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Hwang D, Kim HJ. Increased antimicrobial resistance of acid-adapted pathogenic Escherichia coli, and transcriptomic analysis of polymyxin-resistant strain. Microb Pathog 2024; 196:106974. [PMID: 39307200 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the acid adaptation and antimicrobial resistance of seven pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and one commensal strain under nutrient-rich acidic conditions. After acid adaptation, three pathogenic E. coli survived during 100 h incubation in tryptic soy broth at pH 3.25. Acid-adapted (AA) strains showed increased resistance to antimicrobials including ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and especially polymyxins (colistin and polymyxin B), the last resort antimicrobial for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain (NCCP 13717) showed significantly increased resistance to acids and polymyxins. Transcriptome analysis of the AA NCCP 13717 revealed upregulation of genes related to the acid fitness island and the arn operon, which reduces lipopolysaccharide binding affinity at the polymyxin site of action. Genes such as eptA, tolC, and ompCF were also upregulated to alter the structure of the cell membrane, reducing the outer membrane permeability compared to the control, which is likely to be another mechanism for polymyxin resistance. This study highlights the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in AA pathogenic E. coli strains, particularly polymyxin resistance, and the mechanisms behind the increased antimicrobial resistance, providing important insights for the development of risk management strategies to effectively control the antimicrobial resistant foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekeun Hwang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeolla-buk, 55365, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeolla-buk, 55365, South Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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2
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Schlosserová K, Daniel O, Labská K, Jakubů V, Stárková T, Bílý J, Dresler J, Lang C, Fruth A, Flieger A, Žemličková H, Bielaszewska M, Havlíčková M. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: Frequent, yet underdiagnosed pathotype among E. coli O111 strains isolated from children with gastrointestinal disorders in the Czech Republic. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 316:151628. [PMID: 38936338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains including those of serogroup O111 are important causes of diarrhea in children. In the Czech Republic, no information is available on the etiological role of EAEC in pediatric diarrhea due to the lack of their targeted surveillance. To fill this gap, we determined the proportion of EAEC among E. coli O111 isolates from children with gastrointestinal disorders ≤ 2 years of age submitted to the National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella during 2013-2022. EAEC accounted for 177 of 384 (46.1 %) E. coli O111 isolates, being the second most frequent E. coli O111 pathotype. Most of them (75.7 %) were typical EAEC that carried aggR, usually with aaiC and aatA marker genes; the remaining 24.3 % were atypical EAEC that lacked aggR but carried aaiC and/or aatA. Whole genome sequencing of 11 typical and two atypical EAEC O111 strains demonstrated differences in serotypes, sequence types (ST), virulence gene profiles, and the core genomes between these two groups. Typical EAEC O111:H21/ST40 strains resembled by their virulence profiles including the presence of the aggregative adherence fimbriae V (AAF/V)-encoding cluster to such strains from other countries and clustered with them in the core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Atypical EAEC O111:H12/ST10 strains lacked virulence genes of typical EAEC and differed from them in cgMLST. All tested EAEC O111 strains displayed stacked-brick aggregative adherence to human intestinal epithelial cells. The AAF/V-encoding cluster was located on a plasmid of 95,749 bp or 93,286 bp (pAAO111) which also carried aggR, aap, aar, sepA, and aat cluster. EAEC O111 strains were resistant to antibiotics, in particular to aminopenicillins and cephalosporins; 88.3 % produced AmpC β-lactamase, and 4.1 % extended spectrum β-lactamase. We conclude that EAEC are frequent among E. coli O111 strains isolated from children with gastrointestinal disorders in the Czech Republic. To reliably assess the etiological role of EAEC in pediatric diarrhea, a serotype-independent, PCR-based pathotype surveillance system needs to be implemented in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Schlosserová
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, V Úvalu 84, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Daniel
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, V Úvalu 84, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Labská
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Jakubů
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruská 87, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Stárková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bílý
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dresler
- Central Military Medical Institute, Military University Hospital, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, Prague 160 01, Czech Republic
| | - Christina Lang
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella and National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Burgstrasse 37, Wernigerode 38855, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella and National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Burgstrasse 37, Wernigerode 38855, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella and National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Burgstrasse 37, Wernigerode 38855, Germany
| | - Helena Žemličková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruská 87, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, V Úvalu 84, Prague 150 06, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Havlíčková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
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3
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Onyeka LO, Adesiyun AA, Ismail A, Allam M, Keddy KH, Thompson PN. Evidence for Horizontal Transmission and Recirculation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Beef Production Chain in South Africa Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Pathogens 2024; 13:732. [PMID: 39338923 PMCID: PMC11434950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) as an epidemiologic surveillance tool to elucidate the transmission dynamics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains along the beef production chain in South Africa. Isolates were obtained from a cattle farm, abattoirs and retail outlets. Isolates were analysed using WGS on a MiSeq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Of the 85 isolates, 39% (33) carried the stx gene and 61% (52) had lost the stx gene. The prevalence of stx subtypes was as follows; stx1a 55% (18/33), stx1b 52% (17/33), stx2a 55% (18/33), stx2b 27% (9/33), stx2dB 30% (10/33) and stx2d1A 15% (5/33). Thirty-five different serogenotypes were detected, of which 65% (56) were flagellar H-antigens and 34% (29) were both O-antigens and flagellar H-antigens. We identified 50 different sequence types (STs), and only nine of the isolates were assigned to three different clonal complexes. Core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic relatedness, and isolates clustered mainly according to their STs and serogenotypes regardless of stx subtypes. This study provides evidence of horizontal transmission and recirculation of STEC strains in Gauteng province and demonstrates that every stage of the beef production chain plays a significant role in STEC entry into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby Obumneke Onyeka
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 999183, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karen H Keddy
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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4
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Nakamura K, Taniguchi I, Gotoh Y, Isobe J, Kimata K, Igawa Y, Kitahashi T, Takahashi Y, Nomoto R, Iwabuchi K, Morimoto Y, Iyoda S, Hayashi T. Diversity of Shiga toxin transducing phages in Escherichia coli O145:H28 and the different Shiga toxin 2 production levels associated with short- or long-tailed phages. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1453887. [PMID: 39165568 PMCID: PMC11333237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1453887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes serious gastrointestinal illness, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Two types of Stxs (Stx1 and Stx2) are known and both are encoded by bacteriophages (Stx phages), but the production of Stx2 is known to be a major risk factor for severe STEC infections. The production of Stx2, but not Stx1, is tightly coupled with the induction of Stx phages, and Stx2 production levels vary between STEC strains even within the same serotype. Here, we analyzed the genomic diversity of all Stx phages in 71 strains representing the entire O145:H28 lineage, one of the often highly pathogenic STECs, and the relationship between the variations in Stx phage genomes and the levels of Stx2 production by host strains. Our analysis reveals highly dynamic natures of Stx phages in O145:H28, including the independent acquisition of similar Stx phages by different sublineages, the recent transfer of Stx phage between different sublineages, and the frequent gain and loss of Stx phages in some sublineages. We also show the association of the Stx2 phage types with the Stx2 production levels of host strains: strains carrying short-tailed Stx2 phages exhibited significantly higher Stx2 production levels than those carrying long-tailed Stx2 phages. Detailed analyses of the Stx2 phage genomes revealed that both of short- and long-tailed phages exhibited sequence diversification and they were divided into two groups, respectively, based on the sequence similarity of the phage early region encoding genes responsible for phage induction, short-tailed phages contained early regions clearly different in genetic organization from those in long-tailed phages. Therefore, the variations in the early regions between short-and long-tailed Stx2 phages appeared to be linked to a striking difference in Stx2 production levels in their host strains. These results broaden our understanding of the diversification and dynamism of Stx phages in O145:H28 and the association of Stx2 phage types with the Stx2 production level in this STEC lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nakamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Itsuki Taniguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gotoh
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukiko Igawa
- Nagano Prefecture Suwa Public Health and Welfare Office, Suwa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kaori Iwabuchi
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yo Morimoto
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Usein CR, Oprea M, Dinu S, Popa LI, Cristea D, Militaru CM, Ghiță A, Costin M, Popa IL, Croitoru A, Bologa C, Rusu LC. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Romania: A Whole Genome-Based Description. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1469. [PMID: 39065242 PMCID: PMC11278934 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) group is unanimously regarded as exceptionally hazardous for humans. This study aimed to provide a genomic perspective on the STEC recovered sporadically from humans and have a foundation of internationally comparable data. Fifty clinical STEC isolates, representing the culture-confirmed infections reported by the STEC Reference Laboratory between 2016 and 2023, were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis and sequences were interpreted using both commercial and public free bioinformatics tools. The WGS analysis revealed a genetically diverse population of STEC dominated by non-O157 serogroups commonly reported in human STEC infections in the European Union. The O26:H11 strains of ST21 lineage played a major role in the clinical disease resulting in hospitalisation and cases of paediatric HUS in Romania surpassing the O157:H7 strains. The latter were all clade 7 and mostly ST1804. Notably, among the Romanian isolates was a stx2a-harbouring cryptic clade I strain associated with a HUS case, stx2f- and stx2e-positive strains, and hybrid strains displaying a mixture of intestinal and extraintestinal virulence genes were found. As a clearer picture emerges of the STEC strains responsible for infections in Romania, further surveillance efforts are needed to uncover their prevalence, sources, and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codruța-Romanița Usein
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Mihaela Oprea
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Sorin Dinu
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Laura-Ioana Popa
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Daniela Cristea
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Cornelia-Mădălina Militaru
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Andreea Ghiță
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute of Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.O.); (S.D.); (L.-I.P.); (D.C.); (C.-M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Mariana Costin
- Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children “M.S. Curie”, 041451 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (I.-L.P.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
- Discipline Pediatrics—Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children M.S. Curie, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela-Loredana Popa
- Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children “M.S. Curie”, 041451 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (I.-L.P.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
- Discipline Pediatrics—Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children M.S. Curie, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Croitoru
- Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children “M.S. Curie”, 041451 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (I.-L.P.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
- Discipline Pediatrics—Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children M.S. Curie, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Bologa
- Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children “M.S. Curie”, 041451 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (I.-L.P.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Lavinia-Cipriana Rusu
- National Centre for Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, National Public Health Institute, 050463 Bucharest, Romania;
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6
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Tayh G, Nsibi F, Chemli K, Daâloul-Jedidi M, Abbes O, Messadi L. Occurrence, antibiotic resistance and molecular characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens in Tunisia. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38967914 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2368906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
1. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are associated with disease outbreaks which cause a public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of STEC strains, their virulence factors, phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial resistance profiles in broiler chickens.2. A total of 222 E.coli isolates were collected from the caecum of chickens intended to be slaughtered. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested against 21 antimicrobial agents and ESBL phenotype was assessed by double-disk synergy test. The presence of STEC virulence genes stx1, stx2,eaeA and ehxA was detected by PCR. The identification of STEC serogroups was realised by PCR amplification. Additive virulence genes, phylogenetic groups and integrons were examined among the STEC isolates.3. Out of 222 E.coli isolates, 72 (32%) were identified as STEC strains and the most predominant serogroups were O103, O145 and O157. Shiga toxin gene 1 (stx1) was found in 84.7% (61/72) of the STEC strains, and eae and stx2 were detected in 38.8% and 13.8%, respectively. The ESBL phenotype was documented in 48.6% (35/72) of isolates. Most of the isolates (90.3%) carried class 1 integron with the gene cassette encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA) and streptomycin (aadA) in 31.9% of the isolates. Class 2 integron was identified in 36.1% of isolates.4. Broilers can be considered as a reservoir of STEC strains which have high virulence factors and integrons that might be transmitted to other chickens, environments and humans. It is important to undertake surveillance and efficient control measures in slaughterhouses and farms to control measures of STEC bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tayh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - F Nsibi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - K Chemli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - M Daâloul-Jedidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - O Abbes
- DICK Company, Poulina Group Holding, Ben Arous, Tunisia
| | - L Messadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
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7
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López-Islas JJ, Martínez-Gómez D, Ortiz-López WE, Reyes-Cruz T, López-Pérez AM, Eslava C, Méndez-Olvera ET. Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from American Bison ( Bison bison) Showed Uncommon Virulent Gene Patterns and Antimicrobial Multi-Resistance. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1367. [PMID: 39065135 PMCID: PMC11278953 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
E. coli is considered one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. Highly virulent and antimicrobial-resistant strains of E. coli have been reported in recent years, making it essential to understand their ecological origins. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of E. coli strains present in the natural population of American bison (Bison bison) in Mexico. We sampled 123 individuals and determined the presence of E. coli using standard bacteriological methods. The isolated strains were characterized using molecular techniques based on PCR. To evaluate the diversity of E. coli strains in this population, we analyzed 108 suggestive colonies from each fecal sample. From a total of 13,284 suggestive colonies, we isolated 33 E. coli strains that contained at least one virulence gene. The virotypes of these strains were highly varied, including strains with atypical patterns or combinations compared to classical pathotypes, such as the presence of escV, eae, bfpB, and ial genes in E. coli strain LMA-26-6-6, or stx2, eae, and ial genes in E. coli strain LMA-16-1-32. Genotype analysis of these strains revealed a previously undescribed phylogenetic group. Serotyping of all strains showed that serogroups O26 and O22 were the most abundant. Interestingly, strains belonging to these groups exhibited different patterns of virulence genes. Finally, the isolated E. coli strains demonstrated broad resistance to antimicrobials, including various beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. López-Islas
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (W.E.O.-L.); (T.R.-C.)
| | - Wendy E. Ortiz-López
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (W.E.O.-L.); (T.R.-C.)
| | - Tania Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (W.E.O.-L.); (T.R.-C.)
| | - Andrés M. López-Pérez
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Eslava
- Unidad Periférica Investigación Básica y Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM—Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Cuidad de Mexico 06720, Mexico;
| | - Estela T. Méndez-Olvera
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (D.M.-G.); (W.E.O.-L.); (T.R.-C.)
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8
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Bulgan E, Byambajav Z, Ayushjav N, Hirai Y, Tanaka M, Purevdorj NO, Badrakh S, Suzuki A, Komatsu Y, Sato T, Horiuchi M. Characterization of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle Around Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100294. [PMID: 38718985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with severe infections including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Ruminants are known as reservoirs of STEC; however, no data are available on STEC in ruminants in Mongolia, where more than 5 million cattle and 25 million sheep are raised. To disclose the existence and characteristics of STEC in Mongolia, in this study, we isolated and characterized STEC from cattle in Mongolia. We collected 350 rectal swabs of cattle from 30 farms near Ulaanbaatar city and isolated 45 STEC from 21 farms. Rectal swabs were precultured with modified Escherichia coli broth and then inoculated to Cefixime-Tellurite Sorbitol MacConkey agar plate and/or CHROMagar STEC agar plate for the isolation of STEC. The isolation ratios in each farm were from 0% to 40%. Multiplex PCR for the estimation of O- and H-serotypes identified 12 O-genotypes (Og-types) and 11 H-genotypes (Hg-types) from 45 isolates; however, Og-types of 19 isolates could not be determined. Stx gene subtyping by PCR identified 2 stx1 subtypes (1a and 1c) and 4 stx2 subtypes (2a, 2c, 2d, and 2g). Forty-five isolates were divided into 21 different groups based on the Og- and Hg-types, stx gene subtypes and the existence of virulence factors, ehxA, eae, and saa, which includes several major serotypes associated with human illness such as O26:H11 and O157:H7. The most dominant isolate, OgUT:H19 [stx1a (+), stx2a (+), ehxA (+) and saa (+)], was isolated from eight farms. This is the first report on the characterization of STEC in cattle in Mongolia, and the results suggest the importance of further monitoring of STEC contamination in the food chains as well as STEC infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebat Bulgan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Zolzaya Byambajav
- Laboratory of Veterinary Sanitation and Hygiene, Ulaanbaatar Veterinary Department, Chinguunjav Street, 2nd Khoroo, Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar 16050, Mongolia
| | - Narantuya Ayushjav
- Laboratory of Veterinary Sanitation and Hygiene, Ulaanbaatar Veterinary Department, Chinguunjav Street, 2nd Khoroo, Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar 16050, Mongolia
| | - Yuji Hirai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Misaki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nyam-Osor Purevdorj
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, Khan-Uul, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Sandagdorj Badrakh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, Khan-Uul, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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9
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Zhang H, Hu X, Ma Z, Zhen X, Tong P, Zhai G, Zhang S, Zhang W. Isolation and characterization of a relatively broad-spectrum phage against Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:197. [PMID: 38555551 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Multiple pathogenic types or serotypes restrict treatment for colibacillosis. In addition, rising antibiotic resistance has heightened public awareness to prevent and control pathogenic Escherichia coli. The bacteriophage is a viable technique to treat colibacillosis as an alternative to antibiotics. In this study, PH444, a relatively broad-spectrum obligate lytic phage, was screened from 48 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) phages isolated from farm manure samples and sewage samples in order to conduct genome-wide analysis, biological characterization, and a bacterial challenge experiment in milk. The results demonstrated that PH444 was a T7-like phage with a double-stranded DNA of 115,111 bp that belongs to the Kuravirus and was stable at temperatures between 4 and 50 °C and a pH range of 3 to 11. After adding PH444, the bacterial load in milk could be reduced from 3 × 103 PFU/ mL to zero within 1 h. In consideration of the biological properties of phage PH444, it was, therefore, demonstrated that PH444 has the potential to be used in phage biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Food and Biology Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, 241003, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Detection of Food-Borne Pathogenic Microorganisms Engineering Research Center of Wuhu, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xiapei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengxing Ma
- Department of Food and Biology Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, 241003, China
- Detection of Food-Borne Pathogenic Microorganisms Engineering Research Center of Wuhu, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xiangkuan Zhen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Panpan Tong
- College of Animal Medical, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Wuhu Qingshui White Meat Wholesale Market Co., LTD, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Food and Biology Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, 241003, China.
- Detection of Food-Borne Pathogenic Microorganisms Engineering Research Center of Wuhu, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Detection of Food-Borne Pathogenic Microorganisms Engineering Research Center of Wuhu, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agriculture University, Sanya, 572024, China.
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10
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Vusirikala A, Rowell S, Dabke G, Fox G, Bell J, Manuel R, Jenkins C, Love N, McCarthy N, Sumilo D, Balasegaram S. Shedding and exclusion from childcare in children with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, 2018-2022. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e42. [PMID: 38403892 PMCID: PMC10945940 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882400027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Excluding children with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from childcare until microbiologically clear of the pathogen, disrupts families, education, and earnings. Since PCR introduction, non-O157 STEC serotype detections in England have increased. We examined shedding duration by serotype and transmission risk, to guide exclusion advice. We investigated STEC cases aged <6 years, residing in England and attending childcare, with diarrhoea onset or sample date from 31 March 2018 to 30 March 2022. Duration of shedding was the interval between date of onset or date first positive specimen and earliest available negative specimen date. Transmission risk was estimated from proportions with secondary cases in settings attended by infectious cases. There were 367 cases (STEC O157 n = 243, 66.2%; STEC non-O157 n = 124, 33.8%). Median shedding duration was 32 days (IQR 20-44) with no significant difference between O157 and non-O157; 2% (n = 6) of cases shed for ≥100 days. Duration of shedding was reduced by 17% (95% CI 4-29) among cases reporting bloody diarrhoea. Sixteen settings underwent screening; four had secondary cases (close contacts' secondary transmission rate = 13%). Shedding duration estimates were consistent with previous studies (median 31 days, IQR 17-41). Findings do not warrant guidance changes regarding exclusion and supervised return of prolonged shedders, despite serotype changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amoolya Vusirikala
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Sam Rowell
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Girija Dabke
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Georgina Fox
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Jade Bell
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Rohini Manuel
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Clinical and Public Health Group, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infection at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicola Love
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infection at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Noel McCarthy
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infection at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin,Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dana Sumilo
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infection at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Warwick Medical School, School of Medicine, Warwick, UK
| | - Sooria Balasegaram
- Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infection at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Lee K, Iguchi A, Terano C, Hataya H, Isobe J, Seto K, Ishijima N, Akeda Y, Ohnishi M, Iyoda S. Combined usage of serodiagnosis and O antigen typing to isolate Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O76:H7 from a hemolytic uremic syndrome case and genomic insights from the isolate. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0235523. [PMID: 38092668 PMCID: PMC10790564 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02355-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. The treatment approaches for STEC-mediated typical HUS and atypical HUS differ, underscoring the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis. However, specific detection methods for STECs other than major serogroups, such as O157, O26, and O111, are limited. This study focuses on the utility of PCR-based O-serotyping, serum agglutination tests utilizing antibodies against the identified Og type, and isolation techniques employing antibody-conjugated immunomagnetic beads for STEC isolation. By employing these methods, we successfully isolated a STEC strain of a minor serotype, O76:H7, from a HUS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Lee
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chikako Terano
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Aichi Children’s Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hataya
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuko Seto
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ishijima
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - EHEC Working Group in JapanMorimotoYoOgawaKeikoIshiguroMakotoKikuchiMasayukiSampeiMikaAokiYokoSetoJunjiIshikawaKanakoSatoTakashiKikuchiKojiTomariKentaroUenoHiroyukiHazamaKyokoKikuchiTakashiYajimaMasayukiKanazawaSatokoKawaseMasaoKimataKeikoYuruzumeSayaShirozaMikaKitagawaEmikoYoshikawaMisaYokoyamaKojiOnoSatokoFurukawaYumiMatsuyamaMikiFurutaAyakoNodaMakikoKameyamaYoshihikoAotaTatsuakiKatamuneChiharuShimodaYukoAbeYuriTamuraSawakoFurukawaYurikaObaraAtsumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Aichi Children’s Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
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12
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Besser J, Singer R, Jervis RH, Boxrud D, Smith K, Daly ER. Laboratory Criteria for Exclusion and Readmission of Potentially Infectious Persons in Sensitive Settings in the Age of Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests: Report of a Multidisciplinary Workgroup. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100173. [PMID: 37797737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs) are increasingly used for clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases such as salmonellosis, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli disease, and shigellosis because of their speed, convenience, and generally high-performance characteristics. These tests are also used to screen potentially infectious asymptomatic persons during outbreak investigations in sensitive settings such as childcare, food service, and healthcare. However, only limited performance data are available for CIDTs used on specimens from asymptomatic persons. The Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) convened a workgroup to examine the available scientific data to inform interim decision-making related to exclusion and readmission criteria for potentially infectious persons in sensitive settings, the risks and benefits of different testing strategies, and to identify knowledge gaps for further research. This is the report on the Workgroup findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Besser
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, 284 Vickers DR NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.
