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Parveen N, Naik SVCS, Vanapalli KR, Sharma HB. Bioplastic packaging in circular economy: A systems-based policy approach for multi-sectoral challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173893. [PMID: 38889821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics have long been publicized as a sustainable plastic packaging alternative; however, their widespread industrialization is still embryonic due to complex challenges spanning multiple sectors. This review critically analyses the bioplastic lifecycle and provides a holistic evaluation of both the opportunities and potential trade-offs along their value chain. Their lifecycle is divided into three sectors: 1) resources, extraction, and manufacturing, 2) product consumption which discusses availability, consumer perception, and marketing strategies, and 3) end-of-life (EoL) management which includes segregation, recycling, and disposal. In the production phase, the primary challenges include selection of suitable raw feedstocks and addressing the techno-economic constraints of manufacturing processes. To tackle these challenges, it is recommended to source sustainable feedstocks from innovative, renewable, and waste materials, adopt green synthesis mechanisms, and optimize processes for improved efficiency. The consumption phase encompasses challenges related to market availability, cost competitiveness, and consumer perception of bioplastics. Localizing feedstock sourcing and production, leveraging the economics of scale, and promoting market demand for recycled bioplastics can positively influence the market dynamics. Additionally, dispelling misconceptions about degradability through proper labeling, and employing innovative marketing strategies to enhance consumer perception of the mechanical performance and quality of bioplastics is crucial. During the EoL management phase, major challenges include inadequate awareness, inefficient segregation protocols, and bioplastics with diverse properties that are incompatible with existing waste management infrastructure. Implementing a standardized labeling system with clear representation of suitable EoL techniques and integrating sensors and machine learning-based sorting technologies will improve segregation efficiency. Further, establishing interconnected recycling streams that clearly define the EoL pathways for different bioplastics is essential to ensure circular waste management systems. Finally, designing a comprehensive systems-based policy framework that incorporates technical, economic, environmental, and social drivers is recommended to promote bioplastics as a viable circular packaging solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseeba Parveen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl 796012, India
| | - S V Chinna Swami Naik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Kumar Raja Vanapalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl 796012, India.
| | - Hari Bhakta Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Rangpo, Sikkim 737136, India
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Santin A, Collura F, Singh G, Morlino MS, Bizzotto E, Bellan A, Gupte AP, Favaro L, Campanaro S, Treu L, Morosinotto T. Deciphering the genetic landscape of enhanced poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production in Synechocystis sp. B12. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:101. [PMID: 39014484 PMCID: PMC11253406 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial biopolymers such as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) are emerging as promising alternatives for sustainable production of biodegradable bioplastics. Their promise is heightened by the potential utilisation of photosynthetic organisms, thus exploiting sunlight and carbon dioxide as source of energy and carbon, respectively. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. B12 is an attractive candidate for its superior ability to accumulate high amounts of PHB as well as for its high-light tolerance, which makes it extremely suitable for large-scale cultivation. Beyond its practical applications, B12 serves as an intriguing model for unravelling the molecular mechanisms behind PHB accumulation. RESULTS Through a multifaceted approach, integrating physiological, genomic and transcriptomic analyses, this work identified genes involved in the upregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and phycobilisome degradation as the possible candidates providing Synechocystis sp. B12 an advantage in growth under high-light conditions. Gene expression differences in pentose phosphate pathway and acetyl-CoA metabolism were instead recognised as mainly responsible for the increased Synechocystis sp. B12 PHB production during nitrogen starvation. In both response to strong illumination and PHB accumulation, Synechocystis sp. B12 showed a metabolic modulation similar but more pronounced than the reference strain, yielding in better performances. CONCLUSIONS Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of PHB biosynthesis, providing valuable insights for optimising the use of Synechocystis in economically viable and sustainable PHB production. In addition, this work supplies crucial knowledge about the metabolic processes involved in production and accumulation of these molecules, which can be seminal for the application to other microorganisms as well.
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Grants
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 691712 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- 327331 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Università degli Studi di Padova
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Flavio Collura
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Garima Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Bizzotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ameya Pankaj Gupte
- Waste to Bioproducts Lab, Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova - Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Favaro
- Waste to Bioproducts Lab, Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova - Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Laura Treu
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
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Kaur R, Chauhan I. Biodegradable plastics: mechanisms of degradation and generated bio microplastic impact on soil health. Biodegradation 2024:10.1007/s10532-024-10092-3. [PMID: 38985381 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-024-10092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Conventional petroleum-derived polymers are valued for their versatility and are widely used, owing to their characteristics such as cost-effectiveness, diverse physical and chemical qualities, lower molecular weight, and easy processability for large-scale production. However, the extensive accumulation of such plastics leads to serious environmental issues. To combat this existing situation, an alternative lies in the production of bioplastics from natural and renewable sources such as plants, animals, microbes, etc. Bioplastics obtained from renewable sources are compostable and susceptible to degradation caused by microbes hydrolyzing to CO2, CH4, and biomass. Also, certain additives are reinforced into the bioplastic films to improve their physicochemical properties and degradation rate. However, on degradation, the bio-microplastic (BM) produced could have positive as well as negative impact on the soil health. This article thus focuses on the degradation of various fossil based as well as bio based biodegradable plastics such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polysaccharide derived bioplastics by mechanical, thermal, photodegradation and microbial approaches. The degradation mechanism of each approach has been discussed in detailed for different bioplastics. How the incorporation or reinforcement of various additives in the biodegradable plastics effects their degradation rates has also been discussed. In addition to that, the impact of generated bio-microplastic on physicochemical properties of soil such as pH, bulk density, carbon, nitrogen content etc. and biological properties such as on genome of native soil microbes and on plant nutritional health have been discussed in detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India
| | - Indu Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India.
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Mutmainna I, Gareso PL, Suryani S, Tahir D. Microplastics from petroleum-based plastics and their effects: A systematic literature review and science mapping of global bioplastics production. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024. [PMID: 38980276 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The use of bioplastics is a new strategy for reducing microplastic (MP) waste caused by petroleum-based plastics. This problem has received increased attention worldwide, leading to the development of large-scale bioplastic plants. The large amount of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments and the atmosphere has raised global concern. This article delves into the profound environmental impact of the increasing use of petroleum-based plastics, which contribute significantly to plastic waste and, as a consequence, to the increase in MPs. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to identify countries that are at the forefront of efforts to produce bioplastics to reduce MP pollution. In this article, we explain the development, degradation processes, and research trends of bioplastics derived from biological materials such as starch, chitin, chitosan, and polylactic acid (PLA). The findings pinpoint the top 10 countries demonstrating a strong commitment to reducing MP pollution through bioplastics. These nations included the United States, China, Spain, Canada, Italy, India, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Belgium, and the Netherlands. This study underscores the technical and economic obstacles to large-scale bioplastic production. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-20. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sri Suryani
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Costa P, Basaglia M, Casella S, Favaro L. Copolymers as a turning point for large scale polyhydroxyalkanoates applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133575. [PMID: 38960239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Traditional plastics reshaped the society thanks to their brilliant properties and cut-price manufacturing costs. However, their protracted durability and limited recycling threaten the environment. Worthy alternatives seem to be polyhydroxyalkanoates, compostable biopolymers produced by several microbes. The most common 3-hydroxybutyrate homopolymer has limited applications calling for copolymers biosynthesis to enhance material properties. As a growing number of researches assess the discovery of novel comonomers, great endeavors are dedicated as well to copolymers production scale-up, where the choice of the microbial carbon source significantly affects the overall economic feasibility. Diving into novel metabolic pathways, engineered strains, and cutting-edge bioprocess strategies, this review aims to survey up-to-date publications about copolymers production, focusing primarily on precursors origins. Specifically, in the core of the review, copolymers precursors have been divided into three categories based on their economic value: the costliest structurally related ones, the structurally unrelated ones, and finally various low-cost waste streams. The combination of cheap biomasses, efficient pretreatment strategies, and robust microorganisms paths the way towards the development of versatile and circular polymers. Conceived to researchers and industries interested in tackling polyhydroxyalkanoates production, this review explores an angle often underestimated yet of prime importance: if PHAs copolymers offer advanced properties and sustainable end-of-life, the feedstock choice for their upstream becomes a major factor in the development of plastic substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Costa
- Waste-to-Bioproducts Lab, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Marina Basaglia
- Waste-to-Bioproducts Lab, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Sergio Casella
- Waste-to-Bioproducts Lab, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Favaro
- Waste-to-Bioproducts Lab, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa.
