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Coutant F, Touret F, Pin JJ, Alonzo M, Baronti C, Munier S, Attia M, de Lamballerie X, Ferry T, Miossec P. Neutralizing and enhancing monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients: lessons from early variant infection and impact on shaping emerging variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2307510. [PMID: 38240255 PMCID: PMC10829827 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2307510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Serological studies of COVID-19 convalescent patients have identified polyclonal lineage-specific and cross-reactive antibodies (Abs), with varying effector functions against virus variants. Individual specificities of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs and their impact on infectivity by other variants have been little investigated to date. Here, we dissected at a monoclonal level neutralizing and enhancing Abs elicited by early variants and how they affect infectivity of emerging variants. B cells from 13 convalescent patients originally infected by D614G or Alpha variants were immortalized to isolate 445 naturally-produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were tested for their abilities to impact the cytopathic effect of D614G, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) variants. Ninety-eight exhibited robust neutralization against at least one of the three variant types, while 309 showed minimal or no impact on infectivity. Thirty-eight mAbs enhanced infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Infection with D614G/Alpha variants generated variant-specific (65 neutralizing Abs, 35 enhancing Abs) and cross-reactive (18 neutralizing Abs, 3 enhancing Abs) mAbs. Interestingly, among the neutralizing mAbs with cross-reactivity restricted to two of the three variants tested, none demonstrated specific neutralization of the Delta and Omicron variants. In contrast, cross-reactive mAbs enhancing infectivity (n = 3) were found exclusively specific to Delta and Omicron variants. Notably, two mAbs that amplified in vitro the cytopathic effect of the Delta variant also exhibited neutralization against Omicron. These findings shed light on functional diversity of cross-reactive Abs generated during SARS-CoV-2 infection and illustrate how the balance between neutralizing and enhancing Abs facilitate variant emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Coutant
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Team, University of Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
- Immunology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Franck Touret
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Pin
- Eurobio Scientific/Dendritics – Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Marina Alonzo
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Team, University of Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Baronti
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Paris, France
| | - Mikaël Attia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Tristan Ferry
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hospices Civils of Lyon - Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Team, University of Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
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Guo W, Wang C, Song X, Xu H, Zhao S, Gu J, Zou Z, Li J, Qian J, Zhang X, Guo R, Li J, Li L, Hu Z, Ren L, Fan B, Li B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a trimeric full-length S protein subunit vaccine for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vaccine 2024; 42:828-839. [PMID: 38220489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused serious economic losses to the pig husbandry worldwide, and the effects of existing commercialized vaccines are suboptimal. Therefore, research to develop an efficacious vaccine for prevention and control of PEDV is essential. In this study, we designed and produced trimerized proteins of full-length PEDV spike (S) protein, S1 subunit, and a tandem of multiple epitopes of S protein using an efficient mammalian expression vector system in HEK 293F cells. The immunogenicity of two commercial adjuvants, M401 and M103, was also evaluated in mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that all immunized mice generated highly systemic PEDV S-specific IgG and IgA antibodies. Mice in S/M103-immunized group generated the highest neutralizing antibody titer with 1:96. Compared with control group, the subunit vaccines elicited multifunctional CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells, B220+CD19+ B cells, and CD3-CD49b+ natural killer cells in the spleen. PEDV S/M103 vaccine, which had the best immune effect, was selected for further evaluation in piglets. Immunization with S/M103 vaccine induced high levels of S-specific IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies, and increased the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the expression levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 in peripheral blood of piglets. Virus challenge test results showed significantly lower diarrheal index scores and fecal viral loads, and less pathological damage to the intestines in S/M103-immunized piglets than in controls, indicating that S/M103 provides good protection against the virulent virus challenge. Our findings suggest that trimeric PEDV S/M103 has potential as a clinical vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Song
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikun Zou