| | - Rachael Singer
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2635 Century Parkway NE, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA.
| | - Rachel H Jervis
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246, USA.
| | - David Boxrud
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE. Atlanta GA 30329, USA.
| | - Kirk Smith
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St. N. P.O. Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Daly
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2635 Century Parkway NE, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA.
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13
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Giraldo-Rubio V, Arango-Gil BS, Granobles-Velandia CV. First report of the prevalence of Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli in ground beef in Quindío, Colombia. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:474-482. [PMID: 38109140 PMCID: PMC10781425 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen associated with clinical cases of diarrhea in humans. Its main virulence factors are the Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2). Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC, and many outbreaks in humans have been related to the consumption of undercooked ground beef contaminated with this pathogen. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of STEC in ground beef commercialized in all the butcher shops of a township in the department of Quindío and to characterize the virulence genes of the strains found. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty ground beef samples were taken in three different times; stx genes and other STEC virulence factors (eae, ehxA, saa) were detected by multiplex PCR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of STEC was 33.33 % (10/30 positive samples). We isolated eight non-O157 (LEE-negative) strains with four different genetic profiles: stx2 / stx2-ehxA-saa / stx1-stx2-ehxA-saa / stx1-saa. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the prevalence of STEC in ground beef in a township in the department of Quindío.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giraldo-Rubio
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular (GYMOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Brayan Stiven Arango-Gil
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular (GYMOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.
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14
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Wang L, Bai X, Ylinen E, Zhang J, Saxén H, Matussek A. Genetic Characterization of Intimin Gene ( eae) in Clinical Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Pediatric Patients in Finland. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:669. [PMID: 38133173 PMCID: PMC10748226 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections cause outbreaks of severe disease in children ranging from bloody diarrhea to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The adherent factor intimin, encoded by eae, can facilitate the colonization process of strains and is frequently associated with severe disease. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the prevalence and polymorphisms of eae in clinical STEC strains from pediatric patients under 17 years old with and without HUS, and to assess the pathogenic risk of different eae subtypes. We studied 240 STEC strains isolated from pediatric patients in Finland with whole genome sequencing. The gene eae was present in 209 (87.1%) strains, among which 49 (23.4%) were from patients with HUS, and 160 (76.6%) were from patients without HUS. O157:H7 (126, 60.3%) was the most predominant serotype among eae-positive STEC strains. Twenty-three different eae genotypes were identified, which were categorized into five eae subtypes, i.e., γ1, β3, ε1, θ and ζ3. The subtype eae-γ1 was significantly overrepresented in strains from patients aged 5-17 years, while β3 and ε1 were more commonly found in strains from patients under 5 years. All O157:H7 strains carried eae-γ1; among non-O157 strains, strains of each serotype harbored one eae subtype. No association was observed between the presence of eae/its subtypes and HUS. However, the combination of eae-γ1+stx2a was significantly associated with HUS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high occurrence and genetic variety of eae in clinical STEC from pediatric patients under 17 years old in Finland, and that eae is not essential for STEC-associated HUS. However, the combination of certain eae subtypes with stx subtypes, i.e., eae-γ1+stx2a, may be used as risk predictors for the development of severe disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (L.W.); (X.B.)
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (L.W.); (X.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Ylinen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (E.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Ji Zhang
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Harri Saxén
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (E.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Andreas Matussek
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (L.W.); (X.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Sui X, Yang X, Luo M, Wang H, Liu Q, Sun H, Jin Y, Wu Y, Bai X, Xiong Y. Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Circulating in Asymptomatic Food Handlers. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:640. [PMID: 37999503 PMCID: PMC10675304 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HC), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. Since the infection can be asymptomatic, the circulation of STEC in some asymptomatic carriers, especially in healthy-food-related professionals, is not yet well understood. In this study, a total of 3987 anal swab samples from asymptomatic food handlers were collected, and ten swabs recovered STEC strains (0.251%). Of the ten STEC isolates, seven serotypes and eight sequence types (ST) were determined using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Two stx1 subtypes (stx1a and stx1c) and four stx2 subtypes (stx2a, stx2b, stx2d, and stx2e) were detected. Seven different insertion sites were found in fourteen Stx prophages, and the dmsB and yfhL were the newly identified insertion sites. The ten strains showed the variable Stx transcription levels after the mitomycin C induction. The whole-genome phylogeny indicated that the strains from the asymptomatic food handlers were genetically distant from the strains of HUS patients. The STEC isolates circulating in asymptomatic carriers might pose a low potential to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- Longgang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yannong Wu
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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16
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Carter MQ, Quiñones B, Laniohan N, Carychao D, Pham A, He X, Cooley M. Pathogenicity assessment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from wild birds in a major agricultural region in California. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214081. [PMID: 37822735 PMCID: PMC10562709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) consists of diverse strains differing in genetic make-up and virulence potential. To better understand the pathogenicity potential of STEC carried by the wildlife, three STEC and one E. coli strains isolated from wild birds near a major agricultural region in California were selected for comparative pathogenomic analyses. Three American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) strains, RM9088, RM9513, and RM10410, belonging to phylogroup A with serotypes O109:H48, O9:H30, and O113:H4, respectively, and a red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) strain RM14516 in phylogroup D with serotype O17:H18, were examined. Shiga toxin genes were identified in RM9088 (stx1a), RM10410 (stx1a + stx2d), and RM14516 (stx2a). Unlike STEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, none of the avian STEC strains harbored the pathogenicity islands OI-122, OI-57, and the locus of enterocyte effacement, therefore the type III secretion system biogenesis genes and related effector genes were absent in the three avian STEC genomes. Interestingly, all avian STEC strains exhibited greater (RM9088 and RM14516) or comparable (RM10410) cytotoxicity levels compared with EDL933. Comparative pathogenomic analyses revealed that RM9088 harbored numerous genes encoding toxins, toxins delivery systems, and adherence factors, including heat-labile enterotoxin, serine protease autotransporter toxin Pic, type VI secretion systems, protein adhesin Paa, fimbrial adhesin K88, and colonization factor antigen I. RM9088 also harbored a 36-Kb high pathogenicity island, which is related to iron acquisition and pathogenicity in Yersinia spp. Strain RM14516 carried an acid fitness island like the one in EDL933, containing a nine gene cluster involved in iron acquisition. Genes encoding extracellular serine protease EspP, subtilase cytotoxin, F1C fimbriae, and inverse autotransporter adhesin IatC were only detected in RM14516, and genes encoding serine protease autotransporter EspI and P fimbriae were only identified in RM10410. Although all curli genes were present in avian STEC strains, production of curli fimbriae was only detected for RM9088 and RM14516. Consistently, strong, moderate, and little biofilms were observed for RM9088, RM14516, and RM10410, respectively. Our study revealed novel combinations of virulence factors in two avian strains, which exhibited high level of cytotoxicity and strong biofilm formation. Comparative pathogenomics is powerful in assessing pathogenicity and health risk of STEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Laniohan
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Antares Pham
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Michael Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
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Fitzgerald SF, Mitchell MC, Holmes A, Allison L, Chase-Topping M, Lupolova N, Wells B, Gally DL, McNeilly TN. Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Wild Scottish Deer with High Human Pathogenic Potential. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2795. [PMID: 37685059 PMCID: PMC10486872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections associated with wildlife are increasing globally, highlighting many 'spillover' species as important reservoirs for these zoonotic pathogens. A human outbreak of STEC serogroup O157 in 2015 in Scotland, associated with the consumption of venison meat products, highlighted several knowledge gaps, including the prevalence of STEC O157 in Scottish wild deer and the potential risk to humans from wild deer isolates. In this study, we undertook a nationwide survey of wild deer in Scotland and determined that the prevalence of STEC O157 in wild deer is low 0.28% (95% confidence interval = 0.06-0.80). Despite the low prevalence of STEC O157 in Scottish wild deer, identified isolates were present in deer faeces at high levels (>104 colony forming units/g faeces) and had high human pathogenic potential based on whole genome sequencing and virulence gene profiling. A retrospective epidemiological investigation also identified one wild deer isolate from this study as a possible source of a Scottish human outbreak in 2017. These results emphasise the importance of food hygiene practices during the processing of wild deer carcasses for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Fitzgerald
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - Mairi C. Mitchell
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Anne Holmes
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Lesley Allison
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nadejda Lupolova
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - David L. Gally
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
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Castro VS, Fang Y, Yang X, Stanford K. Association of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds and organic acids with genetic markers and their relationship to Escherichia coli serogroup. Food Microbiol 2023; 113:104267. [PMID: 37098428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Sanitizer resistance is being extensively investigated due to the potential for bacterial survival and cross-resistance with other antimicrobials. Similarly, organic acids are being used due to their microbial inactivation potential as well as being generally recognized as safe (GRAS). However, little is known about associations of genetic and phenotypic factors in Escherichia coli related to resistance to sanitizers and organic acids as well as differences between "Top 7" serogroups. Therefore, we investigated 746 E. coli isolates for resistance to lactic acid and two commercial sanitizers based on quaternary ammonium and peracetic acid. Furthermore, we correlated resistance to several genetic markers and investigated 44 isolates using Whole Genome Sequencing. Results indicate that factors related to motility, biofilm formation, and Locus of Heat Resistance played a role in resistance to sanitizers and lactic acid. In addition, Top 7 serogroups significantly differed in sanitizer and acid resistance, with O157 being the most consistently resistant to all treatments. Finally, mutations in rpoA, rpoC, and rpoS genes were observed, in addition to presence of a Gad gene with alpha-toxin formation in all O121 and O145 isolates, which may be related to increased resistance of these serogroups to the acids used in the present study.
