma sample acidification and precipitation by acetonitrile, followed by quantification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Our approach provides the results ≤30 min, with a limit of detection of 2.8 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification of 5.0 ng/mL. Within-run and between-run precision experiments showed good reproducibility with ≤15% values. Standard curves for calibration were linear with correlation coefficients ≥0.98 across the assay calibration range (5-200 ng/mL). In an interlaboratory analytical exercise, the method was found to be 100% accurate in determining the presence or absence of STX in human plasma specimens, with recovery values of 86-99%. This simple method for STX determination in animal or human plasma can quickly and reliably diagnose STX exposures and confirm suspected PSP cases to facilitate patient treatment or expedite necessary public health or security actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Odehnalová
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibilová
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Blahoslav Maršálek
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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15
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Telesh I, Schubert H, Skarlato S. Wide ecological niches ensure frequent harmful dinoflagellate blooms. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26495. [PMID: 38404903 PMCID: PMC10884921 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their consequences cause multiple devastating effects in various freshwater, brackish and marine ecosystems. However, HAB species at moderate population densities have positive ecological roles as primary producers of organic matter and food for zooplankton and fish. They also enhance benthic-pelagic coupling and participate in the biogeochemical cycles. The consequences of HABs are transported across the conventional environmental boundaries by numerous cascade effects in the food webs and beyond. Meanwhile, forecasts of bloom events are still limited, largely because of scarcity of reliable information on ecological niches of the bloom-forming algae. To fill up this knowledge gap, this study focused on dinoflagellates, a diverse group of mostly photosynthesizing protists (unicellular eukaryotes) capable of mixotrophy, since they play a key role in primary production and formation of blooms in marine and brackish waters worldwide. In this study, ecological niches of 17 abundant bloom-forming dinoflagellate species from coastal regions of the southern Baltic Sea were identified for the first time. It was hypothesized that wider ecological niches ensure more frequent dinoflagellate blooms compared to the species with narrower niches. This hypothesis was verified using the long-term (44 years) database on phytoplankton abundance and physical-chemical characteristics of the environment. It were analyzed 4534 datasets collected from 1972 to 2016. Fourteen abiotic parameters (water temperature, salinity, Secchi depth, pH, Chl a, and concentration of basic nutrients) were considered as ecological niche dimensions. The Principal Component Analysis presented the dissolved inorganic nitrogen, total nitrogen, Chl a, and temperature as principal niche dimensions of dinoflagellates. The algal bloom criteria were refined. It was for the first time proved statistically that HAB frequency of dinoflagellate species robustly correlated with the width of their ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Telesh
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Hendrik Schubert
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Sergei Skarlato
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
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16
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Zhang W, Ye Z, Qu P, Li D, Gao H, Liang Y, He Z, Tong M. Using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking and extended local similarity analysis to monitor lipophilic shellfish toxins in a mussel culture ranch in the Yangtze River Estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116027. [PMID: 38217914 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their associated phycotoxins are increasing globally, posing great threats to local coastal ecosystems and human health. Nutrients have been carried by the freshwater Yangtze River and have entered the estuary, which was reported to be a biodiversity-rich but HAB-frequent region. Here, in situ solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) in seawaters, and extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) was conducted to trace the temporal and special regions of those LSTs in a one-year trail in a mussel culture ranch in the Yangtze River Estuary. Nine analogs of LSTs, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), yessotoxin (YTX), homoyessotoxin (homoYTX), 45-OH-homoYTX, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 7-epi-PTX2 seco acid (7-epi-PTX2sa), gymnodimine (GYM) and azaspiracids-3 (AZA3), were detected in seawater (SPATT) or rope farmed mussels. The concentrations of OA + DTX1 and homoYTX in mussels were positively correlated with those in SPATT samplers (Pearson test, p < 0.05), indicating that SPATT (with resin HP20) would be a good monitoring tool and potential indicator for OA + DTX1 and homoYTX in mussel Mytilus coruscus. The eLSA results indicated that late summer and early autumn were the most phycotoxin-contaminated seasons in the Yangtze River Estuary. OA + DTX1, homoYTX, PTX2 and GYM were most likely driven by the local growing HAB species in spring and summer, while Yangtze River diluted water may impact the accumulation of HAB species, causing potential phycotoxin contamination in the Yangtze River Estuary in autumn and winter. Together, the results showed that the mussel harvesting season, late summer and early autumn, would be the season with the greatest phycotoxin risk and would be the most contaminated by local growing toxic algae. Routine monitoring sites should be set up close to the local seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Peipei Qu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Dalian Phycotoxins Key Laboratory, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Han Gao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yubo Liang
- Dalian Phycotoxins Key Laboratory, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiguo He
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
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17
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Bechard A, Lang C. The human health effects of harmful algal blooms in Florida: The importance of high resolution data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102584. [PMID: 38331540 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been found to cause increases in healthcare visits for a variety of illnesses to humans if exposure and contact is sufficient. We use a more comprehensive dataset than previously implemented in prior literature to better isolate visits by healthcare facility type and proximity to bloom. Using a difference-in-differences model, our results suggest HABs cause an increase of 23.67 healthcare admissions per zip code per month across four HAB-related diagnoses. This impact is a 3,000% increase over baseline non-bloom times and an increase in monthly healthcare costs of about $250,000 for the entire impacted area. Our data include inpatient non-emergency and outpatient healthcare visits, which account for over 60% of all HAB-related healthcare visits, meaning that prior literature that has not measured those facilities has greatly underestimated HAB health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey Lang
- 1 Greenhouse Rd., University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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18
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Wolny JL, Whereat EB, Egerton TA, Gibala-Smith LA, McKay JR, O'Neil JM, Wazniak CE, Mulholland MR. The Occurrence of Karenia species in mid-Atlantic coastal waters: Data from the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102579. [PMID: 38331544 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A bloom of Karenia papilionacea that occurred along the Delaware coast in late summer of 2007 was the first Karenia bloom reported on the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA). Limited spatial and temporal monitoring conducted by state agencies and citizen science groups since 2007 have documented that several Karenia species are an annual component of the coastal phytoplankton community along the Delmarva Peninsula, often present at background to low concentrations (100 to 10,000 cells L-1). Blooms of Karenia (> 105 cells L-1) occurred in 2010, 2016, 2018, and 2019 in different areas along the Delmarva Peninsula coast. In late summer and early autumn of 2017, the lower Chesapeake Bay experienced a K. papilionacea bloom, the first recorded in Bay waters. Blooms typically occurred summer into autumn but were not monospecific; rather, they were dominated by either K. mikimotoi or K. papilionacea, with K. selliformis, K. brevis-like cells, and an undescribed Karenia species also present. Cell concentrations during these mid-Atlantic Karenia spp. blooms equalled concentrations reported for other Karenia blooms. However, the negative impacts to environmental and human health often associated with Karenia red tides were not observed. The data compiled here report on the presence of multiple Karenia species in coastal waters of the Delmarva Peninsula detected through routine monitoring and opportunistic sampling conducted between 2007 and 2022, as well as findings from research cruises undertaken in 2018 and 2019. These data should be used as a baseline for future phytoplankton community analyses supporting coastal HAB monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wolny
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA.
