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Gurtler JB, Garner CM, Grasso-Kelley EM, Fan X, Jin TZ. Inactivation of Desiccation-Resistant Salmonella on Apple Slices Following Treatment with ε-Polylysine, Sodium Bisulfate, or Peracetic Acid and Subsequent Dehydration. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100297. [PMID: 38734414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is capable of surviving dehydration within various foods, such as dried fruit. Dried fruit, including apple slices, have been the subject of product recalls due to contamination with Salmonella. A study was conducted to determine the fate of Salmonella on apple slices, following immersion in three antimicrobial solutions (viz., ε-polylysine [epsilon-polylysine or EP], sodium bisulfate [SBS], or peracetic acid [PAA]), and subsequent hot air dehydration. Gala apples were aseptically cored and sliced into 0.4 cm thick rings, bisected, and inoculated with a five-strain composite of desiccation-resistant Salmonella, to a population of 8.28 log CFU/slice. Slices were then immersed for 2 min in various concentrations of antimicrobial solutions, including EP (0.005, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1%), SBS (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%), PAA (18 or 42 ppm), or varying concentrations of PAA + EP, and then dehydrated at 60°C for 5 h. Salmonella populations in positive control samples (inoculated apple slices washed in sterile water) declined by 2.64 log after drying. In the present study, the inactivation of Salmonella, following EP and SBS treatments, increased with increasing concentrations, with maximum reductions of 3.87 and 6.20 log (with 0.1 and 0.3% of the two compounds, respectively). Based on preliminary studies, EP concentrations greater than 0.1% did not result in lower populations of Salmonella. Pretreatment washes with either 18 or 42 ppm of PAA inactivated Salmonella populations by 4.62 and 5.63 log, respectively, following desiccation. Combining PAA with up to 0.1% EP induced no greater population reductions of Salmonella than washing with PAA alone. The addition of EP to PAA solutions appeared to destabilize PAA concentrations, reducing its biocidal efficacy. These results may provide antimicrobial predrying treatment alternatives to promote the reduction of Salmonella during commercial or consumer hot air drying of apple slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Gurtler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551, USA.
| | - Christina M Garner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551, USA
| | | | - Xuetong Fan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551, USA
| | - Tony Z Jin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551, USA
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2
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Dawan J, Liao X, Ding T, Ahn J. Phenotypic and Genotypic Responses of Foodborne Pathogens to Sublethal Concentrations of Lactic Acid and Sodium Chloride. Microb Drug Resist 2024. [PMID: 38900709 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic responses of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (ST) and Staphylococcus aureus KACC 13236 (SA) preadapted to sublethal concentrations of lactic acid (LA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) for 48 hr at 37°C, followed by re-exposure to lethal concentrations of LA and NaCl for 24 hr at 37°C. ST and SA treated in a sequential and ordered manner with LA and NaCl were assigned as LA-LA, LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl. The treatments, LA-LA, LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl, were evaluated by antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial fluctuation, relative fitness, zeta potential, and gene expression. The MICt/MICc ratios of LA, NaCl, CIP, GEN, and TET against ST treated with LA-LA were 1.0 to 0.8, 0.8, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. The MICt/MICc ratios of NaCl, CIP, GEN, and TET were between 0.5-0.8 for SA treated with LA-LA. ST treated with LA-LA and SA treated with LA-NaCl exhibited the highest coefficient of variance. The lowest relative fitness was observed at ST treated with LA-LA (0.5). ST and SA treated with LA-LA showed the lowest zeta potential. The transporter-, toxin-antitoxin system-, chaperone protein-, and SOS response-related genes were suppressed at ST and SA treated with LA-LA. The transporter-, toxin-antitoxin system-, and chaperone protein-related genes were overexpressed in SA treated with LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl. The results suggest that ST and SA treated with LA-LA, LA-NaCl, NaCl-LA, and NaCl-NaCl could induce collateral sensitivity and cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Dawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
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Wang Y, Ling N, Jiao R, Zhang X, Ren Y, Zhao W, Chen H, Ye Y. A universal mechanism on desiccation tolerance of Cronobacter based on intracellular trehalose accumulation regulated by EnvZ/OmpR. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104455. [PMID: 38225055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter (seven species) can survive in dry powdered infant formula for a long time, but the thorough molecular mechanism of resistance to desiccation remains elusive. Here we examine the regulation mechanism of Cronobacter's tolerance to desiccation by the typical two-component system (TCS) EnvZ/OmpR. When exposed to desiccation conditions, Cronobacter showed higher survival than other pathogens, as well as significantly up-regulated expression of ompR and otsAB genes with markedly decreased survival of their mutants, suggesting their relationship with desiccation tolerance. OmpR directly binds to the promoter of trehalose biosynthesis operon otsBA, significantly enhancing their expression, and boosting the trehalose levels. The ompR-deletion in other six species further confirmed its positive regulation in desiccation tolerance. Our data present a hypothesis that EnvZ/OmpR increases intracellular trehalose levels against damage to the cells, which prompts Cronobacter to survive in desiccation conditions. This study reveals a universal molecular mechanism for desiccation resistance in Cronobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuwei Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hanfang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.
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Yong SS, Lee JI, Kang DH. Airborne survival and stress response in Listeria monocytogenes across different growth temperatures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133706. [PMID: 38364578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In the food industry, ensuring food safety during transportation and storage is vital, with temperature regulation preventing spoilage. However, airborne contamination through foodborne pathogens remains a concern. Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrotolerant foodborne pathogen, has been linked to various foodborne outbreaks. Therefore, understanding how its airborne characteristics depend on the growth temperature is imperative. As a result, when the L. monocytogenes was floated in air for 30 and 60 min, the surviving population of 15 °C-grown L. monocytogenes that was suspended in air and attached on the surface was significantly higher than L. monocytogenes grown at 25°C and 37 °C. The fatty acid analysis revealed a significantly higher proportion of shorter chain fatty acids in L. monocytogenes grown at 15 °C compared to those grown at 37 °C. Under aerosolization, L. monocytogenes encountered osmotic and cold stresses regardless of their growth temperature. Transcriptomic analysis showed that stress response related genes, such as oxidative and cold stress response, as well as PTS system related genes were upregulated at 15 °C, resulting in the enhanced resistance to various stresses during aerosolization. These results provide insights into the different responses of aerosolized L. monocytogenes according to the different growth temperatures, highlighting a critical factor in preventing airborne cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Seum Yong
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Khorsand FR, Uversky VN. Liquid-liquid phase separation as triggering factor of fibril formation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:143-182. [PMID: 38811080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) refers to the phenomenon, where a homogeneous solution spontaneously undergoes a transition into two or more immiscible phases. Through transient weak multivalent macromolecular interactions, a homogeneous solution can spontaneously separate into two phases: one rich in biomolecules and the other poor in biomolecules. Phase separation is believed to serve as the physicochemical foundation for the formation of membrane-less organelles (MLOs) and bio-molecular condensates within cells. Moreover, numerous biological processes depend on LLPS, such as transcription, immunological response, chromatin architecture, DNA damage response, stress granule formation, viral infection, etc. Abnormalities in phase separation can lead to diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. LLPS is regulated by various factors, such as concentration of molecules undergoing LLPS, salt concentration, pH, temperature, post-translational modifications, and molecular chaperones. Recent research on LLPS of biomolecules has progressed rapidly and led to the development of databases containing information pertaining to various aspects of the biomolecule separation analysis. However, more comprehensive research is still required to fully comprehend the specific molecular mechanisms and biological effects of LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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Wang XY, Li P, Du XJ, Wang S. Effect of glutathione-transport-related gene gsiD on desiccation tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii and its related regulatory mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0156223. [PMID: 38289135 PMCID: PMC10880603 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01562-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The outstanding desiccation tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) enables long-term persistence in food products with low-water activity to increase the infection risk, especially in low-birth-weight, immuno-compromised neonates, and infants less than 4 weeks of age. In our previous study, the disruption of glutathione transport-related gene gsiD by transposon was found to significantly increase its inactivation rate under drying stress challenges. However, the mechanism underlying the association between glutathione transport and desiccation tolerance of C. sakazakii remains to be clarified. In this study, the mechanism underlying their association was investigated in detail by constructing the gsiD gene deletion mutant. gsiD gene deletion was found to cause the dysfunction of the glutathione transport system GsiABCD and the limitation of glutathione import. The resulting decrease in intracellular glutathione caused the decreased potassium ions uptake and increased potassium ions efflux, inhibited the proline synthesis process, limited extracellular glutathione utilization, increased oxidant stress, reduced biofilm formation, and increased outer membrane permeability, which may be the main reasons for the significant reduction of