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Donadelli R, Sinha A, Bagga A, Noris M, Remuzzi G. HUS and TTP: traversing the disease and the age spectrum. Semin Nephrol 2023; 43:151436. [PMID: 37949684 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) are rare diseases sharing a common pathological feature, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). TMA is characterized by microvascular thrombosis with consequent thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and/or multiorgan dysfunction. In the past, the distinction between HUS and TTP was predominantly based on clinical grounds. However, clinical presentation of the two syndromes often overlaps and, the differential diagnosis is broad. Identification of underlying pathogenic mechanisms has enabled the classification of these syndromes on a molecular basis: typical HUS caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS); atypical HUS or complement-mediated TMA (aHUS/CM-TMA) associated with genetic or acquired defects leading to dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement; and TTP that results from a severe deficiency of the von Willebrand Factor (VWF)-cleaving protease, ADAMTS13. The etiology of TMA differs between pediatric and adult patients. Childhood TMA is chiefly caused by STEC-HUS, followed by CM-TMA and pneumococcal HUS (Sp-HUS). Rare conditions such as congenital TTP (cTTP), vitamin B12 metabolism defects, and coagulation disorders (diacylglycerol epsilon mutation) present as TMA chiefly in children under 2 years of age. In contrast secondary causes and acquired ADAMT13 deficiency are more common in adults. In adults, compared to children, diagnostic delays are more frequent due to the wide range of differential diagnoses. In this review we focus on the three major forms of TMA, STEC-HUS, aHUS and TTP, outlining the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the affected patients, to help highlight the salient features and the differences between adult and pediatric patients which are relevant for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Donadelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Ranica, Italy
| | - Aditi Sinha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Ranica, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Ranica, Italy.
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20
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Cardoso LT, Alexandre B, Cacciatore FA, Magedans YVDS, Fett-Neto AG, Contri RV, Malheiros PDS. Carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsions produced with a natural emulsifier for lettuce sanitization. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112748. [PMID: 37120202 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is an antimicrobial agent that shows potential for eliminating microorganisms in vegetables, increasing food safety. However, intense odor and low water solubility of carvacrol are limiting factors for its application for fresh vegetables sanitization, which can be overcome by nanotechnology. Two different nanoemulsions containing carvacrol (11 mg/mL) were developed by probe sonication: carvacrol-saponin nanoemulsion (CNS) and carvacrol-polysorbate 80 nanoemulsion (CNP). Formulations presented appropriate droplet sizes (from 74.7 nm to 168.2 nm) and high carvacrol encapsulation efficiency (EE) (from 89.5 % to 91.5 %). CNS showed adequate droplet size distribution (PDI < 0.22) and high zeta potential values (around -30 mV) compared to CNP, with saponin chosen for the following experiments. Carvacrol nanoemulsions presented Bacterial Inactivation Concentration (BIC) against the Salmonella cocktail from 5.51 to 0.69 mg/mL and for the E. coli cocktail from 1.84 to 0.69 mg/mL. Among all tested nanoemulsions, CNS1 presented the lowest BIC (0.69 mg/mL) against both bacterial cocktails. Damage to bacterial cells in lettuce treated with nanoemulsion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. For lettuce sanitization, CNS1 showed a similar effect to unencapsulated carvacrol, with a high bacterial reduction (>3 log CFU/g) after lettuce immersion for 15 min at 2 × BIC. Using the same immersion time, the CNS1 (2 × BIC) demonstrated equal or better efficacy in reducing both tested bacterial cocktails (>3 log CFU/g) when compared to acetic acid (6.25 mg/mL), citric acid (25 mg/mL), and sodium hypochlorite solution (150 ppm). Lettuce immersed in CNS1 at both concentrations (BIC and 2 × BIC) did not change the color and texture of leaves, while the unencapsulated carvacrol at 2 × BIC darkened them and reduced their firmness. Consequently, carvacrol-saponin nanoemulsion (CNS1) proved to be a potential sanitizer for lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Thomé Cardoso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Bibiana Alexandre
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Fabiola Ayres Cacciatore
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Yve Verônica da Silva Magedans
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Instituto de Biociências (Departamento de Botânica), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Instituto de Biociências (Departamento de Botânica), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Renata Vidor Contri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Patrícia da Silva Malheiros
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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21
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Salaheen S, Kim SW, Springer HR, Hovingh EP, Van Kessel JAS, Haley BJ. Genomic diversity of antimicrobial-resistant and Shiga toxin gene-harboring non-O157 Escherichia coli from dairy calves. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 33:164-170. [PMID: 36898633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are globally significant foodborne pathogens. Dairy calves are a known reservoir of both O157 and non-O157 STEC. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the genomic attributes, diversity, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) profiles of the STEC from preweaned and postweaned dairy calves in commercial dairy herds. METHODS In total, 31 non-O157 STEC were identified as part of a larger study focused on the pangenome of >1000 E. coli isolates from the faeces of preweaned and postweaned dairy calves on commercial dairy farms. These 31 genomes were sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq500 platform. RESULTS Based on the phylogenetic analyses, the STEC isolates were determined to be polyphyletic, with at least three phylogroups: A (32%), B1 (58%), and G (3%). These phylogroups represented at least 16 sequence types and 11 serogroups, including two of the 'big six' serogroups, O103 and O111. Several Shiga toxin gene subtypes were identified in the genomes, including stx1a, stx2a, stx2c, stx2d, and stx2g. Using the ResFinder database, the majority of the isolates (>50%) were determined to be multidrug-resistant strains because they harboured genes conferring resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobials, including some of human health significance (e.g., β-lactams, macrolides, and fosfomycin). Additionally, non-O157 STEC strain persistence and transmission within a farm was observed. CONCLUSION Dairy calves are a reservoir of phylogenomically diverse multidrug-resistant non-O157 STEC. Information from this study may inform assessments of public health risk and guide preharvest prevention strategies focusing on STEC reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Hayley R Springer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ernest P Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.