| | - Edward B Whereat
- University of Delaware, Delaware Sea Grant, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes DE 19958 USA
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Virginia Department of Health, Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, 830 Southampton Avenue, Suite 200, Norfolk VA 23510 USA
| | - Leah A Gibala-Smith
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
| | - John R McKay
- Maryland Department of Environment, Water and Science Administration, 416 Chinquapin Round Road, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Judith M O'Neil
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge MD 21613 USA
| | - Catherine E Wazniak
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Margaret R Mulholland
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
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19
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Alvarez S, Brown CE, Garcia Diaz M, O'Leary H, Solís D. Non-linear impacts of harmful algae blooms on the coastal tourism economy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119811. [PMID: 38157578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) occur in water bodies throughout the globe and can have multi-faceted impacts on tourism. However, little is known of the magnitude of economic losses to the tourism sector as a result of HABs. There is limited understanding of the empirical relationships between HAB intensity and duration, and the effects of this phenomenon on the tourism sector. This study is based in the state of Florida, USA, a notable sun, sand, and sea destination in the western hemisphere, where blooms of a marine harmful algae are a recurrent threat to coastal tourism. The empirical framework is based on a month and county-level panel database that combines sales by tourism-related businesses with observations from the official HAB surveillance system of the state of Florida. We use time and space fixed-effects regressions to estimate the loss in tourism revenue associated with one additional day of red tide. Results indicate that impacts of HABs on tourism do not follow a linear pattern with increasing HAB concentrations, but rather appear to follow an inverted-U pattern. In other words, higher concentrations of the HAB organism do not necessarily imply higher economic losses, suggesting that the impacts of HABs on tourism are not driven solely by the biophysical element of cell density. Rather, these impacts appear to be mediated and amplified by human dimensions. The loss to tourism-related businesses due to the 2018 Florida red tide bloom was estimated to be $2.7 billion USD, which implies that HABs and their impact on tourism can be considered as a potential 'billion-dollar' disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alvarez
- University of Central Florida, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, USA.
| | - Christina E Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, USA
| | - Marc Garcia Diaz
- University of Central Florida, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, USA
| | - Heather O'Leary
- University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, USA
| | - Daniel Solís
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, USA
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20
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Fallon TR, Shende VV, Wierzbicki IH, Auber RP, Gonzalez DJ, Wisecaver JH, Moore BS. Giant polyketide synthase enzymes biosynthesize a giant marine polyether biotoxin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577497. [PMID: 38352448 PMCID: PMC10862718 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum are harmful haptophyte algae that cause massive environmental fish-kills. Their polyketide polyether toxins, the prymnesins, are amongst the largest nonpolymeric compounds in nature, alongside structurally-related health-impacting "red-tide" polyether toxins whose biosynthetic origins have been an enigma for over 40 years. Here we report the 'PKZILLAs', massive P. parvum polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, whose existence and challenging genomic structure evaded prior detection. PKZILLA-1 and -2 encode giant protein products of 4.7 and 3.2 MDa with 140 and 99 enzyme domains, exceeding the largest known protein titin and all other known PKS systems. Their predicted polyene product matches the proposed pre-prymnesin precursor of the 90-carbon-backbone A-type prymnesins. This discovery establishes a model system for microalgal polyether biosynthesis and expands expectations of genetic and enzymatic size limits in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Fallon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vikram V. Shende
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Igor H. Wierzbicki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert P. Auber
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University; 175 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr #0204, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Ly NH, Barceló D, Vasseghian Y, Choo J, Joo SW. Sustainable bioremediation technologies for algal toxins and their ecological significance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122878. [PMID: 37967713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of algal toxins in water ecosystems poses a significant ecological and human health concern. These toxins, produced by various algal species, can lead to harmful algal blooms, and have far-reaching consequences on biodiversity, food chains, and water quality. This review explores the types and sources of algal toxins, their ecological impacts, and the associated human health risks. Additionally, the review delves into the potential of bioremediation strategies to mitigate the effects of algal toxins. It discusses the role of microorganisms, enzymes, and algal-bacterial interactions in toxin removal, along with engineering approaches such as advanced oxidation processes and adsorbent utilization. Microbes and enzymes have been studied for their environmentally friendly and biocompatible properties, which make them useful for controlling or removing harmful algae and their toxins. The challenges and limitations of bioremediation are examined, along with case studies highlighting successful toxin control efforts. Finally, the review outlines future prospects, emerging technologies, and the need for continued research to effectively address the complex issue of algal toxins and their ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 1826, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Dawydiak W, Gobler CJ. Transcription of biochemical defenses by the harmful brown tide pelagophyte, Aureococcus anophagefferens, in response to the protozoan grazer, Oxyrrhis marina. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1295160. [PMID: 38163083 PMCID: PMC10756674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1295160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aureococcus anophagefferens is a small marine pelagophyte that forms recurrent harmful brown tides blooms with adverse ecological and economic impacts. During blooms, A. anophagefferens experiences lower zooplankton grazing mortality than other phytoplankton potentially due to the synthesis of anti-predator compounds including extracellular polysaccharides. This study characterized the transcriptomic response of A. anophagefferens when exposed to the protozooplankton, Oxyrrhis marina, and assessed whether this response involved chemical cues. Transcriptomes were generated from A. anophagefferens populations grown at high (1×106 cells mL-1) and low (5×105 cells mL-1) cell densities incubated directly with O. marina or receiving only filtrate from co-cultures of A. anophagefferens and O. marina to evaluate the role of chemical cues. There were a greater number of genes differentially expressed in response to grazing in the lower concentration of A. anophagefferens compared to the high concentration treatment and in response to direct grazing compared to filtrate. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that direct grazer exposure led to a significant increase in transcripts of genes encoding secondary metabolite production (p < 0.001). There was broad transcriptional evidence indicating the induction of biosynthetic pathways for polyketides and sterols in response to zooplankton grazers, compounds associated with damage to marine organisms. In addition, exposure to O. marina elicited changes in the abundance of transcripts associated with carbohydrate metabolism that could support the formation of an extracellular polysaccharide matrix including genes related to glycoprotein synthesis and carbohydrate transport. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that A. anophagefferens can induce biochemical pathways that reduce grazing mortality and support blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States
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23
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Houliez E, Fischer AD, Bill BD, Moore SK. Does prey availability influence the detection of Dinophysis spp. by the imaging FlowCytobot? HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 130:102544. [PMID: 38061819 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) is a field-deployable imaging-in-flow cytometer that is increasingly being used to monitor harmful algae. The IFCB acquires images of suspended particles based on their chlorophyll-a fluorescence and/or the amount of light they scatter (side scattering). The present study hypothesized that fluorescence-based image acquisition would undercount Dinophysis spp., a genus of non-constitutive mixotrophs, when prey is limited. This is because Dinophysis spp. acquire plastids via ingestion of their ciliate prey Mesodinium spp., and lose photosynthetic capacity and autofluorescence in the absence of prey. Even small blooms of Dinophysis spp. can be highly toxic and result in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), highlighting the importance of accurately detecting low abundances. To explore this, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine optimal IFCB settings for a fed culture of Dinophysis acuminata, and an existing time series of IFCB observations collected in Puget Sound (Washington, U.S.A) was used to compare Dinophysis spp. abundance estimates from samples triggered via side scattering versus fluorescence in relation to Mesodinium spp. abundance. This study introduces a quantitative approach for optimizing the detection of target harmful algae which can be repeated across multiple IFCBs and demonstrates the effects of IFCB calibration on Dinophysis spp. detection. The laboratory experiments showed that IFCB settings for fluorescence-based image acquisition need to be fairly sensitive to accurately detect D. acuminata cells. A poorly calibrated IFCB can miss a significant proportion of D. acuminata abundance whatever the method used to trigger the image acquisition. Field results demonstrated that the physiological status of Dinophysis spp. can influence their detection by the IFCB when triggering on fluorescence. This was observed during a 7-day period when the IFCB failed to detect Dinophysis spp. cells when triggering on fluorescence while cells were still detected using the side scattering triggering method as well as observed by microscopy. During this period, Mesodinium spp. was not detected, IFCB-derived autofluorescence level of individual cells of Dinophysis spp. was low, and less than 50 % of Dinophysis spp. cells exhibited autofluorescence under the microscope. Together, this indicates that the unique feeding ecology of Dinophysis spp. may affect their detection by the IFCB when cells are starved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Houliez
- Fulbright Scholar sponsored by the Franco-American Fulbright Commission and Guest Researcher at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States of America.
