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Salgado CL, Corea AFM, Covre LP, Fonseca-Martins AMD, Falqueto A, Guedes HLDM, Rossi-Bergmann B, Gomes DCO. Intranasal delivery of LaAg vaccine improves immunity of aged mice against visceral Leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107125. [PMID: 38280636 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
There are no approved vaccines yet for human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of the leishmaniasis clinical manifestations that is fatal in over 95 % of untreated cases. It is well-accepted that immunological changes during aging have deleterious impact on the efficacy of vaccines and response to infections. In this work, we compared the response of young and aged mice to intranasal vaccination with killed Leishmania amazonensis promastigote antigens (LaAg) that were then challenged with L. infantum infection, a species that causes visceral leishmaniasis. Intranasal vaccination with LaAg induced a similar reduction in parasitism and hepatosplenomegaly in both young and aged mice compared to their unvaccinated counterparts. Following infection, there was also a less prominent inflammatory profile particularly in the vaccinated aged group, with lower production of TNF-α and nitrite compared to the respective unvaccinated group. Interestingly, the LaAg intranasal vaccination promoted increased production of IFN-γ that was observed in both young- and aged vaccinated groups. Additionally, CD4+ and CD8+T cells from both vaccinated groups presented decreased expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and KLRG1 compared to their unvaccinated controls. Interestingly, a strong positive correlation was observed between the expression of both inhibitory receptors PD-1 and KLRG1 and parasitism, which was more conspicuous in the unvaccinated-aged mice than in the others. Overall, this study helps define new strategies to improve vaccine effectiveness and provides a perspective for prophylactic alternatives against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Loureiro Salgado
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Polaco Covre
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aloisio Falqueto
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cláudio Oliviera Gomes
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
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Nateghi-Rostami M, Sohrabi Y. Memory T cells: promising biomarkers for evaluating protection and vaccine efficacy against leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1304696. [PMID: 38469319 PMCID: PMC10925770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1304696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune response to Leishmania infection and identifying biomarkers that correlate with protection are crucial for developing effective vaccines. One intriguing aspect of Leishmania infection is the persistence of parasites, even after apparent lesion healing. Various host cells, including dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and Langerhans cells, may serve as safe sites for latent infection. Memory T cells, especially tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), play a crucial role in concomitant immunity against cutaneous Leishmania infections. These TRM cells are long-lasting and can protect against reinfection in the absence of persistent parasites. CD4+ TRM cells, in particular, have been implicated in protection against Leishmania infections. These cells are characterized by their ability to reside in the skin and rapidly respond to secondary infections by producing cytokines such as IFN-γ, which activates macrophages to kill parasites. The induction of CD4+ TRM cells has shown promise in experimental immunization, leading to protection against Leishmania challenge infections. Identifying biomarkers of protection is a critical step in vaccine development and CD4+ TRM cells hold potential as biomarkers, as their presence and functions may correlate with protection. While recent studies have shown that Leishmania-specific memory CD4+ T-cell subsets are present in individuals with a history of cutaneous leishmaniasis, further studies are needed to characterize CD4+ TRM cell populations. Overall, this review highlights the importance of memory T cells, particularly skin-resident CD4+ TRM cells, as promising targets for developing effective vaccines against leishmaniasis and as biomarkers of immune protection to assess the efficacy of candidate vaccines against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I-Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Catarino JDS, de Oliveira RF, Silva MV, Sales-Campos H, de Vito FB, da Silva DAA, Naves LL, Oliveira CJF, Rodrigues DBR, Rodrigues V. Genetic variation of FcγRIIa induces higher uptake of Leishmania infantum and modulates cytokine production by adherent mononuclear cells in vitro. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343602. [PMID: 38455048 PMCID: PMC10917923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Single nucleotide variations (SNVs) are specific genetic variations that commonly occur in a population and often do not manifest phenotypically. However, depending on their location and the type of nucleotide exchanged, an SNV can alter or inhibit the function of the gene in which it occurs. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor genes have exhibited several polymorphisms, including rs1801274, which is found in the FcgRIIa gene. The replacement of A with T results in a Histidine (H) to Arginine (R) substitution, altering the affinity of the IgG receptor for IgG subtypes and C-reactive protein (CRP). In this study, we analyzed rs1801274 and its functional implications concerning L. Infantum uptake and cytokine production. Methods We genotyped 201 individuals from an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis to assess the presence of rs1801274 using Taqman probes for a candidate gene study. Additionally, we included seventy individuals from a non-endemic area for a functional study. Subsequently, we isolated and cultivated one-week adherent mononuclear cells (AMCs) derived from the peripheral blood of participants residing in the non-endemic region in the presence of L. infantum promastigotes, with and without antigen-specific IgG and/or CRP. We analyzed the rate of phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 p70, IL-1b, IL- 6, and IL-8 in the culture supernatants. Results and discussion In participants from the endemic region, the A/G (H/R isoform) heterozygous genotype was significantly associated with susceptibility to the disease. Furthermore, SNVs induced a change in the phagocytosis rate in an opsonin-dependent manner. Opsonization with IgG increased the production of IL-10, TNF-a, and IL-6 in AMCs with the H/R isoform, followed by a decrease in NO production. The results presented here suggest that the rs1801274 polymorphism is linked to a higher susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas da Silva Catarino
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Faria de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernadelli de Vito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Djalma Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucila Langoni Naves
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Neuroimmuno Modulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ramos RAN, Giannelli A, Fasquelle F, Scuotto A, Betbeder D. Effective immuno-therapeutic treatment of Canine Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011360. [PMID: 37216392 PMCID: PMC10237639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by the L. infantum species is one of the biggest threats to the health of the South American canine population. Chemotherapeutics currently used for the treatment of CanL fail to induce a total parasite clearance while inducing numerous side effects. As CanL is an immunomodulated disease, the use of immuno-treatments should strengthen the deficient immune response of infected dogs. In this study, we evaluated a nasally administered immunotherapy in dogs naturally infected with L. infantum (stage 2), with both visceral and cutaneous manifestations. Noteworthy, some of them were also infected by other parasites (E. canis, D. immitis, A. platys), what worsen their chance of survival. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The treatment was based on 2 intranasal (IN.) administrations of a killed L. infantum parasite loaded into maltodextrin nanoparticles, which treatment was compared with the classical oral administration of Miltefosine (2 mg/kg) for 28 days, as well as a combination of these 2 treatments. The results showed that two IN administrations significantly reduced the serology, and were at least as efficient as the chemotherapy to reduce the skin and bone marrow parasite burden, as well as clinical scores, and that unlike Miltefosine treatments, this nasally administered nanoparticle vaccine was without side effects. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the feasibility of a simple therapeutic immuno-treatment against L. infantum infected dogs, which is a promising tool for future developments.