the desiccation tolerance of C. sakazakii.IMPORTANCEContributing to its superior environmental adaptability, Cronobacter sakazakii can survive under many abiotic stress conditions. The outstanding desiccation tolerance makes this species persist in low-water activity foods, which increases harm to humans. For decades, many studies have focused on the desiccation tolerance of C. sakazakii, but the existing research is still insufficient. Our study found that gsiD gene deletion inhibited glutathione uptake and further decreased intracellular glutathione content, causing a decrease in desiccation tolerance and biofilm formation and an increase in outer membrane permeability. Moreover, the expression level of relative genes verified that gsiD gene deletion made the mutant not conducive to surviving in dry conditions due to restricting potassium ions uptake and efflux, inhibiting the conversion of glutamate to compatible solute proline, and increasing the oxidative stress of C. sakazakii. The above results enrich our knowledge of the desiccation tolerance mechanism of C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-jun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Zhuang L, Gong J, Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu G, Zhao B, Song C, Zhang Y, Shen Q. Progress in methods for the detection of viable Escherichia coli. Analyst 2024; 149:1022-1049. [PMID: 38273740 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a prevalent enteric bacterium and a necessary organism to monitor for food safety and environmental purposes. Developing efficient and specific methods is critical for detecting and monitoring viable E. coli due to its high prevalence. Conventional culture methods are often laborious and time-consuming, and they offer limited capability in detecting potentially harmful viable but non-culturable E. coli in the tested sample, which highlights the need for improved approaches. Hence, there is a growing demand for accurate and sensitive methods to determine the presence of viable E. coli. This paper scrutinizes various methods for detecting viable E. coli, including culture-based methods, molecular methods that target DNAs and RNAs, bacteriophage-based methods, biosensors, and other emerging technologies. The review serves as a guide for researchers seeking additional methodological options and aiding in the development of rapid and precise assays. Moving forward, it is anticipated that methods for detecting E. coli will become more stable and robust, ultimately contributing significantly to the improvement of food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Guofang Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
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Xue J, Lv J, Liu L, Duan F, Shi A, Ji X, Ding L. Maltodextrin-binding protein as a key factor in Cronobacter sakazakii survival under desiccation stress. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113871. [PMID: 38225116 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a notorious pathogen responsible for infections in infants and newborns, often transmitted through contaminated infant formula. Despite the use of traditional pasteurization methods, which can reduce microbial contamination, there remains a significant risk of pathogenic C. sakazakii surviving due to its exceptional stress tolerance. In our study, we employed a comparative proteomic approach by comparing wild-type strains with gene knockout strains to identify the essential genes crucial for the successful survival of C. sakazakii during desiccation. Our investigation revealed the significance of envZ-ompR, recA, and flhD gene cassettes in contributing to desiccation tolerance in C. sakazakii. Furthermore, through our comparative proteomic profiling, we identified the maltodextrin-binding protein encoded by ESA_03421 as a potential factor influencing dry tolerance. This protein is regulated by EnvZ-OmpR, RecA, and FlhD. Notably, the knockout of ESA_03421 resulted in a 150% greater reduction in Log CFU compared to the wild-type C. sakazakii. Overall, our findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying C. sakazakii desiccation tolerance and provide potential targets for the development of new antimicrobial strategies aimed at reducing the risk of infections in infants and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Aiying Shi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
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Yu M, Liu J, Chen J, Lin C, Deng S, Wu M. Metagenomic and metabolomic profiling of dried shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) prepared by a procedure traditional to the south China coastal area. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-023-00475-6. [PMID: 38196020 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Sun-drying is a traditional process for preparing dried shrimp in coastal area of South China, but its impacts on nutrition and the formation of flavor-contributory substances in dried shrimp remain largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the effects of the production process on the microbiota and metabolites in dried shrimp. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was employed to identify 170 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with Vibrio, Photobacterium, and Shewanella emerging as the primary pathogenic bacteria in shrimp samples. Lactococcus lactis was identified as the principal potential beneficial microorganism to accrue during the dried shrimp production process and found to contribute significantly to the development of desirable shrimp flavors. LC-MS-based analyses of dried shrimp sample metabolomes revealed a notable increase in compounds associated with unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and flavonoid and flavanol biosynthesis throughout the drying process. Subsequent exploration of the relationship between metabolites and bacterial communities highlighted the predominant coexistence of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Photobacterium contributing heterocyclic compounds and metabolites of organic acids and their derivatives. Conversely, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus were found to inhibit each other, primarily in the presence of heterocyclic compounds. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the dynamic changes in the microbiota and metabolites of dried shrimps spanning different drying periods, which we expect to contribute to enhancing production techniques and safety measures for dried shrimp processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yu
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, 528137, China.
| | - Jiannan Liu
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, 528137, China
| | - Junjia Chen
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, 528137, China
| | - Chuyi Lin
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, 528137, China
| | - Shiqing Deng
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, 528137, China
| | - Minfu Wu
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, 528137, China
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Chauhan R, Tall BD, Gopinath G, Azmi W, Goel G. Environmental risk factors associated with the survival, persistence, and thermal tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii during the manufacture of powdered infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12224-12239. [PMID: 35838158 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2099809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen of concern for foods having low water activity such as powdered infant formula (PIF). Its survival under desiccated stress can be attributed to its ability to adapt effectively to many different environmental stresses. Due to the high risk to neonates and its sporadic outbreaks in PIF, C. sakazakii received great attention among the scientific community, food industry and health care providers. There are many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect C. sakazakii survival in low-moisture foods. Moreover, short- or long-term pre-exposure to sub-lethal physiological stresses which are commonly encountered in food processing environments are reported to affect the thermal resistance of C. sakazakii. Additionally, acclimation to these stresses may render C. sakazakii resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. This article reviews the factors and the strategies responsible for the survival and persistence of C. sakazakii in PIF. Particularly, studies focused on the influence of various factors on thermal resistance, antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance, virulence potential and stress-associated gene expression are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | | | - Gopal Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Wamik Azmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahindra, India
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Garbowska M, Berthold-Pluta A, Stasiak-Różańska L, Pluta A, Forsythe S, Stefańska I. The Genotyping Diversity and Hemolytic Activity of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from Plant-Based Food Products in Poland. Foods 2023; 12:3873. [PMID: 37893766 PMCID: PMC10606190 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the genotyping diversity and hemolytic properties of 24 strains of Cronobacter spp. (15 Cronobacter sakazakii, 6 Cronobacter malonaticus, 2 Cronobacter turicensis, and 1 Cronobacter condimenti) isolated from commercial ready-to-eat leaf vegetables, sprouts, nuts, and dried fruits. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method was used to determine the sequence types (ST) and clonal complexes (CC) of these strains. The study demonstrated the high genotypic diversity of the Cronobacter genus bacteria isolated from plant-based foods. Five novel sequence types (804, 805, 806, 807, and 808) and the presence of novel alleles in the ppsA, gltB, gyrB, and infB loci were detected. In total, 16 of the 24 strains were assigned to the sequence types ST99, ST258, ST17, ST648, ST21, ST494, and ST98. One C. sakazakii strain (s12) isolated from alfalfa sprouts was assigned to the clonal complex CC4, which encompasses strains often associated with severe infections leading to meningitis in infants. In addition, 87.5% and 16.7% of the Cronobacter spp. strains showed β-hemolysis of equine and sheep red blood cells, respectively. The presence of the pathogenic species C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis in ready-to-eat plant-derived food products shows they are potential sources of infection, especially to those with compromised immunity, which substantiates their further multi-faceted characterization. The significance of this study may prove useful not only in epidemiological investigations, but also in assessing the risk of infections caused by the presence of Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garbowska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Berthold-Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Lidia Stasiak-Różańska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Antoni Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Ilona Stefańska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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12