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Chalermthai B, Nootong K, Olsen BD, Assabumrungrat S, Charoensuppanimit P. Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of Spirulina bioplastic produced via plasticization with glycerol. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118622. [PMID: 38442816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics have been used as alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics to lessen the burdens on marine and terrestrial environments due to their non-biodegradability and toxicity. However, recent studies have shown that not all bioplastics may be environmentally friendly. Microalgae, such as Spirulina that do not require arable land, have been identified as a potential bioplastic source. In this study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out in openLCA program using the Agribalyse database, to evaluate the environmental impacts of Spirulina bioplastic, formed from plasticization of Spirulina powder with glycerol. Two processes were created for the inventories of (i) Spirulina powder and (ii) Spirulina bioplastic, where the output of the former served as an input for the latter. The extruded bioplastic sheets were food-grade and could be used as edible packaging materials. The bioplastic was also compared to conventional plastics and it was found that the energy consumption was 3.83 ± 0.26 MJ/kg-bioplastic, which was 12% and 22% higher than that of LDPE and PVC plastic films, respectively. The impacts on the environment showed that the chemical growth medium (Zarrouk medium) and electricity were the main contributors in most of the categories. Compared to the PVC and LDPE films, the Spirulina bioplastic's impacts on the aquatic ecosystems were 2-3 times higher. The global warming potential of the Spirulina bioplastic was 1.99 ± 0.014 kg CO2 eq, which was 23% and 47% lower than that of LDPE and PVC films, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was carried out by changing the electricity source and using alternative growth media. Except for the case of switching to solar energy, the results for other cases did not differ significantly from the base case scenario. Future studies were suggested to identify different greener alternatives to the growth medium as well as different energy mixes for more environmentally benign solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Chalermthai
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center (BCGeTEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Control and Systems Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kasidit Nootong
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center (BCGeTEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Suttichai Assabumrungrat
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center (BCGeTEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pongtorn Charoensuppanimit
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center (BCGeTEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Control and Systems Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Keith M, Koller M, Lackner M. Carbon Recycling of High Value Bioplastics: A Route to a Zero-Waste Future. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1621. [PMID: 38931972 PMCID: PMC11207349 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, 98% of all plastics are fossil-based and non-biodegradable, and globally, only 9% are recycled. Microplastic and nanoplastic pollution is just beginning to be understood. As the global demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics continues to rise, biobased and biodegradable plastics have emerged as a promising solution. This review article delves into the pivotal concept of carbon recycling as a pathway towards achieving a zero-waste future through the production and utilization of high-value bioplastics. The review comprehensively explores the current state of bioplastics (biobased and/or biodegradable materials), emphasizing the importance of carbon-neutral and circular approaches in their lifecycle. Today, bioplastics are chiefly used in low-value applications, such as packaging and single-use items. This article sheds light on value-added applications, like longer-lasting components and products, and demanding properties, for which bioplastics are increasingly being deployed. Based on the waste hierarchy paradigm-reduce, reuse, recycle-different use cases and end-of-life scenarios for materials will be described, including technological options for recycling, from mechanical to chemical methods. A special emphasis on common bioplastics-TPS, PLA, PHAs-as well as a discussion of composites, is provided. While it is acknowledged that the current plastics (waste) crisis stems largely from mismanagement, it needs to be stated that a radical solution must come from the core material side, including the intrinsic properties of the polymers and their formulations. The manner in which the cascaded use of bioplastics, labeling, legislation, recycling technologies, and consumer awareness can contribute to a zero-waste future for plastics is the core topics of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Keith
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Martin Koller
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Go!PHA, Oudebrugsteeg 9, 1012 JN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Martín-González D, de la Fuente Tagarro C, De Lucas A, Bordel S, Santos-Beneit F. Genetic Modifications in Bacteria for the Degradation of Synthetic Polymers: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5536. [PMID: 38791573 PMCID: PMC11121894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymers, commonly known as plastics, are currently present in all aspects of our lives. Although they are useful, they present the problem of what to do with them after their lifespan. There are currently mechanical and chemical methods to treat plastics, but these are methods that, among other disadvantages, can be expensive in terms of energy or produce polluting gases. A more environmentally friendly alternative is recycling, although this practice is not widespread. Based on the practice of the so-called circular economy, many studies are focused on the biodegradation of these polymers by enzymes. Using enzymes is a harmless method that can also generate substances with high added value. Novel and enhanced plastic-degrading enzymes have been obtained by modifying the amino acid sequence of existing ones, especially on their active site, using a wide variety of genetic approaches. Currently, many studies focus on the common aim of achieving strains with greater hydrolytic activity toward a different range of plastic polymers. Although in most cases the depolymerization rate is improved, more research is required to develop effective biodegradation strategies for plastic recycling or upcycling. This review focuses on a compilation and discussion of the most important research outcomes carried out on microbial biotechnology to degrade and recycle plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martín-González
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Carlos de la Fuente Tagarro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Andrea De Lucas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Adetunji AI, Erasmus M. Green Synthesis of Bioplastics from Microalgae: A State-of-the-Art Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1322. [PMID: 38794516 PMCID: PMC11124873 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of conventional plastics has increased tremendously in the last decades due to rapid industrialization, population growth, and advancement in the use of modern technologies. However, overuse of these fossil fuel-based plastics has resulted in serious environmental and health hazards by causing pollution, global warming, etc. Therefore, the use of microalgae as a feedstock is a promising, green, and sustainable approach for the production of biobased plastics. Various biopolymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, polyurethane, polylactic acid, cellulose-based polymers, starch-based polymers, and protein-based polymers, can be produced from different strains of microalgae under varying culture conditions. Different techniques, including genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, the use of photobioreactors, response surface methodology, and artificial intelligence, are used to alter and improve microalgae stocks for the commercial synthesis of bioplastics at lower costs. In comparison to conventional plastics, these biobased plastics are biodegradable, biocompatible, recyclable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable, with robust mechanical and thermoplastic properties. In addition, the bioplastics are suitable for a plethora of applications in the agriculture, construction, healthcare, electrical and electronics, and packaging industries. Thus, this review focuses on techniques for the production of biopolymers and bioplastics from microalgae. In addition, it discusses innovative and efficient strategies for large-scale bioplastic production while also providing insights into the life cycle assessment, end-of-life, and applications of bioplastics. Furthermore, some challenges affecting industrial scale bioplastics production and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
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Rahmati F, Sethi D, Shu W, Asgari Lajayer B, Mosaferi M, Thomson A, Price GW. Advances in microbial exoenzymes bioengineering for improvement of bioplastics degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141749. [PMID: 38521099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become a major global concern, posing numerous challenges for the environment and wildlife. Most conventional ways of plastics degradation are inefficient and cause great damage to ecosystems. The development of biodegradable plastics offers a promising solution for waste management. These plastics are designed to break down under various conditions, opening up new possibilities to mitigate the negative impact of traditional plastics. Microbes, including bacteria and fungi, play a crucial role in the degradation of bioplastics by producing and secreting extracellular enzymes, such as cutinase, lipases, and proteases. However, these microbial enzymes are sensitive to extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature and acidity, affecting their functions and stability. To address these challenges, scientists have employed protein engineering and immobilization techniques to enhance enzyme stability and predict protein structures. Strategies such as improving enzyme and substrate interaction, increasing enzyme thermostability, reinforcing the bonding between the active site of the enzyme and substrate, and refining enzyme activity are being utilized to boost enzyme immobilization and functionality. Recently, bioengineering through gene cloning and expression in potential microorganisms, has revolutionized the biodegradation of bioplastics. This review aimed to discuss the most recent protein engineering strategies for modifying bioplastic-degrading enzymes in terms of stability and functionality, including enzyme thermostability enhancement, reinforcing the substrate binding to the enzyme active site, refining with other enzymes, and improvement of enzyme surface and substrate action. Additionally, discovered bioplastic-degrading exoenzymes by metagenomics techniques were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Rahmati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qom 37185364, Iran
| | - Debadatta Sethi
- Sugarcane Research Station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Nayagarh, India
| | - Weixi Shu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | | | - Mohammad Mosaferi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Allan Thomson
- Perennia Food and Agriculture Corporation., 173 Dr. Bernie MacDonald Dr., Bible Hill, Truro, NS, B6L 2H5, Canada
| | - G W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
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Mavai S, Bains A, Sridhar K, Rashid S, Elossaily GM, Ali N, Chawla P, Sharma M. Formulation and application of poly lactic acid, gum, and cellulose-based ternary bioplastic for smart food packaging: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131687. [PMID: 38642692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
In future, global demand for low-cost-sustainable materials possessing good strength is going to increase tremendously, to replace synthetic plastic materials, thus motivating scientists towards green composites. The PLA has been the most promising sustainable bio composites, due to its inherent antibacterial property, biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and good thermal and mechanical characteristics. However, PLA has certain demerits such as poor water and gas barrier properties, and low glass transition temperature, which restricts its use in food packaging applications. To overcome this, PLA is blended with polysaccharides such as gum and cellulose to enhance the water barrier, thermal, crystallization, degradability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of these polysaccharides not only reduces the production cost but also helps in manufacturing packaging material with superior quality. Hence this review focuses on various fabrication techniques, degradation of the ternary composite, and its application in the food sector. Moreover, this review discusses the enhanced barrier and mechanical properties of the ternary blend packaging material. Incorporation of gum enhanced flexibility, while the reinforcement of cellulose improved the structural integrity of the ternary composite. The unique properties of this ternary composite make it suitable for extending the shelf life of food packaging, specifically for fruits, vegetables, and fried products. Future studies must be conducted to investigate the optimization of formulations for specific food types, explore scalability for industrial applications, and integrate these composites with emerging technologies (3D/4D printing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mavai
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Aarti Bains
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173 Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan M Elossaily
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India.