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Ojha R, Chand K, Vellingiri B, Prajapati VK. Cloning, expression and in vitro validation of chimeric multi epitope vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis infection. Life Sci 2023; 323:121689. [PMID: 37044174 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis or Kala-Azar is one of the most severe and deadly neglected tropical disease caused by the Leishmania parasite. A few number of vaccines are going through different phases in clinical trial but failing of these vaccines in successive phase trial or less efficacy, urge to develop highly immunogenic and cost-effective treatment to get rid of deadly VL. This study focuses on the development of more potent vaccine candidate against VL. The recombinant vaccine candidate LeiSp was expressed in Pichia pastoris, followed by purification and characterization. The purified protein was also tested for any post-translation modification, which favors being a potent immunogenic candidate. Further, the expression modulation of different pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated in THP1 cell lines. A significant upregulation in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while no significant changes were observed in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The impact of recombinant vaccine protein candidates in infected conditions were determined. Here, upon treatment with chimeric vaccine protein candidate, we observed a considerable recovery in the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which were downregulated upon infection alone. In addition to this, we found a significant decrease in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which were upregulated during infection alone. We further validated our findings in infected hPBMCs and observed similar expression modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with and without treatment. Thus, the present study indicates that the chimeric LeiSp protein which was designed using bioinformatics approaches shows a potential inductive efficacy for pro-inflammatory cytokines in Leishmania-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kailash Chand
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Dimmer JA, Cabral FV, Núñez Montoya SC, Ribeiro MS. Towards effective natural anthraquinones to mediate antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103525. [PMID: 36966867 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important tropical neglected disease with broad geographical dispersion. The lack of effective drugs has raised an urgent need to improve CL treatment, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been investigated as a new strategy to face it with positive outcomes. Natural compounds have emerged as promising photosensitizers (PSs), but their use in vivo remains unexplored. PURPOSE In this work, we investigated the potential of three natural anthraquinones (AQs) on CL induced by Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c mice. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS ANIMALS WERE INFECTED AND RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: CG (control, non-treated group), G5ClSor-gL (treated with 5-chlorosoranjidiol and green LED, 520±10 nm), GSor-bL and GBisor-bL (treated with soranjidiol and bisoranjidiol, respectively, exposed to violet-blue LED, 410±10 nm). All AQs were assayed at 10 μM and LEDs delivered a radiant exposure of 45 J/cm2 with an irradiance of 50 mW/cm2. We assessed the parasite burden in real time for three consecutive days. Lesion evolution and pain score were assessed over 3 weeks after a single APDT session. RESULTS G5ClSor-gL was able to sustain low levels of parasite burden over time. Besides, GSor-bL showed a smaller lesion area than the control group, inhibiting the disease progression. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data demonstrate that monoAQs are promising compounds for pursuing the best protocol for treating CL and helping to face this serious health problem. Studies involving host-pathogen interaction as well as monoAQ-mediated PDT immune response are also encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica A Dimmer
- Universidad Nacional Córdoba. Fac. Cs. Químicas. Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Edificio de Ciencias 2, Medina Allende y Haya de La Torre, Ciudad Universitaria. CP, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1666 CP, X5016GCN Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Fernanda V Cabral
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, C. Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Susana C Núñez Montoya
- Universidad Nacional Córdoba. Fac. Cs. Químicas. Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Edificio de Ciencias 2, Medina Allende y Haya de La Torre, Ciudad Universitaria. CP, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1666 CP, X5016GCN Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, C. Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Silva RCMC, Lopes MF, Travassos LH. Distinct T helper cell-mediated antitumor immunity: T helper 2 cells in focus. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:76-86. [PMID: 38328613 PMCID: PMC10846313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The adaptive arm of the immune system is crucial for appropriate antitumor immune responses. It is generally accepted that clusters of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T cells, which mediate T helper (Th) 1 immunity (type 1 immunity), are the primary Th cell subtype associated with tumor elimination. In this review, we discuss evidence showing that antitumor immunity and better prognosis can be associated with distinct Th cell subtypes in experimental mouse models and humans, with a focus on Th2 cells. The aim of this review is to provide an overview and understanding of the mechanisms associated with different tumor outcomes in the face of immune responses by focusing on the (1) site of tumor development, (2) tumor properties (i. e., tumor metabolism and cytokine receptor expression), and (3) type of immune response that the tumor initially escaped. Therefore, we discuss how low-tolerance organs, such as lungs and brains, might benefit from a less tissue-destructive immune response mediated by Th2 cells. In addition, Th2 cells antitumor effects can be independent of CD8+ T cells, which would circumvent some of the immune escape mechanisms that tumor cells possess, like low expression of major histocompatibility-I (MHC-I). Finally, this review aims to stimulate further studies on the role of Th2 cells in antitumor immunity and briefly discusses emerging treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcela Freitas Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunity Biology George DosReis,Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Cytokine and phenotypic cell profiles in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270722. [PMID: 36602989 PMCID: PMC9815652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune mediators are likely to influence the clinical phenotype of leishmaniasis by primary responses which limit or facilitate the spread of the parasite, as well as by modulating adaptive immunity. This study investigated the response of key innate immune cells in a focus which regularly reports localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by Leishmania donovani, a species which typically causes visceral disease. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived macrophages and dendritic cells from patients with LCL and healthy controls from endemic and non-endemic areas, were stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA). Inflammatory mediators produced by macrophages (TNF-α/TGF-β/IL-10, ELISA; NO, Griess method) and dendritic cells (IL-12p70, IL-10, flowcytometry) and macrophage expression of surface markers of polarization, activation and maturation (flowcytometry) were determined at 24h, 48h and 72h and compared. Study was conducted prospectively from 2015-2019. RESULTS Patient derived macrophages and dendritic cells produced higher levels of both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators compared to controls (p<0.05) with the best discrimination for active disease observed at 72h. Data demonstrated an early activation of macrophages and a subsequent pro-inflammatory bias, as indicated by temporal profiles of TNF-α/TGF-β and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios and higher proportions of classical (M1) macrophages. Higher TGF-β levels were observed in cells from patients with ulcerated or persistent lesions. Immune responses by cells derived from controls in endemic and non-endemic regions did not differ significantly from each other. CONCLUSIONS The overall immunophenotypic profile suggests that LCL observed in the country is the result of a balancing immune response between pro-inflammatory and regulatory mediators. The mediators which showed distinct profiles in patients warrant further investigation as potential candidates for immunotherapeutic approaches. A comparison with visceral leishmaniasis caused by the same species, would provide further evidence on the differential role of these mediators in the resulting clinical phenotype.
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Conde L, Maciel G, de Assis GM, Freire-de-Lima L, Nico D, Vale A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A. Humoral response in Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1063291. [PMID: 36579347 PMCID: PMC9791258 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1063291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis presents different types of clinical manifestations that can be divided into cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. The host's immune system, associated with genetic and nutritional factors, is strongly involved in the evolution of the disease or parasite escape. Humoral immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies capable of promoting neutralization, opsonization, and activation of the complement system. In this scenario, B lymphocytes produce antibodies that play an important role in Leishmania infection although neglected for a long time. Thus, relevant aspects in the establishment of Leishmania infection will be addressed, highlighting the importance of humoral immunity during the entire process of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Conde
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Maciel
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Meira de Assis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Vale
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Alexandre Morrot,
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Singhal J, Madan E, Chaurasiya A, Srivastava P, Singh N, Kaushik S, Kahlon AK, Maurya MK, Marothia M, Joshi P, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Host SUMOylation Pathway Negatively Regulates Protective Immune Responses and Promotes Leishmania donovani Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878136. [PMID: 35734580 PMCID: PMC9207379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is one of the post-translational modifications that have recently been described as a key regulator of various cellular, nuclear, metabolic, and immunological processes. The process of SUMOylation involves the modification of one or more lysine residues of target proteins by conjugation of a ubiquitin-like, small polypeptide known as SUMO for their degradation, stability, transcriptional regulation, cellular localization, and transport. Herein, for the first time, we report the involvement of the host SUMOylation pathway in the process of infection of Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Our data revealed that infection of L. donovani to the host macrophages leads to upregulation of SUMOylation pathway genes and downregulation of a deSUMOylating gene, SENP1. Further, to confirm the effect of the host SUMOylation on the growth of Leishmania, the genes associated with the SUMOylation pathway were silenced and parasite load was analyzed. The knockdown of the SUMOylation pathway led to a reduction in parasitic load, suggesting the role of the host SUMOylation pathway in the disease progression and parasite survival. Owing to the effect of the SUMOylation pathway in autophagy, we further investigated the status of host autophagy to gain mechanistic insights into how SUMOylation mediates the regulation of growth of L. donovani. Knockdown of genes of host SUMOylation pathway led to the reduction of the expression levels of host autophagy markers while promoting autophagosome–lysosome fusion, suggesting SUMOylation-mediated autophagy in terms of autophagy initiation and autophagy maturation during parasite survival. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also elevated upon the knockdown of genes of the host SUMOylation pathway during L. donovani infection. This indicates the involvement of the SUMOylation pathway in the modulation of protective immune responses and thus favoring parasite survival. Taken together, the results of this study indicate the hijacking of the host SUMOylation pathway by L. donovani toward the suppression of host immune responses and facilitation of host autophagy to potentially facilitate its survival. Targeting of SUMOylation pathway can provide a starting point for the design and development of novel therapeutic interventions to combat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalak Singhal
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anand Ranganathan
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | - Shailja Singh
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