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22
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Bonino MP, Crivelli XB, Petrina JF, Galateo S, Gomes TAT, Navarro A, Cundon C, Broglio A, Sanin M, Bentancor A. Detection and analysis of Shiga toxin producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in cattle from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1257-1266. [PMID: 37041346 PMCID: PMC10235289 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathovars that affect mainly infants' health. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC. Uremic hemolytic syndrome and diarrheas can be found at high rates in Tierra del Fuego (TDF). This study aimed to establish the prevalence of STEC and EPEC in cattle at slaughterhouses in TDF and to analyze the isolated strains. Out of 194 samples from two slaughterhouses, STEC prevalence was 15%, and EPEC prevalence was 5%. Twenty-seven STEC strains and one EPEC were isolated. The most prevalent STEC serotypes were O185:H19 (7), O185:H7 (6), and O178:H19 (5). There were no STEC eae + strains (AE-STEC) or serogroup O157 detected in this study. The prevalent genotype was stx2c (10/27) followed by stx1a/stx2hb (4/27). Fourteen percent of the strains presented at least one stx non-typeable subtype (4/27). Shiga toxin production was detected in 25/27 STEC strains. The prevalent module for the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) island was module III (7/27). EPEC strain was categorized as atypical and with the ability to cause A/E lesion. The ehxA gene was present in 16/28 strains, 12 of which were capable of producing hemolysis. No hybrid strains were detected in this work. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that all strains were resistant to ampicillin and 20/28 were resistant to aminoglycosides. No statistical differences could be seen in the detection of STEC or EPEC either by slaughterhouse location or by production system (extensive grass or feedlot). The rate of STEC detection was lower than the one reported for the rest of Argentina. STEC/EPEC relation was 3 to 1. This is the first study on cattle from TDF as reservoir for strains that are potentially pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Bonino
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ximena Blanco Crivelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Petrina
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Galateo
- Dirección de Fiscalización Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | | | - Armando Navarro
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Cundon
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Broglio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Sanin
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Krsek D, Yara DA, Hrbáčková H, Daniel O, Mančíková A, Schüller S, Bielaszewska M. Translocation of outer membrane vesicles from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 across the intestinal epithelial barrier. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1198945. [PMID: 37303786 PMCID: PMC10248468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1198945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) carrying virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). However, it is unknown if and how OMVs, which are produced in the intestinal lumen, cross the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) to reach the renal glomerular endothelium, the major target in HUS. We investigated the ability of EHEC O157 OMVs to translocate across the IEB using a model of polarized Caco-2 cells grown on Transwell inserts and characterized important aspects of this process. Using unlabeled or fluorescently labeled OMVs, tests of the intestinal barrier integrity, inhibitors of endocytosis, cell viability assay, and microscopic techniques, we demonstrated that EHEC O157 OMVs translocated across the IEB. OMV translocation involved both paracellular and transcellular pathways and was significantly increased under simulated inflammatory conditions. In addition, translocation was not dependent on OMV-associated virulence factors and did not affect viability of intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, translocation of EHEC O157 OMVs was confirmed in human colonoids thereby supporting physiological relevance of OMVs in the pathogenesis of HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krsek
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Hana Hrbáčková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Daniel
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Mančíková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
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24
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Dishan A, Hizlisoy H, Barel M, Disli HB, Gungor C, Ertas Onmaz N, Gonulalan Z, Al S, Yildirim Y. Biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from retail chicken meats. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:63-73. [PMID: 36102939 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2116697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a hazardous zoonotic agent for chicken meat consumers. This study determined the serogroups and evaluated the virulence genes, antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming profiles and genetic relationships of STEC isolates in chicken meat.2. A total of 100 samples belonging to dressed-whole chicken and different parts of the chicken (wing, breast, thigh, drumstick) were collected between September and November 2019 from different retail markets in Kayseri, Türkiye.3. Phenotypic (identification, disc diffusion test, Congo red agar and microtitre plate tests) and molecular tests (identification, serogrouping, virulence factors, biofilm, antibiotic susceptibility, 16S rRNA sequencing and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR for typing of the isolates) were carried out.4. E. coli was isolated from 35% of the samples and 35% of the samples harboured at least one STEC. Among 35 STEC isolates, 3 (8.5%), 6 (17.1%), 2 (5.7%) and 3 (8.5%) were found to be positive for fliCH2, fliCH8, fliCH11, fliCH19 genes, respectively. Out of 35 STEC positive isolates, 4 (11.4%) were identified as E. coli O157, from which 2 (5.7%) were E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157 was detected in two (10%), one (5%), one (5%) of the thigh, drumstick and whole chicken samples, respectively.5. Biofilm-forming ability was reported in 33 (94.2%) of 35 E. coli isolates, whilst the biofilm-associated genes detected among 35 STEC isolates included csgA (88.5%), fimH (88.5%), bcsA (85.7%), agn43 (14.2%) and papC (8.5%). The STEC strains showed resistance against ampicillin (88.5%) and erythromycin (88.5%), followed by tetracycline (74.2%) and gentamicin (25.7%). However, the distribution of isolates harbouring blaCMY, ere(A), tet(A) and aac(3)-IV antibiotic resistance genes was found to be 17.1%, 11.4%, 85.7% and 5.7%, respectively.6. ERIC-PCR showed that E. coli strains obtained from different parts and whole of chicken samples had genetic diversities. ERIC-PCR patterns grouped strains of 35 STEC into eight clusters designated A-H, with 73% similarity. Proper hygiene measures and staff training are essential for public health during poultry processing and in retail stores to control STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Sorgun/Yozgat, Türkiye
| | - H Hizlisoy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - M Barel
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - H B Disli
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Türkiye
| | - C Gungor
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - N Ertas Onmaz
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Z Gonulalan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - S Al
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Y Yildirim
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
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25
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Bagel A, Lopez C, David-Briand E, Michel V, Douëllou T, Sergentet D. Serotype-dependent adhesion of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli to bovine milk fat globule membrane proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1010665. [PMID: 36504830 PMCID: PMC9731836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are food-borne pathogens that can cause severe symptoms for humans. Raw milk products are often incriminated as vehicule for human STEC infection. However, raw milk naturally contains molecules, such as the milk fat globule membrane and associated proteins, that could inhibit pathogen adhesion by acting as mimetic ligands. This study aimed to: (i) evaluate the capability of STEC cells to adhere to bovine milk fat globule membrane proteins (MFGMPs), (ii) highlight STEC surface proteins associated with adhesion and (iii) evaluate the variation between different STEC serotypes. We evaluated the physicochemical interactions between STEC and milk fat globules (MFGs) by analyzing hydrophobic properties and measuring the ζ-potential. We used a plate adhesion assay to assess adhesion between MFGMPs and 15 Escherichia coli strains belonging to three key serotypes (O157:H7, O26:H11, and O103:H2). A relative quantitative proteomic approach was conducted by mass spectrometry to identify STEC surface proteins that may be involved in STEC-MFG adhesion. The majority of E. coli strains showed a hydrophilic profile. The ζ-potential values were between -3.7 and - 2.9 mV for the strains and between -12.2 ± 0.14 mV for MFGs. Our results suggest that non-specific interactions are not strongly involved in STEC-MFG association and that molecular bonds could form between STEC and MFGs. Plate adhesion assays showed a weak adhesion of O157:H7 E. coli strains to MFGMPs. In contrast, O26:H11 and O103:H2 serotypes attached more to MFGMPs. Relative quantitative proteomic analysis showed that the O26:H11 str. 21,765 differentially expressed five outer membrane-associated proteins or lipoproteins compared with the O157:H7 str. EDL933. This analysis also found strain-specific differentially expressed proteins, including four O26:H11 str. 21,765-specific proteins/lipoproteins and eight O103:H2 str. PMK5-specific proteins. For the first time, we demonstrated STEC adhesion to MFGMPs and discovered a serotype effect. Several outer membrane proteins-OmpC and homologous proteins, intimin, Type 1 Fimbriae, and AIDA-I-that may be involved in STEC-MFG adhesion were highlighted. More research on STEC's ability to adhere to MFGMs in diverse biological environments, such as raw milk cheeses and the human gastrointestinal tract, is needed to confirm the anti-adhesion properties of the STEC-MFG complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bagel
- Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Douëllou
- Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | - Delphine Sergentet
- Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment Research Group, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Marcy-l’Etoile, France,Laboratoire d’Etudes des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes, VetAgro Sup—Campus Vétérinaire, French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli Including Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), Université de Lyon, Marcy-l‘Etoile, France,*Correspondence: Delphine Sergentet,
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Michael M, Bagga A, Sartain SE, Smith RJH. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2022; 400:1722-1740. [PMID: 36272423 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that result in a common pathology, thrombotic microangiopathy, which is classically characterised by the triad of non-immune microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In this Seminar, different causes of HUS are discussed, the most common being Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli HUS. Identifying the underlying thrombotic microangiopathy trigger can be challenging but is imperative if patients are to receive personalised disease-specific treatment. The quintessential example is complement-mediated HUS, which once carried an extremely high mortality but is now treated with anti-complement therapies with excellent long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, the high cost of anti-complement therapies all but precludes their use in low-income countries. For many other forms of HUS, targeted therapies are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini Michael
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarah E Sartain
- Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatrics and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Ray R, Singh P. Prevalence and Implications of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Farm and Wild Ruminants. Pathogens 2022; 11:1332. [PMID: 36422584 PMCID: PMC9694250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen that causes human gastrointestinal infections across the globe, leading to kidney failure or even death in severe cases. E. coli are commensal members of humans and animals' (cattle, bison, and pigs) guts, however, may acquire Shiga-toxin-encoded phages. This acquisition or colonization by STEC may lead to dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial community of the host. Wildlife and livestock animals can be asymptomatically colonized by STEC, leading to pathogen shedding and transmission. Furthermore, there has been a steady uptick in new STEC variants representing various serotypes. These, along with hybrids of other pathogenic E. coli (UPEC and ExPEC), are of serious concern, especially when they possess enhanced antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, etc. Recent studies have reported these in the livestock and food industry with minimal focus on wildlife. Disturbed natural habitats and changing climates are increasingly creating wildlife reservoirs of these pathogens, leading to a rise in zoonotic infections. Therefore, this review comprehensively surveyed studies on STEC prevalence in livestock and wildlife hosts. We further present important microbial and environmental factors contributing to STEC spread as well as infections. Finally, we delve into potential strategies for limiting STEC shedding and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA
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Alharbi MG, Al-Hindi RR, Esmael A, Alotibi IA, Azhari SA, Alseghayer MS, Teklemariam AD. The "Big Six": Hidden Emerging Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:356. [PMID: 36355898 PMCID: PMC9693546 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are emerging serogroups that often result in diseases ranging from diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis in humans. The most common non-O157 STEC are O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145. These serogroups are known by the name "big six" because they cause severe illness and death in humans and the United States Department of Agriculture declared these serogroups as food contaminants. The lack of fast and efficient diagnostic methods exacerbates the public impact of the disease caused by these serogroups. Numerous outbreaks have been reported globally and most of these outbreaks were caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as direct contact with reservoirs. Livestock harbor a variety of non-O157 STEC serovars that can contaminate meat and dairy products, or water sources when used for irrigation. Hence, effective control and prevention approaches are required to safeguard the public from infections. This review addresses the disease characteristics, reservoirs, the source of infections, the transmission of the disease, and major outbreaks associated with the six serogroups ("big six") of non-O157 STEC encountered all over the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona G. Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R. Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Esmael
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Alotibi
- Health Information Technology Department, Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheren A. Azhari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S. Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Addisu D. Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Abdelhamid AG, Faraone JN, Evans JP, Liu SL, Yousef AE. SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Foodborne Pathogens: Intriguing Commonalities and Obvious Differences. Pathogens 2022; 11:837. [PMID: 36014958 PMCID: PMC9415055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in tremendous human and economic losses around the globe. The pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus that is closely related to SARS-CoV and other human and animal coronaviruses. Although foodborne diseases are rarely of pandemic proportions, some of the causative agents emerge in a manner remarkably similar to what was observed recently with SARS-CoV-2. For example, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome, shares evolution, pathogenesis, and immune evasion similarities with SARS-CoV-2. Both agents evolved over time in animal hosts, and during infection, they bind to specific receptors on the host cell's membrane and develop host adaptation mechanisms. Mechanisms such as point mutations and gene loss/genetic acquisition are the main driving forces for the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and STEC. Both pathogens affect multiple body organs, and the resulting diseases are not completely cured with non-vaccine therapeutics. However, SARS-CoV-2 and STEC obviously differ in the nature of the infectious agent (i.e., virus vs. bacterium), disease epidemiological details (e.g., transmission vehicle and symptoms onset time), and disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 triggered a global pandemic while STEC led to limited, but sometimes serious, disease outbreaks. The current review compares several key aspects of these two pathogenic agents, including the underlying mechanisms of emergence, the driving forces for evolution, pathogenic mechanisms, and the host immune responses. We ask what can be learned from the emergence of both infectious agents in order to alleviate future outbreaks or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. Abdelhamid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Julia N. Faraone
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.F.); (J.P.E.)
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P. Evans
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.F.); (J.P.E.)