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12
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Schoder KA, Krümpel J, Müller J, Lemmer A. Effects of Environmental and Nutritional Conditions on Mycelium Growth of Three Basidiomycota. MYCOBIOLOGY 2024; 52:124-134. [PMID: 38690030 PMCID: PMC11057518 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2024.2341492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, an enormous potential of fungal-based products with characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. The production of these new materials uses mycelium, a root-like structure of fungi consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Optimizing the production of mycelium-based materials and fungal growth under technical conditions needs to be further investigated. The main objective of this study was to select fast-growing fungi and identify optimized incubation conditions to obtain a dense mycelium mat in a short time. Further, the influence of the initial substrate characteristics on hyphae expansion was determined. Fungal isolates of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor were cultivated for seven days on substrate mixtures consisting of various proportions of pine bark and cotton fibers. Furthermore, the substrates were mixed with 0, 2, and 5 wt.% calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and the incubator was flushed with 0, 5, and 10 vol.% carbon dioxide (CO2). All samples grew in the dark at 26 °C and a relative humidity of 80%. Evaluation of growth rate shows that cotton fiber-rich substrates performed best for all investigated fungi. Although Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor showed comparatively high growth rates of up to 5.4 and 5.3 mm d-1, respectively, mycelium density was thin and transparent. Ganoderma lucidum showed a significantly denser mycelium at a maximum growth rate of 3.3 mm d-1 on a cotton fiber-rich substrate (75 wt.%) without CaCO3 but flushed with 5 vol.% CO2 during incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Krümpel
- State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Müller
- Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Lemmer
- State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Chai YJ, Syauqi TA, Sudesh K, Ee TL, Ban CC, Kar Mun AC, Anne Strain EM, Merican F, Rahim MA, Md Salleh K, Yin CS. Effects of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] coating on the bacterial communities of artificial structures. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300929. [PMID: 38635673 PMCID: PMC11025745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The expanding urbanization of coastal areas has led to increased ocean sprawl, which has had both physical and chemical adverse effects on marine and coastal ecosystems. To maintain the health and functionality of these ecosystems, it is imperative to develop effective solutions. One such solution involves the use of biodegradable polymers as bioactive coatings to enhance the bioreceptivity of marine and coastal infrastructures. Our study aimed to explore two main objectives: (1) investigate PHA-degrading bacteria on polymer-coated surfaces and in surrounding seawater, and (2) comparing biofilm colonization between surfaces with and without the polymer coating. We applied poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)) coatings on concrete surfaces at concentrations of 1% and 6% w/v, with varying numbers of coating cycles (1, 3, and 6). Our findings revealed that the addition of P(3HB) indeed promoted accelerated biofilm growth on the coated surfaces, resulting in an occupied area approximately 50% to 100% larger than that observed in the negative control. This indicates a remarkable enhancement, with the biofilm expanding at a rate roughly 1.5 to 2 times faster than the untreated surfaces. We observed noteworthy distinctions in biofilm growth patterns based on varying concentration and number of coating cycles. Interestingly, treatments with low concentration and high coating cycles exhibited comparable biofilm enhancements to those with high concentrations and low coating cycles. Further investigation into the bacterial communities responsible for the degradation of P(3HB) coatings identified mostly common and widespread strains but found no relation between the concentration and coating cycles. Nevertheless, this microbial degradation process was found to be highly efficient, manifesting noticeable effects within a single month. While these initial findings are promising, it's essential to conduct tests under natural conditions to validate the applicability of this approach. Nonetheless, our study represents a novel and bio-based ecological engineering strategy for enhancing the bioreceptivity of marine and coastal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jean Chai
- Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Taufiq Ahmad Syauqi
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tan Leng Ee
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Cheah Chee Ban
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amanda Chong Kar Mun
- Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Elisabeth Marijke Anne Strain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Faradina Merican
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Chee Su Yin
- Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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14
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Soo XYD, Muiruri JK, Wu WY, Yeo JCC, Wang S, Tomczak N, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Wang P, Wei F, Suwardi A, Xu J, Loh XJ, Yan Q, Zhu Q. Bio-Polyethylene and Polyethylene Biocomposites: An Alternative toward a Sustainable Future. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400064. [PMID: 38594967 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non-biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio-based PE (bio-PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio-PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio-PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio-PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio-PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Joseph Kinyanjui Muiruri
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wen-Ya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Beng Hoon Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Fengxia Wei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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15
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Dolci G, Puricelli S, Cecere G, Tua C, Fava F, Rigamonti L, Grosso M. How does plastic compare with alternative materials in the packaging sector? A systematic review of LCA studies. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024:734242X241241606. [PMID: 38576323 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x241241606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In the recent years, packaging made of conventional plastics has been increasingly replaced by materials believed to be more sustainable. However, perceived sustainability must align with scientific assessments, such as life cycle assessments (LCAs). This review analysed 53 peer-reviewed studies published in the time range 2019-2023, aiming at understanding the state of the art in LCA about the environmental impacts of packaging by focusing on the comparison between plastics and alternative materials. The literature showed that consumer perceptions often differ from LCA findings and revealed that, frequently, conventional plastics are not the least environmentally friendly choice. Bioplastics typically show benefits only in the climate change and the fossil resource depletion impact categories. The heavy weight of glass turns out to affect its environmental performances with respect to the light plastics, with reuse being an essential strategy to lower the burdens. The comparison between plastics and metals is more balanced, leaning more towards plastics for food packaging. Similarly, paper resulted often preferable than plastics. Finally, for the other materials (i.e. wood and textiles), the picture is variable. To be competitive with plastics, the alternative materials require improvements like the optimisation of their production processes, their reuse and enhanced end-of-life options. At the same time, recycled polymers could boost the eco-performance of virgin plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Dolci
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Puricelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cecere
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Tua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Floriana Fava
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Rigamonti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Grosso
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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16
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Siddiqui SA, Yang X, Deshmukh RK, Gaikwad KK, Bahmid NA, Castro-Muñoz R. Recent advances in reinforced bioplastics for food packaging - A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130399. [PMID: 38403219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Recently, diversifying the material, method, and application in food packaging has been massively developed to find more environment-friendly materials. However, the mechanical and barrier properties of the bioplastics are major hurdles to expansion in commercial realization. The compositional variation with the inclusion of different fillers could resolve the lacking performance of the bioplastic. This review summarizes the various reinforcement fillers and their effect on bioplastic development. In this review, we first discussed the status of bioplastics and their definition, advantages, and limitations regarding their performance in the food packaging application. Further, the overview of different fillers and development methods has been discussed thoroughly. The application of reinforced bioplastic for food packaging and its effect on food quality and shelf life are highlighted. The environmental issues, health concerns, and future perspectives of the reinforced bioplastic are also discussed at the end of the manuscript. Adding different fillers into the bioplastic improves physical, mechanical, barrier, and active properties, which render the required protective functions to replace conventional plastic for food packaging applications. Various fillers, such as natural and chemically synthesized, could be incorporated into the bioplastic, and their overall properties improve significantly for the food packaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan.
| | - Ram Kumar Deshmukh
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Kirtiraj K Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Nur Alim Bahmid
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gading, Playen, Gunungkidul, 55861 Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland.
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland.
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17
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Tao S, Li T, Li M, Yang S, Shen M, Liu H. Research advances on the toxicity of biodegradable plastics derived micro/nanoplastics in the environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170299. [PMID: 38272086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of plastic and microplastic accumulation on ecosystems are widely recognized and indisputable. The emergence of biodegradable plastics (BPs) offers a practical solution to plastic pollution. Problematically, however, not all BPs can be fully degraded in the environment. On the contrary, the scientific community has demonstrated that BPs are more likely than conventional plastics (CPs) to degrade into micro/nanoplastics and release additives, which can have similar or even worse effects than microplastics. However, there is very limited information available on the environmental toxicity assessment of BMPs. The absence of a toxicity evaluation system and the uncertainty regarding combined toxicity with other pollutants also impede the environmental toxicity assessment of BMPs. Currently, research is focused on thoroughly exploring the toxic effects of biodegradable microplastics (BMPs). This paper reviews the pollution status of BMPs in the environment, the degradation behavior of BPs and the influencing factors. This paper comprehensively summarizes the ecotoxicological effects of BPs on ecosystems, considering animals, plants, and microorganisms in various environments such as water bodies, soil, and sediment. The focus is on distinguishing between BMPs and conventional microplastics (CMPs). In addition, the combined toxic effects of BMPs and other pollutants are also being investigated. The findings suggest that BMPs may have different or more severe impacts on ecosystems. The rougher and more intricate surface of BMPs increases the likelihood of causing mechanical damage to organisms and breaking down into smaller plastic particles, releasing additives that lead to a series of cascading negative effects on related organisms and ecosystems. In the case of knowledge gaps, future research is also proposed and anticipated to investigate the toxic effects of BMPs and their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Tianhao Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Mingyu Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Shengxin Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Maocai Shen
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China.