- Chengdu Yisikang Biotechnology LLC, Chendou 610095, China
| | - Jing Li
- Chengdu Yisikang Biotechnology LLC, Chendou 610095, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Liu C, Huang W, He X, Feng Z, Chen Q. Research Advances on Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:448. [PMID: 38338091 PMCID: PMC10854734 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a virulent pathogen that causes acute diarrhea in piglets. The virus was first discovered in Guangdong Province, China, in 2017 and has since emerged in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces. The outbreak exhibited a localized and sporadic pattern, with no discernable temporal continuity. The virus can infect human progenitor cells and demonstrates considerable potential for cross-species transmission, representing a potential risk for zoonotic transmission. Therefore, continuous surveillance of and comprehensive research on SADS-CoV are imperative. This review provides an overview of the temporal and evolutionary features of SADS-CoV outbreaks, focusing on the structural characteristics of the virus, which serve as the basis for discussing its potential for interspecies transmission. Additionally, the review summarizes virus-host interactions, including the effects on host cells, as well as apoptotic and autophagic behaviors, and discusses prevention and treatment modalities for this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Weili Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xinyan He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Ziganshina MM, Shilova NV, Khalturina EO, Dolgushina NV, V Borisevich S, Yarotskaya EL, Bovin NV, Sukhikh GT. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement with a Focus on SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-Glycan Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:1584. [PMID: 37515270 PMCID: PMC10384250 DOI: 10.3390/v15071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon where virus-specific antibodies paradoxically cause enhanced viral replication and/or excessive immune responses, leading to infection exacerbation, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure. ADE has been observed in many viral infections and is supposed to complicate the course of COVID-19. However, the evidence is insufficient. Since no specific laboratory markers have been described, the prediction and confirmation of ADE are very challenging. The only possible predictor is the presence of already existing (after previous infection) antibodies that can bind to viral epitopes and promote the disease enhancement. At the same time, the virus-specific antibodies are also a part of immune response against a pathogen. These opposite effects of antibodies make ADE research controversial. The assignment of immunoglobulins to ADE-associated or virus neutralizing is based on their affinity, avidity, and content in blood. However, these criteria are not clearly defined. Another debatable issue (rather terminological, but no less important) is that in most publications about ADE, all immunoglobulins produced by the immune system against pathogens are qualified as pre-existing antibodies, thus ignoring the conventional use of this term for natural antibodies produced without any stimulation by pathogens. Anti-glycan antibodies (AGA) make up a significant part of the natural immunoglobulins pool, and there is some evidence of their antiviral effect, particularly in COVID-19. AGA have been shown to be involved in ADE in bacterial infections, but their role in the development of ADE in viral infections has not been studied. This review focuses on pros and cons for AGA as an ADE trigger. We also present the results of our pilot studies, suggesting that AGAs, which bind to complex epitopes (glycan plus something else in tight proximity), may be involved in the development of the ADE phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Ziganshina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia O Khalturina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya V Dolgushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina L Yarotskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Sawant J, Patil A, Kurle S. A Review: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1240. [PMID: 37515055 PMCID: PMC10384352 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE) of an infection has been of interest in the investigation of many viruses. It is associated with the severity of the infection. ADE is mediated by non-neutralizing antibodies, antibodies at sub-neutralizing concentrations, or cross-reactive non-neutralizing antibodies. Treatments like plasma therapy, B cell immunizations, and antibody therapies may trigger ADE. It is seen as an impediment to vaccine development as well. In viruses including the Dengue virus (DENV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus, Zika virus, and influenza virus, the likely mechanisms of ADE are postulated and described. ADE improves the likelihood of productively infecting cells that are expressing the complement receptor or the Fc receptor (FcR) rather than the viral receptors. ADE occurs when the FcR, particularly the Fc gamma receptor, and/or complement system, particularly Complement 1q (C1q), allow the entry of the virus-antibody complex into the cell. Moreover, ADE alters the innate immune pathways to escape from lysis, promoting viral replication inside the cell that produces viral particles. This review discusses the involvement of FcR and the downstream immunomodulatory pathways in ADE, the complement system, and innate antiviral signaling pathways modification in ADE and its impact on facilitating viral replication. Additionally, we have outlined the modes of ADE in the cases of different viruses reported until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sawant