| | - Alexis D Fischer
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States of America
| | - Brian D Bill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States of America
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States of America
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Truchon AR, Chase EE, Gann ER, Moniruzzaman M, Creasey BA, Aylward FO, Xiao C, Gobler CJ, Wilhelm SW. Kratosvirus quantuckense: the history and novelty of an algal bloom disrupting virus and a model for giant virus research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1284617. [PMID: 38098665 PMCID: PMC10720644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1284617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first "giant virus," particular attention has been paid toward isolating and culturing these large DNA viruses through Acanthamoeba spp. bait systems. While this method has allowed for the discovery of plenty novel viruses in the Nucleocytoviricota, environmental -omics-based analyses have shown that there is a wealth of diversity among this phylum, particularly in marine datasets. The prevalence of these viruses in metatranscriptomes points toward their ecological importance in nutrient turnover in our oceans and as such, in depth study into non-amoebal Nucleocytoviricota should be considered a focal point in viral ecology. In this review, we report on Kratosvirus quantuckense (née Aureococcus anophagefferens Virus), an algae-infecting virus of the Imitervirales. Current systems for study in the Nucleocytoviricota differ significantly from this virus and its relatives, and a litany of trade-offs within physiology, coding potential, and ecology compared to these other viruses reveal the importance of K. quantuckense. Herein, we review the research that has been performed on this virus as well as its potential as a model system for algal-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Truchon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Emily E Chase
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Eric R Gann
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brooke A Creasey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Frank O Aylward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | | | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Oh JW, Pushparaj SSC, Muthu M, Gopal J. Review of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Causing Marine Fish Kills: Toxicity and Mitigation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3936. [PMID: 38068573 PMCID: PMC10871120 DOI: 10.3390/plants12233936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Extensive growth of microscopic algae and cyanobacteria results in harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. HABs can harm humans and animals through their toxicity or by producing ecological conditions such as oxygen depletion, which can kill fish and other economically or ecologically important organisms. This review summarizes the reports on various HABs that are able to bring about marine fish kills. The predominant HABs, their toxins, and their effects on fishes spread across various parts of the globe are discussed. The mechanism of HAB-driven fish kills is discussed based on the available reports, and existing mitigation methods are presented. Lapses in the large-scale implementation of mitigation methods demonstrated under laboratory conditions are projected. Clay-related technologies and nano-sorption-based nanotechnologies, although proven to make significant contributions, have not been put to use in real-world conditions. The gaps in the technology transfer of the accomplished mitigation prototypes are highlighted. Further uses of remote sensing and machine learning state-of-the-art techniques for the detection and identification of HABs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
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26
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Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Winder PL, Francis KT, McFarland M, Roberts JC, Sandle J, Wright AE. An Assessment of Potential Threats to Human Health from Algae Blooms in the Indian River Lagoon (USA) 2018-2021: Unique Patterns of Cytotoxicity Associated with Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:664. [PMID: 37999526 PMCID: PMC10675324 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a 156-mile-long estuary located on the eastern coast of Florida, experiences phytoplankton bloom events due to increased seasonal temperatures coupled with anthropogenic impacts. This study aimed to gather data on the toxicity to human cells and to identify secondary metabolites found in water samples collected in the IRL. Water samples from 20 sites of the IRL were collected during the wet and dry seasons over a three-year period. A panel of cell lines was used to test cytotoxicity. Hemagglutination, hemolysis, and inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were also measured. Cytotoxic blooms were seen both in the south (Microcystis) and the north (Pyrodinium) of the IRL. Each toxin induced a consistent pattern of cytotoxicity in the panel of human cell lines assayed. During blooms, cytotoxicity due to a single type of toxin is obvious from this pattern. In the absence of blooms, the cytotoxicity seen reflected either a mixture of toxins or it was caused by an unidentified toxin. These observations suggest that other toxins with the potential to be harmful to human health may be present in the IRL. Moreover, the presence of toxins in the IRL is not always associated with blooms of known toxin-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- The Florida Center for Coastal and Human Health, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (P.L.W.); (K.T.F.); (M.M.); (J.C.R.); (J.S.); (A.E.W.)
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27
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Brunson JK, Thukral M, Ryan JP, Anderson CR, Kolody BC, James C, Chavez FP, Leaw CP, Rabines AJ, Venepally P, Zheng H, Kudela RM, Smith GJ, Moore BS, Allen AE. Molecular Forecasting of Domoic Acid during a Pervasive Toxic Diatom Bloom. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565333. [PMID: 37961417 PMCID: PMC10635071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the largest recorded harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurred in the Northeast Pacific, causing nearly 100 million dollars in damages to fisheries and killing many protected marine mammals. Dominated by the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis , this bloom produced high levels of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Through molecular and transcriptional characterization of 52 near-weekly phytoplankton net-tow samples collected at a bloom hotspot in Monterey Bay, California, we identified active transcription of known DA biosynthesis ( dab ) genes from the three identified toxigenic species, including P. australis as the primary origin of toxicity. Elevated expression of silicon transporters ( sit1 ) during the bloom supports the previously hypothesized role of dissolved silica (Si) exhaustion in contributing to bloom physiology and toxicity. We find that co-expression of the dabA and sit1 genes serves as a robust predictor of DA one week in advance, potentially enabling the forecasting of DA-producing HABs. We additionally present evidence that low levels of iron could have co-limited the diatom population along with low Si. Iron limitation represents a previously unrecognized driver of both toxin production and ecological success of the low iron adapted Pseudo-nitzschia genus during the 2015 bloom, and increasing pervasiveness of iron limitation may fuel the escalating magnitude and frequency of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms globally. Our results advance understanding of bloom physiology underlying toxin production, bloom prediction, and the impact of global change on toxic blooms. Significance Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms form oceanic harmful algal blooms that threaten human health through production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). DA biosynthetic gene expression is hypothesized to control DA production in the environment, yet what regulates expression of these genes is yet to be discovered. In this study, we uncovered expression of DA biosynthesis genes by multiple toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species during an economically impactful bloom along the North American West Coast, and identified genes that predict DA in advance of its production. We discovered that iron and silica co-limitation restrained the bloom and likely promoted toxin production. This work suggests that increasing iron limitation due to global change may play a previously unrecognized role in driving bloom frequency and toxicity.