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Thakur L, Madaan P, Jain A, Shankar V, Negi A, Chauhan SB, Sundar S, Singh OP, Jain M. An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response in Leishmania donovani Mediated Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the New Endemic State of Himachal Pradesh, India. Front Immunol 2022; 12:765684. [PMID: 35087516 PMCID: PMC8787830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis continues to afflict known and newer endemic sites despite global efforts towards its control and elimination. In this regard, the emergence of newer endemic sites with unusual disease formats is recognized wherein Leishmania donovani complex classically known to cause visceral disease is demonstrated to cause cutaneous manifestation. In this context, atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases caused by L. donovani genetic variants from the newer endemic state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) in India are beginning to be understood in terms of parasite determinants. The atypical CL manifestation further needs to be explored to define host immune correlates with a possible role in driving the unusual disease progression. In the given study, we performed comprehensive systemic-immune profiling of the atypical CL patients from the study area in HP, India, in comparison with the classical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients from the northeast region of India. The systemic immune response was studied using ELISA-based assessment of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and Th22 specific plasma cytokine expression pattern and parasite-specific total serum IgG/IgG subclasses. The specified immune correlates are known to exhibit heterogeneous association with the different infecting parasite species, infection load, and co-lateral host immunopathology in classical CL and VL. In the atypical CL patient group, altered expression of IL-10 emerged as the key finding that could potentially fine-tune the Th1/Th17/Th22 effector cytokine axis towards a localized cutaneous manifestation. A reduced expression of IL-10 along with a high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio as a readout of effective parasite killing defined atypical cutaneous outcome. In contrast, high circulatory IL-10 levels and a depressed IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were seen in classical VL patients in line with an ineffective parasite-killing cytokine response. Overall, the study highlights new knowledge on host immune correlates in terms of cytokine expression pattern and IgG subclasses that underline atypical disease manifestation such that L. donovani, a generally visceralizing parasite species cause skin localized cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovlesh Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Priyanka Madaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vinay Shankar
- Department of Dermatology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan, India
| | - Ajeet Negi
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Chan A, Ayala JM, Alvarez F, Piccirillo C, Dong G, Langlais D, Olivier M. The role of Leishmania GP63 in the modulation of innate inflammatory response to Leishmania major infection. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262158. [PMID: 34972189 PMCID: PMC8719666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is known to affect millions of individuals worldwide. In recent years, we have established the critical role played by Leishmania zinc-metalloprotease GP63 in the modulation of host macrophage signalling and functions, favouring its survival and progression within its host. Leishmania major lacking GP63 was reported to cause limited infection in mice, however, it is still unclear how GP63 may influence the innate inflammatory response and parasite survival in an in vivo context. Therefore, we were interested in analyzing the early innate inflammatory events upon Leishmania inoculation within mice and establish whether Leishmania GP63 influences this initial inflammatory response. Experimentally, L. major WT (L. majorWT), L. major GP63 knockout (L. majorKO), or L. major GP63 rescue (L. majorR) were intraperitoneally inoculated in mice and the inflammatory cells recruited were characterized microscopically and by flow cytometry (number and cell type), and their infection determined. Pro-inflammatory markers such as cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs, e.g. exosomes) were monitored and proteomic analysis was performed on exosome contents. Data obtained from this study suggest that Leishmania GP63 does not significantly influence the pathogen-induced inflammatory cell recruitment, but rather their activation status and effector function. Concordantly, internalization of promastigotes during early infection could be influenced by GP63 as fewer L. majorKO amastigotes were found within host cells and appear to maintain in host cells over time. Collectively this study provides a clear analysis of innate inflammatory events occurring during L. major infection and further establish the prominent role of the virulence factor GP63 to provide favourable conditions for host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aretha Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jose-Mauricio Ayala
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (DL)
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (DL)
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Soni B, Singh S. Synthetic Perturbations in IL6 Biological Circuit Induces Dynamical Cellular Response. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010124. [PMID: 35011356 PMCID: PMC8746995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phenotype plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Leishmanial infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines signals through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway that functions in parasite killing. Suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS) is a well-known negative feedback regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway. However, change in the expression levels of SOCSs in correlation with the establishment of infection is not well understood. IL6 is a pleotropic cytokine that induces SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression through JAK-STAT signaling. Mathematical modeling of the TLR2 and IL6 signaling pathway has established the immune axis of SOCS1 and SOCS3 functioning in macrophage polarization during the early stage of Leishmania major infection. The ratio has been quantified both in silico and in vitro as 3:2 which is required to establish infection during the early stage. Furthermore, phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3 have been established as an immunological cross talk between TLR2 and IL6 signaling pathways. Using synthetic biology approaches, peptide based immuno-regulatory circuits have been designed to target the activity of SOCS1 which can restore pro-inflammatory cytokine expression during infection. In a nutshell, we explored the potential of synthetic biology to address and rewire the immune response from Th2 to Th1 type during the early stage of leishmanial infection governed by SOCS1/SOCS3 immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shailza Singh
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8296 (ext. 95); Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
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Wen TH, Tsai KW, Wu YJ, Liao MT, Lu KC, Hu WC. The Framework for Human Host Immune Responses to Four Types of Parasitic Infections and Relevant Key JAK/STAT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413310. [PMID: 34948112 PMCID: PMC8705408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human host immune responses to parasitic infections are complex. They can be categorized into four immunological pathways mounted against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH1 immunity involving macrophages (M1), interferon gamma (IFNγ) CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 1 (NKp44+ ILC1), CD8 T cells (Effector-Memory4, EM4), invariant natural killer T cells 1 (iNKT1) cells, and immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) B cells. For intracellular protozoa, the tolerable host immunological pathway is TH1-like immunity involving macrophages (M2), interferon gamma (IFNγ)/TGFβ CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 1 (NKp44- ILC1), CD8 T cells (EM3), invariant natural killer T 1 (iNKT1) cells, and immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) B cells. For free-living extracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH22 immunity involving neutrophils (N1), interleukin-22 CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 3 (NCR+ ILC3), iNKT17 cells, and IgG2 B cells. For free-living extracellular protozoa, the tolerable host immunological pathway is TH17 immunity involving neutrophils (N2), interleukin-17 CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 3 (NCR- ILC3), iNKT17 cells, and IgA2 B cells. For endoparasites (helminths), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2a immunity with inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS), interleukin-5/interleukin-4 CD4 T cells, interleukin-25 induced inflammatory innate lymphoid cells 2 (iILC2), tryptase-positive mast cells (MCt), iNKT2 cells, and IgG4 B cells. For ectoparasites (parasitic insects and arachnids), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2b immunity with inflammatory basophils, chymase- and tryptase-positive mast cells (MCct), interleukin-3/interleukin-4 CD4 T cells, interleukin-33 induced nature innate lymphoid cells 2 (nILC2), iNKT2 cells, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) B cells. The tolerable host immunity against ectoparasites and endoparasites is TH9 immunity with regulatory eosinophils, regulatory basophils, interleukin-9 mast cells (MMC9), thymic stromal lymphopoietin induced innate lymphoid cells 2, interleukin-9 CD4 T cells, iNKT2 cells, and IgA2 B cells. In addition, specific transcription factors important for specific immune responses were listed. This JAK/STAT signaling is key to controlling or inducing different immunological pathways. In sum, Tfh is related to STAT5β, and BCL6 expression. Treg is related to STAT5α, STAT5β, and FOXP3. TH1 immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT4, and T-bet. TH2a immunity is related to STAT6, STAT1α, GATA1, and GATA3. TH2b immunity is related to STAT6, STAT3, GATA2, and GATA3. TH22 immunity is associated with both STAT3α and AHR. THαβ immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT1β, STAT2, STAT3β, and ISGF. TH1-like immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT4, STAT5α, and STAT5β. TH9 immunity is related to STAT6, STAT5α, STAT5β, and PU.1. TH17 immunity is related to STAT3α, STAT5α, STAT5β, and RORG. TH3 immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT1β, STAT2, STAT3β, STAT5α, STAT5β, and ISGF. This categorization provides a complete framework of immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections. This framework as well as relevant JAK/STAT signaling can provide useful knowledge to control allergic hypersensitivities and parasitic infections via development of vaccines or drugs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Wen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-Jun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation No. 289, Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-89676779
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15
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Chemokines in Leishmaniasis: Map of cell movements highlights the landscape of infection and pathogenesis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Im K, Combes AJ, Spitzer MH, Satpathy AT, Krummel MF. Archetypes of checkpoint-responsive immunity. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:960-974. [PMID: 34642094 PMCID: PMC8724347 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy in cancer is currently predicted by disparate individual measures - with varying degrees of accuracy - including tumor mutation burden, tumor-infiltrating T cell densities, dendritic cell frequencies, and the expression of checkpoint ligands. We propose that many of these individual parameters are linked, forming two distinct 'reactive' immune archetypes - collections of cells and gene expression - in ICB-responsive patients. We hypothesize that these are 'seeds' of antitumor immunity and are supported by specific elements of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and by actions of the microbiome. Although removing 'immunosuppressive' factors in the TME is important, understanding and parsing reactive immunity is crucial for optimal prognosis and for engaging this biology with candidate therapies to increase tumor cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Im
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexis J Combes
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Antonia AL, Barnes AB, Martin AT, Wang L, Ko DC. Variation in Leishmania chemokine suppression driven by diversification of the GP63 virulence factor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009224. [PMID: 34710089 PMCID: PMC8577781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with diverse outcomes ranging from self-healing lesions, to progressive non-healing lesions, to metastatic spread and destruction of mucous membranes. Although resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis is a classic example of type-1 immunity leading to self-healing lesions, an excess of type-1 related inflammation can contribute to immunopathology and metastatic spread. Leishmania genetic diversity can contribute to variation in polarization and robustness of the immune response through differences in both pathogen sensing by the host and immune evasion by the parasite. In this study, we observed a difference in parasite chemokine suppression between the Leishmania (L.) subgenus and the Viannia (V.) subgenus, which is associated with severe immune-mediated pathology such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. While Leishmania (L.) subgenus parasites utilize the virulence factor and metalloprotease glycoprotein-63 (gp63) to suppress the type-1 associated host chemokine CXCL10, L. (V.) panamensis did not suppress CXCL10. To understand the molecular basis for the inter-species variation in chemokine suppression, we used in silico modeling to identify a putative CXCL10-binding site on GP63. The putative CXCL10 binding site is in a region of gp63 under significant positive selection, and it varies from the L. major wild-type sequence in all gp63 alleles identified in the L. (V.) panamensis reference genome. Mutating wild-type L. (L.) major gp63 to the L. (V.) panamensis sequence at the putative binding site impaired cleavage of CXCL10 but not a non-specific protease substrate. Notably, Viannia clinical isolates confirmed that L. (V.) panamensis primarily encodes non-CXCL10-cleaving gp63 alleles. In contrast, L. (V.) braziliensis has an intermediate level of activity, consistent with this species having more equal proportions of both alleles. Our results demonstrate how parasite genetic diversity can contribute to variation in immune responses to Leishmania spp. infection that may play critical roles in the outcome of infection. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites and spread by the bites of infected sand flies. Most cases of leishmaniasis present as self-healing sores that are resolved by a balanced immune response. Other cases of leishmaniasis involve spread to sites distant from the original bite, including damage of the inner surfaces of the mouth and nose. These cases of leishmaniasis involve an excessive immune response. Leishmania parasites produce virulence factor proteins, such as GP63, to trick the immune system into mounting a weaker response. GP63 specifically degrades signaling proteins that attract and activate certain immune cells. Here, we demonstrate that Leishmania parasite species have evolved to differ in their ability to degrade signaling proteins. In Leishmania species known to cause more immune-mediated tissue damage, the GP63 virulence factor has evolved to not degrade specific immune signaling proteins, thus attracting, and activating more immune cells. Our results demonstrate how diversity among Leishmania parasite species can contribute to variation in immune responses that may play critical roles in the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro L. Antonia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alyson B. Barnes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amelia T. Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Taraghian M, Hanif H, Mousavi P, Cheshmeh ZB, Samei A, Abdollahi A, Vazini H. The Comparison of the IFN-ɤ, TNF-α and IL-10 Cytokines in Healing and Non-healing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:490-498. [PMID: 34630595 PMCID: PMC8476719 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is one of the main vectors borne and neglected tropical parasitic diseases. T cell cytokine responses are highly important in the presentations of disease such as control or progression, and understanding of the host immunological response is valuable in diagnosis, follow-up, and vaccine designs. In the current study, the profile of IFN-ɤ, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines was investigated through the ELISA technique in PBMCs isolated from antimony resistance and susceptible patients. Methods: In this experimental study, 54 patients with healing (n=27) or non-healing (n=27) CL were recruited. Lesion samples were collected to determine the genotype of Leishmania spp. and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained to evaluate the cytokines profiles using soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) mitogen. Cytokines were assessed by the ELISA technique Results: The IFN-ɤ and TNF-α cytokines were significantly increased in the healing group treated with both SLA antigen and PHA mitogen (P<0.001). The level of IL-10 was significantly increased in non-healing and significantly declined in healing groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: The profile of IFN-ɤ, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines are crucially associated with the response of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Taraghian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Helena Hanif