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Wang Y, Ling N, Jiao R, Zhang X, Ren Y, Li H, Zhao W, Wu Q, Ye Y. Transcriptomic analysis reveals novel desiccation tolerance mechanism of Cronobacter based on type VI secretion system inhibition. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113143. [PMID: 37689845 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter malonaticus (C. malonaticus) is a food-borne pathogen inducing severe infections both in infants and adults, and it could survive in dry powdered infant formula (PIF) for a long time, implying its strong tolerance to desiccation. However, the thorough molecular mechanism of resistance to desiccation remains elusive. When C. malonaticus was exposed to desiccation conditions (7, 15, and 30 d), transcriptomic analysis provided a universal adaptation strategy to withstand desiccation with the increased compatible solutes accumulation, activated stress resistance-related regulators, suppressed protein export and bacterial secretion system, and reduced other unessential survival functions including adhesion, invasion, virulence, and flagellar motility. Importantly, type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes exhibited significantly downregulated expressions, as well as markedly increased survival and viability of their mutants after desiccation treatment, revealing the negative regulation of T6SS in desiccation tolerance. Meanwhile, the decreased expressions of T6SS structure genes in other six species further confirmed the vital role of T6SS in desiccation tolerance of Cronobacter spp. Thus, our studies present a novel hypothesis of desiccation resistance in Cronobacter based on type VI secretion system inhibition, causing the reduction of macromolecule secretion such as effectors and hyperosmolality development within the cytomembrane, which allow Cronobacter to survive in desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuwei Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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13
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Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D, Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Laskowska E. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Protective Protein Aggregates in Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:6582. [PMID: 37764358 PMCID: PMC10534466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and the formation of membraneless organelles (MLOs) contribute to the spatiotemporal organization of various physiological processes in the cell. These phenomena have been studied and characterized mainly in eukaryotic cells. However, increasing evidence indicates that LLPS-driven protein condensation may also occur in prokaryotes. Recent studies indicate that aggregates formed during proteotoxic stresses may also play the role of MLOs and increase the fitness of bacteria under stress. The beneficial effect of aggregates may result from the sequestration and protection of proteins against irreversible inactivation or degradation, activation of the protein quality control system and induction of dormancy. The most common stress that bacteria encounter in the natural environment is water loss. Therefore, in this review, we focus on protein aggregates formed in E. coli upon desiccation-rehydration stress. In silico analyses suggest that various mechanisms and interactions are responsible for their formation, including LLPS, disordered sequences and aggregation-prone regions. These data support findings that intrinsically disordered proteins and LLPS may contribute to desiccation tolerance not only in eukaryotic cells but also in bacteria. LLPS-driven aggregation may be a strategy used by pathogens to survive antibiotic treatment and desiccation stress in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.K.-W.); (K.S.-S.)
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14
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Tuytschaever T, Raes K, Sampers I. Listeria monocytogenes in food businesses: From persistence strategies to intervention/prevention strategies-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3910-3950. [PMID: 37548605 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2023, Listeria monocytogenes persistence remains a problem in the food business. A profound understanding of how this pathogen persists may lead to better aimed intervention/prevention strategies. The lack of a uniform definition of persistence makes the comparison between studies complex. Harborage sites offer protection against adverse environmental conditions and form the ideal habitat for the formation of biofilms, one of the major persistence strategies. A retarded growth rate, disinfectant resistance/tolerance, desiccation resistance/tolerance, and protozoan protection complete the list of persistence strategies for Listeria monocytogenes and can occur on themselves or in combination with biofilms. Based on the discussed persistence strategies, intervention strategies are proposed. By enhancing the focus on four precaution principles (cleaning and disinfection, infrastructure/hygienic design, technical maintenance, and work methodology) as mentioned in Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004, the risk of persistence can be decreased. All of the intervention strategies result in obtaining and maintaining a good general hygiene status throughout the establishment at all levels ranging from separate equipment to the entire building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Tuytschaever
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Imca Sampers
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
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15
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McMillan EA, Berrang ME, Adams ES, Meinersmann RJ. Exudate From Retail Chicken Liver Packaging Allows for Survival of Naturally Occurring Campylobacter, Coliforms, and Aerobic Microorganisms Under Drying Conditions. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100123. [PMID: 37414284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a leading cause of human foodborne illness associated with chicken meat products in the United States. Chicken livers, including exudate from packaging, commonly carry Campylobacter and could be a source of illness if mishandled. Survivability of naturally occurring Campylobacter, total aerobic bacteria, and coliforms was determined under drying conditions in two consumer simulated environments: moist sponge and solid surface. Fresh chicken liver exudate was dispensed onto sponges and glass slides and allowed to dry under ambient conditions for 7 days. Bacterial concentration was measured at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h. Total aerobic population did not decrease by more than one log over 7 days and did not correlate to water activity or time in either simulation. Coliform concentrations increased in sponge simulations but decreased in solid surface simulations. Further, coliform concentrations were significantly higher in sponge simulations than in solid surface. Campylobacter was naturally present in exudate and survived at least to 6 h in every trial. Campylobacter was recoverable at 24 h in some sponge trials. However, Campylobacter concentration was strongly correlated to water activity. Fresh chicken liver exudate could present a risk of campylobacteriosis to consumers if mishandled even after drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McMillan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Mark E Berrang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Eric S Adams
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Richard J Meinersmann
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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16
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Carroll LM, Piacenza N, Cheng RA, Wiedmann M, Guldimann C. A multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 complex lineage circulating among humans and cattle in the USA lost the ability to produce pertussis-like toxin ArtAB. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001050. [PMID: 37402177 PMCID: PMC10438809 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) can infect both humans and animals and is often multidrug-resistant (MDR). Previous studies have indicated that, unlike most S . Typhimurium, the overwhelming majority of DT104 strains produce pertussis-like toxin ArtAB via prophage-encoded genes artAB . However, DT104 that lack artAB have been described on occasion. Here, we identify an MDR DT104 complex lineage circulating among humans and cattle in the USA, which lacks artAB (i.e. the ‘U.S. artAB -negative major clade’; n =42 genomes). Unlike most other bovine- and human-associated DT104 complex strains from the USA (n =230 total genomes), which harbour artAB on prophage Gifsy-1 (n =177), members of the U.S. artAB -negative major clade lack Gifsy-1, as well as anti-inflammatory effector gogB . The U.S. artAB -negative major clade encompasses human- and cattle-associated strains isolated from ≥11 USA states over a 20-year period. The clade was predicted to have lost artAB , Gifsy-1 and gogB circa 1985–1987 (95 % highest posterior density interval 1979.0–1992.1). When compared to DT104 genomes from other regions of the world (n =752 total genomes), several additional, sporadic artAB , Gifsy-1 and/or gogB loss events among clades encompassing five or fewer genomes were observed. Using phenotypic assays that simulate conditions encountered during human and/or bovine digestion, members of the U.S. artAB -negative major clade did not differ from closely related Gifsy-1/artAB /gogB -harbouring U.S. DT104 complex strains (ANOVA raw P >0.05); thus, future research is needed to elucidate the roles that artAB , gogB and Gifsy-1 play in DT104 virulence in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Carroll
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, SciLifeLab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolo Piacenza
- Chair for Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Chair for Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Ali AS, Gari SR, Goodson ML, Walsh CL, Dessie BK, Ambelu A. Fecal Contamination in the Wastewater Irrigation System and its Health Threat to Wastewater-Based Farming Households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231181307. [PMID: 37362237 PMCID: PMC10286199 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231181307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapidly growing demand, the production of vegetables is increasing along the Akaki Rivers. The objective of this study was to examine the degree of fecal contamination and levels of fecal contamination and dissemination throughout the wastewater irrigation system. Irrigation water, irrigated soil, and leafy vegetables were collected twice during 2 vegetable growing seasons, at the maturity period of the growing season, from 19 sampling points along the 2 Akaki Rivers. Composite samples were taken from all sampling points and E.coli was enumerated. The mean E.coli load in wastewater and non-wastewater sources were 1.16±5.53 CFU/100 ml and 2.232±1.292 CFU/100 ml respectively. All counts of E. coli in the wastewater exceeded the WHO's standards indicating that the irrigation water quality was unacceptable. In the wastewater-irrigated and non-wastewater-irrigated soil, the mean E.coli were 3.62 ±1.582 CFU/g and 1.322±87.1 CFU/g respectively. Meanwhile, the mean E.coli counts on the lettuce and Swiss chard were 78 ± 2 CFU/g and 44 ±3CFU/g respectively. The E.coli count on the leafy vegetables was found to be associated with the E.coli in the wastewater and soil. The production of leafy vegetables using wastewater with unacceptably high levels of E.coli and high occupational exposure introduces high levels of risk to the farming communities and to the consumers. Leafy, low-growing raw edible vegetables need careful treatment during food production and harvesting procedures or activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Sirage Ali