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Yu H, Lei P, Ma J, Jin J, Ma Y, Fang Y, Zeng G, Zhang K, Jin L, Sun D. The potential of white-rot fungi for algal control: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116738. [PMID: 37495066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As human society and industrialization have progressed, harmful algal blooms have contributed to global ecological pollution which makes the development of a novel and effective algal control strategy imminent. This is because existing physical and chemical methods for dealing with the problem have issues like cost and secondary pollution. Benefiting from their environmentally friendly and biocompatible properties, white-rot fungi (WRF) have been studied to control algal growth. WRF control algae by using algae for carbon or nitrogen, antagonism, and enhancing allelopathies. It can be better applied to practice by immobilization. This paper reviews the mechanism for WRF control of algae growth and its practical application. It demonstrates the limitations of WRF controlling algae growth and aids the further study of biological methods to regulate eutrophic water in algae growth research. In addition, it provides theoretical support for the fungi controlling algae growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Pengyu Lei
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Jin
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yilei Ma
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yimeng Fang
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Guoming Zeng
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biological Medicine Detection Technology, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Libo Jin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Science & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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McClain AM, Field CL, Norris TA, Borremans B, Duignan PJ, Johnson SP, Whoriskey ST, Thompson-Barbosa L, Gulland FMD. The symptomatology and diagnosis of domoic acid toxicosis in stranded California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus): a review and evaluation of 20 years of cases to guide prognosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245864. [PMID: 37850065 PMCID: PMC10577433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Domoic acid (DA) is a glutaminergic excitatory neurotoxin that causes the morbidity and mortality of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL) and other marine mammals due to a suite of effects mostly on the nervous and cardiac systems. Between 1998 and 2019, 11,737 live-stranded CSL were admitted to The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC; Sausalito, CA, USA), over 2,000 of which were intoxicated by DA. A plethora of clinical research has been performed over the past 20 years to characterize the range of toxic effects of DA exposure on CSLs, generating the largest dataset on the effects of natural exposure to this toxin in wildlife. Materials and methods In this study, we review published methods for diagnosing DA intoxication, clinical presentation, and treatment of DA-intoxicated CSL and present a practical, reproducible scoring system called the neuroscore (NS) to help assess whether a DA-affected CSL is fit for release to the wild following rehabilitation. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between outcome (released vs. euthanized or died) and multiple variables to predict the outcome for a subset of 92 stranded CSLs. Results The largest proportion of DA-intoxicated CSLs was adult females (58.6%). The proportions of acute and chronic cases were 63.5 and 36.5% respectively, with 44% of affected CSL released and 56% either dying naturally or euthanized. The average time in rehabilitation was 15.9 days (range 0-169) for all outcomes. The best-performing model (85% accuracy; area under the curve = 0.90) assessing the relationship between outcome and predictor variables consisted of four variables: final NS, change in NS over time, whether the animal began eating in rehabilitation, and the state of nutrition on admission. Discussion Our results provide longitudinal information on the symptomatology of CSL intoxicated by domoic acid and suggest that a behavioral scoring system is a useful tool to assess the fitness for the release of DA-intoxicated CSL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cara L. Field
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Benny Borremans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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McQuillan JS, Alrefaey A, Turner AD, Morrell N, Stoner O, Brown R, Kay S, Cooke S, Bage T. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction for the estimation of toxigenic microalgae abundance in shellfish production waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 128:102497. [PMID: 37714581 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Certain species of marine microalgae produce potent biotoxins that pose a risk to human health if contaminated seafood is consumed, particularly filter feeding bivalve shellfish. In regions where this is likely to occur water and seafood produce are regularly monitored for the presence of harmful algal cells and their associated toxins, but the current approach is flawed by a lengthy delay before results are available to local authorities. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) can be used to measure phytoplankton DNA sequences in a shorter timeframe, however it is not currently used in official testing practices. In this study, samples were collected almost weekly over six months from three sites within a known HAB hotspot, St Austell Bay in Cornwall, England. The abundance of algal cells in water was measured using microscopy and qPCR, and lipophilic toxins were quantified in mussel flesh using LC-MS/MS, focusing on the okadaic acid group. An increase in algal cell abundance occurred alongside an increase in the concentration of okadaic acid group toxins in mussel tissue at all three study sites, during September and October 2021. This event corresponded to an increase in the measured levels of Dinophysis accuminata DNA, measured using qPCR. In the following spring, the qPCR detected an increase in D. accuminata DNA levels in water samples, which was not detected by microscopy. Harmful algal species belonging to Alexandrium spp. and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were also measured using qPCR, finding a similar increase in abundance in Autumn and Spring. The results are discussed with consideration of the potential merits and limitations of the qPCR technique versus conventional microscopy analysis, and its potential future role in phytoplankton surveillance under the Official Controls Regulations pertaining to shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S McQuillan
- Ocean Technology and Engineering, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ahmed Alrefaey
- Ocean Technology and Engineering, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Stoner
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Brown
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Kay
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cooke
- Cornwall Port Health Authority (Cornwall Council), The Docks, Falmouth, TR11 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bage
- Cornwall Port Health Authority (Cornwall Council), The Docks, Falmouth, TR11 4NR, United Kingdom
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Peng K, Dong R, Qin B, Cai Y, Deng J, Gong Z. Macroinvertebrate Response to Internal Nutrient Loading Increases in Shallow Eutrophic Lakes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1247. [PMID: 37759646 PMCID: PMC10525641 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In eutrophic lakes, even if external loading is controlled, internal nutrient loading delays the recovery of lake eutrophication. When the input of external pollutants is reduced, the dissolved oxygen environment at the sediment interface improves in a season without algal blooms. As an important part of lake ecosystems, macroinvertebrates are sensitive to hypoxia caused by eutrophication; however, how this change affects macroinvertebrates is still unknown. In this study, we analysed the monitoring data of northern Lake Taihu from 2007 to 2019. After 2007, the external loading of Lake Taihu was relatively stable, but eutrophication began to intensify after 2013, and the nutrients in the sediments also began to decline, which was related to the efficient use of nutrients by algal blooms. The community structure and population density of macroinvertebrates showed different responses in different stages. In particular, the density of oligochaetes and the Shannon-Wiener index showed significant differences in their response to different stages, and their sensitivity to eutrophication was significantly reduced. Under eutrophication conditions dominated by internal loading, frequent hypoxia occurs at the sediment interface only when an algal bloom erupts. When there is no bloom, the probability of sediment hypoxia is significantly reduced under the disturbance of wind. Our results indicate that the current method for evaluating lake eutrophication based on oligochaetes and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index may lose its sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; (K.P.); (R.D.); (B.Q.); (J.D.); (Z.G.)
| | - Rui Dong
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; (K.P.); (R.D.); (B.Q.); (J.D.); (Z.G.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boqiang Qin
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; (K.P.); (R.D.); (B.Q.); (J.D.); (Z.G.)