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18
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Mhaddolkar N, Tischberger-Aldrian A, Astrup TF, Vollprecht D. Consumers confused 'Where to dispose biodegradable plastics?': A study of three waste streams. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024:734242X241231408. [PMID: 38449106 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x241231408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics, either fossil- or biobased, are often promoted due to their biodegradability and acclaimed environmental friendliness. However, as demonstrated by previous literature, considerable confusion exists about the appropriate source separation and waste management of these plastics. Present study investigated this confusion based on manual sorting analyses of waste sampled from packaging waste (P), biowaste (B) and residual waste (R) in an urban area of Austria. The results were evaluated relative to near-infrared sensor-based sorting trials conducted in a German urban area. Although existing literature has focused on waste composition analyses (mostly in stand-alone studies) of the three waste streams, the present study focused on identifying the specific types of biodegradable plastic items found in each of these streams. Supermarket carrier bags (P = 90, B = 14, R = 33) and dustbin bags (P = 2, B = 46, R = 6) were found in all three waste streams in the Austrian urban area. Similarly, in the German urban area dustbin bags (P = 1, B = 106, R = 3) were the common items. The results indicate that certain bioplastic items were present in more than one bin; thus, hinting that consumers are not necessarily aware of how-to source-separate the biodegradable plastics. This suggests that neither consumers nor current waste management systems are fully 'adapted' to bioplastics, and the management of these plastics' waste is currently not optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Mhaddolkar
- Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management (AVAW), Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
- DTU SUSTAIN, Department of Environmental Engineering, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexia Tischberger-Aldrian
- Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management (AVAW), Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Fruergaard Astrup
- DTU SUSTAIN, Department of Environmental Engineering, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel Vollprecht
- Resource and Chemical Engineering, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
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19
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Ali Z, Abdullah M, Yasin MT, Amanat K, Ahmad K, Ahmed I, Qaisrani MM, Khan J. Organic waste-to-bioplastics: Conversion with eco-friendly technologies and approaches for sustainable environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117949. [PMID: 38109961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Petrochemical-based synthetic plastics poses a threat to humans, wildlife, marine life and the environment. Given the magnitude of eventual depletion of petrochemical sources and global environmental pollution caused by the manufacturing of synthetic plastics such as polyethylene (PET) and polypropylene (PP), it is essential to develop and adopt biopolymers as an environment friendly and cost-effective alternative to synthetic plastics. Research into bioplastics has been gaining traction as a way to create a more sustainable and eco-friendlier environment with a reduced environmental impact. Biodegradable bioplastics can have the same characteristics as traditional plastics while also offering additional benefits due to their low carbon footprint. Therefore, using organic waste from biological origin for bioplastic production not only reduces our reliance on edible feedstock but can also effectively assist with solid waste management. This review aims at providing an in-depth overview on recent developments in bioplastic-producing microorganisms, production procedures from various organic wastes using either pure or mixed microbial cultures (MMCs), microalgae, and chemical extraction methods. Low production yield and production costs are still the major bottlenecks to their deployment at industrial and commercial scale. However, their production and commercialization pose a significant challenge despite such potential. The major constraints are their production in small quantity, poor mechanical strength, lack of facilities and costly feed for industrial-scale production. This review further explores several methods for producing bioplastics with the aim of encouraging researchers and investors to explore ways to utilize these renewable resources in order to commercialize degradable bioplastics. Challenges, future prospects and Life cycle assessment of bioplastics are also highlighted. Utilizing a variety of bioplastics obtained from renewable and cost-effective sources (e.g., organic waste, agro-industrial waste, or microalgae) and determining the pertinent end-of-life option (e.g., composting or anaerobic digestion) may lead towards the right direction that assures the sustainable production of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ali
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Talha Yasin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
| | - Kinza Amanat
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P.R. China.
| | - Ishfaq Ahmed
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Laoshan Campus, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266100, PR China
| | - Muther Mansoor Qaisrani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Jallat Khan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan; Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), 64200, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
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20
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Ülger-Vatansever B, Onay TT, Demirel B. Evaluation of bioplastics biodegradation under simulated landfill conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17779-17787. [PMID: 37792201 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics that are generated from renewable sources have been regarded as an alternative to conventional plastics. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the mostly produced bioplastics because of its long shelf life for various applications. Even though bioplastics have drawn attention recently, their ultimate fate in landfills is still unknown. In this study, a standardized laboratory-scale lysimeter experiment was performed for the simulation of landfill conditions in order to evaluate the biodegradability of PLA during municipal solid waste stabilization. The reactors were loaded with municipal solid waste (MSW) taken from an operating landfill, certified PLA cups, and seed sludge. Various phases of landfill stabilization were simulated; hence, the reactors were operated under aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Throughout the operation, both leachate and biogas generation in the reactors were regularly monitored. At the end of each phase, bioplastic cups were removed from the reactors, gently cleaned, weighed, and examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results indicated that bioplastics did not undergo significant biodegradation during the first two stabilization phases (aerobic and semi-aerobic). On the other hand, it was observed that the cups were much softer and whiter at the end of the anaerobic phase. The weight of cups decreased by 12.8% on average, and their surfaces were prominently damaged after the completion of the last phase indicating the potential signs of biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Turgut Tüzün Onay
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Bebek/İstanbul, 34342, Turkey
| | - Burak Demirel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Bebek/İstanbul, 34342, Turkey
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21
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Shin N, Kim SH, Oh J, Kim S, Lee Y, Shin Y, Choi S, Bhatia SK, Kim YG, Yang YH. Reproducible Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)-Degrading Artificial Consortia by Introducing the Least Type of PBS-Degrading Strains. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:651. [PMID: 38475335 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polybutylene succinate (PBS) stands out as a promising biodegradable polymer, drawing attention for its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastics due to its biodegradability and reduced environmental impact. In this study, we aimed to enhance PBS degradation by examining artificial consortia composed of bacterial strains. Specifically, Terribacillus sp. JY49, Bacillus sp. JY35, and Bacillus sp. NR4 were assessed for their capabilities and synergistic effects in PBS degradation. When only two types of strains, Bacillus sp. JY35 and Bacillus sp. NR4, were co-cultured as a consortium, a notable increase in degradation activity toward PBS was observed compared to their activities alone. The consortium of Bacillus sp. JY35 and Bacillus sp. NR4 demonstrated a remarkable degradation yield of 76.5% in PBS after 10 days. The degradation of PBS by the consortium was validated and our findings underscore the potential for enhancing PBS degradation and the possibility of fast degradation by forming artificial consortia, leveraging the synergy between strains with limited PBS degradation activity. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that utilizing only two types of strains in the consortium facilitates easy control and provides reproducible results. This approach mitigates the risk of losing activity and reproducibility issues often associated with natural consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinok Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeda Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuni Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhye Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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22
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El-Sheekh MM, Alwaleed EA, Ibrahim A, Saber H. Preparation and characterization of bioplastic film from the green seaweed Halimeda opuntia. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129307. [PMID: 38199545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Protein-rich seaweeds are regarded as having commercial significance due to their numerous industrial applications. The green seaweed Halimeda opuntia was used during this study for the preparation of bioplastic film. A thin bioplastic film with better physical and mechanical properties was produced by optimizing the ratio of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to seaweed biomass. The films obtained were characterized by their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, moisture absorption resistance, and solubility. To evaluate the composition and potential for chemical reactions of the films, an FTIR spectroscopy examination was conducted. Whereas TG-DTA and AFM were performed on films with high mechanical properties. The bioplastic film produced when algae percent was tripled in PVA concentration had better physical and mechanical characteristics, and the bioplastic films degraded in the environment within a short time. According to the current study, seaweed might serve as an alternative source for the production of bioplastic, which could help minimize the use of non-biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Alwaleed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Aml Ibrahim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Hani Saber
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
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23
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Kalia VC, Patel SKS, Karthikeyan KK, Jeya M, Kim IW, Lee JK. Manipulating Microbial Cell Morphology for the Sustainable Production of Biopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:410. [PMID: 38337299 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The total rate of plastic production is anticipated to surpass 1.1 billion tons per year by 2050. Plastic waste is non-biodegradable and accumulates in natural ecosystems. In 2020, the total amount of plastic waste was estimated to be 367 million metric tons, leading to unmanageable waste disposal and environmental pollution issues. Plastics are produced from petroleum and natural gases. Given the limited fossil fuel reserves and the need to circumvent pollution problems, the focus has shifted to biodegradable biopolymers, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone. PHAs are gaining importance because diverse bacteria can produce them as intracellular inclusion bodies using biowastes as feed. A critical component in PHA production is the downstream processing procedures of recovery and purification. In this review, different bioengineering approaches targeted at modifying the cell morphology and synchronizing cell lysis with the biosynthetic cycle are presented for product separation and extraction. Complementing genetic engineering strategies with conventional downstream processes, these approaches are expected to produce PHA sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin C Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kugalur K Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Marimuthu Jeya
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai 600100, India
| | - In-Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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24
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Soo XYD, Jia L, Lim QF, Chua MH, Wang S, Hui HK, See JMR, Chen Y, Li J, Wei F, Tomczak N, Kong J, Loh XJ, Fei X, Zhu Q. Hydrolytic degradation and biodegradation of polylactic acid electrospun fibers. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141186. [PMID: 38215833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Increased use of bioplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreases energy consumption and lowers pollution, but its degradation efficiency has much room for improvement. The degradation rate of electrospun PLA fibers of varying diameters ranging from 0.15 to 1.33 μm is measured during hydrolytic degradation under different pH from 5.5 to 10, and during aerobic biodegradation in seawater supplemented with activated sewage sludge. In hydrolytic conditions, varying PLA fiber diameter had significant influence over percentage weight loss (W%L), where faster degradation was achieved for PLA fibers with smaller diameter. W%L was greatest for PLA-5 > PLA-12 > PLA-16 > PLA-20, with average W%L at 30.7%, 27.8%, 17.2% and 14.3% respectively. While different pH environment does not have a significant influence on PLA degradation, with W%L only slightly higher for basic environments. Similarly biodegradation displayed faster degradation for small diameter fibers with PLA-5 attaining the highest degree of biodegradation at 22.8% after 90 days. Hydrolytic degradation resulted in no significant structural change, while biodegradation resulted in significant hydroxyl end capping products on the PLA surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of degraded PLA fibers showed a deteriorated morphology of PLA-5 and PLA-12 fibers with increased adhesion structures and irregularly shaped fibers, while a largely unmodified morphology for PLA-16 and PLA-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Linran Jia
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Qi Feng Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hui Kim Hui
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Regine See
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yunjie Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jiuwei Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Fengxia Wei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore; Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
| | - Xunchang Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore; Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore.
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25
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Azarnejad N, Celletti S, Ghorbani M, Fedeli R, Loppi S. Dose-Dependent Effects of a Corn Starch-Based Bioplastic on Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.): Implications for Growth, Biochemical Parameters, and Nutrient Content. TOXICS 2024; 12:80. [PMID: 38251035 PMCID: PMC10818275 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a pressing global issue, prompting the exploration of sustainable alternatives such as bioplastics (BPs). In agriculture, BPs have gained relevance as mulching films. This study investigated the effect of the presence in the soil of different concentrations (0-3%, w/w) of a corn starch-based bioplastic on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The results showed that increasing bioplastic concentration reduced shoot fresh biomass production. Biochemical analyses revealed changes in the shoot in soluble protein content, biomarkers of oxidative and osmotic stress (malondialdehyde and proline, respectively), anti-radical activity, and antioxidant compounds (phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid), which are indicative of plant adaptive mechanisms in response to stress caused by the presence of the different concentrations of bioplastic in the soil. Macro- and micronutrient analysis showed imbalances in nutrient uptake, with a decreased content of potassium, phosphorus, and manganese, and an increased content of magnesium, iron, and copper in the shoot at high BP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Azarnejad
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.A.); (M.G.); (R.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Silvia Celletti
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.A.); (M.G.); (R.F.); (S.L.)