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Management, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Michaela L Goodson
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Claire L Walsh
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Bitew K Dessie
- Water and Land Resource Centre, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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18
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Łupkowska A, Monem S, Dębski J, Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D, Laskowska E. Protein aggregation and glycation in Escherichia coli exposed to desiccation-rehydration stress. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127335. [PMID: 36841129 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, bacteria often enter a state of anhydrobiosis due to water loss. Multiple studies have demonstrated that desiccation may lead to protein aggregation and glycation both in vivo and in vitro. However, the exact effects of water-loss-induced proteotoxic stress and the interplay between protein glycation and aggregation in bacteria remain elusive. Our studies revealed that protein aggregates formation in Escherichia coli started during desiccation and continued during the rehydration stage. The aggregates were enriched in proteins prone to liquid-liquid phase separation. Although it is known that glycation may induce protein aggregation in vitro, the aggregates formed in E. coli contained low levels of glycation products compared to the soluble protein fraction. Carnosine, glycine betaine and trehalose diminished the formation of protein aggregates and glycation products, resulting in increased E. coli viability. Notably, although high concentrations of glycine-betaine and trehalose significantly enhanced protein aggregation, glycation was still inhibited and E. coli cells survived desiccation better than bacteria grown without osmolytes. Taken together, our results suggest that the aggregates might play protective functions during early desiccation-rehydration stress. Moreover, it seems glycation rather than protein aggregation is the main cause of E. coli death upon desiccation-rehydration stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Łupkowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Soroosh Monem
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Stojowska-Swędrzyńska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Kuczyńska-Wiśnik
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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19
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Treesuwan K, Jirapakkul W, Tongchitpakdee S, Chonhenchob V, Mahakarnchanakul W, Tongkhao K. Antimicrobial Mechanism of Salt/Acid Solution on Microorganisms Isolated from Trimmed Young Coconut. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040873. [PMID: 37110296 PMCID: PMC10140939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the inhibitory activity of organic solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% (w/v) sodium chloride and citric acid solution and 15:10, 15:15, 15:20 and 15:30% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl) combined with citric acid (CA) solution (salt/acid solution) for 10 min against microorganisms isolated from trimmed young coconut: Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Candida tropicalis, Lodderromyces elongisporus, Aspergillus aculeatus and Penicillium citrinum. Commercial antimicrobial agents such as potassium metabisulfite and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used as the controls. Results showed that 30% (w/v) NaCl solution displayed antimicrobial properties against all microorganisms, with s reduction range of 0.00–1.49 log CFU/mL. Treatment of 30% (w/v) CA solution inhibited all microorganisms in the reduction range of 1.50–8.43 log CFU/mL, while 15:20% (w/v) salt/acid solution was the minimum concentration that showed a similar antimicrobial effect with NaOCl and strong antimicrobial effect against Gram-negative bacteria. The mode of action of this solution against selected strains including B. cereus, E. aerogenes and C. tropicalis was also determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. B. cereus and E. aerogenes revealed degradation and detachment of the outer layer of the cell wall and cytoplasm membrane, while cytoplasmic inclusion in treated C. tropicalis cells changed to larger vacuoles and rough cell walls. The results suggested that a 15:20% (w/v) salt/acid solution could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent to eliminate microorganisms on fresh produce.
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20
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Zhang Y, Liao X, Feng J, Liu D, Chen S, Ding T. Induction of viable but nonculturable Salmonella spp. in liquid eggs by mild heat and subsequent resuscitation. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A Glimpse at the Anti-Phage Defenses Landscape in the Foodborne Pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020333. [PMID: 36851545 PMCID: PMC9958689 DOI: 10.3390/v15020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, which specifically infect and kill bacteria, are currently used as additives to control pathogens such as Salmonella in human food (PhageGuard S®) or animal feed (SalmoFREE®, Bafasal®). Indeed, salmonellosis is among the most important zoonotic foodborne illnesses. The presence of anti-phage defenses protecting bacteria against phage infection could impair phage applications aiming at reducing the burden of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) to the food industry. In this study, the landscape of S. Typhimurium anti-phage defenses was bioinformatically investigated in publicly available genomes using the webserver PADLOC. The primary anti-phage systems identified in S. Typhimurium use nucleic acid degradation and abortive infection mechanisms. Reference systems were identified on an integrative and conjugative element, a transposon, a putative integrative and mobilizable element, and prophages. Additionally, the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) containing a subset of anti-phage systems were found in the Salmonella enterica species. Lastly, the MGEs alone were also identified in the Enterobacteriaceae family. The presented diversity assessment of the anti-phage defenses and investigation of their dissemination through MGEs in S. Typhimurium constitute a first step towards the design of preventive measures against the spread of phage resistance that may hinder phage applications.
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22
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Li S, Chen Y, Zeng J, Zeng H, Ma Z, Chen S, Yang Y, Zhang H. Metabolomics-based response of Salmonella to desiccation stress and skimmed milk powder storage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1092435. [PMID: 36910198 PMCID: PMC9996163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1092435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong survival ability of Salmonella in low-moisture foods (LMFs) has been of public concern, and is considered a threat to people's health. Recently, the development of omics technology has promoted research on the molecular mechanisms of the desiccation stress response of pathogenic bacteria. However, multiple analytical aspects related to their physiological characteristics remain unclear. We explored the physiological metabolism changes of S. enterica Enteritidis exposed to a 24 h-desiccation treatment and a subsequent 3-month desiccation storage in skimmed milk powder (SMP) with an approach of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS). A total of 8,292 peaks were extracted, of which 381 were detected by GC-MS and 7,911 peaks were identified by LC-MS/MS, respectively. Through analyses of differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and key pathways, a total of 58 DEMs emerged from the 24 h-desiccation treatment, which exhibited the highest relevance for five metabolic pathways, involving glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway. After 3-month SMP storage, 120 DEMs were identified, which were related to several regulatory pathways including arginine and proline metabolism, serine and threonine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and glycolysis. The analyses of key enzyme activities of XOD, PK, and G6PDH and ATP content provided further evidence that supported the metabolic responses such as nucleic acid degradation, glycolysis, and ATP production played an important role in Salmonella's adaptation to desiccation stress. This study enables a better understanding of metabolomics-based responses of Salmonella at the initial stage of desiccation stress and the following long-term adaptive stage. Meanwhile, the identified discriminative metabolic pathways may serve as potentially useful targets in developing strategies for the control and prevention of desiccation-adapted Salmonella in LMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zeng
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin Ma
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Practice and Progress: Updates on Outbreaks, Advances in Research, and Processing Technologies for Low-moisture Food Safety. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100018. [PMID: 36916598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large, renowned outbreaks associated with low-moisture foods (LMFs) bring to light some of the potential, inherent risks that accompany foods with long shelf lives if pathogen contamination occurs. Subsequently, in 2013, Beuchat et al. (2013) noted the increased concern regarding these foods, specifically noting examples of persistence and resistance of pathogens in low-water activity foods (LWAFs), prevalence of pathogens in LWAF processing environments, and sources of and preventive measures for contamination of LWAFs. For the last decade, the body of knowledge related to LMF safety has exponentially expanded. This growing field and interest in LMF safety have led researchers to delve into survival and persistence studies, revealing that some foodborne pathogens can survive in LWAFs for months to years. Research has also uncovered many complications of working with foodborne pathogens in desiccated states, such as inoculation methods and molecular mechanisms that can impact pathogen survival and persistence. Moreover, outbreaks, recalls, and developments in LMF safety research have created a cascading feedback loop of pushing the field forward, which has also led to increased attention on how industry can improve LMF safety and raise safety standards. Scientists across academia, government agencies, and industry have partnered to develop and evaluate innovate thermal and nonthermal technologies to use on LMFs, which are described in the presented review. The objective of this review was to describe aspects of the extensive progress made by researchers and industry members in LMF safety, including lessons-learned about outbreaks and recalls, expansion of knowledge base about pathogens that contaminate LMFs, and mitigation strategies currently employed or in development to reduce food safety risks associated with LMFs.