- School of Geography & Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Street, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; (K.P.); (R.D.); (B.Q.); (J.D.); (Z.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; (K.P.); (R.D.); (B.Q.); (J.D.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhijun Gong
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; (K.P.); (R.D.); (B.Q.); (J.D.); (Z.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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32
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Zheng B, Lucas AJ, Franks PJS, Schlosser TL, Anderson CR, Send U, Davis K, Barton AD, Sosik HM. Dinoflagellate vertical migration fuels an intense red tide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304590120. [PMID: 37639597 PMCID: PMC10483641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304590120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing globally, causing economic, human health, and ecosystem harm. In spite of the frequent occurrence of HABs, the mechanisms responsible for their exceptionally high biomass remain imperfectly understood. A 50-y-old hypothesis posits that some dense blooms derive from dinoflagellate motility: organisms swim upward during the day to photosynthesize and downward at night to access deep nutrients. This allows dinoflagellates to outgrow their nonmotile competitors. We tested this hypothesis with in situ data from an autonomous, ocean-wave-powered vertical profiling system. We showed that the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra's vertical migration led to depletion of deep nitrate during a 2020 red tide HAB event. Downward migration began at dusk, with the maximum migration depth determined by local nitrate concentrations. Losses of nitrate at depth were balanced by proportional increases in phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations and suspended particle load, conclusively linking vertical migration to the access and assimilation of deep nitrate in the ocean environment. Vertical migration during the red tide created anomalous biogeochemical conditions compared to 70 y of climatological data, demonstrating the capacity of these events to temporarily reshape the coastal ocean's ecosystem and biogeochemistry. Advances in the understanding of the physiological, behavioral, and metabolic dynamics of HAB-forming organisms from cutting-edge observational techniques will improve our ability to forecast HABs and mitigate their consequences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofu Zheng
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Andrew J. Lucas
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Peter J. S. Franks
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Tamara L. Schlosser
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Clarissa R. Anderson
- Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Uwe Send
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Kristen Davis
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Andrew D. Barton
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Heidi M. Sosik
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
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Shen M, Lin J, Ye Y, Ren Y, Zhao J, Duan H. Increasing global oceanic wind speed partly counteracted water clarity management effectiveness: A case study of Hainan Island coastal waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 339:117865. [PMID: 37054593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable coastal "blue economy" is one of the most significant opportunities and challenges in the new era. However, the management and conservation of marine ecosystems must recognize the interdependence in the coupled human and natural systems. In this study, we employed satellite remote sensing to map the spatial and temporal distribution of Secchi disk depth (SDD) in Hainan coastal waters, China for the first time, and quantitatively revealed the impacts of environmental investments on the coastal water environment in the context of global climate change. Based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) in situ concurrent matchups (N = 123), a simple green band (555 nm)-based quadratic algorithm was first developed to estimate the SDD for the coastal waters of Hainan Island in China (R2 = 0.70, root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.74 m). The long time-series SDD dataset (2001-2021) for Hainan coastal waters was reconstructed from MODIS observations. Spatially, SDD showed a pattern of high water clarity in eastern and southern coastal waters and low water clarity in the western and northern coastal areas. This pattern is attributed to unbalanced distributions of bathymetry and pollution from seagoing rivers. Seasonally, the humid tropical monsoon climate drove the SDD into a general pattern of high in the wet season and low in the dry season. Annually, the SDD in Hainan coastal waters improved significantly (p < 0.1), benefiting from environmental investments over the last 20 years. However, the increasing global oceanic wind speed in recent years has exacerbated sediment resuspension and deep ocean mixing, counteracting approximately 14.14% of the remedial management's effectiveness in protecting and restoring the coastal ecosystem. This study offers ways to improve the ecological and environmental regulations under global changes and to strengthen the public service capacity for aquatic management authorities with methods that support the sustainable development of coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shen
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Jiquan Lin
- Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Yuxiao Ren
- Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Junfu Zhao
- Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Hongtao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China.
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Díaz PA, Reguera B. North American Dinophysis, late-comers to the harmful algae world. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:653-657. [PMID: 37561020 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Casilla 557, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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35
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Lim CC, Yoon J, Reynolds K, Gerald LB, Ault AP, Heo S, Bell ML. Harmful algal bloom aerosols and human health. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104604. [PMID: 37164781 PMCID: PMC10363441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing across many locations globally. Toxins from HABs can be incorporated into aerosols and transported inland, where subsequent exposure and inhalation can induce adverse health effects. However, the relationship between HAB aerosols and health outcomes remains unclear despite the potential for population-level exposures. In this review, we synthesized the current state of knowledge and identified evidence gaps in the relationship between HAB aerosols and human health. Aerosols from Karenia brevis, Ostreopsis sp., and cyanobacteria were linked with respiratory outcomes. However, most works did not directly measure aerosol or toxin concentrations and instead relied on proxy metrics of exposure, such as cell concentrations in nearby waterbodies. Furthermore, the number of studies with epidemiological designs was limited. Significant uncertainties remain regarding the health effects of other HAB species; threshold dose and the dose-response relationship; effects of concurrent exposures to mixtures of toxins and other aerosol sources, such as microplastics and metals; the impact of long-term exposures; and disparities in exposures and associated health effects across potentially vulnerable subpopulations. Additional studies employing multifaceted exposure assessment methods and leveraging large health databases could address such gaps and improve our understanding of the public health burden of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Lim
- Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
| | - Jeonggyo Yoon
- Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kelly Reynolds
- Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lynn B Gerald
- Population Health Sciences Program, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Seulkee Heo
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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36
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Sandoval-Belmar M, Smith J, Moreno AR, Anderson C, Kudela RM, Sutula M, Kessouri F, Caron DA, Chavez FP, Bianchi D. A cross-regional examination of patterns and environmental drivers of Pseudo-nitzschia harmful algal blooms along the California coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 126:102435. [PMID: 37290883 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia species with the ability to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) are the main cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs) along the U.S. West Coast, with major impacts on ecosystems, fisheries, and human health. While most Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) HAB studies to date have focused on their characteristics at specific sites, few cross-regional comparisons exist, and mechanistic understanding of large-scale HAB drivers remains incomplete. To close these gaps, we compiled a nearly 20-year time series of in situ particulate DA and environmental observations to characterize similarities and differences in PN HAB drivers along the California coast. We focus on three DA hotspots with the greatest data density: Monterey Bay, the Santa Barbara Channel, and the San Pedro Channel. Coastwise, DA outbreaks are strongly correlated with upwelling, chlorophyll-a, and silicic acid limitation relative to other nutrients. Clear differences also exist across the three regions, with contrasting responses to climate regimes across a north to south gradient. In Monterey Bay, PN HAB frequency and intensity increase under relatively nutrient-poor conditions during anomalously low upwelling intensities. In contrast, in the Santa Barbara and San Pedro Channels, PN HABs are favored under cold, nitrogen-rich conditions during more intense upwelling. These emerging patterns provide insights on ecological drivers of PN HABs that are consistent across regions and support the development of predictive capabilities for DA outbreaks along the California coast and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandoval-Belmar
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America.