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
| | - Ajit Patil
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
| | - Swarali Kurle
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
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Ying-Hao P, Rui-Han L, Hai-Dong Z, Qiu-Hua C, Yuan-Yuan G, Yu-Shan Y, Hai-Qi Z, Hua J. Different effects of vaccine on VST in critical and non-critical COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study of 363 cases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16017. [PMID: 37153418 PMCID: PMC10151027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the risk factors of prolonged viral shedding time (VST) in critical/non-critical COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Methods In this retrospective study, we enrolled 363 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted in a designated hospital during the COVID-19 outbreak in Nanjing Lukou International Airport. Patients were divided into critical (n = 54) and non-critical (n = 309) groups. We analyzed the relationship between the VST and demographics, clinical characteristics, medications, and vaccination histories, respectively. Results The median duration of VST was 24 d (IQR, 20-29) of all patients. The VST of critical cases was longer than non-critical cases (27 d, IQR, 22.0-30.0 vs. 23 d, IQR 20-28, P < 0.05). Cox proportional hazards model showed that ALT (HR = 1.610, 95%CI 1.186-2.184, P = 0.002) and EO% (HR = 1.276, 95%CI 1.042-1.563, P = 0.018) were independent factors of prolonged VST in total cases; HGB (HR = 0.343, 95%CI 0.162-0.728, P = 0.005) and ALP (HR = 0.358, 95%CI 0.133-0.968, P = 0.043) were independent factors of prolonged VST in critical cases, while EO% (HR = 1.251, 95%CI 1.015-1.541, P = 0.036) was the independent factor of prolonged VST in non-critical cases. Vaccinated critical cases showed higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-IgG (1.725 S/CO, IQR 0.3975-28.7925 vs 0.07 S/CO, IQR 0.05-0.16, P < 0.001) and longer VSTs (32.5 d, IQR 20.0-35.25 vs 23 d, IQR 18.0-30.0, P = 0.011) compared with unvaccinated critical patients. Fully vaccinated non-critical cases, however, presented higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-IgG (8.09 S/CO, IQR 1.6975-55.7825 vs 0.13 S/CO IQR 0.06-0.41, P < 0.001) and shorter VSTs (21 d, IQR 19.0-28.0 vs 24 d, IQR 21.0-28.5, P = 0.013) compared with unvaccinated non-critical patients. Conclusions Our results suggested that risk factors of prolonged VST were different between critical and non-critical COVID-19 patients. Increased level of SARS-CoV-2-IgG and vaccination did not shorten the VST and hospital stay in critical COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying-Hao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Rui-Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhang Hai-Dong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Qiu-Hua
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gu Yuan-Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Yu-Shan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhou Hai-Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Hua
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Kandula UR, Tuji TS, Gudeta DB, Bulbula KL, Mohammad AA, Wari KD, Abbas A. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) During the Pandemic Era: A Literature Review. J Blood Med 2023; 14:159-187. [PMID: 36855559 PMCID: PMC9968437 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s397722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide pandemic with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As November 2, 2022, World Health Organization (WHO) received 628,035,553 reported incidents on COVID-19, with 6,572,800 mortalities and, with a total 12,850,970,971 vaccine doses have been delivered as of October 31, 2022. The infection can cause mild or self-limiting symptoms of pulmonary and severe infections or death may be caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Simultaneously, antivirals, corticosteroids, immunological treatments, antibiotics, and anticoagulants have been proposed as potential medicines to cure COVID-19 affected patients. Among these initial treatments, COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP), which was retrieved from COVID-19 recovered patients to be used as passive immune therapy, in which antibodies from cured patients were given to infected patients to prevent illness. Such treatment has yielded the best results in earlier with preventative or early stages of illness. Convalescent plasma (CP) is the first treatment available when infectious disease initially appears, although few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. The historical record suggests with potential benefit for other respiratory infections, as coronaviruses like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV-I (SARS-CoV-I) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), though the analysis of such research is constrained by some non-randomized experiments (NREs). Rigorous studies on CP are made more demanding by the following with the immediacy of the epidemics, CP use may restrict the ability to utilize it for clinical testing, non-homogenous nature of product, highly decentralized manufacturing process; constraints with capacity to measure biologic function, ultimate availability of substitute therapies, as antivirals, purified immune globulins, or monoclonal antibodies. Though, it is still not clear how effectively CCP works among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The current review tries to focus on its efficiency and usage in clinical scenarios and identifying existing benefits of implementation during pandemic or how it may assist with future pandemic preventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Rani Kandula