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan
| | - Parisa Mousavi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Azam Samei
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abbas Abdollahi
- Department of Microbiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hossein Vazini
- Nursing Department, Basic Sciences Faculty, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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19
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Ribeiro CS, França RR, Silva JA, Silva SCD, Uliana SRB, Boaventura VS, Machado PRL. Cellular infiltrate in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and therapeutic outcome. An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:544-550. [PMID: 34330599 PMCID: PMC8441461 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is a challenge. A better understanding of the in situ mechanisms involved in the evolution and cure of the disease is essential for the development of new therapies. OBJECTIVE Correlate histopathological and immunological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions with clinical outcome after different treatment regimens. METHODS The authors analyzed cellular infiltration and immunohistochemistry staining for CD4, CD8 and IL-17 in biopsy samples from 33 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis before treatment. All patients were recruited in a randomized clinical trial at Corte de Pedra (Bahia-Brazil) and assigned to receive Glucantime®, Glucantime® + Oral Tamoxifen or Glucantime® + Topical Tamoxifen. Patients were followed for 2 to 6 months to define disease outcome. RESULTS A similar expression of CD4, CD8 and IL-17 was observed in lesion samples regardless of clinical outcome. In general, a higher amount of CD8 cells were observed compared with CD4 cells. An important observation was that all patients whose cellular infiltrate did not contain plasma cells were cured after treatment. STUDY LIMITATIONS Isolated quantification of TCD8 and IL-17 using immunohistochemistry is insufficient to analyze the role of these molecules in the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In addition, the expansion of the immunohistochemistry panel would allow a more complete analysis of the immune response in situ. CONCLUSIONS The absence of plasma cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions was related to a favorable therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riam Rocha França
- Immunology Service. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sílvia R B Uliana
- Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Immunology Service. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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20
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Holcomb EA, Cipriano N, Cox B, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685296. [PMID: 34169006 PMCID: PMC8217655 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. The disease has high morbidity and mortality rates and is prevalent in over 80 countries, leaving more than 300 million people at risk of infection. Of all of the manifestations of this disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form and it presents as ulcerating skin lesions that can self-heal or become chronic, leading to disfiguring scars. This review focuses on the different pathologies and disease manifestations of CL, as well as their varying degrees of severity. In particular, this review will discuss self-healing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), leishmaniasis recidivans (LR), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL), disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), which is a cutaneous manifestation observed in some visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients after successful treatment. The different clinical manifestations of CL are determined by a variety of factors including the species of the parasites and the host's immune response. Specifically, the balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory mediators plays a vital role in the clinical presentation and outcome of the disease. Depending upon the immune response, Leishmania infection can also transition from one form of the disease to another. In this review, different forms of cutaneous Leishmania infections and their immunology are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Erin A. Holcomb
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Cipriano
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Blake Cox
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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21
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Jafarzadeh A, Nair A, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Saha B. Immunological role of keratinocytes in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12870. [PMID: 34028815 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following inoculation of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, into the skin of a mammal, the epidermal keratinocytes recognize the parasite and influence the local immune response that can give rise to different outcomes of leishmaniasis. The early keratinocyte-derived cytokines and keratinocytes-T cells interactions shape the anti-leishmanial immune responses that contribute to the resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The keratinocyte-derived cytokines can directly potentiate the leishmanicidal activity of monocytes and macrophages. As keratinocytes express MHC-II and enhance the expression of costimulatory molecules, these cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Depending on the epidermal microenvironment, the keratinocytes induce various types of effector CD4+ T cells. Keratinocyte apoptosis and necrosis have been also implicated in ulceration in CL. Further, keratinocytes contribute to the healing of Leishmania-related cutaneous wounds. However, keratinocyte-derived IL-10 may play a key role in the development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). In this review, a comprehensive discussion regarding the multiple roles played by keratinocytes during leishmaniasis was provided, while highlighting novel insights concerning the immunological and pathological roles of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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22
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Rostami MN, Khamesipour A. Potential biomarkers of immune protection in human leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:81-100. [PMID: 33934238 PMCID: PMC8088758 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic in over 100 countries around the world. Available control measures are not always successful, therapeutic options are limited, and there is no vaccine available against human leishmaniasis, although several candidate antigens have been evaluated over the last decades. Plenty of studies have aimed to evaluate the immune response development and a diverse range of host immune factors have been described to be associated with protection or disease progression in leishmaniasis; however, to date, no comprehensive biomarker(s) have been identified as surrogate marker of protection or exacerbation, and lack of enough information remains a barrier for vaccine development. Most of the current understanding of the role of different markers of immune response in leishmaniasis has been collected from experimental animal models. Although the data generated from the animal models are crucial, it might not always be extrapolated to humans. Here, we briefly review the events during Leishmania invasion of host cells and the immune responses induced against Leishmania in animal models and humans and their potential role as a biomarker of protection against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6383, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Miranda GS, Resende SD, Cardoso DT, Camelo GMA, Silva JKAO, de Castro VN, Geiger SM, Carneiro M, Negrão-Corrêa D. Previous History of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Alters Susceptibility and Immune Response Against Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Humans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630934. [PMID: 33777015 PMCID: PMC7990892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis and Leishmaniasis are chronic parasitic diseases with high prevalence in some tropical regions and, due to their wide distribution, a risk of co-infections is present in some areas. Nevertheless, the impact of this interaction on human populations is still poorly understood. Thus, the current study evaluated the effect of previous American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) on the susceptibility and immune response to Schistosoma mansoni infection in residents from a rural community in Northern of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, an area endemic for both parasitic infections. The participants answered a socioeconomic questionnaire and provided stool and blood samples for parasitological and immunological evaluations. Stool samples were examined by a combination of parasitological techniques to identify helminth infections, especially S. mansoni eggs. Blood samples were used for hemograms and to measure the serum levels of cytokines and chemokines. Reports on previous ATL were obtained through interviews, clinical evaluation forms, and medical records. S. mansoni infection was the most prevalent parasitic infection in the study population (46%), and the majority of the infected individuals had a very low parasite burden. In the same population, 93 individuals (36.2%) reported previous ATL, and the prevalence of S. mansoni infection among these individuals was significantly higher than among individuals with no ATL history. A multiple logistic regression model revealed that S. mansoni infection was positively associated with higher levels of CCL3 and CCL17, and a higher frequency of IL-17 responders. Moreover, this model demonstrated that individuals with an ATL history had a 2-fold higher probability to be infected with S. mansoni (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.04–3.68). Among S. mansoni-infected individuals, the logistic regression demonstrated that a previous ATL history was negatively associated with the frequency of IL-17 responders and CXCL10 higher responders, but positively associated with higher IL-27 responders. Altogether, our data suggest that previous ATL may alter the susceptibility and the immune response in S. mansoni-infected individuals, which may likely affect the outcome of schistosomiasis and the severity of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Brazil
| | - Samira Diniz Resende
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diogo Tavares Cardoso
- Laboratory of Intestinal Helminthiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Genil Mororó Araújo Camelo
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Kelvin Alves Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Normandio de Castro
- Laboratory of Intestinal Helminthiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stefan Michael Geiger
- Laboratory of Intestinal Helminthiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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24
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Sandoval C, Araujo G, Sosa W, Avalos S, Silveira F, Corbett C, Zúniga C, Laurenti M. In situ cellular immune response in non-ulcerated skin lesions due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200149. [PMID: 33708246 PMCID: PMC7909480 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin lesions of patients affected by non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis
(NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi are characterized
by lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate associated with epithelioid
granuloma and scarce parasitism. However, the in situ
cellular immune response of these patients is unclear. Therefore, the aim of
the present study was to characterize the cellular immune response in the
skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL. Methods Twenty biopsies were processed by immunohistochemistry using primary
antibodies to T lymphocytes (CD4, CD8), NK cells, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, nitric oxide synthase and interferon-gamma. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed higher expression of all cellular types and
molecules (IFN-γ, iNOS) in the dermis of diseased skin compared to the skin
of healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Morphometric analysis performed in the
skin lesions sections showed the predominance of CD8+ T
lymphocytes in the mononuclear infiltrate, followed by macrophages, mostly
iNOS+, a response that could be mediated by IFN-γ. Conclusion Our study improves knowledge of the cellular immune response in
non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (L.)