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24
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Genes associated with desiccation stress in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus as revealed by transposon insertion mutagenesis. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112271. [PMID: 36596182 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen whose survival in food processing environments may be associated with its tolerance to desiccation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in desiccation stress have received little attention in S. aureus. Here, some potential genes related to desiccation stress were determined in S. aureus by the transposon random mutagenesis approach. Eight mutants with different mutant sites who showed lower survival rates compared to wild-type (WT) strain RMSA24 under desiccation stress were successfully screened from a mutant library (n = 3,154). The eight mutation sites are identified as potential genes of U32 family peptidase, CHAP domain-containing protein, YdcF family protein, RNA polymerase sigma factor, EVE domain-containing protein, acetyltransferase, LPXTG-anchored DUF1542 repeat protein FmtB, and CvpA family protein, which haven't been reported as the desiccation-tolerant related genes. We found that the growth rates and biofilm formation abilities of these mutants were not significantly affected, indicating that their reduced survival rates under desiccation stress not dependent on reduced growth rates and biofilm formation abilities. Under desiccation stress, the expression levels of the three mutated genes were up-regulated and the four mutated genes were down-regulated in the WT strain, implying that these genes may play different roles in S. aureus to adapt to desiccation stress conditions. The study reveals valuable information for the control of S. aureus in low water activity foods and their production environments.
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25
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Muchaamba F, von Ah U, Stephan R, Stevens MJA, Tasara T. Deciphering the global roles of Cold shock proteins in Listeria monocytogenes nutrient metabolism and stress tolerance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1057754. [PMID: 36605504 PMCID: PMC9808409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1057754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) accounts for serious public health and food safety problems owing to its stress resilience and pathogenicity. Based on their regulatory involvement in global gene expression events, cold-shock domain family proteins (Csps) are crucial in expression of various stress fitness and virulence phenotypes in bacteria. Lm possesses three Csps (CspA, CspB, and CspD) whose regulatory roles in the context of the genetic diversity of this bacterium are not yet fully understood. We examined the impacts of Csps deficiency on Lm nutrient metabolism and stress tolerance using a set of csp deletion mutants generated in different genetic backgrounds. Phenotype microarrays (PM) analysis showed that the absence of Csps in ∆cspABD reduces carbon (C-) source utilization capacity and increases Lm sensitivity to osmotic, pH, various chemical, and antimicrobial stress conditions. Single and double csp deletion mutants in different Lm genetic backgrounds were used to further dissect the roles of individual Csps in these phenotypes. Selected PM-based observations were further corroborated through targeted phenotypic assays, confirming that Csps are crucial in Lm for optimal utilization of various C-sources including rhamnose and glucose as well as tolerance against NaCl, β-phenyethylamine (PEA), and food relevant detergent stress conditions. Strain and genetic lineage background-based differences, division of labour, epistasis, and functional redundancies among the Csps were uncovered with respect to their roles in various processes including C-source utilization, cold, and PEA stress resistance. Finally, targeted transcriptome analysis was performed, revealing the activation of csp gene expression under defined stress conditions and the impact of Csps on expression regulation of selected rhamnose utilization genes. Overall, our study shows that Csps play important roles in nutrient utilization and stress responses in Lm strains, contributing to traits that are central to the public health and food safety impacts of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Francis Muchaamba,
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J. A. Stevens
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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da Silva MR, Alves de Almeida F, Coelho AÍM, da Silva FL, Vanetti MCD. Enhancing cell resistance for production of mixed microbiological reference materials with Salmonella and coliforms by freeze-drying. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2107-2119. [PMID: 35962856 PMCID: PMC9679061 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The reference material (RM) is a technical requirement for the quality assurance of analytical results and proficiency tests or interlaboratory comparisons. Microbiological RMs are most available in the dehydrated form, mainly by freeze-drying, and maintaining bacterial survival after preparation is a challenge. Thus, obtaining the most resistant cells is essential. Considering that bacteria present cross-response to dehydration after being submitted to an array of stress conditions, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of growth conditions on enterobacteria for the production of mixed microbiological RMs by freeze-drying in skim milk powder. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii were grown in a minimal medium with 0.5 M NaCl and 0 to 5.0 mM of manganese sulfate (MnSO4) until stationary phase. Salmonella Enteritidis presented an increased resistance to dehydration in the presence of Mn, while C. sakazakii was the most resistant to freeze-drying and further storage for 90 days. Mixed microbiological RMs were produced by freeze-drying and containing Salmonella Enteritidis and coliforms in skim milk powder with 100 mM of trehalose and the Salmonella survival rate was 91.2 to 93.6%. The mixed RM was stable after 30 days at -20 °C, and Salmonella and coliforms were detected by different methods being, the Rambach Agar the best for the bacterial differentiation. The results showed that the culture conditions applied in this study resulted in bacterial cells being more resistant to dehydration, freeze-drying, and stabilization for the production of mixed microbiological RMs more stable and homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roméria da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Alves de Almeida
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, 35032-620, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Lopes da Silva
- Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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27
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Posada-Izquierdo GD, Arroyo-López FN, Valero A, Benítez-Cabello A, Rodríguez-Gomez F, Jiménez-Díaz R, García-Gimeno RM. Assessing Listeria monocytogenes growth during Spanish-style green table olive fermentation. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Singh S, Verma T, Nandi D, Umapathy S. Herbicides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid and Glyphosate Induce Distinct Biochemical Changes in E. coli during Phenotypic Antibiotic Resistance: A Raman Spectroscopic Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8140-8154. [PMID: 36205931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern. The increased use of herbicides may lead to multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Conventional techniques for diagnosing antibiotic resistance are laborious, time-intensive, expensive, and lack information about antibiotic susceptibility. On the other hand, Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, label-free, noninvasive alternative to traditional techniques to detect antibiotic resistance. In this study, two popular herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) were used to study their effects on the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The Escherichia coli wild-type (WT) MG1655 strain and two isogenic mutants, Δlon and ΔacrB, were used together with Raman spectroscopy. The WT E. coli is sensitive to antibiotics, but exposure to both herbicides induces antibiotic resistance. Using an excitation wavelength of 785 nm, the intensity ratios (e.g., I740/I785, I740/I1003, I1480/I1445, I2934/I2868, and I2934/I2845) were identified as biomarkers to study the induction of antibiotic resistance in bacteria but not NaCl-mediated stress. Using an excitation wavelength of 633 nm, the peak intensity at 740 cm-1 assigned to cytochrome bd decreases under antibiotic stress but increases upon exposure to both herbicides and antibiotics, indicating the development of resistance. Thus, this study can be applied to monitor antibiotic resistance using Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India.,Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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29
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High pressure processing, acidic and osmotic stress increased resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines and the frequency of gene transfer among strains from commercial starter and protective cultures. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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High-Throughput 16 S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity of Infant Formula Production Line Samples in Spring and Summer. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6079404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend of low breastfeeding rates increases the demand for infant milk formula (IMF) worldwide, but the use of IMF may be one of the causes of bacterial infections in infants. Complete sterility in the whole production line of IMF cannot be guaranteed; therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the microbial content in the process. In the present study, an IMF powder production line based on the wet mixing process was sampled at 27 suspicious points in spring and summer to analyze the bacterial diversity by high-throughput sequencing. We found that 70 and 69 different bacterial phyla were present in spring and summer samples, respectively, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes being the dominant phyla (>80% relative abundance). Moreover, 13 dominant genera each were present in spring (e. g., Pseudomonas and Lactococcus) and summer (e. g., Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptococcus). Samples associated with workers showed higher bacterial species diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao1 index) in summer than in spring. The bacterial community composition showed high similarity between liquid milk after pasteurization and concentrated milk after evaporation. The potential bacterial pathogens were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in spring and Acinetobacter baumannii in summer. Through retrospective analysis of the two opportunistic pathogens identified, it was found that the workshop environment was the potential contamination point in spring, whereas the auxiliary ingredients were the potential source of contamination in summer. The results highlight the effect of season on bacterial diversity associated with the production process of IMF and are useful in controlling the microbial quality and safety of infant dairy products.