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Techane Sisay Tuji
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kassech Leta Bulbula
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ketema Diriba Wari
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmad Abbas
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
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Liang X, Sun R, Wang J, Zhou K, Li J, Chen S, Lyu M, Li S, Xue Z, Shi Y, Xie Y, Zhang Q, Yi X, Pan J, Wang D, Xu J, Zhu H, Zhu G, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Shen B, Guo T. Proteomics Investigation of Diverse Serological Patterns in COVID-19. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100493. [PMID: 36621767 PMCID: PMC9814280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum antibodies IgM and IgG are elevated during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to defend against viral attacks. Atypical results such as negative and abnormally high antibody expression were frequently observed whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive. In our cohort of 144 COVID-19 patients, 3.5% were both IgM and IgG negative, whereas 29.2% remained only IgM negative. The remaining patients exhibited positive IgM and IgG expression, with 9.3% of them exhibiting over 20-fold higher titers of IgM than the others at their plateau. IgG titers in all of them were significantly boosted after vaccination in the second year. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we classed the patients into four groups with diverse serological patterns and analyzed their 2-year clinical indicators. Additionally, we collected 111 serum samples for TMTpro-based longitudinal proteomic profiling and characterized 1494 proteins in total. We found that the continuously negative IgM and IgG expression during COVID-19 were associated with mild inflammatory reactions and high T cell responses. Low levels of serum IgD, inferior complement 1 activation of complement cascades, and insufficient cellular immune responses might collectively lead to compensatory serological responses, causing overexpression of IgM. Serum CD163 was positively correlated with antibody titers during seroconversion. This study suggests that patients with negative serology still developed cellular immunity for viral defense and that high titers of IgM might not be favorable to COVID-19 recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiyong Chen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengge Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhangzhi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingqiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Pan
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Donglian Wang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqin Xu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongguo Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangjun Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zheng
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Abebe EC, Dejenie TA. Protective roles and protective mechanisms of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential clinical implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1055457. [PMID: 36742320 PMCID: PMC9892939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1055457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are central players in the humoral immunity that defends the body from SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking viral entry into host cells and neutralizing their biological effects. Even though NAbs primarily work by neutralizing viral antigens, on some occasions, they may also combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus escaping neutralization by employing several effector mechanisms in collaboration with immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes. Besides their prophylactic and therapeutic roles, antibodies can be used for COVID-19 diagnosis, severity evaluation, and prognosis assessment in clinical practice. Furthermore, the measurement of NAbs could have key implications in determining individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine effectiveness, and duration of the humoral protective response, as well as aiding in the selection of suitable individuals who can donate convalescent plasma to treat infected people. Despite all these clinical applications of NAbs, using them in clinical settings can present some challenges. This review discusses the protective functions, possible protective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, and potential clinical applications of NAbs in COVID-19. This article also highlights the possible challenges and solutions associated with COVID-19 antibody-based prophylaxis, therapy, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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Wang Y, Jin Y, Yang H. Intensive Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010125. [PMID: 36679970 PMCID: PMC9864290 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a sudden sharp rise in hospitalizations for pneumonia with multiorgan disease [...].