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Allison R Moreno
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
| | - Clarissa Anderson
- Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Fayçal Kessouri
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, United States of America
| | - Francisco P Chavez
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
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Rothenberger M, Gleich SJ, Flint E. The underappreciated role of biotic factors in controlling the bloom ecology of potentially harmful microalgae in the Hudson-Raritan Bay. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 124:102411. [PMID: 37164564 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and new and improved methods for detecting and quantifying them, no unifying ecological explanation has been found. Improved understanding depends upon local, ecological studies that include analysis of phytoplankton species data in relation to both abiotic and biotic parameters. Ecological network analysis was used to detect co-occurrence patterns among abiotic and biotic parameters in a long-term monitoring dataset (i.e., 2010-2021) from the eutrophic Hudson-Raritan Estuary (HRE) between the states of New York and New Jersey. The regular co-occurrence of potentially harmful bloom-forming species with companion species observed through microscopy was supported by the results of ecological network analysis, which showed that there were far more associations between HAB species and biotic parameters (∼95%) than abiotic parameters (∼5%). Temperature was the environmental variable that was most associated with HAB species throughout the estuary. The numerous network associations of HAB species with one another and with diatoms, dinoflagellates, and zooplankton highlight the complexity of planktonic food webs and interactions. Results also suggest that some taxa may play a central role in structuring the HRE plankton communities. These findings demonstrate that biotic associations play an underappreciated role in plankton structure and the value of examining the ecology of HAB species within the breadth of their biological communities. While network analysis does not fully explain and confirm complex associations among species, it does provide fresh insights and testable hypotheses to strengthen understanding and improve prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rothenberger
- Biology Department, Lafayette College, Kunkel Hall, Easton, PA 18042, USA.
| | - Samantha J Gleich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Evan Flint
- Mathematics Department, Lafayette College, Pardee Hall, Easton, PA 18042, USA
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Ali J, Yang Y, Pan G. Oxygen micro-nanobubbles for mitigating eutrophication induced sediment pollution in freshwater bodies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 331:117281. [PMID: 36682273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sediment hypoxia is a growing problem and has negative ecological impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. Hypoxia can disturb the biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles of both phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in water columns and sediments. Anthropogenic eutrophication and internal nutrient release from lakebed sediment accelerate hypoxia to form a dead zone. Thus, sediment hypoxia mitigation is necessary for ecological restoration and sustainable development. Conventional aeration practices to control sediment hypoxia, are not effective due to high cost, sediment disturbance and less sustainability. Owing to high solubility and stability, micro-nanobubbles (MNBs) offer several advantages over conventional water and wastewater treatment practices. Clay loaded oxygen micro-nanobubbles (OMNBs) can be delivered into deep water sediment by gravity and settling. Nanobubble technology provides a promising route for cost-effective oxygen delivery in large natural water systems. OMNBs also have the immense potential to manipulate biochemical pathways and microbial processes for remediating sediment pollution in natural waters. This review article aims to analyze recent trends employing OMNBs loaded materials to mitigate sediment hypoxia and subsequent pollution. The first part of the review highlights various minerals/materials used for the delivery of OMNBs into benthic sediments of freshwater bodies. Release of OMNBs at hypoxic sediment water interphase (SWI) can provide significant dissolved oxygen (DO) to remediate hypoxia induced sediment pollution Second part of the manuscript unveils the impacts of OMNBs on sediment pollutants (e.g., methylmercury, arsenic, and greenhouse gases) remediation and microbial processes for improved biogeochemical cycles. The review article will facilitate environmental engineers and ecologists to control sediment pollution along with ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Ali
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Gang Pan
- Centre of Integrated Water-Energy-Food Studies, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, NG25 0QF, United Kingdom; Jiangsu Jiuguan Institute of Environment and Resources, Yixing, China.
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39
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Hubbard KA, Villac MC, Chadwick C, DeSmidt AA, Flewelling L, Granholm A, Joseph M, Wood T, Fachon E, Brosnahan ML, Richlen M, Pathare M, Stockwell D, Lin P, Bouchard JN, Pickart R, Anderson DM. Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282794. [PMID: 36947524 PMCID: PMC10032537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia is distributed from equatorial to polar regions and is comprised of >57 species, some capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). In the Pacific Arctic Region spanning the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas, DA is recognized as an emerging human and ecosystem health threat, yet little is known about the composition and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species in these waters. This investigation characterized Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages in samples collected in 2018 during summer (August) and fall (October-November) surveys as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory and Arctic Observing Network, encompassing a broad geographic range (57.8° to 73.0°N, -138.9° to -169.9°W) and spanning temperature (-1.79 to 11.7°C) and salinity (22.9 to 32.9) gradients associated with distinct water masses. Species were identified using a genus-specific Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Seventeen amplicons were observed; seven corresponded to temperate, sub-polar, or polar Pseudo-nitzschia species based on parallel sequencing efforts (P. arctica, P. delicatissima, P. granii, P. obtusa, P. pungens, and two genotypes of P. seriata), and one represented Fragilariopsis oceanica. During summer, particulate DA (pDA; 4.0 to 130.0 ng L-1) was observed in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea where P. obtusa was prevalent. In fall, pDA (3.3 to 111.8 ng L-1) occurred along the Beaufort Sea shelf coincident with one P. seriata genotype, and south of the Bering Strait in association with the other P. seriata genotype. Taxa were correlated with latitude, longitude, temperature, salinity, pDA, and/or chlorophyll a, and each had a distinct distribution pattern. The observation of DA in association with different species, seasons, geographic regions, and water masses underscores the significant risk of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) and DA-poisoning in Alaska waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Célia Villac
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christina Chadwick
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra A. DeSmidt
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - April Granholm
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Molly Joseph
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taylor Wood
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mindy Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mrunmayee Pathare
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dean Stockwell
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Peigen Lin
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josée N. Bouchard
- Centre de recherche sur les biotechnologies marines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Pickart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Trainer VL, King TL. SoundToxins: A Research and Monitoring Partnership for Harmful Phytoplankton in Washington State. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030189. [PMID: 36977080 PMCID: PMC10056251 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The more frequent occurrence of marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) and recent problems with newly-described toxins in Puget Sound have increased the risk for illness and have negatively impacted sustainable access to shellfish in Washington State. Marine toxins that affect safe shellfish harvest because of their impact on human health are the saxitoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), domoic acid that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish toxins that cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and the recent measurement of azaspiracids, known to cause azaspiracid poisoning (AZP), at low concentrations in Puget Sound shellfish. The flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo, impacts the health and harvestability of aquacultured and wild salmon in Puget Sound. The more recently described flagellates that cause the illness or death of cultivated and wild shellfish, include Protoceratium reticulatum, known to produce yessotoxins, Akashiwo sanguinea and Phaeocystis globosa. This increased incidence of HABs, especially dinoflagellate HABs that are expected in increase with enhanced stratification linked to climate change, has necessitated the partnership of state regulatory programs with SoundToxins, the research, monitoring and early warning program for HABs in Puget Sound, that allows shellfish growers, Native tribes, environmental learning centers and citizens, to be the “eyes on the coast”. This partnership enables safe harvest of wholesome seafood for consumption in the region and helps to describe unusual events that impact the health of oceans, wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, University of Washington, Forks, WA 98331, USA
| | - Teri L. King
- Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington, Shelton, WA 98584, USA
- Correspondence:
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41
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Bechard A, Lang C. Seafood consumption during harmful algal blooms: The impact of information regarding safety and health. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 123:102387. [PMID: 36894207 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause massive fish kills all over the world. However, some commercially caught species are safe to eat. The fish safe for consumption are vastly different from the fish that wash up on shore. Prior research finds this difference in edibility is mostly unknown by consumers, and that the misperception of unhealthy and unsafe fish is the dominant paradigm. To date, there has been minimal research on the effect of disseminating this information regarding seafood health to consumers, and how consumption habits would change during a bloom. We implement a survey that presents respondents with information explaining the health and safety of certain commercially caught seafood during a HAB, specifically red grouper. It is a particularly popular, large, deep-sea fish. Our results suggest that respondents receiving this information are 34 percentage points more likely to say that they would be willing to consume red grouper during a bloom, relative to consumers who were not provided this added information. Prior knowledge of this information suggests long-term outreach programs may be more effective than last minute "point of sale" information campaigns. The results demonstrated the importance of correct knowledge and awareness regarding HABs, as it pertains to efforts to stabilize local economies dependent on seafood harvesting and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bechard
- 400 Northridge Road, Suite 400, Sandy Springs, GA 30350, USA.