infantum chagasi in Central America and pointed to the pivotal
participation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the host defense
mechanisms against the parasite in patients with NUCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandoval
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Araujo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo Sosa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sara Avalos
- Master Program in Infectious and Zoonotic diseases, School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando Silveira
- Department of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Corbett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Department of Health Surveillance, School Hospital, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcia Laurenti
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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26
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Ejghal R, Charoute H, Talimi H, Rhazlane S, Lemrani M. Meta-analysis of -308G > A polymorphism in TNFα gene and susceptibility to leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2021; 140:155437. [PMID: 33503580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis depends on several factors, including Leishmania species and immunogenetic factors. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a central role in immunity against intracellular infections. Many studies have reported that TNFα-308G > A polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to intracellular infections and influences TNFα production. Some studies on the implications of TNFα-308G > A polymorphism in the susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis showed controversial results. To draw an overall conclusion using accurate data analysis by increasing the number of cases studied, a meta-analysis was performed based on data from the studies included in the analysis. A total of 1264 patients and 2350 controls were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The results showed no significant association between allele G and allele A of -308G > A polymorphism and leishmaniasis by taking the two subgroups separately [ORCL = 0.99 (0.84-1.18) and ORVL = 1.19 (0.88-1.59)] or together [OR = 1.04 (0.90-1.20)]. This meta-analysis insinuates the absence of statistical evidence for an association between allele G and allele A of TNFα-308G > A polymorphism and Leishmania infection outcome. This suggests that TNFα, despite its crucial role in the immune response against Leishmania infection, is not the sole determinant factor. Other factors, such as gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, receptors, and signaling pathway efficiency, may influence TNFα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaâ Ejghal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Hicham Charoute
- Bio-Informatics Department, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Morocco
| | - Hasnaa Talimi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; National School of Applied Sciences, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Sara Rhazlane
- National School of Applied Sciences, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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27
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Shamsi Meymandi S, Dabiri S, Eslammanesh T, Azadeh B, Nadji M, Shamsi Meymandi M, Dabiri B, Dabiri D, Hakimi Parizi M, Bamorovat M. Immunopathology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and incidental diagnostic tool of metastatic granuloma: A case-control study. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104654. [PMID: 33253859 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease with important public health concerns in many parts of the world including Iran. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the histological changes and immunohistochemical quantification of inflammatory cells and their role in the immunopathology of acute, chronic non-lupoid, and chronic lupoid skin lesions in anthroponotic CL (ACL). METHODS In this study, skin biopsies of 53 patients with ACL were taken. Samples were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry to quantify the immune and inflammatory cells. RESULTS Of the 53 skin lesions, 38 were acute, nine chronic non-lupoid and six chronic lupoid. CD68+ macrophages were the most common cells. CD3+ T-lymphocytes were present as diffuse and focal dermal infiltrates and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were the dominant lymphocyte type, constituting more than 50% of the lymphocyte population. CD4+ T-lymphocytes in chronic non-lupoid (10.57 ± 2.37%) and chronic lupoid (14.40 ± 1.28%) lesions were more than those observed in the acute form (8.61 ± 1.31%), but the differences were not statistically significant. CD20+ B-lymphocytes constituted a small percentage of inflammatory cell infiltrates. CD1a + Langerhans cells showed progressively higher percentages from acute to chronic non-lupoid to chronic lupoid lesions. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) between acute and chronic lupoid lesions. CD68+ macrophages were the most common cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes remained the predominant T-lymphocytes in acute, chronic non-lupoid, and chronic lupoid lesions, suggesting their central role in the pathogenesis and possible healing of CL. CONCLUSION Focusing on the deep dermis, periadnexal and/or peripheral margins or even papillary tip of inflammatory sites of sandfly bites, we sometimes find granuloma inside lymphatic vessels (lymphangiectatic metastatic granuloma) or even infected macrophages with engulfed Leishman bodies faraway. Knowledge of the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings for various forms of ACL is essential in improving clinical and medical strategies and crucial for proper prophylactic and therapeutic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Shamsi Meymandi
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Bahram Azadeh
- Pathology Department, Liverpool Medical School, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mehrdad Nadji
- Pathology Department, Miami Medical School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Manzumeh Shamsi Meymandi
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Dabiri
- PGY2 Resident, Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Donya Dabiri
- Pediatric Dentistry Resident, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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28
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de Freitas E Silva R, Gálvez RI, Pereira VRA, de Brito MEF, Choy SL, Lotter H, Bosurgi L, Jacobs T. Programmed Cell Death Ligand (PD-L)-1 Contributes to the Regulation of CD4 + T Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574491. [PMID: 33193363 PMCID: PMC7642203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) affects up to one million people every year and treatments are costly and toxic. The regulation of the host immune response is complex and the knowledge of how CD4+ T cells are activated and maintained during Leishmania infection is still limited. Current therapies aim to target programmed cell death (PD)-1 and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L)-1 in order to boost T cell activity. However, the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during Leishmania infection is still unclear. In this study, we found that patients with active and post-treatment CL displayed different subsets of CD4+PD-1+ T cells. Accordingly, L. major-infected mice upregulated PD-1 on activated CD4+ T effector cells and PD-L1 on resident macrophages and infiltrating monocytes at the site of infection. L. major-infected Pdl1−/− mice expressed lower levels of MHCII and higher levels of CD206 on macrophages and monocytes and, more importantly, the lack of PD-L1 contributed to a reduced frequency of CD4+Ly6Chi T effector cells and an increase of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells at the site of infection and in draining lymph nodes. Additionally, the lack of PD-L1 was associated with lower production of IL-27 by infiltrating monocytes and lower levels of the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α produced by CD4+ T effector cells. Pdl1−/− mice initially exhibited larger lesions despite having a similar parasite load. Our results describe for the first time how the interruption of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis influences the immune response against CL and suggests that this axis regulates the balance between CD4+Ly6Chi T effector cells and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
| | - Rosa Isela Gálvez
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Siew Ling Choy
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Ursolic Acid Potentializes Conventional Therapy in Experimental Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100855. [PMID: 33092305 PMCID: PMC7589377 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpene with a broad array of pharmacological activities. In leishmaniasis, UA killed different species of parasites, and it was active in the experimental model of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the therapeutic efficacy of the conventional drugs amphotericin B (AmB) or glucantime (Glu) combined with UA in experimental visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. L. (L.) infantum-infected hamsters were treated with AmB alone or combined with UA. L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were treated with Glu alone or combined with UA. Animals were treated for 15 consecutive days by intraperitoneal or intralesional routes. Following one week after the last dose, the tissue parasitism and cellular immune responses were analyzed. Hamsters treated with 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg of AmB plus 1.0 mg/kg of UA showed low hepatic and splenic parasitisms; however, AmB given as monotherapy did not reduce the number of viable parasites in the spleen of treated animals. In cutaneous leishmaniasis, Glu given as monotherapy was inactive at 2.0 mg/kg, showed mild activity at 10.0 mg/kg, and at 50.0 mg/kg was highly active at eliminating parasites in the skin. When animals were treated with Glu plus UA, higher leishmanicidal activity was observed in comparison to all groups treated with monotherapy schemes, and such activity was related to lesion improvement and upregulation of IFN-γ production. Altogether, data suggest that the association of drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis can increase the efficiency of the treatment and decrease the toxicity associated to the conventional drugs.