- BioAgry Lab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Majid Ghorbani
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.A.); (M.G.); (R.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Riccardo Fedeli
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.A.); (M.G.); (R.F.); (S.L.)
- BioAgry Lab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (N.A.); (M.G.); (R.F.); (S.L.)
- BioAgry Lab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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26
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Zuiderveen EAR, Kuipers KJJ, Caldeira C, Hanssen SV, van der Hulst MK, de Jonge MMJ, Vlysidis A, van Zelm R, Sala S, Huijbregts MAJ. The potential of emerging bio-based products to reduce environmental impacts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8521. [PMID: 38129383 PMCID: PMC10739733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The current debate on the sustainability of bio-based products questions the environmental benefits of replacing fossil- by bio-resources. Here, we analyze the environmental trade-offs of 98 emerging bio-based materials compared to their fossil counterparts, reported in 130 studies. Although greenhouse gas life cycle emissions for emerging bio-based products are on average 45% lower (-52 to -37%; 95% confidence interval), we found a large variation between individual bio-based products with none of them reaching net-zero emissions. Grouped in product categories, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions ranged from 19% (-52 to 35%) for bioadhesives to 73% (-84 to -54%) for biorefinery products. In terms of other environmental impacts, we found evidence for an increase in eutrophication (369%; 163 to 737%), indicating that environmental trade-offs should not be overlooked. Our findings imply that the environmental sustainability of bio-based products should be evaluated on an individual product basis and that more radical product developments are required to reach climate-neutral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A R Zuiderveen
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Koen J J Kuipers
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Caldeira
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Steef V Hanssen
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell K van der Hulst
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Circularity & Sustainability Impacts, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Melinda M J de Jonge
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anestis Vlysidis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rosalie van Zelm
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Serenella Sala
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Circularity & Sustainability Impacts, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Thomas AP, Kasa VP, Dubey BK, Sen R, Sarmah AK. Synthesis and commercialization of bioplastics: Organic waste as a sustainable feedstock. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:167243. [PMID: 37741416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Substituting synthetic plastics with bioplastics, primarily due to their inherent biodegradable properties, represents a highly effective strategy to address the current global issue of plastic waste accumulation in the environment. Advances in bioplastic research have led to the development of materials with improved properties, enabling their use in a wide range of applications in major commercial sectors. Bioplastics are derived from various natural sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biopolymer synthesized by bacteria through microbial fermentation, exhibits physicochemical and mechanical characteristics comparable to those of synthetic plastics. In response to the growing demand for these environmentally friendly plastics, researchers are actively investigating various cleaner production methods, including modification or derivatization of existing molecules for enhanced properties and new-generation applications to expand their market share in the coming decades. By 2026, the commercial manufacturing capacity of bioplastics is projected to reach 7.6 million tonnes, with Europe currently holding a significant market share of 43.5 %. Bioplastics are predominantly utilized in the packaging industry, indicating a strong focus of their application in the sector. With the anticipated rise in bioplastic waste volume over the next few decades, it is crucial to comprehend their fate in various environments to evaluate the overall environmental impact. Ensuring their complete biodegradation involves optimizing waste management strategies and appropriate disposal within these facilities. Future research efforts should prioritize exploration of their end-of-life management and toxicity assessment of degradation products. These efforts are crucial to ensure the economic viability and environmental sustainability of bioplastics as alternatives to synthetic plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaly P Thomas
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Vara Prasad Kasa
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Dubey
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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28
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Mozejko-Ciesielska J, Moraczewski K, Czaplicki S, Singh V. Production and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Halomonas alkaliantarctica utilizing dairy waste as feedstock. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22289. [PMID: 38097607 PMCID: PMC10721877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the global demand for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is significantly increasing. PHAs are produced by several bacteria that are an alternative source of synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical refineries. This study established a simple and more feasible process of PHA production by Halomonas alkaliantarctica using dairy waste as the only carbon source. The data confirmed that the analyzed halophile could metabolize cheese whey (CW) and cheese whey mother liquor (CWML) into biopolyesters. The highest yield of PHAs was 0.42 g/L in the cultivation supplemented with CWML. Furthermore, it was proved that PHA structure depended on the type of by-product from cheese manufacturing, its concentration, and the culture time. The results revealed that H. alkaliantarctica could produce P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymer in the cultivations with CW at 48 h and 72 h without adding of any precursors. Based on the data obtained from physicochemical and thermal analyses, the extracted copolymer was reported to have properties suitable for various applications. Overall, this study described a promising approach for valorizing of dairy waste as a future strategy of industrial waste management to produce high value microbial biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mozejko-Ciesielska
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85064, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylwester Czaplicki
- Department of Plant Food Chemistry and Processing, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Cieszyński 1, 10726, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, India
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29
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Akinsemolu A, Onyeaka H. Exploring the Role of Green Microbes in Sustainable Bioproduction of Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4617. [PMID: 38232039 PMCID: PMC10708544 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Research efforts have shifted to creating biodegradable polymers to offset the harmful environmental impacts associated with the accumulation of non-degradable synthetic polymers in the environment. This review presents a comprehensive examination of the role of green microbes in fostering sustainable bioproduction of these environment-friendly polymers. Green microbes, primarily algae and cyanobacteria, have emerged as promising bio-factories due to their ability to capture carbon dioxide and utilize solar energy efficiently. It further discusses the metabolic pathways harnessed for the synthesis of biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and the potential for genetic engineering to augment their production yields. Additionally, the techno-economic feasibility of using green microbes, challenges associated with the up-scaling of biopolymer production, and potential solutions are elaborated upon. With the twin goals of environmental protection and economic viability, green microbes pave the way for a sustainable polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenike Akinsemolu
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Integrated Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo 351101, Nigeria
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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30
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Bautista-Zamudio PA, Flórez-Restrepo MA, López-Legarda X, Monroy-Giraldo LC, Segura-Sánchez F. Biodegradation of plastics by white-rot fungi: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165950. [PMID: 37536592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is one of the most environmental problems in the last two centuries, because of their excessive usage and their rapidly increasing production, which overcome the ability of natural degradation. Moreover, this problem become an escalating environmental issue caused by inadequate disposal, ineffective or nonexistent waste collection methods, and a lack of appropriate measures to deal with the problem, such as incineration and landfilling. Consequently, plastic wastes have become so ubiquitous and have accumulated in the environment impacting ecosystems and wildlife. The above, enhances the urgent need to explore alternative approaches that can effectively reduce waste without causing harsh environmental consequences. For example, white-rot fungi are a promising alternative to deal with the problem. These fungi produce ligninolytic enzymes able to break down the molecular structures of plastics, making them more bioavailable and allowing their degradation process, thereby mitigating waste accumulation. Over the years, several research studies have focused on the utilization of white-rot fungi to degrade plastics. This review presents a summary of plastic degradation biochemistry by white-rot fungi and the function of their ligninolytic enzymes. It also includes a collection of different research studies involving white-rot fungi to degrade plastic, their enzymes, the techniques used and the obtained results. Also, this highlights the significance of pre-treatments and the study of plastic blends with natural fibers or metallic ions, which have shown higher levels of degradation. Finally, it raises the limitations of the biotechnological processes and the prospects for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Bautista-Zamudio
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra Flórez-Restrepo
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Xiomara López-Legarda
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Leidy Carolina Monroy-Giraldo
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Freimar Segura-Sánchez
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Celletti S, Fedeli R, Ghorbani M, Aseka JM, Loppi S. Exploring sustainable alternatives: Wood distillate alleviates the impact of bioplastic in basil plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:166484. [PMID: 37611709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in bioplastics and bio-based crop management products in agriculture is driven by the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. However, recent research has raised concerns about the sustainability of bioplastics due to their potential negative impact on crop growth and yield, with implications for the environment and human health. In this study, wood distillate (WD) was evaluated as a natural enhancer of plant growth and defence system to mitigate the negative impact of a starch-based bioplastic on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. The study analyzed physiological and biochemical changes in basil plants subjected for 35 days to single or combined treatments of WD and bioplastic by measuring biomarkers of healthy growth, such as soluble proteins, sugars, vitamin C, and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that WD promoted basil development, whereas the presence of bioplastic hindered it. Interestingly, WD did not affect sugars but increased vitamin C by 12 %, which is considered a positive effect as changes in sugar levels could indicate plant stress. In contrast, bioplastic resulted in reduced sugars (-41 %) and increased (+17 %) MDA level, while vitamin C content remained unchanged. However, when WD was added to plants grown with bioplastic, it elevated the levels of all examined parameters, except for sugars and vitamin C, which experienced reductions (-66 % and 33 %, respectively). Intriguingly, despite this reduction, the observed direct correlation between sugar and vitamin C contents was maintained, indicating that the decrease in sugar content may have reached a critical threshold. This study suggests that the use of WD has the potential to alleviate the adverse effects of bioplastic on basil growth and development and highlights the importance of adopting sustainable practices in agriculture, as well as the need for a critical assessment of the environmental impact of new technologies and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Celletti
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Fedeli
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Majid Ghorbani
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Jonan Mbela Aseka
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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32