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed E. Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Comparative Genomics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Pediatric Patients with and without Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome from 2000 to 2016 in Finland. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0066022. [PMID: 35730965 PMCID: PMC9430701 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00660-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection can cause mild to severe illness, such as nonbloody or bloody diarrhea, and the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The molecular mechanism underlying the variable pathogenicity of STEC infection is not fully defined so far. Here, we performed a comparative genomics study on a large collection of clinical STEC strains collected from STEC-infected pediatric patients with and without HUS in Finland over a 16-year period, aiming to identify the bacterial genetic factors that can predict the risk to cause HUS and poor renal outcome. Of 240 STEC strains included in this study, 52 (21.7%) were from pediatric patients with HUS. Serotype O157:H7 was the main cause of HUS, and Shiga toxin gene subtype stx2a was significantly associated with HUS. Comparative genomics and pangenome-wide association studies identified a number of virulence and accessory genes overrepresented in HUS-associated STEC compared to non-HUS STEC strains, including genes encoding cytolethal distending toxins, type III secretion system effectors, adherence factors, etc. No virulence or accessory gene was significantly associated with risk factors for poor renal outcome among HUS patients assessed in this study, including need for and duration of dialysis, presence and duration of anuria, and leukocyte counts. Whole-genome phylogeny and multiple-correspondence analysis of pangenomes could not separate HUS STEC from non-HUS STEC strains, suggesting that STEC strains with diverse genetic backgrounds may independently acquire genetic elements that determine their varied pathogenicity. Our findings indicate that nonbacterial factors, i.e., characteristics of the host immunity, might affect STEC virulence and clinical outcomes. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a serious public health burden worldwide which causes outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases and the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) characterized by the triad of mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Understanding the mechanism underlying the disease severity and patient outcome is of high importance. Using comparative genomics on a large collection of clinical STEC strains from STEC-infected patients with and without HUS, our study provides a reference of STEC genetic factors/variants that can be used as predictors of the development of HUS, which will aid risk assessment at the early stage of STEC infection. Additionally, our findings suggest that nonbacterial factors may play a primary role in the renal outcome in STEC-infected patients with HUS; further studies are needed to validate this.
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31
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Isothermal Amplification and Lateral Flow Nucleic Acid Test for the Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Bacteria for Food Monitoring. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10060210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne bacteria have persisted as a significant threat to public health and to the food and agriculture industry. Due to the widespread impact of these pathogens, there has been a push for the development of strategies that can rapidly detect foodborne bacteria on-site. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains (such as E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O121, and E. coli O26) from contaminated food have been a major concern. They carry genes stx1 and/or stx2 that produce two toxins, Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2, which are virulent proteins. In this work, we demonstrate the development of a rapid test based on an isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification reaction for two Shiga toxin genes in a single reaction. Results of the amplification reaction are visualized simultaneously for both Shiga toxins on a single lateral flow paper strip. This strategy targets the DNA encoding Shiga toxin 1 and 2, allowing for broad detection of any Shiga toxin-producing bacterial species. From sample to answer, this method can achieve results in approximately 35 min with a detection limit of 10 CFU/mL. This strategy is sensitive and selective, detecting only Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. There was no interference observed from non-pathogenic or pathogenic non-Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. A detection limit of 10 CFU/mL for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli was also obtained in a food matrix. This strategy is advantageous as it allows for timely identification of Shiga toxin-related contamination for quick initial food contamination assessments.
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32
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Growth medium- and strain-dependent bactericidal efficacy of blue light against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli on food-grade stainless steel and plastic. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Glassman H, Ferrato C, Chui L. Epidemiology of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Province of Alberta, Canada, from 2018 to 2021. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040814. [PMID: 35456864 PMCID: PMC9026152 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 serogroups contribute significantly to the burden of disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and have been underrecognized by traditional detection algorithms. We described the epidemiology of non-O157 STEC in Alberta, Canada for the period of 2018 to 2021. All non-O157 STEC isolated from clinical samples were submitted for serotyping and qPCR targeting the stx1 and stx2 genes. A total of 729 isolates were identified. Increased detection occurred over the summer months, peaking in July. Patients 18 years and younger made up 42.4% of cases, with 31.1% in those 0–9 years of age. There was a slight female predominance (399/729, 54.7%) A total of 50 different serogroups were detected; the most common were O26 (30.3%), O103 (15.9%), O111 (12.8%), O121 (11.0%), O118 (3.3%) and O71 (2.9%). These six serogroups made up 76.2% of all isolates. In total, 567 (77.8%) were positive for stx1, 114 (15.6%) were positive for stx2 and 48 (6.6%) were positive for both stx1 and stx2. A wide variety of non-O157 serogroups have been detected in Alberta, with the most frequent serogroups differing from other locations. These results highlight the need for further characterization of their virulence factors and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Glassman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Christina Ferrato
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Calgary, AB T2N 4W4, Canada;
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-407-8951
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Pathogenic, and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli from Diarrheal Patients in South Korea. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040385. [PMID: 35456060 PMCID: PMC9030120 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases due to foodborne Escherichia coli are the leading cause of illness in humans. Here, we performed pathogenic typing, molecular typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests on seventy-five isolates of E. coli isolated from stool samples of patients suffering from foodborne diseases in Busan, South Korea. All the isolates were identified as E. coli by both biochemical analysis (API 20E system) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The bacteria displayed entero-pathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (47.0%), entero-aggregative E. coli (EAEC) (33.3%), entero-toxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (6.6%), ETEC and EPEC (6.6%), EPEC and EAEC (4%), and ETEC and EAEC (2.7%) characteristics. The E. coli isolates were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (44.0%), tetracycline (41.3%), ampicillin (40%), ticarcillin (38.7%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (34.7%); however, they were highly susceptible to imipenem (98.6%), cefotetan (98.6%), cefepime (94.6%), and chloramphenicol (94.6%). Although 52 strains (69.3%) showed resistance against at least 1 of the 16 antibiotics tested, 23 strains (30.7%) were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Nine different serotypes (O166, O8, O20, O25, O119, O159, O28ac, O127a, and O18), five genotypes (I to V, random-amplified polymorphic DNA), and four phenotypes (A to D, MALDI-TOF MS) were identified, showing the high level of heterogeneity between the E. coli isolates recovered from diarrheal patients in South Korea.
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Withenshaw SM, Smith RP, Davies R, Smith AEO, Gray E, Rodgers J. A systematized review and qualitative synthesis of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) in the primary production of cattle. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2363-2390. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Withenshaw
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge New Haw UK
| | - Richard P. Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge New Haw UK
| | - Rob Davies
- Department of Bacteriology Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge New Haw UK
| | - Alice E. O. Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge New Haw UK
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge New Haw UK
| | - John Rodgers
- Department of Bacteriology Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge New Haw UK
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36
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Prakasan S, Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Balange AK, Nayak BB, Kumar SH. Occurrence, pathogroup distribution and virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli from fresh seafood. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals a New Genetic Clade among Escherichia coli O26 Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0252521. [PMID: 35107330 PMCID: PMC8809355 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02525-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26 is the predominant non-O157 serogroup causing hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. Moreover, the serogroup is highly dynamic and harbors several pathogenic clones. Here, we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of STEC O26 at a global level based on 1,367 strains from 20 countries deposited in NCBI and Enterobase databases. The whole-genome-based analysis identified a new genetic clade, called ST29C4. The new clade was unique in terms of multilocus sequence type (ST29), CRISPR (group Ia), and dominant plasmid gene profile (ehxA+/katP-/espP-/etpD-). Moreover, the combination of multiple typing methods (core genome single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] typing, CRISPR typing, and virulence genes analysis) demonstrated that this new lineage ST29C4 was in the intermediate phylogenetic position between ST29C3 and other non-ST29C3 strains. Besides, we observed that ST29C4 harbored extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)-related virulence gene (VG), tsh, and STEC-associated VG, stx2a, suggesting the emergence of a hybrid pathogen. The ST29C4 strains also exhibited high similarity in stx2a-prophage and integrase with the O104:H4 strain, further demonstrating its potential risk to human health. Collectively, the large-scale phylogenetic analysis extends the understanding of the clonal structure of O26 strains and provides new insights for O26 strain microevolution. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26 is the second prevalent STEC serogroup only to O157, which can cause a series of diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The serogroup is highly diverse and multiple clones are characterized, including ST29C1-C3 and ST21C1-C2. However, the phylogenetic relationship of these clones remains fully unclear. In this study, we revealed a new genetic clade among O26 strains, ST29C4, which was unique in terms of CRISPR, multilocus sequence type (MLST), and plasmid gene profile (PGP). Moreover, the combination of multiple typing methods demonstrated that this new clone was located in the intermediate phylogenetic position between ST29C3 and other non-ST29C3 strains (i.e., ST29C1-C2 and ST21C1-C2). Overall, the large-scale phylogenetic analysis extends our current understanding of O26 microevolution.