| | - Corey Lang
- 400 Northridge Road, Suite 400, Sandy Springs, GA 30350, USA
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42
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Stelling B, Phlips E, Badylak S, Landauer L, Tate M, West-Valle A. Seasonality of phytoplankton biomass and composition on the Cape Canaveral shelf of Florida: Role of shifts in climate and coastal watershed influences. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1134069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and composition in the inner continental shelf off Cape Canaveral on the east coast of Florida were examined for a 6-year period (2013–2019). In situ water samples were collected and analyzed for chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biomass and composition, along with water quality parameters. Regional satellite data on chlorophyll a, and temperature was also obtained from NASA. Average chlorophyll a values over the study period ranged from 0.63 ± 0.03 μg L−1 in the summer to 2.55 ± 0.10 μg L−1 in the fall. Phytoplankton community composition also showed seasonal differences, with persistent dominance by picoplanktonic cyanobacteria in the summer, but mixed dominance by picocyanobacteria and dinoflagellates in the fall. Seasonal differences were attributed to a shift in predominant seasonal wind directions, which drive water along the coast from the north in the fall and winter, but from the south in the spring and summer, including eddies and upwelling from the Gulf Stream. Water masses moving along the Florida coast from the north are influenced by nutrient and phytoplankton-enriched inputs from estuaries along the north coast of Florida, explaining the higher phytoplankton biomass levels on the Cape Canaveral shelf in the fall and winter. Seasonal patterns observed in this study demonstrate the importance of allochthonous influences on phytoplankton biomass and composition, and highlight the potential sensitivity of phytoplankton communities to continuing cultural eutrophication and future climate changes, including the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and alterations in discharges from land.
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Troiano AT, Peel M, Cameron AI, Bast R, Flewelling L, Abbott J, Barron H. INVESTIGATING BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION AS A PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR FOR BIRDS PRESENTING WITH BREVETOXICOSIS: 2020-2021. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:23-31. [PMID: 36971625 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis cause annual harmful algal bloom events, or "red tides" on Florida's Gulf Coast. Each year, the Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife (CROW) is presented with hundreds of cases of aquatic birds that exhibit neurologic clinical signs due to brevetoxicosis. Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auratus) are the most common species seen, and typically present with a combination of ataxia, head tremors, knuckling, and/or lagophthalmos. Blood lactate levels are known to increase in mammals for a variety of reasons, including stress, hypoxia, sepsis, and trauma, but there is limited literature on blood lactate values in avian species. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic value of blood lactate concentration on successful rehabilitation and release of birds presenting with clinical signs consistent with brevetoxicosis. Blood lactate levels were collected on intake, the morning after presentation and initial therapy, and prior to disposition (release or euthanasia) from 194 birds (including 98 cormorants) representing 17 species during the 2020-2021 red tide season. Overall, mean blood lactate at intake, the morning after intake, and predisposition was 2.9, 2.8, and 3.2 mmol/L, respectively, for released birds across all species (2.9, 2.9, and 3.2 mmol/L for released cormorants); 3.4, 3.4, and 6.5 mmol/L for birds that died (4.0, 3.5, and 7.9 mmol/L for cormorants that died); and 3.1, 3.5, and 4.7 mmol/L for birds that were euthanized (3.5, 4.7, and 4.9 mmol/L for cormorants that were euthanized). On average, birds that died or were euthanized had an elevated lactate at all time points as compared to those that were released, but these results were not statistically significant (P = 0.13). These results indicate that blood lactate levels do not appear to be useful as a prognostic indicator for successful release of birds, including double-crested cormorants, affected by brevetoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Peel
- Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL 33957 USA
| | | | - Robin Bast
- Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL 33957 USA
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Jay Abbott
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Heather Barron
- Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL 33957 USA
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Wang H, Bouwman AF, Van Gils J, Vilmin L, Beusen AHW, Wang J, Liu X, Yu Z, Ran X. Hindcasting harmful algal bloom risk due to land-based nutrient pollution in the Eastern Chinese coastal seas. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119669. [PMID: 36716567 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing in frequency, areal extent and duration due to the large increase in nutrient inputs from land-based sources to coastal seas, and cause significant economic losses. In this study, we used the "watershed-coast-continuum" concept to explore the effects of land-based nutrient pollution on HAB development in the Eastern Chinese coastal seas (ECCS). Results from the coupling of a watershed nutrient model and a coast hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model show that between the 1980s and 2000s, the risk of diatom blooms and dinoflagellate blooms increased by 158% and 127%, respectively. The spatial expansion of HAB risk caused by dinoflagellates is larger than that of diatoms. The simulated suitability of the habitat for bloom of Aureococcus anophagefferens, a pico-plankton of non-diatom or dinoflagellate, in the Bohai Sea is consistent with observations spatially and temporally. To halt further nutrient accumulation in the ECCS, reductions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (16%) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) (33%) loading are required. To improve the situation of distorted DIN:DIP ratios, even larger reductions of DIN are required, especially in the Bohai Sea. Our approach is a feasible way to predict the risk of HABs under the pressure of increasing anthropogenic nutrient pollution in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Research Center for Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Alexander F Bouwman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Postbus 30314, 2500 GH, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arthur H W Beusen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Postbus 30314, 2500 GH, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiangbin Ran
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
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45
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Prokaryotic Diversity and Dynamics during Dinoflagellate Bloom Decays in Coastal Tunisian Waters. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can negatively impact marine ecosystems, but few studies have evaluated the microbial diversity associated with HABs and its potential role in the fates of these proliferations. (2) Methods: Marine prokaryotic diversity was investigated using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene during the bloom declines of two dinoflagellates detected in the summer of 2019 along the northern and southern Tunisian coasts (South Mediterranean Sea). The species Gymnodinium impudicum (Carthage, Tunis Gulf) and Alexandrium minutum (Sfax, Gabes Gulf) were identified using microscopy and molecular methods and were related to physicochemical factors and prokaryotic compositions. (3) Results: The abundance of G. impudicum decreased over time with decreasing phosphate concentrations. During the G. impudicum bloom decay, prokaryotes were predominated by the archaeal MGII group (Thalassarchaeaceae), Pelagibacterales (SAR11), Rhodobacterales, and Flavobacteriales. At Sfax, the abundance of A. minutum declined with decreasing phosphate concentrations and increasing pH. At the A. minutum peak, prokaryotic communities were largely dominated by anoxygenic phototrophic sulfur-oxidizing Chromatiaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) before decreasing at the end of the survey. Both the ubiquitous archaeal MGII group and Pelagibacterales were found in low proportions during the A. minutum decay. Contrary to the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, the photo-autotrophic and -heterotrophic Rhodobacterales and Flavobacteriales contents remained stable during the dinoflagellate bloom decays. (4) Conclusions: These results indicated changes in prokaryotic community diversity during dinoflagellate bloom decays, suggesting different bacterial adaptations to environmental conditions, with stable core populations that were potentially able to degrade HABs.