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Adamu Ugya Y, Chen H, Sheng Y, Ajibade FO, Wang Q. A review of microalgae biofilm as an eco-friendly approach to bioplastics, promoting environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116833. [PMID: 37543134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we delve into the challenges hindering the large-scale production of microalgae-based bioplastics, primarily focusing on economic feasibility and bioplastic quality. To address these issues, we explore the potential of microalgae biofilm cultivation as a sustainable and highly viable approach for bioplastic production. We present a proposed method for producing bioplastics using microalgae biofilm and evaluate its environmental impact using various tools such as life cycle analysis (LCA), ecological footprint analysis, resource flow analysis, and resource accounting. While pilot-scale and large-scale LCA data are limited, we utilize alternative indicators such as energy efficiency, carbon footprint, materials management, and community acceptance to predict the environmental implications of commercializing microalgae biofilm-based bioplastics. The findings of this study indicate that utilizing microalgae biofilm for bioplastic production offers significant environmental sustainability benefits. The system exhibits low energy requirements and a minimal carbon footprint. Moreover, it has the potential to address the issue of wastewater by utilizing it as a carbon source, thereby mitigating associated problems. However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations associated with the method proposed in this review. Further research is needed to explore and engineer precise techniques for manipulating microalgae biofilm structure to optimize the accumulation of desired metabolites. This could involve employing chemical triggers, metabolic engineering, and genetic engineering to achieve the intended goals. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of microalgae biofilm as a viable and sustainable solution for bioplastic production. While acknowledging the advantages, it also emphasizes the need for continued synthetic studies to enhance the efficiency and reliability of this approach. By addressing the identified drawbacks and maximizing the utilization of advanced techniques, we can further harness the potential of microalgae biofilm in contributing to a more environmentally friendly and economically feasible bioplastic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunusa Adamu Ugya
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Department of Environmental Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yangyang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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Trotta F, Da Silva S, Massironi A, Mirpoor SF, Lignou S, Ghawi SK, Charalampopoulos D. Silver Bionanocomposites as Active Food Packaging: Recent Advances & Future Trends Tackling the Food Waste Crisis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4243. [PMID: 37959923 PMCID: PMC10650736 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food waste is a pressing global challenge leading to over $1 trillion lost annually and contributing up to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Extensive study has been directed toward the use of active biodegradable packaging materials to improve food quality, minimize plastic use, and encourage sustainable packaging technology development. However, this has been achieved with limited success, which can mainly be attributed to poor material properties and high production costs. In the recent literature, the integration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has shown to improve the properties of biopolymer, prompting the development of bionanocomposites. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of AgNPs against foodborne pathogens leads towards food shelf-life improvement and provides a route towards reducing food waste. However, few reviews have analyzed AgNPs holistically throughout a portfolio of biopolymers from an industrial perspective. Hence, this review critically analyses the antibacterial, barrier, mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties of AgNP-based bionanocomposites. These advanced materials are also discussed in terms of food packaging applications and assessed in terms of their performance in enhancing food shelf-life. Finally, the current barriers towards the commercialization of AgNP bionanocomposites are critically discussed to provide an industrial action plan towards the development of sustainable packaging materials to reduce food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Trotta
- Metalchemy Limited., 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK; (S.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sidonio Da Silva
- Metalchemy Limited., 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK; (S.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessio Massironi
- Metalchemy Limited., 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK; (S.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Mirpoor
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Stella Lignou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Sameer Khalil Ghawi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
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Sharma N, Vuppu S. In Silico Study of Enzymatic Degradation of Bioplastic by Microalgae: An Outlook on Microplastic Environmental Impact Assessment, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00886-w. [PMID: 37758971 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are tiny pieces of non-biodegradable plastic that can take thousands of years to break down. As microplastics degrade, they release harmful compounds into the environment, which can be found in the surroundings. The microplastics found in the environment are hard to detect and remove because of their small particle sizes. Microplastics cannot decompose naturally, so they accumulate in the environment and cause pollution. As a result, bioplastics can be produced from a vast array of substrates, including biopolymers, citrus peels, leather, and feather wastes. Blue-green microalgae namely Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) contains enzymes such as laccase and catalase which can be responsible for the degradation of bioplastics. In our study, we performed molecular docking to identify the binding affinities of different enzymes such as laccase and catalase with different substrates, focusing on determining the most suitable substrate for enhancing enzyme activity for degradation of bioplastics. The analysis revealed that veratryl alcohol is the most suitable substrate for laccase, whereas lignin is the more preferred substrate for catalase with the highest binding affinity score of - 5.9 and - 8.1 kcal/mol. Moreover, degradation, challenges, opportunities, and applications of bioplastics in numerous domains such as cosmetics, electronics, agriculture, medical, textiles, and food industries have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India.
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35
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Delatorre FM, Cupertino GFM, Pereira AKS, de Souza EC, da Silva ÁM, Ucella Filho JGM, Saloni D, Profeti LPR, Profeti D, Dias Júnior AF. Photoluminous Response of Biocomposites Produced with Charcoal. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3788. [PMID: 37765642 PMCID: PMC10536408 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the possible effects of global warming, new materials that do not have a negative impact on the environment are being studied. To serve a variety of industries and outdoor applications, it is necessary to consider the impact of photoluminosity on the performance of biocomposites in order to accurately assess their durability characteristics and prevent substantial damage. Exposure to photoluminosity can result in adverse effects such as discoloration, uneven surface, loss of mass, and manipulation of the intrinsic mechanical properties of biocomposites. This study aims to evaluate general charcoal from three pyrolysis temperatures to understand which charcoal is most suitable for photoluminosity and whether higher pyrolysis temperatures have any significant effect on photoluminosity. Porosity, morphology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of charcoal were analyzed. Charcoal obtained at a temperature of 800 °C demonstrates remarkable potential as a bioreinforcement in polymeric matrices, attributable to its significantly higher porosity (81.08%) and hydrophobic properties. The biocomposites were characterized for flexural strength, tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed an improvement in tensile strength after exposure to photoluminosity, with an increase of 69.24%, 68.98%, and 54.38% at temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 °C, respectively, in relation to the treatment control. It is notorious that the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity after photoluminosity initially had a negative impact on mechanical strength, the incorporation of charcoal from higher pyrolysis temperatures showed a substantial increase in mechanical strength after exposure to photoluminosity, especially at 800 °C with breaking strength of 53.40 MPa, and modulus of elasticity of 4364.30 MPA. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an improvement in morphology, with a decrease in roughness at 800 °C, which led to greater adhesion to the polyester matrix. These findings indicate promising prospects for a new type of biocomposite, particularly in comparison with other polymeric compounds, especially in engineering applications that are subject to direct interactions with the weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Martins Delatorre
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, Jerônimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fontes Mayrinck Cupertino
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, Jerônimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil
| | - Allana Katiussya Silva Pereira
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP). Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Elias Costa de Souza
- Institute of Xingu Studies, Federal University of South and Southeast Pará (UNIFESSPA), Subdivision Cidade nova, QD 15, Sector 15, São Félix do Xingu 68380-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Álison Moreira da Silva
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP). Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - João Gilberto Meza Ucella Filho
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, Jerônimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil
| | - Daniel Saloni
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Demetrius Profeti
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre 29500-000, ES, Brazil
| | - Ananias Francisco Dias Júnior
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, Jerônimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil
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36
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Navasingh RJH, Gurunathan MK, Nikolova MP, Królczyk JB. Sustainable Bioplastics for Food Packaging Produced from Renewable Natural Sources. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3760. [PMID: 37765615 PMCID: PMC10534797 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to find an effective, environmentally acceptable solution, such as bioplastics or biodegradable plastics, to the world's rising plastics demand and the resulting ecological destruction. This study has focused on the environmentally friendly production of bioplastic samples derived from corn starch, rice starch, and tapioca starch, with various calcium carbonate filler concentrations as binders. Two different plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol, were employed singly and in a rich blend. To test the differences in the physical and chemical properties (water content, absorption of moisture, water solubility, dissolution rate in alcohol, biodegradation in soil, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and FT-IR) of the produced samples, nine samples from each of the three types of bioplastics were produced using various ratios and blends of the fillers and plasticizers. The produced bioplastic samples have a multitude of features that make them appropriate for a variety of applications. The test results show that the starch-based bioplastics that have been suggested would be a better alternative material to be used in the packaging sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes Navasingh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Proszkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
| | - Manoj Kumar Gurunathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Maria P. Nikolova
- Department of Material Science and Technology, University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev”, 8 Studentska Street, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria;
| | - Jolanta B. Królczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Proszkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
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37
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Ertz M, Cioca LI, Martinez LF. Editorial: Highlights in environmental psychology: pro-environmental purchase intent. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1268177. [PMID: 37736157 PMCID: PMC10509042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1268177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ertz
- Laboratory of Research on New Forms of Consumption (LaboNFC), Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Lucian-Ionel Cioca
- Industrial Engineering and Management Department, Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Luis F. Martinez
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
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Chavan P, Lata K, Kaur T, Rezek Jambrak A, Sharma S, Roy S, Sinhmar A, Thory R, Pal Singh G, Aayush K, Rout A. Recent advances in the preservation of postharvest fruits using edible films and coatings: A comprehensive review. Food Chem 2023; 418:135916. [PMID: 37001356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable growth in the creation of edible films and coatings, which is predicted to have a major impact on fruit quality in the coming years. Consumers want fresh fruits that are pesticide-free, good quality, high nutritional value, and a long shelf life. The use of edible coatings and films on fruits is an environmentally dependable approach to a creative solution to this problem. The application, recent trends, and views of coatings and edible films, as well as their impact on fruit quality, are presented in this article, along with a knowledge of their key roles and benefits. According to numerous studies, natural polymers are highly suited for use as packaging material for fresh fruits and can often be a viable alternative to synthetic chemicals. Plasticisers, surfactants, cross-linkers, antimicrobial agents, functional additives, nanoparticles, and fruit and vegetable residues can be used to alter the properties of edible coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafull Chavan