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30
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Vanlier C, Marot L, Laranaga E, D'abadie P, Yombi JC, Yildiz H, Baeck M. A case report of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a misleading clinical presentation. Infection 2020; 49:177-180. [PMID: 32876896 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is often difficult because of the diversity of clinical presentations, its often-misleading appearance and the very long incubation period (time between the endemic stay and the onset of skin lesions). CASE We report the case of an otherwise healthy 67-year-old man who presented with inflammatory skin lesions on the scalp and face for the past 7 years. The lesions were first mistaken as cutaneous sarcoidosis, mycobacterial infection, and cutaneous lymphoma. Finally, the diagnosis was made by RT-PCR analysis on a punch-biopsy specimen, which was positive for Leishmania infantum. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: To date, the choice of treatment for complex cutaneous leishmaniases is based on the Leishmania species. Our patient successfully responded to liposomal amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentine Vanlier
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liliane Marot
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Anatomopathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Laranaga
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe D'abadie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Cyr Yombi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Halil Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Baeck
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Martins BR, Barbosa YO, Andrade CMR, Pereira LQ, Simão GF, de Oliveira CJ, Correia D, Oliveira RTS, da Silva MV, Silva ACA, Dantas NO, Rodrigues V, Muñoz RAA, Alves-Balvedi RP. Development of an Electrochemical Immunosensor for Specific Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10080081. [PMID: 32717832 PMCID: PMC7460044 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a reemerging neglected tropical disease with limitations for its diagnosis, including low concentration of antibodies in the serum of asymptomatic patients and cross-reactions. In this context, this work proposes an electrochemical immunosensor for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a more sensitive way that is capable of avoiding cross-reaction with Chagas disease (CD). Crude Leishmania infantum antigens tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were methodologically standardized to best engage to the sensor. The antibodies anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and anti-Leishmania sp. Present in serum from patients with diverse types of CD or leishmaniasis were chosen. A screen-printed carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles was the best platform to guarantee effective adsorption of all antigens so that the epitope of specific recognition for leishmaniasis occurred efficiently and without cross-reaction with the evaluated CD. The current peaks reduced linearly after the recognition, and still were able to notice the discrimination between different kinds of diseases (digestive, cardiac, undetermined Chagas/acute and visceral chronic leishmaniasis). Comparative analyses with ELISA were performed with the same groups, and a low specificity (44%) was verified due to cross-reactions (high number of false positives) on ELISA tests, while the proposed immunosensor presented high selectivity and specificity (100%) without any false positives or false negatives for the serum samples from isolated patients with different types of CD and visceral leishmaniasis. Furthermore, the biosensor was stable for 5 days and presented a detection limit of 200 ng mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz R. Martins
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (Y.O.B.); (C.J.d.O.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Yanne O. Barbosa
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (Y.O.B.); (C.J.d.O.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Cristhianne M. R. Andrade
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (C.M.R.A.); (L.Q.P.); (D.C.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Loren Q. Pereira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (C.M.R.A.); (L.Q.P.); (D.C.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Guilherme F. Simão
- Institute of Technological and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil;
| | - Carlo J. de Oliveira
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (Y.O.B.); (C.J.d.O.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (V.R.J.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (C.M.R.A.); (L.Q.P.); (D.C.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Dalmo Correia
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (C.M.R.A.); (L.Q.P.); (D.C.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Robson T. S. Oliveira
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (Y.O.B.); (C.J.d.O.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Marcos V. da Silva
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (C.M.R.A.); (L.Q.P.); (D.C.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Anielle C. A. Silva
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL 57072-970, Brazil; (A.C.A.S.); (N.O.D.)
| | - Noelio O. Dantas
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio-AL 57072-970, Brazil; (A.C.A.S.); (N.O.D.)
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (Y.O.B.); (C.J.d.O.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (V.R.J.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (C.M.R.A.); (L.Q.P.); (D.C.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38408-100, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.A.A.M.); (R.P.A.-B.)
| | - Renata P. Alves-Balvedi
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba-MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (Y.O.B.); (C.J.d.O.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (V.R.J.)
- Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Iturama-MG 38025-180, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.A.A.M.); (R.P.A.-B.)
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Kirik FE, Ülger M, Tezcan Ülger S, Aslan G. Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Turkish population. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12775. [PMID: 32656817 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to determine the association of TNF-α -308 G/A, IFN-γ +874 T/A, IL-12B + 1188 A/C, IL-10 -1082 G/A and IL-4 -590 C/T polymorphisms with susceptibility to CL. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 55 CL patients and 110 controls from Sanlıurfa province of Turkey were included to this study. Polymorphisms were genotyped by 'polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)' and 'amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR)' methods. A statistically significant difference was noted in the allele (P < .001, P = .002) and genotype (P < .001, P = .001,) frequencies of TNF-α -308 G/A and IL-4 -590 C/T, respectively. TNF-α 308 GG versus GA genotype (OR = 19.556 [95% CI 8.310-46.019] P < .001), GG versus GA + AA genotype (OR = 20.444 [95% CI 8.707-48.004] P < .001) and G versus A allele (OR = 6.968 [95% CI 3.903-12.440] P < .001) revealed significant association with CL. IL-4 -590 CC versus TT + CT genotype (OR = 2.049 [95% CI 1.025-4.096], P = .041) and C versus T allele (OR = 2.441 [95% CI 1.355-4.396], P = .002) revealed significant association with CL. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that TNF-α 308 G/A and IL-4-590 C/T polymorphisms are significantly associated with susceptibility to CL. Individuals carrying A allele at TNF-α promoter -308 position and T allele at IL-4 promoter -590 position are at a higher risk for CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Esin Kirik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ülger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seda Tezcan Ülger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Gönül Aslan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2496713. [PMID: 32656269 PMCID: PMC7320295 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2496713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem worldwide and spreads to human via the bite of sand flies during blood meal. Following its inoculation, the promastigotes are immediately taken up by phagocytic cells and these leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection. Many experimental studies showed that resistance to infection with leishmania paraites is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of CD4+ Th1 response. On the other hand, vulnerability to this parasitic infection is correlated to production of T helper 2 cytokines that facilitate persistence of parasites and disease progression. In addition, some studies have also indicated that CD8+ T cells play a vital role in immune defense through cytokine production and their cytotoxic activity and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators promote amplified recruitment of cells. This could be correlated with excessive inflammatory reaction and ultimately resulted in tissue destruction and development of immunopathogenesis. Thus, there are contradictions regarding the role of immune responses in protection and immunopathogenesis of CL disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the role of host immune response in protection and its contribution to disease severity for CL infection. In order to obtain more meaningful data regarding the nature of immune response to leishmania, further in-depth studies focused on immune modulation should be conducted to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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Amorim EADS, de França ÁA, Pereira VRA, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA. IL-1 family and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A poorly understood relationship. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:85-92. [PMID: 32540132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines of the interleukin (IL) -1 family act in the initiation of an effective immune response in Leishmania infection, represented mainly by the T helper 1 (Th1) profile, in addition to being associated with disease exacerbation and controversial contributions in the Th2 responses. The family also includes members who self-regulate inflammation, such as antagonists and anti-inflammatory cytokines, most of which have not yet been studied in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in humans. Here we summarize findings about what is known so far about the role of these cytokines in mice, the main study model, and in humans. We reinforce the importance of studies of these cytokines as new targets in the context of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Alves da Silva Amorim
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, PE, 55608-680, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Áquila Alcântara de França
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, PE, 55608-680, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, PE, 55608-680, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Liposomal Formulation of ChimeraT, a Multiple T-Cell Epitope-Containing Recombinant Protein, Is a Candidate Vaccine for Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020289. [PMID: 32526867 PMCID: PMC7349940 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniases are neglected diseases caused by infection with Leishmania parasites and there are no human vaccines in use routinely. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunogenicity of ChimeraT, a novel synthetic recombinant vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), incorporated into a human-compatible liposome formulation. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with ChimeraT/liposome vaccine, ChimeraT/saponin adjuvant, or ChimeraT/saline and immune responses examined in vitro and in vivo. Results: Immunization with the ChimeraT/liposome formulation induced a polarized Th1-type response and significant protection against L. infantum infection. ChimeraT/liposome vaccine stimulated significantly high levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines by both CD4 and CD8 T-cells, with correspondingly lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. Induced antibodies were predominantly IgG2a isotype, and homologous antigen-stimulated spleen cells produced significant nitrite as a proxy for nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, we examined a small number of treated VL patients and found higher levels of circulating anti-ChimeraT protein IgG2 antibodies, compared to IgG1 levels. Conclusions: Overall, the liposomal formulation of ChimeraT induced a protective Th1-type immune response and thus could be considered in future studies as a vaccine candidate against human VL.
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Effects of Meglumine Antimoniate Treatment on Cytokine Production in a Patient with Mucosal Leishmaniasis and Chagas Diseases Co-Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020069. [PMID: 32370270 PMCID: PMC7345053 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of antimoniate treatment on specific anti-protozoan T-cell responses was evaluated in a 48-year-old male patient diagnosed with mucosal leishmaniasis and Chagas disease infection. Before and after treatment, PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were cultured in the absence or presence of Leishmania braziliensis or Trypanosoma cruzi live parasites, their soluble antigens, or PHA (phytohaemagglutinin). Cytokines were measured and Treg (T regulatory) cell percentages were quantified. Before treatment, PBMC were able to produce higher amounts of TNF-α, IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and IL-10 (Interleukin-10) but lower amounts of IL-12 (Interleukin-12) in response to culture stimulation. However, after treatment, there was a down-modulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines but an up-modulation in IL-12 production. PBMC had the ability to produce TNF-α only against live parasites or PHA. There was an overall decrease of circulating Treg cells after treatment. In mixed Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease infection, treatment with antimoniate could modulate immune responses toward a more protective profile to both diseases.