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11
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Garmendia JV, García AH, De Sanctis CV, Hajdúch M, De Sanctis JB. Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Prolonged COVID-19. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 45:33-50. [PMID: 36661489 PMCID: PMC9857622 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes the complex and heterogeneous illness known as COVID-19. The disease primarily affects the respiratory system but can quickly become systemic, harming multiple organs and leading to long-lasting sequelae in some patients. Most infected individuals are asymptomatic or present mild symptoms. Antibodies, complement, and immune cells can efficiently eliminate the virus. However, 20% of individuals develop severe respiratory illness and multiple organ failure. Virus replication has been described in several organs in patients who died from COVID-19, suggesting a compromised immune response. Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity are responsible for this impairment and facilitate viral escape. Mutations in IFN signal transduction and T cell activation are responsible for the inadequate response in young individuals. Autoantibodies are accountable for secondary immunodeficiency in patients with severe infection or prolonged COVID-19. Antibodies against cytokines (interferons α, γ and ω, IL1β, IL6, IL10, IL-17, IL21), chemokines, complement, nuclear proteins and DNA, anticardiolipin, and several extracellular proteins have been reported. The type and titer of autoantibodies depend on age and gender. Organ-specific autoantibodies have been described in prolonged COVID-19. Their role in the disease is under study. Autoimmunity and immunodeficiency should be screened as risk factors for severe or prolonged COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alexis Hipólito García
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Czech Institute of Advanced Technology in Research [Catrin], Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Czech Institute of Advanced Technology in Research [Catrin], Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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12
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Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG Formed after BNT162b2 Vaccination Can Bind C1q and Activate Complement. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7263740. [PMID: 36573216 PMCID: PMC9789906 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7263740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of vaccine-induced antibodies to bind C1q could affect pathogen neutralization. In this study, we investigated C1q binding and subsequent complement activation by anti-spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) specific antibodies produced following vaccination with either the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 or the inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV. Methods Serum samples were collected in the period of July 2021-March 2022. Participants' demographic data, type of vaccine, date of vaccination, as well as adverse effects of the vaccine were recorded. The serum samples were incubated with S protein RBD-coated plates. Levels of human IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) that were bound to the plate, as well as formed C3d, and C5b-9 were compared between different groups of participants. Results A total of 151 samples were collected from vaccinated (n = 116) and nonvaccinated (n = 35) participants. Participants who received either one or two doses of BNT162b2 formed higher levels of anti-RBD IgG and IgA than participants who received BBIBP-CorV. The anti-RBD IgG formed following either vaccine bound C1q, but significantly more C1q binding was observed in participants who received BNT162b2. Subsequently, C5b-9 formation was significantly higher in participants who received BNT162b2, while no significant difference in C5b-9 formation was found between the nonvaccinated and BBIBP-CorV groups. The formation of C5b-9 was strongly correlated to C1q binding and not to MBL binding, additionally, the ratio of formed C5b-9/bound C1q was significantly higher in the BNT162b2 group. Conclusion Anti-RBD IgG formed following vaccination can bind C1q with subsequent complement activation, and the degree of terminal complement pathway activation differed between vaccines, which could play a role in the protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines. Further investigation into the correlation between vaccine protection and vaccine-induced antibodies' ability to activate complement is required.