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Kiran Lata
- Food Processing and Technology, University School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201312, India
| | - Tanbeer Kaur
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Anet Rezek Jambrak
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, (Pierotti Street 6), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Somesh Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
| | - Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Archana Sinhmar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Rahul Thory
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Gurvendra Pal Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Krishna Aayush
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Abhisek Rout
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
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Ruini C, Neri P, Cavalaglio G, Coccia V, Cotana F, Raspolli Galletti AM, Morselli D, Fabbri P, Ferrari AM, Rosa R. Innovative Bioplasticizers from Residual Cynara cardunculus L. Biomass-Derived Levulinic Acid and Their Environmental Impact Assessment by LCA Methodology. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:12014-12026. [PMID: 37593378 PMCID: PMC10428505 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This work is focused on the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology for the quantification of the potential environmental impacts associated with the obtainment of levulinic acid from residual Cynara cardunculus L. biomass and its subsequent valorization in innovative bioplasticizers for tuning the properties as well as the processability of biopolymers. This potentially allows the production of fully biobased and biodegradable bioplastic formulations, thus addressing the issues related to the fossil origin and nonbiodegradability of conventional additives, such as phthalates. Steam explosion pretreatment was applied to the epigean residue of C. cardunculus L. followed by a microwave-assisted acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. After purification, the as-obtained levulinic acid was used to synthesize different ketal-diester derivatives through a three-step selective synthesis. The levulinic acid-base additives demonstrated remarkable plasticizing efficiency when added to biobased plastics. The LCA results were used in conjunction with those from the experimental activities to find the optimal compromise between environmental impacts and mechanical and thermal properties, induced by the bioadditives in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ruini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Metodi dell’Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
| | - Paolo Neri
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Metodi dell’Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cavalaglio
- Università
Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola f2, Napoli 80143, Italy
| | - Valentina Coccia
- Centro
Interuniversitario di Ricerca sull’Inquinamento e sull’Ambiente
“Mauro Felli”, Centro di Ricerca sulle Biomasse, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 63, Perugia 06125, Italy
| | - Franco Cotana
- Centro
Interuniversitario di Ricerca sull’Inquinamento e sull’Ambiente
“Mauro Felli”, Centro di Ricerca sulle Biomasse, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 63, Perugia 06125, Italy
| | | | - Davide Morselli
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Università di Bologna, via U. Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale per Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
(INSTM), via Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
| | - Paola Fabbri
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Università di Bologna, via U. Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale per Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
(INSTM), via Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Metodi dell’Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale per Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
(INSTM), via Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale En&Tech, Università
degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Tecnopolo di Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, Reggio Emilia 42123, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Metodi dell’Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Amendola 2, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Nazionale per Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
(INSTM), via Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale En&Tech, Università
degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Tecnopolo di Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, Reggio Emilia 42123, Italy
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Widjaja T, Hendrianie N, Nurkhamidah S, Altway A, Yusuf B, F F, Alifatul A, Pahlevi A. Poly lactic acid production using the ring opening polymerization (ROP) method using Lewis acid surfactant combined iron (Fe) catalyst (Fe(DS) 3). Heliyon 2023; 9:e17985. [PMID: 37520956 PMCID: PMC10382635 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LASC catalyst synthesis process was carried out using iron metal (Fe) and its characterization properties were tested. There are five stages carried out, namely, the manufacture of the LASC Fe(DS)3 catalyst, lactic acid dehydration, polycondensation of lactic acid into l-lactic acid oligomers (OLLA), depolymerization of oligomers into l-lactide, and the ROP process to convert l-lactide into Polymers. l-lactic acid (PLLA). The analysis used is as follows, Karl-Fisher; Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR); and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HNMR); Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC); Thermogravimetry Gravity Analysis (TGA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Based on the experimental results, the catalyst Fe(DS)3 has a crystallinity value of 24% which indicates an amorphous nature and is easy to react. The value of the thermal stability of the catalyst is at 180 °C where the catalyst is able to process up to a temperature of 180 °C. Each step of the ROP is validated by FTIR analysis which shows that the components of the group are in accordance with the expected product. The comparison of the crystallinity values of PLA produced with FeCl3 and Fe(DS)3 were 37.5 and 49%, respectively. Melting temperature (Tm) values are 111 and 107 °C, respectively, Td values are 327 and 352 °C, and the resulting molecular weights are 23,720 and 20,232 g/mol. Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the use of a LASC catalyst in the form of Fe(DS)3 is more effective than without using a LASC catalyst.
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Abdelshafy A, Hermann A, Herres‐Pawlis S, Walther G. Opportunities and Challenges of Establishing a Regional Bio-based Polylactic Acid Supply Chain. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200218. [PMID: 37483423 PMCID: PMC10362116 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the bioplastic with the highest market share. However, it is mainly produced from first-generation feedstock and there are various inconsistencies in the literature in terms of its production and recycling processes, carbon footprint, and prices. The aim of this study is to compile and contrast these aspects and investigate second-generation PLA production from technical, economic, and ecological perspectives simultaneously. The comprehensive analyses also show the chances and challenges of originating a PLA supply chain in a specific region. Herein, the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) has been chosen as a region of interest. In addition to highlighting the industrial capabilities and synergies, the study quantifies and illustrates the locations of different suitable second-generation feedstocks in the region. However, the identified potentials can be challenged by various obstacles such as the high demand of bioresources, feedstock quality, spatial aspects, and logistics. Furthermore, the substantial price gap between PLA and fossil-based plastics can also discourage the investors to include PLA on their portfolios. Thus, the study also provides recommendations to overcome these obstacles and promote the regional value chains of bioplastics which may serve as prototype for other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdelshafy
- RWTH Aachen UniversityOperation Management52072Kackertstr. 7AachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
| | - Alina Hermann
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute for Inorganic Chemistry52074Landoltweg 1aAachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute for Inorganic Chemistry52074Landoltweg 1aAachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
| | - Grit Walther
- RWTH Aachen UniversityOperation Management52072Kackertstr. 7AachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
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Ali SS, Abdelkarim EA, Elsamahy T, Al-Tohamy R, Li F, Kornaros M, Zuorro A, Zhu D, Sun J. Bioplastic production in terms of life cycle assessment: A state-of-the-art review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:100254. [PMID: 37020495 PMCID: PMC10068114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The current transition to sustainability and the circular economy can be viewed as a socio-technical response to environmental impacts and the need to enhance the overall performance of the linear production and consumption paradigm. The concept of biowaste refineries as a feasible alternative to petroleum refineries has gained popularity. Biowaste has become an important raw material source for developing bioproducts and biofuels. Therefore, effective environmental biowaste management systems for the production of bioproducts and biofuels are crucial and can be employed as pillars of a circular economy. Bioplastics, typically plastics manufactured from bio-based polymers, stand to contribute to more sustainable commercial plastic life cycles as part of a circular economy in which virgin polymers are made from renewable or recycled raw materials. Various frameworks and strategies are utilized to model and illustrate additional patterns in fossil fuel and bioplastic feedstock prices for various governments' long-term policies. This review paper highlights the harmful impacts of fossil-based plastic on the environment and human health, as well as the mass need for eco-friendly alternatives such as biodegradable bioplastics. Utilizing new types of bioplastics derived from renewable resources (e.g., biowastes, agricultural wastes, or microalgae) and choosing the appropriate end-of-life option (e.g., anaerobic digestion) may be the right direction to ensure the sustainability of bioplastic production. Clear regulation and financial incentives are still required to scale from niche polymers to large-scale bioplastic market applications with a truly sustainable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Samir Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Esraa A. Abdelkarim
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Tamer Elsamahy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Rania Al-Tohamy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Fanghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150090, China
| | - Michael Kornaros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Antonio Zuorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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43
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Dirpan A, Ainani AF, Djalal M. A Review on Biopolymer-Based Biodegradable Film for Food Packaging: Trends over the Last Decade and Future Research. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2781. [PMID: 37447428 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the use of biopolymers as food packaging materials due to their important characteristics and properties. These include non-toxicity, ease of availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, indicating their potential as an alternative to conventional plastic packaging that has long been under environmental scrutiny. Given the current focus on sustainable development, it is imperative to develop studies on biopolymers as eco-friendly and sustainable food packaging materials. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore trends and characteristics of biopolymer-based biodegradable films for food packaging, analyze the contribution of various journals and cooperation between countries, highlight the most influential authors and articles, and provide an overview of the social, environmental, and economic aspects of biodegradable films for food packaging. To achieve this goal, a bibliometric analysis and systematic review based on the PRISMA method were conducted. Relevant articles were carefully selected from the Scopus database. A bibliometric analysis was also conducted to discuss holistically, comprehensively, and objectively biodegradable films for food packaging. An increasing interest was found in this study, especially in the last 3 years with Brazil and China leading the number of papers on biodegradable films for food packaging, which were responsible for 20.4% and 12.5% of the published papers, respectively. The results of the keyword analysis based on the period revealed that the addition of bioactive compounds into packaging films is very promising because it can increase the quality and safety of packaged food. These results reveal that biodegradable films demonstrate a positive and promising trend as food packaging materials that are environmentally friendly and promote sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Dirpan
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Science and Technology on Food Product Diversification, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Fadiah Ainani
- Research Group for Post-Harvest Technology and Biotechnology, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muspirah Djalal