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31
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Nennig M, Clément A, Longueval E, Bernardi T, Ragimbeau C, Tresse O. Metaphenotypes associated with recurrent genomic lineages of Campylobacter jejuni responsible for human infections in Luxembourg. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901192. [PMID: 36160185 PMCID: PMC9490421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. Although considered fragile, this microaerophilic bacterium is able to survive in various challenging environments, which subsequently constitutes multiple sources of transmission for human infection. To test the assumption of acquiring specific features for adaptation and survival, we established a workflow of phenotypic tests related to the survival and the persistence of recurrent and sporadic strains. A representative collection of 83 strains isolated over 13 years from human, mammal, poultry, and environmental sources in Luxembourg, representing different spreading patterns (endemic, epidemic, and sporadic), was screened for survival to oxidative stresses, for acclimating to aerobic conditions (AC), and for persistence on abiotic surfaces. Using the cgMLST Oxford typing scheme for WGS data, the collection was classified into genomic lineages corresponding to host-generalist strains (lineages A and D, CC ST-21), host-specific strains (lineage B, CC ST-257 and lineage C, CC ST-464) and sporadic strains. We established that when a strain survives concentrations beyond 0.25 mM superoxide stress, it is six times more likely to survive hyperoxide stress and that a highly adherent strain is 14 times more likely to develop a biofilm. Surprisingly, more than half of the strains could acclimate to AC but this capacity does not explain the difference between recurrent genomic lineages and sporadic strains and the survival to oxidative stresses, while recurrent strains have a significantly higher adhesion/biofilm formation capacity than sporadic ones. From this work, the genomic lineages with more stable genomes could be characterized by a specific combination of phenotypes, called metaphenotypes. From the functional genomic analyses, the presence of a potentially functional T6SS in the strains of lineage D might explain the propensity of these strains to be strong biofilm producers. Our findings support the hypothesis that phenotypical abilities contribute to the spatio-temporal adaptation and survival of stable genomic lineages. It suggests a selection of better-adapted and persistent strains in challenging stress environments, which could explain the prevalence of these lineages in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Nennig
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- UMR-1280 PhAN, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Clément
- BioFilm Control, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint-Beauzire, France
| | - Emmanuelle Longueval
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Thierry Bernardi
- BioFilm Control, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint-Beauzire, France
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Catherine Ragimbeau,
| | - Odile Tresse
- UMR-1280 PhAN, INRAE, Nantes, France
- Odile Tresse,
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32
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Wang H, Shen J, Ma K, Zhu C, Fang M, Hou X, Zhang S, Wang W, Xue T. Transcriptome analysis revealed the role of capsular polysaccharides in desiccation tolerance of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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33
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Barcenilla C, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, López M, Alvseike O, Prieto M. Microbiological Safety and Shelf-Life of Low-Salt Meat Products—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152331. [PMID: 35954097 PMCID: PMC9367943 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt is widely employed in different foods, especially in meat products, due to its very diverse and extended functionality. However, the high intake of sodium chloride in human diet has been under consideration for the last years, because it is related to serious health problems. The meat-processing industry and research institutions are evaluating different strategies to overcome the elevated salt concentrations in products without a quality reduction. Several properties could be directly or indirectly affected by a sodium chloride decrease. Among them, microbial stability could be shifted towards pathogen growth, posing a serious public health threat. Nonetheless, the majority of the literature available focuses attention on the sensorial and technological challenges that salt reduction implies. Thereafter, the need to discuss the consequences for shelf-life and microbial safety should be considered. Hence, this review aims to merge all the available knowledge regarding salt reduction in meat products, providing an assessment on how to obtain low salt products that are sensorily accepted by the consumer, technologically feasible from the perspective of the industry, and, in particular, safe with respect to microbial stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Barcenilla
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-291245
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Mercedes López
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Ole Alvseike
- Animalia—Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, NO-0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
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34
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Kiousi DE, Efstathiou C, Tegopoulos K, Mantzourani I, Alexopoulos A, Plessas S, Kolovos P, Koffa M, Galanis A. Genomic Insight Into Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SP5, Reveals Genes and Gene Clusters of Probiotic Interest and Biotechnological Potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:922689. [PMID: 35783439 PMCID: PMC9244547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lacticaseibacillus paracasei species is comprised by nomadic bacteria inhabiting a wide variety of ecological niches, from fermented foodstuffs to host-associated microenvironments. Lc. paracasei SP5 is a novel strain, originally isolated from kefir grains that presents desirable probiotic and biotechnological attributes. In this study, we applied genomic tools to further characterize the probiotic and biotechnological potential of the strain. Firstly, whole genome sequencing and assembly, were performed to construct the chromosome map of the strain and determine its genomic stability. Lc. paracasei SP5 carriers several insertion sequences, however, no plasmids or mobile elements were detected. Furthermore, phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses were utilized to study the nomadic attributes of the strain, and more specifically, its metabolic capacity and ability to withstand environmental stresses imposed during food processing and passage through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. More specifically, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) analyses provided evidence for the ability of the stain to utilize an array of carbohydrates as growth substrates. Consequently, genes for heat, cold, osmotic shock, acidic pH, and bile salt tolerance were annotated. Importantly bioinformatic analysis showed that the novel strain does not harbor acquired antimicrobial resistance genes nor virulence factors, in agreement with previous experimental data. Putative bacteriocin biosynthesis clusters were identified using BAGEL4, suggesting its potential antimicrobial activity. Concerning microbe-host interactions, adhesins, moonlighting proteins, exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis genes and pilins mediating the adhesive phenotype were, also, pinpointed in the genome of Lc. paracasei SP5. Validation of this phenotype was performed by employing a microbiological method and confocal microscopy. Conclusively, Lc. paracasei SP5 harbors genes necessary for the manifestation of the probiotic character and application in the food industry. Upcoming studies will focus on the mechanisms of action of the novel strain at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Eugenia Kiousi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Efstathiou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tegopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioanna Mantzourani
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Athanasios Alexopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Stavros Plessas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
- *Correspondence: Stavros Plessas,
| | - Petros Kolovos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Koffa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Alex Galanis,
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35
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Insights into the mechanisms of Cronobacter sakazakii virulence. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105643. [PMID: 35716925 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species have adapted to survive harsh conditions, particularly in the food manufacture environment, and can cause life-threatening infections in susceptible hosts. These opportunistic pathogens employ a multitude of mechanisms to aid their virulence throughout three key stages: environmental persistence, infection strategy, and systemic persistence in the human host. Environmental persistence is aided by the formation of biofilms, development of subpopulations, and high tolerance to environmental stressors. Successful infection in the human host involves several mechanisms such as protein secretion, motility, quorum sensing, colonisation, and translocation. Survival inside the host is achieved via competitive acquisition and utilization of minerals and metabolites respectively, coupled with host immune system evasion and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms. Across the globe, Cronobacter sakazakii is associated with often fatal systemic infections in populations including neonates, infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised. By providing insight into the mechanisms of virulence utilised by this pathogen across these three stages, this review identifies current gaps in the literature. Further research into these virulence mechanisms is required to inform novel mitigation measures to improve global food safety with regards to this food-borne pathogen.