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Zhang X, Payne M, Kaur S, Lan R. Improved Genomic Identification, Clustering, and Serotyping of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Using Cluster/Serotype-Specific Gene Markers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:772574. [PMID: 35083165 PMCID: PMC8785982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.772574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have more than 470 serotypes. The well-known STEC O157:H7 serotype is a leading cause of STEC infections in humans. However, the incidence of non-O157:H7 STEC serotypes associated with foodborne outbreaks and human infections has increased in recent years. Current detection and serotyping assays are focusing on O157 and top six (“Big six”) non-O157 STEC serogroups. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis of nearly 41,000 publicly available STEC genomes representing 460 different STEC serotypes and identified 19 major and 229 minor STEC clusters. STEC cluster-specific gene markers were then identified through comparative genomic analysis. We further identified serotype-specific gene markers for the top 10 most frequent non-O157:H7 STEC serotypes. The cluster or serotype specific gene markers had 99.54% accuracy and more than 97.25% specificity when tested using 38,534 STEC and 14,216 non-STEC E. coli genomes, respectively. In addition, we developed a freely available in silico serotyping pipeline named STECFinder that combined these robust gene markers with established E. coli serotype specific O and H antigen genes and stx genes for accurate identification, cluster determination and serotyping of STEC. STECFinder can assign 99.85% and 99.83% of 38,534 STEC isolates to STEC clusters using assembled genomes and Illumina reads respectively and can simultaneously predict stx subtypes and STEC serotypes. Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing reads of STEC spiked food samples from a published study, we demonstrated that STECFinder can detect the spiked STEC serotypes, accurately. The cluster/serotype-specific gene markers could also be adapted for culture independent typing, facilitating rapid STEC typing. STECFinder is available as an installable package (https://github.com/LanLab/STECFinder) and will be useful for in silico STEC cluster identification and serotyping using genome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Payne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Shen J, Zhi S, Guo D, Jiang Y, Xu X, Zhao L, Lv J. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from Imported Foods in China during 2015-2021. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:68. [PMID: 35202096 PMCID: PMC8875648 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and fatal infant diarrhea, respectively, but the characterization of these bacteria from imported food in China are unknown. A total of 1577 food samples from various countries during 2015-2021 were screened for STEC and EPEC, and the obtained isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequencing analysis was performed. The prevalence of STEC and EPEC was 1.01% (16/1577) and 0.51% (8/1577), respectively. Antimicrobial resistances to tetracycline (8%), chloramphenicol (8%), ampicillin (4%), ceftazidime (4%), cefotaxime (4%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (4%) were observed. The antimicrobial resistance phenotypes corresponded with genotypes for most strains, and some resistance genes were related to mobile genetic elements. All 16 STEC isolates were eae negative, two solely contained stx1 (stx1a or stx1c), 12 merely carried stx2 (stx2a, stx2d, or stx2e), and two had both stx1 and stx2 (stx1c + stx2b, stx1a + stx2a + stx2c). Although they were eae negative, several STEC isolates carried other adherence factors, such as iha (5/16), sab (1/16), and lpfA (8/16), and belonged to serotypes (O130:H11, O8:H19, and O100:H30) or STs (ST297, ST360), which have caused human infections. All the eight EPEC isolates were atypical EPEC; six serotypes and seven STs were found, and clinically relevant EPEC serotypes O26:H11, O103:H2, and O145:H28 were identified. Two STEC/ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli) hybrids and one EPEC/ETEC hybrid were observed, since they harbored sta1 and/or stb. The results revealed that food can act as a reservoir of STEC/EPEC with pathogenic potential, and had the potential ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Shen
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuai Zhi
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Dehua Guo
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jingzhang Lv
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen 518045, China;
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Hu B, Yang X, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Jiang D, Jiao H, Yang Y, Xiong Y, Bai X, Hou P. High prevalence and pathogenic potential of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in raw mutton and beef in Shandong, China. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1596-1602. [PMID: 36161222 PMCID: PMC9493282 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe human diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Human STEC infections are frequently caused through consumption of contaminated foods, especially raw meats. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of STEC in raw meats and to characterize the meat-derived STEC strains using whole genome sequencing. Our study showed that 26.6% of raw mutton, and 7.5% of raw beef samples were culture-positive for STEC. Thirteen serotypes were identified in 22 meat-derived isolates in this study, including the virulent serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11. Seven Shiga toxin (Stx) subtypes were found in 22 isolates, of these, stx1c and stx1c + stx2b were predominant. The recently-reported stx2k subtype was found in three mutton-sourced isolates. A number of other virulence genes such as genes encoding intimin (eae), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hemolysin (ehxA), EHEC factor for adherence (efa1), heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (astA), type III secretion system effectors, were detected in meat-derived STEC strains. One mutton-sourced isolate was resistant to three antibiotics, i.e., tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Whole-genome phylogeny indicated the genomic diversity of meat-derived strains in this study. O157:H7 and O26:H11 isolates in this study were phylogenetically grouped together with strains from HUS patients, suggesting their pathogenic potential. To conclude, our study reported high STEC contaminations in retail raw meats, particularly raw mutton, genomic characterization indicated pathogenic potential of meat-derived STEC strains. These findings highlight the critical need for increased monitoring of STEC in retail raw meats in China. High prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) was detected in raw mutton, compared to beef. Virulent serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11 were found in meat-sourced STEC isolates. Meat-sourced STEC isolates in the same region exhibited genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Deshui Jiang
- Lanling Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanling, 277700, Shandong, China
| | - Hongbo Jiao
- Lanling Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanling, 277700, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Peibin Hou
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
- Corresponding author. Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Onyeka LO, Adesiyun AA, Keddy KH, Manqele A, Madoroba E, Thompson PN. Prevalence and patterns of fecal shedding of Shiga toxin–producing
Escherichia coli
by cattle at a commercial feedlot in South Africa. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libby Obumneke Onyeka
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria
| | - Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karen H. Keddy
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Ayanda Manqele
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Onderstepoort South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand KwaDlangezwa South Africa
| | - Peter Neil Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
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Tome J, Maselli DB, Im R, Amdahl MB, Pfeifle D, Hagen C, Halland M. A case of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli after pericardiectomy. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 15:123-127. [PMID: 34677733 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are self-limited; however, the infection can occasionally be complicated by more severe phenomena, such as thrombotic microangiopathy, with resultant end-organ damage to the kidneys, colon, nervous system, and various other tissues. Shiga toxin-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (ST-HUS)-the constellation of thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and renal failure resulting from thrombotic microangiopathy in a subset of infections producing the Shiga toxin-is classically observed in the pediatric population. Nevertheless, the diagnosis should be considered in adults with this presentation, and especially in those with colonic findings suggestive of ischemia. ST-HUS must also be distinguished from other thrombotic microangiopathies and related conditions, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and complement-mediated HUS, as these diagnoses prompt alternate management strategies. Here, we present a case of ST-HUS in a gentleman following pericardiectomy who was infected with non-O157:H7 E. coli producing Shiga toxin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Tome
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Barry Maselli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Roeun Im
- Division of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Daniel Pfeifle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Magnus Halland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Kim TY, La TM, Kim T, Yun SA, Lee SW, Huh HJ, Lee NY. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of a stx-Negative Escherichia coli O63:H6 Isolate Associated with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101823. [PMID: 34679522 PMCID: PMC8534868 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx) of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can be lost during infection or in vitro cultivation, and in clinical practice, it is difficult to distinguish EHEC that have lost stx (EHEC-LST) from enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), as both are stx-negative and eae-positive. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of a stx-negative, eae-positive E. coli O63:H6 isolate from a child with hemolytic uremic syndrome and compared its genome with those of nine E. coli O63:H6 strains in public databases. Virulence gene profiles were analyzed and core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) was conducted. The virulence gene profile of our isolate was consistent with EHEC, except for the absence of stx, and the isolate clustered with seven EHEC strains but was distant from two EPEC strains in cgMLST. In genome alignment, our isolate exhibited a high nucleotide identity with EHEC strain 377323_2f but displayed a gap corresponding to the stx-harboring prophage sequence. Overall, our isolate was genetically closely related to EHEC strains, consistent with this being an EHEC-LST strain. As EHEC-LST may be misdiagnosed as EPEC in routine laboratories, comparative genomic analysis using WGS can be useful to determine whether stx-negative and eae-positive isolates are EHEC-LST or EPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (N.Y.L.)
| | - Tae-Min La
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-M.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Taesoo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-M.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Sun Ae Yun
- Center for Clinical Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-M.L.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.-W.L.); (H.J.H.); Tel.: +82-2-450-0445 (S.-W.L.); +82-2-3410-1836 (H.J.H.); Fax: +82-2-3437-1941 (S.-W.L.); +82-2-3410-2719 (H.J.H.)
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (N.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-W.L.); (H.J.H.); Tel.: +82-2-450-0445 (S.-W.L.); +82-2-3410-1836 (H.J.H.); Fax: +82-2-3437-1941 (S.-W.L.); +82-2-3410-2719 (H.J.H.)
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (T.Y.K.); (N.Y.L.)