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Hamoon Navard S, Rezvan H, Feiz Haddad MH, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Azami S. Expression of Cytokine Genes in Leishmania major-Infected BALB/c Mice Treated with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.8.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: The Complexity of Host's Effective Immune Response against a Polymorphic Parasitic Disease. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2603730. [PMID: 31871953 PMCID: PMC6913332 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2603730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive outline of the immune response displayed against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the more common zoonotic infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Although of polymorphic clinical presentation, classically CL is characterized by leishmaniotic lesions on the face and extremities of the patients, which can be ulcerative, and even after healing can lead to permanent injuries and disfigurement, affecting significantly their psychological, social, and economic well-being. According a report released by the World Health Organization, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to leishmaniasis are close to 2.4 million, annually there are 1.0–1.5 million new cases of CL, and a numerous population is at risk in the endemic areas. Despite its increasing worldwide incidence, it is one of the so-called neglected tropical diseases. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of the existing knowledge of the host innate and acquired immune response to cutaneous species of Leishmania. The use of animal models and of in vitro studies has improved the understanding of parasite-host interplay and the complexity of immune mechanisms involved. The importance of diagnosis accuracy associated with effective patient management in CL reduction is highlighted. However, the multiple factors involved in CL epizoology associated with the unavailability of vaccines or drugs to prevent infection make difficult to formulate an effective strategy for CL control.
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Antonia AL, Gibbs KD, Trahair ED, Pittman KJ, Martin AT, Schott BH, Smith JS, Rajagopal S, Thompson JW, Reinhardt RL, Ko DC. Pathogen Evasion of Chemokine Response Through Suppression of CXCL10. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:280. [PMID: 31440475 PMCID: PMC6693555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania (L.) major, depends on an immune response with well-regulated cytokine signaling. Here we describe a pathogen-mediated mechanism of evading CXCL10, a chemokine with diverse antimicrobial functions, including T cell recruitment. Infection with L. major in a human monocyte cell line induced robust CXCL10 transcription without increasing extracellular CXCL10 protein concentrations. We found that this transcriptionally independent suppression of CXCL10 is mediated by the virulence factor and protease, glycoprotein-63 (gp63). Specifically, GP63 cleaves CXCL10 after amino acid A81 at the base of a C-terminal alpha-helix. Cytokine cleavage by GP63 demonstrated specificity, as GP63 cleaved CXCL10 and its homologs, which all bind the CXCR3 receptor, but not distantly related chemokines, such as CXCL8 and CCL22. Further characterization demonstrated that CXCL10 cleavage activity by GP63 was produced by both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Crucially, CXCL10 cleavage impaired T cell chemotaxis in vitro, indicating that cleaved CXCL10 cannot signal through CXCR3. Ultimately, we propose CXCL10 suppression is a convergent mechanism of immune evasion, as Salmonella enterica and Chlamydia trachomatis also suppress CXCL10. This commonality suggests that counteracting CXCL10 suppression may provide a generalizable therapeutic strategy against intracellular pathogens. Importance Leishmaniasis, an infectious disease that annually affects over one million people, is caused by intracellular parasites that have evolved to evade the host's attempts to eliminate the parasite. Cutaneous leishmaniasis results in disfiguring skin lesions if the host immune system does not appropriately respond to infection. A family of molecules called chemokines coordinate recruitment of the immune cells required to eliminate infection. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism that Leishmania (L.) spp. employ to suppress host chemokines: a Leishmania-encoded protease cleaves chemokines known to recruit T cells that fight off infection. We observe that other common human intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis and Salmonella enterica, reduce levels of the same chemokines, suggesting a strong selective pressure to avoid this component of the immune response. Our study provides new insights into how intracellular pathogens interact with the host immune response to enhance pathogen survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro L. Antonia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Esme D. Trahair
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly J. Pittman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amelia T. Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Systematic Review of Host-Mediated Activity of Miltefosine in Leishmaniasis through Immunomodulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02507-18. [PMID: 31036692 PMCID: PMC6591591 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02507-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses are pivotal for the successful treatment of the leishmaniases, a spectrum of infections caused by Leishmania parasites. Previous studies speculated that augmenting cytokines associated with a type 1 T-helper cell (Th1) response is necessary to combat severe forms of leishmaniasis, and it has been hypothesized that the antileishmanial drug miltefosine is capable of immunomodulation and induction of Th1 cytokines. Host immune responses are pivotal for the successful treatment of the leishmaniases, a spectrum of infections caused by Leishmania parasites. Previous studies speculated that augmenting cytokines associated with a type 1 T-helper cell (Th1) response is necessary to combat severe forms of leishmaniasis, and it has been hypothesized that the antileishmanial drug miltefosine is capable of immunomodulation and induction of Th1 cytokines. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of miltefosine is central to providing a rationale regarding synergistic mechanisms of activity to combine miltefosine optimally with other conventional and future antileishmanials that are currently under development. Therefore, a systematic literature search was performed to evaluate to what extent and how miltefosine influences the host Th1 response. Miltefosine’s effects observed in both a preclinical and a clinical context associated with immunomodulation in the treatment of leishmaniasis are evaluated in this review. A total of 27 studies were included in the analysis. Based on the current evidence, miltefosine is not only capable of inducing direct parasite killing but also of modulating the host immunity. Our findings suggest that miltefosine-induced activation of Th1 cytokines, particularly represented by increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin 12 (IL-12), is essential to prevail over the Leishmania-driven Th2 response. Differences in miltefosine-induced host-mediated effects between in vitro, ex vivo, animal model, and human studies are further discussed. All things considered, an effective treatment with miltefosine is acquired by enhanced functional Th1 cytokine responses and may further be enhanced in combination with immunostimulatory agents.
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Cytokine Regulation from Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Cultured In Vitro with Silver Doped Bioactive Glasses Microparticles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3210530. [PMID: 31309105 PMCID: PMC6594341 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3210530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses (BG) applications include tissue engineering for bone regeneration, coating for implants, and scaffolds for wound healing. BG can be conjugated to ions like silver, which might add some antimicrobial properties to this biomaterial. The immunomodulatory activity of ion-doped bioactive glasses particles was not investigated before. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effect of BG and silver-doped bioactive glass (BGAg) in human peripheral blood cells. BG and BGAg samples belonging to the system 58SiO2•(36-x)CaO·6P2O5·xAg2O, where x = 0 and 1 mol%, respectively, were synthesized via sol–gel method and characterized. Cytotoxicity, modulation of cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10), and oxidative stress response were investigated in human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultures. Cell viability in the presence of BG or BGAg was concentration-dependent. In addition, BGAg presented higher PBMCs toxicity (LC50 = 0.005%) when compared to BG (LC50 = 0.106%). Interestingly, interleukin4 was produced by PBMCs in response to BG and BGAg in absence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and did not modulate PHA-induced cytokine levels. Subtoxic concentrations (0.031% for BG and 0.0008% for BGAg) did not change other cytokines in PBMCs nor reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by PMN. However, BG and BGAg particles decreased zymosan-induced ROS levels in PMN. Although ion incorporation increased BG cytotoxicity, the bioactive glass particles demonstrated a in vitro anti-inflammatory potencial. Future studies are needed to clarify the scavenger potential of the BG/BGAg particles/scaffolds as well as elucidate the effect of the anti-inflammatory potential in modulating tissue growth in vivo.
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Stamper BD, Davis M, Scott-Collins S, Tran J, Ton C, Simidyan A, Roberts SC. Model-based Evaluation of Gene Expression Changes in Response to Leishmania Infection. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:1177625019828350. [PMID: 30792575 PMCID: PMC6376507 DOI: 10.1177/1177625019828350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of high-density microarray technology in the late 1990s, global host gene expression changes in response to various stimuli have been extensively studied. More than a dozen peer-reviewed publications have investigated the effect of Leishmania infection in various models since 2001. This review covers the transcriptional changes in macrophage models induced by various Leishmania species and summarizes the resulting impact these studies have on our understanding of the host response to leishmaniasis in vitro. Characterization of the similarities and differences between various model systems will not only further our understanding of Leishmania-induced changes to macrophage gene expression but also identify potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison Davis
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | | | - Julie Tran
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Caryn Ton
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Agapi Simidyan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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Gene expression profile of cytokines produced in biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 189:69-75. [PMID: 30273562 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) causes a local inflammatory process, inducing expression of several cytokine genes. Particularly, IFN-γ can predict to disease susceptibility. Based in these data, this study was aimed to investigate the gene expression profile of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-27, TNF-γ, TGF-β and IL-6 produced in biopsies from ACL patients; and whether the gene expression profile of IFN-γ could determine the disease evolution. Gene expression of 6 cytokines was investigated in 40 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL); and 10 FFPE biopsies from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) (control). All 50 patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Gene expression was determined by qPCR; and a normal control group was used for calculations (5 normal biopsies). Values were expressed as Relative Quantification (RQ). The 40 CL patients were classified into 2 groups. CLlowIFN-γ, 35 patients with RQ for IFN-γ below 100; and CLhighIFN-γ, 5 (12.5%) patients with RQ above 100. Significant increase of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-27 was shown in CLhighIFN-γ group when compared with CLlowIFN-γ and ML groups. TNF-α levels in CLlowIFN-γ group were higher than CLhighIFN-γ and ML groups. TGF-β and IL-6 were similar in 3 groups. Comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that CLlowIFN-γ group had an equilibrium between the cytokines analyzed. In ML group, IFN-γ was over-expressed; but in CLhighIFN-γ group, besides IFN-γ, IL-27 was also over-expressed. The immune response to Leishmania induces to identification of some markers, which can be determined by analysis by gene expression of cytokines produced in biopsies.