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36
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Kitchen cloths: Consumer practices, drying properties and bacterial growth and survival. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Ghoshal M, Ryu V, McLandsborough L. Evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobials against pathogens on food contact surfaces using a rapid microbial log reduction detection method. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 373:109699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Morasi RM, Rall VLM, Dantas STA, Alonso VPP, Silva NCC. Salmonella spp. in low water activity food: Occurrence, survival mechanisms, and thermoresistance. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2310-2323. [PMID: 35478321 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of disease outbreaks involving low-water-activity (aw ) foods has gained increased prominence due in part to the fact that reducing free water in these foods is normally a measure that controls the growth and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms. Salmonella, one of the main bacteria involved in these outbreaks, represents a major public health problem worldwide and in Brazil, which highlights the importance of good manufacturing and handling practices for food quality. The virulence of this pathogen, associated with its high ability to persist in the environment, makes Salmonella one of the main challenges for the food industry. The objectives of this article are to present the general characteristics, virulence, thermoresistance, control, and relevance of Salmonella in foodborne diseases, and describe the so-called low-water-activity foods and the salmonellosis outbreaks involving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Martins Morasi
- Department of Food Sciences And Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stéfani Thais Alves Dantas
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pereira Perez Alonso
- Department of Food Sciences And Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Sciences And Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Sodium content of foods sold in the Czech market. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Kragh ML, Obari L, Caindec AM, Jensen HA, Truelstrup Hansen L. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhimurium on sliced mushrooms during drying in a household food dehydrator. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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41
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da Silva RT, Schaffner DW, de Souza Pedrosa GT, de Albuquerque TMR, Maciel JF, de Souza EL, Alvarenga VO, Magnani M. Survival kinetics, membrane integrity and metabolic activity of Salmonella enterica in conventionally and osmotically dehydrated coconut flakes. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 370:109669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Development of Desiccation-Tolerant Probiotic Biofilms Inhibitory for Growth of Foodborne Pathogens on Stainless Steel Surfaces. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060831. [PMID: 35327253 PMCID: PMC8950843 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria biofilms can be used to reduce foodborne pathogen contamination in the food industry. However, studies on growth inhibition of foodborne pathogens by inducing biofilm formation of antagonistic microorganisms on abiotic surfaces are rare. We developed a desiccation-tolerant antimicrobial probiotic biofilm. Lactobacillus sakei M129-1 and Pediococcus pentosaceus M132-2 isolated from fermented Korean foods were found to exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Their biofilm levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher on stainless steel than on polyethylene or ceramic. Biofilms of both isolates showed significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced resistance against desiccation (exposure to 43% atmospheric relative humidity) as compared with the isolates not in the biofilm form. The antimicrobial activity of the isolates was sustained in dried biofilms on stainless steel surface; the initial number of foodborne pathogens (average 7.0 log CFU/mL), inoculated on stainless steel chips containing L. sakei M129-1 or P. pentosaceus M132-2 biofilm decreased to less than 1.0 log CFU within 48 h. The lactic acid bacteria antibacterial biofilms developed in this study may be applied to desiccated environmental surfaces in food-related environments to improve microbiological food safety.
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Muchaamba F, Eshwar AK, Stevens MJA, Stephan R, Tasara T. Different Shades of Listeria monocytogenes: Strain, Serotype, and Lineage-Based Variability in Virulence and Stress Tolerance Profiles. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:792162. [PMID: 35058906 PMCID: PMC8764371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.792162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a public health and food safety challenge due to its virulence and natural stress resistance phenotypes. The variable distribution of L. monocytogenes molecular subtypes with respect to food products and processing environments and among human and animal clinical listeriosis cases is observed. Sixty-two clinical and food-associated L. monocytogenes isolates were examined through phenome and genome analysis. Virulence assessed using a zebrafish infection model revealed serotype and genotype-specific differences in pathogenicity. Strains of genetic lineage I serotype 4b and multilocus sequence type clonal complexes CC1, CC2, CC4, and CC6 grew and survived better and were more virulent than serotype 1/2a and 1/2c lineage II, CC8, and CC9 strains. Hemolysis, phospholipase activity, and lysozyme tolerance profiles were associated with the differences observed in virulence. Osmotic stress resistance evaluation revealed serotype 4b lineage I CC2 and CC4 strains as more osmotolerant, whereas serotype 1/2c lineage II CC9 strains were more osmo-sensitive than others. Variable tolerance to the widely used quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride (BC) was observed. Some outbreak and sporadic clinical case associated strains demonstrated BC tolerance, which might have contributed to their survival and transition in the food-processing environment facilitating food product contamination and ultimately outbreaks or sporadic listeriosis cases. Genome comparison uncovered various moderate differences in virulence and stress associated genes between the strains indicating that these differences in addition to gene expression regulation variations might largely be responsible for the observed virulence and stress sensitivity phenotypic differences. Overall, our study uncovered strain and genotype-dependent variation in virulence and stress resilience among clinical and food-associated L. monocytogenes isolates with potential public health risk implications. The extensive genome and phenotypic data generated provide a basis for developing improved Listeria control strategies and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J A Stevens
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Boukharouba A, González A, García-Ferrús M, Ferrús MA, Botella S. Simultaneous Detection of Four Main Foodborne Pathogens in Ready-to-Eat Food by Using a Simple and Rapid Multiplex PCR (mPCR) Assay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031031. [PMID: 35162055 PMCID: PMC8834630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The increasing consumption of organic or ready-to-eat food may cause serious foodborne disease outbreaks. Developing microbiological culture for detection of food-borne pathogens is time-consuming, expensive, and laborious. Thus, alternative methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are usually employed for outbreaks investigation. In this work, we aimed to develop a rapid and simple protocol for the simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli (E coli), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), by the combination of an enrichment step in a single culture broth and a multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay. The effectiveness of several enrichment media was assessed by culture and PCR. Buffered peptone water (BPW) was selected as the optimum one. Then, mPCR conditions were optimized and applied both to pure co-cultures and artificially inoculated food samples (organic lettuce and minced meat). In the culture medium inoculated at 100 CFU/mL, mPCR was able to detect the four microorganisms. When performed on artificially food samples, the mPCR assy was able to detect E. coli, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes. In conclusion, BPW broth can effectively support the simultaneous growth of E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica and could be, thus, used prior to a mPCR detection assay in ready-to-eat food, thereby considerably reducing the time, efforts and costs of analyzes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Salut Botella
- Correspondence: (M.A.F.); (S.B.); Tel.: +34-963877423 (M.A.F.)