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46
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Panlilio JM, Hammar KM, Aluru N, Hahn ME. Developmental exposure to domoic acid targets reticulospinal neurons and leads to aberrant myelination in the spinal cord. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2587. [PMID: 36788234 PMCID: PMC9929266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) produce neurotoxins that affect human health. Developmental exposure of zebrafish embryos to the HAB toxin domoic acid (DomA) causes myelin defects, loss of reticulospinal neurons, and behavioral deficits. However, it is unclear whether DomA primarily targets myelin sheaths, leading to the loss of reticulospinal neurons, or reticulospinal neurons, causing myelin defects. Here, we show that while exposure to DomA at 2 dpf did not reduce the number of oligodendrocyte precursors prior to myelination, it led to fewer myelinating oligodendrocytes that produced shorter myelin sheaths and aberrantly wrapped neuron cell bodies. DomA-exposed larvae lacked Mauthner neurons prior to the onset of myelination, suggesting that axonal loss is not secondary to myelin defects. The loss of the axonal targets may have led oligodendrocytes to inappropriately myelinate neuronal cell bodies. Consistent with this, GANT61, a GLI1/2 inhibitor that reduces oligodendrocyte number, caused a reduction in aberrantly myelinated neuron cell bodies in DomA-exposed fish. Together, these results suggest that DomA initially alters reticulospinal neurons and the loss of axons causes aberrant myelination of nearby cell bodies. The identification of initial targets and perturbed cellular processes provides a mechanistic understanding of how DomA alters neurodevelopment, leading to structural and behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Panlilio
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Joint Graduate Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Cambridge, USA.
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Katherine M Hammar
- Central Microscopy Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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47
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Vilas D, Buszowski J, Sagarese S, Steenbeek J, Siders Z, Chagaris D. Evaluating red tide effects on the West Florida Shelf using a spatiotemporal ecosystem modeling framework. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2541. [PMID: 36781942 PMCID: PMC9925760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The West Florida Shelf (WFS), located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, fosters high species richness and supports highly valuable fisheries. However, red tide events occur regularly that can impact fisheries resources as well as ecosystem state, functioning, and derived services. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and quantify the spatiotemporal impacts of red tides to improve population assessments, mitigate potential negative effects through management, and better understand disturbances to support an ecosystem-based management framework. To model red tide effects on the marine community, we used Ecospace, the spatiotemporal module of the ecosystem modeling framework Ecopath with Ecosim. The inclusion of both lethal and sublethal response functions to red tide and a comprehensive calibration procedure allowed to systematically evaluate red tide effects and increased the robustness of the model and management applicability. Our results suggest severe red tide impacts have occurred on the WFS at the ecosystem, community, and population levels in terms of biomass, catch, and productivity. Sublethal and indirect food-web effects of red tide triggered compensatory responses such as avoidance behavior and release from predation and/or competition.. This study represents a step forward to operationalize spatiotemporal ecosystem models for management purposes that may increase the ability of fisheries managers to respond more effectively and be more proactive to episodic mortality events, such as those caused by red tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vilas
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Nature Coast Biological Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Cedar Key, FL, 32625, USA.
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
| | | | - Skyler Sagarese
- NOAA Fisheries Service - Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | | | - Zach Siders
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David Chagaris
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Nature Coast Biological Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Cedar Key, FL, 32625, USA.
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48
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Zhang Y, Liu G, Yang Y, Lu D, Liu L, Wei Y, Sun N, Su Y. Interspecific competition between the bloom-causing dinoflagellates Hetrocapsa bohaiensis and the local species Chlorella pyrenoidosa. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 184:105855. [PMID: 36610306 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms caused by Heterocapsa bohaiensis have broken out in aquaculture areas near Liaodong Bay, China, since 2012, resulting in mass mortality of Eriocheir sinensis larvae and substantial economic loss. Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a local phytoplankton species that is found in aquaculture ponds. However, the reason why H. bohaiensis dominated and proliferated in the phytoplankton community remains unknown. Previous studies have revealed the toxicity and hemolytic activity of H. bohaiensis. It is suspected that the out-competition of H. bohaiensis to C. pyrenoidosa was associated with toxicity. Filtrate and bi-algal cultures were investigated to determine the interspecific competition between H. bohaiensis and C. pyrenoidosa in this study. Filtrate experiments revealed that H. bohaiensis showed no toxin allelopathy in C. pyrenoidosa. However, the C. pyrenoidosa filtrates had significant allelopathic effects on the growth of H. bohaiensis. The bi-algal culture experiments and the simulation showed that the dominant species were dependent on the initial cell density ratios of the species and nutrient ratios. Therefore, H. bohaiensis achieved competitive advantage through exploitation competition but not allelopathy. The results contribute to the reasons for the occurrence of H. bohaiensis blooms in a further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Guangqun Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Dongliang Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Change and Disaster in Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, Qinzhou, 535011, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Yufan Wei
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China
| | - Na Sun
- Guanghe Crab Industry Limited Company, Panjin, 124200, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin City, Liaoning Province, 124221, China.
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Liu X, Liu Y, Chai Z, Hu Z, Tang YZ. A combined approach detected novel species diversity and distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114567. [PMID: 36640495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Resting cysts of dinoflagellates seed harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their geographic expansion, which makes it fundamentally important to obtain comprehensive inventories of dinoflagellate resting cysts in HABs-prone regions. The Yellow Sea (YS) of China has observed numerous outbreaks of dinoflagellate HABs with some novel species recorded recently indicating an underestimated HABs-causing species diversity. We report our investigation of dinoflagellate cysts of YS via an approach combining metabarcoding sequencing and single-cyst morpho-molecular identification, which identified many novel cyst species and a significant controlling effect of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass on cyst composition. The metabarcoding and single cyst-based sequencing detected 11 cyst species never being unambiguously reported in China, 10 never reported as cyst producers, and 3 HABs-causing species never reported from YS. Our detections of many potentially toxic or HABs-causative, particularly novel, cysts and distribution pattern provide important insights into the risks and ecology of dinoflagellate HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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50
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Effects of nitrate and ammonium on assimilation of nitric oxide by Heterosigma akashiwo. Sci Rep 2023; 13:621. [PMID: 36635297 PMCID: PMC9837059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo possesses a hybrid nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme, NR2-2/2HbN, which has the potential to convert NO to nitrate for assimilation into biomass. In previous research, NR transcription in H. akashiwo was induced by nitrate while NR activity was inhibited by ammonium. Here, the capacity of H. akashiwo to use NO in the presence of nitrate and/or ammonium was investigated to understand the regulation of NO assimilation. Continuous cultures of H. akashiwo were acclimated to growth on nitrate, ammonium, or a mixture of both. Aliquots from these cultures were spiked with 15N-labeled NO. The expression of genes involved in nitrogen assimilation was evaluated, as well as nitrate reductase activity and assimilation of 15N-labeled nitrogen into algal biomass. Results showed that NO induced expression and activity of NR, and upregulated expression of GOGAT regardless of the presence of other inorganic nitrogen sources, while GS expression decreased over time. Furthermore, 15NO uptake and assimilation was significantly higher in cultures acclimated for growth on ammonium compared to cultures acclimated for growth on nitrate alone. Assimilation of NO may provide H. akashiwo with a competitive advantage in N-poor environments or areas with elevated NO.
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