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44
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Diagnostic application of recombinant Leishmania proteins and evaluation of their in vitro immunogenicity after stimulation of immune cells collected from tegumentary leishmaniasis patients and healthy individuals. Cell Immunol 2018; 334:61-69. [PMID: 30287082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the cytokine profile in PBMC supernatants and the humoral response in mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) patients and in healthy subjects living in an endemic area. Four proteins, which had previously proven to be antigenic in the human disease, were tested: LiHyM, enolase, eukaryotic initiation factor 5a, and Beta-tubulin. Results showed that all of the proteins stimulated human cells with higher IFN-γ and lower IL-4 and IL-10 levels. The analysis of antibody isotypes correlated with cell response, since the IgG2 production was higher than IgG1 in both groups. By contrast, a Th2 response was found when an antigenic Leishmania extract was used. Serological analyses revealed high sensitivity and specificity values for the serodiagnosis of the disease, when compared to the data obtained using the antigenic preparation. In conclusion, this study presents new candidates to be evaluated as biomarkers in tegumentary leishmaniasis.
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45
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Combination of flow cytometry and qPCR to study the immune response of american cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:433-439. [PMID: 30076983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem. The immunological response is mainly dependent on T cell cytokine responses and might influence disease presentation, susceptibility and development. The understanding of the host immune response role in the control and in the pathology of leishmaniasis is relevant and has implications on diagnosis, follow-up and vaccine development. In this study, the differences in the immune response and T cell profile of patients before treatment was investigated through flow cytometry and real time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after different antigenic stimulations. Among the main findings are the significant presence of TNF and IFN-γ gene expression after 24 h of in vitro stimulation, and 48 h later the presence of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells producing IL-10 and IL-4. This may be due to the differences in cytokine release over time and the presence of cells other than lymphocytes influencing the mRNA transcript detection. Evaluation of the immune response of individuals with leishmaniasis or other diseases should associate different technologies and times points for a clear and more reliable assessment of the immune response. This would help in the design of vaccine strategies/immunotherapies.
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Ribeiro PAF, Dias DS, Lage DP, Costa LE, Salles BCS, Steiner BT, Ramos FF, Lima MP, Santos TTO, Chaves AT, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Caligiorne RB, de Magalhães-Soares DF, Silveira JAG, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Gonçalves DU, Coelho EAF. A conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein evaluated for the serodiagnosis of canine and human visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis, as well as a serological marker for the posttreatment patient follow-up. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:196-203. [PMID: 29941364 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein, LiHyE, was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Results showed that it presented high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) to serologically identify visceral leishmaniasis (VL) dogs when 40 positive sera and 95 cross-reactive samples were used. rLiHyE also showed the best results of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV to identify tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and VL patients when 45 leishmaniasis patients' sera and 90 cross-reactive samples were used. Results were better in comparison to those obtained when rA2 or Leishmania antigenic extract was employed as controls. The posttreatment follow-up showed that rLiHyE-specific antibodies declined significantly after the end of treatments, and a predominance of the IgG2 subclass was found in comparison to IgG1 levels in both TL and VL patients. In conclusion, rLiHyE can be considered a candidate for the serodiagnosis of canine and human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A F Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz C S Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bethina T Steiner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís T O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana T Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lílian L Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rachel B Caligiorne
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte. Rua Domingos Vieira, 590, Santa Efigênia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle F de Magalhães-Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia A G Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Al-Dwibe H, Amro A, Gashout A, El-Zurghany A, El-Zubi S, El-Hashme M, Hamarsheh O, Maree M. A pyoderma gangrenous-like cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Libyan woman with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:158. [PMID: 29490707 PMCID: PMC5831575 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several case reports describe diseases presenting with skin ulcerations, which resemble pyoderma gangrenosum especially in immune-compromised patients, often proven on further workup, to have an infective or malignant etiology. However, treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum by systemic steroids or other immunosuppressive agents may worsen the condition. Case presentation We report here, a 45 year-old Libyan woman with rheumatoid arthritis on low dose steroids with pyoderma gangrenosum-like skin lesions and positive pathergy. Slit–smear was positive for Leishmania amastigotes and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The lesions healed completely by parenteral sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) 600 mg daily. Conclusion We report for the first time, a rare and unusual presentation of pyoderma gangrenosum like-cutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis should not be ruled out in the differential diagnosis of unresponsive skin diseases, with slit/smear and a skin biopsy is required. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3272-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamida Al-Dwibe
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmad Amro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine.
| | - Aisha Gashout
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ali El-Zurghany
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Said El-Zubi
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohamed El-Hashme
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Omar Hamarsheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Mokhtar Maree
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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48
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Barros N, Vasquez N, Woll F, Sanchez C, Valencia B, Llanos-Cuentas A, White AC, Montes M. Regulatory T-Cell Dynamics in Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:753-758. [PMID: 29405108 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the dynamics of regulatory T cells (Tregs) during tegumentary leishmaniasis, we assessed peripheral blood and biopsies from 54 patients. Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) had a decreased proportion of Tregs in the peripheral blood, but the proportion was higher in the biopsies of lesions. During treatment of CL, circulating Tregs increased reaching normal proportions, whereas antigen-specific interferon-γ responses diminished. By contrast, circulating Tregs from mucosal leishmaniasis patients failed to normalize during treatment. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 was expressed on a large proportion of Tregs at the site of infection. These results demonstrate increased Tregs at the site of infection, possibly homing from the peripheral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Barros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nestor Vasquez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Fernando Woll
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Braulio Valencia
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - A Clinton White
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Montes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Filippis C, Arens K, Noubissi Nzeteu GA, Reichmann G, Waibler Z, Crauwels P, van Zandbergen G. Nivolumab Enhances In Vitro Effector Functions of PD-1 + T-Lymphocytes and Leishmania-Infected Human Myeloid Cells in a Host Cell-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1880. [PMID: 29312350 PMCID: PMC5743744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional impairment of T-cells and a concomitant augmented expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) have been observed in visceral leishmaniasis patients, as well as in experimental models for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. The PD-1/PD-1-ligand (PD-1/PD-L) interaction negatively regulates T-cell effector functions, which are required for parasite control during leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of the PD-1/PD-L axis in a human primary in vitro infection model of Leishmania major (Lm). Blocking the PD-1/PD-L interaction with nivolumab increased T-cell proliferation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ during the cocultivation of Lm-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) or dendritic cells (hMDDC) with autologous PD-1+-lymphocytes. As a consequence Lm infection decreased, being the most pronounced in hMDDC, compared to proinflammatory hMDM1 and anti-inflammatory hMDM2. Focusing on hMDDC, we could partially reverse effects mediated by PD-1 blockade by neutralizing TNFα but not by neutralizing IFNγ. Furthermore, PD-1 blockade increased intracellular expression of perforin, granulysin, and granzymes in proliferating CD4+-T-cells, which might be implicated in reduction of Lm-infected cells. In all, our data describe an important role for the PD-1/PD-L axis upon Lm infection using a human primary cell system. These data contribute to a better understanding of the PD-1-induced T-cell impairment during disease and its influence on immune effector mechanisms to combat Lm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Arens
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Zoe Waibler
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Peter Crauwels
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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50
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Masoudzadeh N, Mizbani A, Taslimi Y, Mashayekhi V, Mortazavi H, Sadeghipour P, Ardekani HM, Rafati S. Leishmania tropica infected human lesions: Whole genome transcription profiling. Acta Trop 2017; 176:236-241. [PMID: 28842129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) tropica is the main causative agent of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iran. Defining the host inflammatory response in the L. tropica lesions are crucial for the development of new treatment modalities. High-throughput RNA sequencing provides a powerful method for characterization of the human gene expression profile in L. tropica lesions. Comparing the transcription profile of the L. tropica skin lesions with normal skin identified over 5000 differentially regulated genes. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated significant activation of key immunological pathways related to antigen processing and presentation. In addition, we observed a substantial upregulation of immunoglobulin genes in lesion samples, highlighting the remarkable involvement of B cells in the infection site. To our knowledge, this study is the first report to build a comprehensive picture of transcriptome changes in acute human skin lesions during infection by L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Masoudzadeh
- Immunotherpy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Taslimi
- Immunotherpy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mashayekhi
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Mortazavi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Sadeghipour
- Immunotherpy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Rafati
- Immunotherpy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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