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Muchaamba F, Wambui J, Stephan R, Tasara T. Cold Shock Proteins Promote Nisin Tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes Through Modulation of Cell Envelope Modification Responses. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:811939. [PMID: 35003042 PMCID: PMC8740179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.811939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes continues to be a food safety challenge owing to its stress tolerance and virulence traits. Several listeriosis outbreaks have been linked to the consumption of contaminated ready-to-eat food products. Numerous interventions, including nisin application, are presently employed to mitigate against L. monocytogenes risk in food products. In response, L. monocytogenes deploys several defense mechanisms, reducing nisin efficacy, that are not yet fully understood. Cold shock proteins (Csps) are small, highly conserved nucleic acid-binding proteins involved in several gene regulatory processes to mediate various stress responses in bacteria. L. monocytogenes possesses three csp gene paralogs; cspA, cspB, and cspD. Using a panel of single, double, and triple csp gene deletion mutants, the role of Csps in L. monocytogenes nisin tolerance was examined, demonstrating their importance in nisin stress responses of this bacterium. Without csp genes, a L. monocytogenes ΔcspABD mutant displayed severely compromised growth under nisin stress. Characterizing single (ΔcspA, ΔcspB, and ΔcspD) and double (ΔcspBD, ΔcspAD, and ΔcspAB) csp gene deletion mutants revealed a hierarchy (cspD > cspB > cspA) of importance in csp gene contributions toward the L. monocytogenes nisin tolerance phenotype. Individual eliminations of either cspA or cspB improved the nisin stress tolerance phenotype, suggesting that their expression has a curbing effect on the expression of nisin resistance functions through CspD. Gene expression analysis revealed that Csp deficiency altered the expression of DltA, MprF, and penicillin-binding protein-encoding genes. Furthermore, the ΔcspABD mutation induced an overall more electronegative cell surface, enhancing sensitivity to nisin and other cationic antimicrobials as well as the quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant benzalkonium chloride. These observations demonstrate that the molecular functions of Csps regulate systems important for enabling the constitution and maintenance of an optimal composed cell envelope that protects against cell-envelope-targeting stressors, including nisin. Overall, our data show an important contribution of Csps for L. monocytogenes stress protection in food environments where antimicrobial peptides are used. Such knowledge can be harnessed in the development of better L. monocytogenes control strategies. Furthermore, the potential that Csps have in inducing cross-protection must be considered when combining hurdle techniques or using them in a series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Wambui
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Carvacrol and Thymol Combat Desiccation Resistance Mechanisms in Salmonella enterica Serovar Tennessee. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010044. [PMID: 35056493 PMCID: PMC8779931 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Salmonella enterica serovars are frequently associated with disease outbreaks in low-moisture foods (LMF) due to their ability to adapt efficiently to desiccation stress. These serovars are often persistent during food processing. Disruption of these resistance responses was accomplished previously using the membrane-active lipopeptide, paenibacterin. This study was initiated to determine how desiccation resistance mechanisms are overcome when Salmonella Tennessee, a known resistant serovar, is treated with the membrane-active food additives carvacrol and thymol. Knowing that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella Tennessee are 200 and 100 µg/mL, the concentrations tested were 100–400 and 50–200 µg/mL, respectively. Results show that desiccation-adapted Salmonella Tennessee, prepared by air drying at 40% relative humidity and 22–25 °C for 24 h, was not inactivated when exposed for 4.0 h to less than 2xMIC of the two additives. Additionally, treatment of desiccation-adapted Salmonella Tennessee for 120 min with carvacrol and thymol at the MIC-level sensitized the cells (1.4–1.5 log CFU/mL reduction) to further desiccation stress. Treating desiccation-adapted Salmonella Tennessee with carvacrol and thymol induced leakage of intracellular potassium ions, reduced the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant trehalose, reduced respiratory activity, decreased ATP production, and caused leakage of intracellular proteins and nucleic acids. Carvacrol, at 200–400 µg/mL, significantly downregulated the transcription of desiccation-related genes (proV, STM1494, and kdpA) as determined by the reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. The current study revealed some of the mechanisms by which carvacrol and thymol combat desiccation-resistant Salmonella Tennessee, raising the feasibility of using these additives to control desiccation-adapted S. enterica in LMF.
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Quereda JJ, Morón-García A, Palacios-Gorba C, Dessaux C, García-del Portillo F, Pucciarelli MG, Ortega AD. Pathogenicity and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes: A trip from environmental to medical microbiology. Virulence 2021; 12:2509-2545. [PMID: 34612177 PMCID: PMC8496543 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1975526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a saprophytic gram-positive bacterium, and an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can produce listeriosis in humans and animals. It has evolved an exceptional ability to adapt to stress conditions encountered in different environments, resulting in a ubiquitous distribution. Because some food preservation methods and disinfection protocols in food-processing environments cannot efficiently prevent contaminations, L. monocytogenes constitutes a threat to human health and a challenge to food safety. In the host, Listeria colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, crosses the intestinal barrier, and disseminates through the blood to target organs. In immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, leading to neurolisteriosis and materno-fetal listeriosis. Molecular and cell biology studies of infection have proven L. monocytogenes to be a versatile pathogen that deploys unique strategies to invade different cell types, survive and move inside the eukaryotic host cell, and spread from cell to cell. Here, we present the multifaceted Listeria life cycle from a comprehensive perspective. We discuss genetic features of pathogenic Listeria species, analyze factors involved in food contamination, and review bacterial strategies to tolerate stresses encountered both during food processing and along the host's gastrointestinal tract. Then we dissect host-pathogen interactions underlying listerial pathogenesis in mammals from a cell biology and systemic point of view. Finally, we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of listeriosis in humans and animals. This work aims to gather information from different fields crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Quereda
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Morón-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Charlotte Dessaux
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-del Portillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro D. Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Microbial contaminants in powdered infant formula: what is the impact of spray-drying on microbial inactivation? Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhan J, Qiao J, Wang X. Role of sigma factor RpoS in Cronobacter sakazakii environmental stress tolerance. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2791-2809. [PMID: 34157953 PMCID: PMC8806803 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1938499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a food-borne, conditionally pathogenic bacterium that mainly infects neonates, especially premature infants. Previous studies have indicated that an important route of infection for C. sakazakii is through infant formula, suggesting a high stress resistance of the bacterium. RpoS is a σ-factor that is closely related to the bacterial resistance mechanisms. In this study, a C. sakazakii BAA894 model strain was used. An rpoS-deficient mutant strain Δrpos was constructed using Red homologous recombination, and the differences between the mutant and the wild-type strains were compared. To investigate the functions of the rpoS gene, the membrane formation and cell wall properties of the strains were studied, and the tolerance of each strain to acid, osmotic pressure, desiccation, and drug resistance were compared. The results showed that the membrane formation ability in the mutant strain was increased, auto-aggregation was enhanced, motility, acid resistance and hyperosmotic resistance were alternated to different degrees, and desiccation resistance was stronger than observed in the wild type grown in LB medium but weaker than the wild type cultured in M9 medium. These results showed that rpoS is involved in environmental stress resistance in C. sakazakii BAA894. Finally, transcriptome analysis verified that the deletion of the rpoS gene caused differential expression of resistance-related genes and instigated changes in related metabolic pathways. These messenger RNA results were consistent with the functional experimental results and help explain the phenotypic changes observed in the mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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50
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Chlorine-stressed Salmonella cells are significantly more engulfed by Acanthamoeba trophozoites and have a longer intracystic survival than the non-stressed cells. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103927. [PMID: 34809953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of sublethal chlorine-induced oxidative stress on the subsequent interaction of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium with Acanthamoeba castellanii and A. polyphaga was evaluated. Sublethal chlorine concentration was determined using the lag phase extension information and used to prepare chlorine-stressed Salmonella cells. Coculture experiments of Acanthamoeba and Salmonella cells were performed in Page's amoeba saline (PAS) at 25 °C for 2 h. The results showed that the chlorine-stressed Salmonella cells were significantly more engulfed by A. castellanii and A. polyphaga trophozoites than the non-stressed cells. The uptake rates of the chlorine-stressed and non-stressed Salmonella cells were in the range of 14.17-27.34 and 6.51-11.52% for A. castellanii, and in the range of 8.32-17.76 and 2.28-6.12% for A. polyphaga trophozoites, respectively. Moreover, intracystic survival time of chlorine-stressed cells of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium was significantly longer than that of non-stressed cells. While, non-stressed Salmonella cells survived within A. castellanii and A. polyphaga cysts for 13-20 and 8-15 days, chlorine-stressed cells were recovered from A. castellanii and A. polyphaga cysts after 22-32 and 15-24 days, respectively. These results underscore the importance of bacterial exposure to sublethal chlorine concentrations in their interaction with free-living amoebae, and may lead to a better understanding of the parameters affecting the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovars in food-related environments.
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