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Elsayed MSAE, Eldsouky SM, Roshdy T, Bayoume AMA, Nasr GM, Salama ASA, Akl BA, Hasan AS, Shahat AK, Khashaba RA, Abdelhalim WA, Nasr HE, Mohammed LA, Salah A. Genetic and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from different sources in Egypt. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:257. [PMID: 34556033 PMCID: PMC8461963 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represented a great risk to public health. In this study, 60 STEC strains recovered from broiler and duck fecal samples, cow's milk, cattle beef, human urine, and ear discharge were screened for 12 virulence genes, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). RESULTS The majority of strains harbored Shiga toxin 1 (stx1) and stx1d, stx2 and stx2e, and ehxA genes, while a minority harbored stx2c subtype and eaeA. We identified 10 stx gene combinations; most of strains 31/60 (51.7%) exhibited four copies of stx genes, namely the stx1, stx1d, stx2, and stx2e, and the strains exhibited a high range of multiple antimicrobial resistance indices. The resistance genes blaCTX-M-1 and blaTEM were detected. For the oxytetracycline resistance genes, most of strains contained tetA, tetB, tetE, and tetG while the tetC was present at low frequency. MLVA genotyping resolved 26 unique genotypes; genotype 21 was highly prevalent. The six highly discriminatory loci DI = 0.9138 are suitable for the preliminary genotyping of STEC from animals and humans. CONCLUSIONS The STEC isolated from animals are virulent, resistant to antimicrobials, and genetically diverse, thus demands greater attention for the potential risk to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sabry Abd Elraheam Elsayed
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Samah Mahmoud Eldsouky
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tamer Roshdy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Abeer Mohamed Ahmed Bayoume
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Nasr
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, 32897, Egypt
| | - Ali S A Salama
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Behiry A Akl
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Al Shaimaa Hasan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Amany Kasem Shahat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rana Atef Khashaba
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Chemistry, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Hend E Nasr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Salah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
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Hu Y, Cui G, Fan Y, Liu Y, Zhou W, Huo S, Wu X, Song S, Cui X, Zhao L, Bai L, Cui S, He Z. Isolation and Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Retail Beef Samples from Eight Provinces in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:616-625. [PMID: 34403269 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide, data on the molecular and phylogenetic properties of STEC isolates from retail beef samples in China remain scant. Fresh retail beef samples (n = 1062) were collected from eight provinces, and STEC isolates were recovered and characterized. PCR data showed that more than 50% of the samples were stx positive, and 82 STEC isolates were recovered from 14.8% (79/535) stx-positive enriched broths. In contrast, all ciprofloxacin resistant isolates (n = 19) and 13 cefotaxime (CTX) resistant isolates were eae positive and belonged to three serotypes: O111:H8, O26:H11, or O157:H7. Point mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants were identified in 16 and 20 isolates, respectively. BlaCTX-M and a point mutation (C-42T) in ampC promoter were detected in 15 and 8 of the CTX resistant isolates, respectively. In addition, macrolide resistance gene mphA was identified in eight azithromycin resistant O111:H8 isolates and one O26:H11 isolate. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis demonstrated that the O26 and O157 isolates had multiple origins, but the O111 isolates were closely related. Taken together, our data demonstrated that several sequence types associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome from the retail beef samples in China had developed into dangerous multidrug resistant pathogens. The resistant phenotype can facilitate their transmission among the farm animals and human beings when there is an antimicrobial selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangqing Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Shanxi Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiling Fan
- Department of Microbiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Huo
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Jiang Xi Institute for Food Control, Nanchang, China
| | - Sheng Song
- Department of Microbiology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Safety Monitoring and Early Warning, Hunan Institute of Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Microbiological Inspection Center, Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Department of Food Science, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Department of Food Science, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei He
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing, China
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Vishram B, Jenkins C, Greig DR, Godbole G, Carroll K, Balasegaram S, Byrne L. The emerging importance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serogroup O157 in England. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34309502 PMCID: PMC8493422 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe disease and large outbreaks. In England, the incidence and clinical significance of STEC serogroups other than O157 (non-O157) is unknown due to a testing bias for detection of STEC O157. Since 2013, the implementation of PCR to detect all STEC serogroups by an increasing number of diagnostic laboratories has led to an increase in the detection of non-O157 STEC. Hypothesis/Gap statement Due to a bias in testing methodologies to select for STEC serogroup O157 in frontline diagnostic laboratories in most countries, very little surveillance data have been previously generated on non-O157 STEC. Aim Five years (2014–2018) of STEC national surveillance data were extracted and descriptive analysis undertaken to assess disease severity of non-O157 STEC strains. Methods Data from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018 were extracted from the National Enhanced Surveillance System for STEC and analysed. Results The implementation of Gastrointestinal Polymerase Chain Reaction (GI-PCR) has resulted in a four-fold increase in the detection of non-O157 STEC cases between 2014 and 2018. There were 2579 cases infected with 97 different non-O157 serogroups. The gender distribution was similar amongst STEC O157 and non-O157 STEC cases with 57 and 56 % of cases being female respectively, but a significantly higher proportion of cases (P <0.001) under 5 years of age was observed among STEC O157 (22 %) cases compared to non-O157 STEC (14 %). The most common non-O157 serogroups were O26 (16 %), O146 (11 %), O91 (10 %), O128 (7 %), O103 (5 %) and O117 (3 %). Overall, rates of bloody diarrhoea were highest in O26 (44 %) and O103 (48 %) cases and lowest in STEC O117 cases (17 %). Strains harbouring Shiga toxin stx1a caused the highest proportion of diarrhoea (93 %) and caused the same level of bloody diarrhoea as stx2a (39 %). However, stx2a caused the highest proportion of vomiting (46 %), hospitalisation (49 %) and considerably more HUS (29 %) than other stx profiles. Conclusion The implementation of PCR targeting stx at diagnostic laboratories has shown that non-O157 STEC, most notably STEC O26, are an emerging risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavita Vishram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David R Greig
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Kevin Carroll
- PHE South East, Surrey and Sussex HPT, Parkside, Chart Way, Horsham RH12 1XA, UK
| | | | - Lisa Byrne
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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Ayoade F, Oguzie J, Eromon P, Omotosho OE, Ogunbiyi T, Olumade T, Akano K, Folarin O, Happi C. Molecular surveillance of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in selected beef abattoirs in Osun State Nigeria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13966. [PMID: 34234223 PMCID: PMC8263744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxigenic strains of E. coli (STEC) known to be etiological agents for diarrhea were screened for their incidence/occurrence in selected abattoirs sources in Osogbo metropolis of Osun State, Nigeria using a randomized block design. Samples were plated directly on selective and differential media and E. coli isolates. Multiplex PCR analysis was used to screen for the presence of specific virulence factors. These were confirmed serologically as non-O157 STEC using latex agglutination serotyping kit. Sequence analysis of PCR products was performed on a representative isolate showing the highest combination of virulence genes using the 16S gene for identification purposes only. Results showed that the average cfu/cm2 was significantly lower in the samples collected at Sekona-2 slaughter slab compared with those collected at Al-maleek batch abattoir and Sekona-1 slaughter slab in ascending order at P = 0.03. Moreover, the average cfu/cm2 E. coli in samples collected from butchering knife was significantly lower when compared with that of the workers' hand (P = 0.047) and slaughtering floor (P = 0.047) but not with the slaughter table (P = 0.98) and effluent water from the abattoir house (P = 0.39). These data suggest that the abattoir type may not be as important in the prevalence and spread of STEC as the hygiene practices of the workers. Sequence analysis of a representative isolate showed 100% coverage and 96.46% percentage identity with Escherichia coli O113:H21 (GenBank Accession number: CP031892.1) strain from Canada. This sequence was subsequently submitted to GenBank with accession number MW463885. From evolutionary analyses, the strain from Nigeria, sequenced in this study, is evolutionarily distant when compared with the publicly available sequences from Nigeria. Although no case of E. coli O157 was found within the study area, percent occurrence of non-O157 STEC as high as 46.3% at some of the sampled sites is worrisome and requires regulatory interventions in ensuring hygienic practices at the abattoirs within the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi Ayoade
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Judith Oguzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Eromon
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Omolola E Omotosho
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Tosin Ogunbiyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mountain Top University, KM 12, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Prayer City, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Testimony Olumade
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe Folarin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, PMB 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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48
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Zhang P, Essendoubi S, Keenliside J, Reuter T, Stanford K, King R, Lu P, Yang X. Genomic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle and pork-production related environments. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:15. [PMID: 34210979 PMCID: PMC8249597 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been attributed to contaminated pork in Alberta, Canada, recently. This study investigates the phylogenetic relatedness of E. coli O157:H7 from pigs, cattle, and pork-production environments for source attribution. Limited strain diversity was observed using five conventional subtyping methods, with most or all strains being in one subgroup. Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed the recent ancestry of the isolates from all three sources. Most environmental isolates clustered closer with pig isolates than cattle isolates. Also, a direct link was observed between 2018-outbreak environmental isolates and isolates collected from a pig farm in 2018. The majority of pig isolates harbor only one Shiga toxin gene, stx2a, while 70% (35/50) of the cattle isolates have both stx1a and stx2a. The results show some E. coli O157:H7 strains could establish persistence on pig farms and as such, pigs can be a significant source of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta Canada
| | | | | | - Tim Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada ,grid.47609.3c0000 0000 9471 0214University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada ,grid.47609.3c0000 0000 9471 0214University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada
| | - Robin King
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Patricia Lu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta Canada
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Hwang SB, Chelliah R, Kang JE, Rubab M, Banan-MwineDaliri E, Elahi F, Oh DH. Role of Recent Therapeutic Applications and the Infection Strategies of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:614963. [PMID: 34268129 PMCID: PMC8276698 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.614963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a global foodborne bacterial pathogen that is often accountable for colon disorder or distress. STEC commonly induces severe diarrhea in hosts but can cause critical illnesses due to the Shiga toxin virulence factors. To date, there have been a significant number of STEC serotypes have been evolved. STECs vary from nausea and hemorrhoid (HC) to possible lethal hemolytic-based uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Inflammation-based STEC is usually a foodborne illness with Shiga toxins (Stx 1 and 2) thought to be pathogenesis. The STEC's pathogenicity depends significantly on developing one or more Shiga toxins, which can constrain host cell protein synthesis leading to cytotoxicity. In managing STEC infections, antimicrobial agents are generally avoided, as bacterial damage and discharge of accumulated toxins are thought the body. It has also been documented that certain antibiotics improve toxin production and the development of these species. Many different groups have attempted various therapies, including toxin-focused antibodies, toxin-based polymers, synbiotic agents, and secondary metabolites remedies. Besides, in recent years, antibiotics' efficacy in treating STEC infections has been reassessed with some encouraging methods. Nevertheless, the primary role of synbiotic effectiveness (probiotic and prebiotic) against pathogenic STEC and other enteropathogens is less recognized. Additional studies are required to understand the mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria and yeast against STEC infection. Because of the consensus contraindication of antimicrobials for these bacterial pathogens, the examination was focused on alternative remedy strategies for STEC infections. The rise of novel STEC serotypes and approaches employed in its treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-bin Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Eric Banan-MwineDaliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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50
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Remfry SE, Amachawadi RG, Atobatele M, Shi X, Kang Q, Phebus RK, Nagaraja TG. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Wheat Grains: Detection and Isolation by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Culture Methods. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:752-760. [PMID: 34182797 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are major foodborne pathogens and seven serogroups, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, often called top-7 STEC, account for the majority of the STEC-associated human illnesses in the United States. Two Shiga toxins, Shiga toxins 1 and 2, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, are major virulence factors that are involved in STEC infections. Foodborne STEC infections have been linked to a variety of foods of both animal and plant origin, including products derived from cereal grains. In recent years, a few STEC outbreaks have been linked to contaminated wheat flour. The microbiological quality of the wheat grains is a major contributor to the safety of wheat flour. The objective of the study was to utilize polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- and culture-based methods to detect and isolate STEC in wheat grains. Wheat grain samples (n = 625), collected from different regions of the United States, were enriched in modified buffered peptone water with pyruvate (mBPWp) or E. coli (EC) broth, and they were then subjected to PCR- and culture-based methods to detect and isolate STEC. Wheat grains enriched in EC broth yielded more samples positive for stx genes (1.6% vs. 0.32%) and STEC serogroups (5.8% vs. 2.4%) than mBPWp. The four serogroups of top-7 detected and isolated were O26, O45, O103, and O157 and none of the isolates was positive for the Shiga toxin genes. A total of five isolates that carried the stx2 gene were isolated and identified as serogroups O8 (0.6%) and O130 (0.2%). The EC broth was a better medium to enrich wheat grains than mBPWp for the detection and isolation of STEC. The overall prevalence of virulence genes and STEC serogroups in wheat grains was low. The stx2-positive serogroups isolated, O8 and O130, are not major STEC pathogens and have only been implicated in sporadic infections in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Remfry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mori Atobatele
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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