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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Jayakumar A, Radoor S, Siengchin S, Shin GH, Kim JT. Recent progress of bioplastics in their properties, standards, certifications and regulations: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163156. [PMID: 37003328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact associated with fossil fuel-based polymers has paved the way to explore biopolymer-based plastics, their properties, and their applications. Bioplastics are polymeric materials that are greatly interesting due to their eco-friendlier and non-toxic nature. In recent years, exploring the different sources of bioplastics and their applications has become one of the active research areas. Biopolymer-based plastics have applications in food packaging, pharmaceuticals, electronics, agricultural, automotive and cosmetic sectors. Bioplastics are considered safe, but there are several economic and legal challenges to implementing them. Hence, this review aims to i) outline the terminology associated with bioplastics, its global market, major sources, types and properties of bioplastics, ii) discuss the major bioplastic waste management and recovery options, iii) provide the major standards and certifications regarding bioplastics, iv) explore the various country-wise regulations and restrictions associated with bioplastics, and v) enumerate the various challenges and limitations associated with bioplastics and future directions. Therefore, providing adequate knowledge about various bioplastics, their properties and regulatory aspects can be of great importance in the industrialization, commercialization and globalization of bioplastics to replace petroleum-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Martellini T, Russo A, Cincinelli A, Santini S, Lofrumento C, Baini M, Ciattini S, Conti L, Mostardini F, Mercatelli L, Ugolini A. Bioplastics on marine sandy shores: Effects on the key species Talitrus saltator (Montagu, 1808). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162811. [PMID: 36924974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Talitrid amphipods are an important component of detritus web, playing a key role in the fragmentation of organic matters of marine and terrestrial origin, and it is well known that sandhoppers ingest microplastics. To assess the effective consumption of bioplastics and their effects on survival rate and on pollutants transfer (i.e. phthalates) on supralittoral arthropods, laboratory experiments were conducted by feeding adult T. saltator with two different types of bioplastic commonly used in the production of shopping bags. Groups of about 20 individuals were fed with 10 × 10 cm sample sheets of the two types of bioplastic for four weeks. The results show that amphipods ingest bioplastics even in the absence of microbial film and that ingestion of bioplastic can have effects on talitrid amphipods. Microtomographic analyses of faecal pellets seem consistent with this finding. The high phthalate concentrations in freshly collected individuals suggest the presence in the environment of these compounds, and the ability of amphipods to assimilate them, while the decrease in phthalate concentrations in bioplastic-fed individuals could be attributed to the scavenging effect of virgin plastic, as already observed in a previous study. In summary, the results indicate that different bioplastics may have effects on T. saltator (i.e. survival rate and faecal pellets structure) and confirm a potential role of amphipods in the degradation of bioplastics in supralittoral zone of marine sandy beaches, even when bioplastics are not colonized by bacterial biofilm that seems to improve palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Romana 17, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy; CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Saul Santini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lofrumento
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Baini
- Department of Environmental, Earth and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciattini
- Centro di Cristallografia (CRIST), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Luca Mercatelli
- National institute of Optics, CNR, Largo E. Fermi, 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Ugolini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Romana 17, 50125 Florence, Italy.
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Shah SS, Asghar Z. Dynamics of social influence on consumption choices: A social network representation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17146. [PMID: 37389035 PMCID: PMC10300328 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, through employing Friedkin Johnsen's model, we provide a valuable tool for understanding the complex dynamics of social influence and informational inducements in shaping consumption behaviour and highlight the need for governments, businesses, and individuals to address environmental concerns proactively. People mostly derive anticipation utility from consuming commodities through online shopping. Results suggest that in an information-loving society, people tend to follow the opinion of their groups, which can lead to inefficient choices. On the other hand, in a completely information-averse society, people tend to make inconsistent choices, leading to a lack of consensus. However, in a responsible society, individuals prioritise their own opinions and preferences while still taking into account the information and opinions of others. This results in a slow convergence of opinions, which can lead to responsible consumption and decision-making. People should be encouraged to form their own opinions based on their own experiences and preferences while still considering the information and opinions of others. It can lead to a more efficient and responsible society. Individuals with high self-confidence and self-control are more likely to resist peer pressure and make decisions that align with their values and goals. So, it is essential to consider the context and nature of the social influence when evaluating its impact on people's decision-making. Consumers are not the only players who can shape the world's future. Consumers, governments, corporations, and the media all have important roles to play, and their efforts must be coordinated and complementary to create a more sustainable future.
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Shang Z, Wang R, Zhang X, Tu Y, Sheng C, Yuan H, Wen L, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Yang G, Feng Y, Ren G. Differential effects of petroleum-based and bio-based microplastics on anaerobic digestion: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162674. [PMID: 36894074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The number of plastics is increasing owing to the rapid development of the plastics industry. Microplastics (MPs) are formed during the use of both petroleum-based plastics and newly developed bio-based plastics. These MPs are inevitably released into the environment and are enriched in wastewater treatment plant sludge. Anaerobic digestion is a popular sludge stabilization method for wastewater treatment plants. Understanding the potential impacts of different MPs on anaerobic digestion is critical. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of petroleum-based MPs and bio-based MPs in anaerobic digestion methane production and compares their potential effects on biochemical pathways, key enzyme activities, and microbial communities. Finally, it identifies problems that must be solved in the future, proposes the focus of future research, and predicts the future development direction of the plastics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Shang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiyi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongle Tu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenjing Sheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Yuan
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulu Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Gaihe Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongzhong Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangxin Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Kong U, Mohammad Rawi NF, Tay GS. The Potential Applications of Reinforced Bioplastics in Various Industries: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102399. [PMID: 37242974 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of bioplastics has been an evolution for plastic industry since conventional plastics have been claimed to cause several environmental issues. Apart from its biodegradability, one of the advantages can be identified of using bioplastic is that they are produced by renewal resources as the raw materials for synthesis. Nevertheless, bioplastics can be classified into two types, which are biodegradable and non-biodegradable, depending on the type of plastic that is produced. Although some of the bioplastics are non-biodegradable, the usage of biomass in synthesising the bioplastics helps in preserving non-renewable resources, which are petrochemical, in producing conventional plastics. However, the mechanical strength of bioplastic still has room for improvement as compared to conventional plastics, which is believed to limit its application. Ideally, bioplastics need to be reinforced for improving their performance and properties to serve their application. Before 21st century, synthetic reinforcement has been used to reinforce conventional plastic to achieve its desire properties to serve its application, such as glass fiber. Owing to several issues, the trend has been diversified to utilise natural resources as reinforcements. There are several industries that have started to use reinforced bioplastic, and this article focuses on the advantages of using reinforced bioplastic in various industries and its limitations. Therefore, this article aims to study the trend of reinforced bioplastic applications and the potential applications of reinforced bioplastics in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwei Kong
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Arora Y, Sharma S, Sharma V. Microalgae in Bioplastic Production: A Comprehensive Review. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023; 48:7225-7241. [PMID: 37266400 PMCID: PMC10183103 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current era of industrialization includes a constantly increasing demand for plastic products, but because plastics are rarely recycled and are not biodegradable plastic pollution or "white pollution" has been the result. The consumption of petroleum-based plastics will be 20% of global annual oil by 2050, and thus there is an inevitable need to find an innovative solution to reduce plastic pollution. The biodegradable and environmentally benign bioplastics are suitable alternative to fossil-based plastics in the market due to sustainability, less carbon footprint, lower toxicity and high degradability rate. Microalgal species is an innovative approach to be explored and improved for bioplastic production. Microalgae are generally present in abundant quantity in our ecosystem, and polysaccharide in the algae can be processed and utilized to make biopolymers. Also, these species have a high growth rate and can be easily cultivated in wastewater streams. The review aims to determine the recent status of bioplastic production techniques from microalgal species and also reveal optimization opportunities involved in the process. Several strategies for bioplastic production from algal biomass are being discussed nowadays, and the most prominent are "with blending" (blending of algal biomass with bioplastics and starch) and "without blending" (microalgae as a feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoates production). The advanced research on modern bioengineering techniques and well-established genetic tools like CRISPR-Cas9 should be encouraged to develop recombinant microalgae strains with elevated levels of PHA/PHB inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukta Arora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab India
| | - Shivika Sharma
- Biochemical Conversion Division, SSS-NIBE, Kapurthala, Punjab India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab India
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50
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Bartolucci L, Cordiner S, De Maina E, Kumar G, Mele P, Mulone V, Igliński B, Piechota G. Sustainable Valorization of Bioplastic Waste: A Review on Effective Recycling Routes for the Most Widely Used Biopolymers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097696. [PMID: 37175402 PMCID: PMC10178466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics-based materials have a high carbon footprint, and their disposal is a considerable problem for the environment. Biodegradable bioplastics represent an alternative on which most countries have focused their attention to replace of conventional plastics in various sectors, among which food packaging is the most significant one. The evaluation of the optimal end-of-life process for bioplastic waste is of great importance for their sustainable use. In this review, the advantages and limits of different waste management routes-biodegradation, mechanical recycling and thermal degradation processes-are presented for the most common categories of biopolymers on the market, including starch-based bioplastics, PLA and PBAT. The analysis outlines that starch-based bioplastics, unless blended with other biopolymers, exhibit good biodegradation rates and are suitable for disposal by composting, while PLA and PBAT are incompatible with this process and require alternative strategies. The thermal degradation process is very promising for chemical recycling, enabling building blocks and the recovery of valuable chemicals from bioplastic waste, according to the principles of a sustainable and circular economy. Nevertheless, only a few articles have focused on this recycling process, highlighting the need for research to fully exploit the potentiality of this waste management route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bartolucci
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cordiner
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Maina
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Pietro Mele
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mulone
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Bartłomiej Igliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM, Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, Legionów 40a/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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