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13
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Matveeva O, Nechipurenko Y, Lagutkin D, Yegorov YE, Kzhyshkowska J. SARS-CoV-2 infection of phagocytic immune cells and COVID-19 pathology: Antibody-dependent as well as independent cell entry. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050478. [PMID: 36532011 PMCID: PMC9751203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our review summarizes the evidence that COVID-19 can be complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells. This evidence is widespread and accumulating at an increasing rate. Research teams from around the world, studying primary and established cell cultures, animal models, and analyzing autopsy material from COVID-19 deceased patients, are seeing the same thing, namely that some immune cells are infected or capable of being infected with the virus. Human cells most vulnerable to infection include both professional phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, such as B-cells. Convincing evidence has accumulated to suggest that the virus can infect monocytes and macrophages, while data on infection of dendritic cells and B-cells are still scarce. Viral infection of immune cells can occur directly through cell receptors, but it can also be mediated or enhanced by antibodies through the Fc gamma receptors of phagocytic cells. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) most likely occurs during the primary encounter with the pathogen through the first COVID-19 infection rather than during the second encounter, which is characteristic of ADE caused by other viruses. Highly fucosylated antibodies of vaccinees seems to be incapable of causing ADE, whereas afucosylated antibodies of persons with acute primary infection or convalescents are capable. SARS-CoV-2 entry into immune cells can lead to an abortive infection followed by host cell pyroptosis, and a massive inflammatory cascade. This scenario has the most experimental evidence. Other scenarios are also possible, for which the evidence base is not yet as extensive, namely productive infection of immune cells or trans-infection of other non-immune permissive cells. The chance of a latent infection cannot be ruled out either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Olga Matveeva, ; Julia Kzhyshkowska,
| | | | - Denis Lagutkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia,*Correspondence: Olga Matveeva, ; Julia Kzhyshkowska,
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14
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Duty JA, Kraus T, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Shaabani N, Yildiz S, Du N, Singh A, Miorin L, Li D, Stegman K, Ophir S, Cao X, Atanasoff K, Lim R, Mena I, Bouvier NM, Kowdle S, Carreño JM, Rivero-Nava L, Raskin A, Moreno E, Johnson S, Rathnasinghe R, Pai CI, Kehrer T, Cabral EP, Jangra S, Healy L, Singh G, Warang P, Simon V, Sordillo EM, van Bakel H, Liu Y, Sun W, Kerwin L, Teijaro J, Schotsaert M, Krammer F, Bresson D, García-Sastre A, Fu Y, Lee B, Powers C, Moran T, Ji H, Tortorella D, Allen R. Discovery and intranasal administration of a SARS-CoV-2 broadly acting neutralizing antibody with activity against multiple Omicron subvariants. MED 2022; 3:705-721.e11. [PMID: 36044897 PMCID: PMC9359501 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continual emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern, in particular the newly emerged Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and its BA.X lineages, has rendered ineffective a number of previously FDA emergency use authorized SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody therapies. Furthermore, those approved antibodies with neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1 are reportedly ineffective against the subset of Omicron subvariants that contain a R346K substitution, BA.1.1, and the more recently emergent BA.2, demonstrating the continued need for discovery and characterization of candidate therapeutic antibodies with the breadth and potency of neutralizing activity required to treat newly diagnosed COVID-19 linked to recently emerged variants of concern. METHODS Following a campaign of antibody discovery based on the vaccination of Harbor H2L2 mice with defined SARS-CoV-2 spike domains, we have characterized the activity of a large collection of spike-binding antibodies and identified a lead neutralizing human IgG1 LALA antibody, STI-9167. FINDINGS STI-9167 has potent, broad-spectrum neutralizing activity against the current SARS-COV-2 variants of concern and retained activity against each of the tested Omicron subvariants in both pseudotype and live virus neutralization assays. Furthermore, STI-9167 nAb administered intranasally or intravenously provided protection against weight loss and reduced virus lung titers to levels below the limit of quantitation in Omicron-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS With this established activity profile, a cGMP cell line has been developed and used to produce cGMP drug product intended for intravenous or intranasal use in human clinical trials. FUNDING Funded by CRIPT (no. 75N93021R00014), DARPA (HR0011-19-2-0020), and NCI Seronet (U54CA260560).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Duty
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Soner Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Du
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alok Singh
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Karen Stegman
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sabrina Ophir
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kristina Atanasoff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reyna Lim
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sachi Johnson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chin I Pai
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Healy
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colin Powers
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Allen
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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15
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Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Cao X, Maruyama J, Zhou H, Fu Y, Kerwin L, Powers C, Sattler RA, Manning JT, Singh A, Lim R, Healy LD, Johnson S, Paz Cabral E, Li D, Lu L, Ledesma A, Lee D, Richards S, Rivero-Nava L, Li Y, Shen W, Stegman K, Blair B, Urata S, Kishimoto-Urata M, Ko J, Du N, Morais K, Lawrence K, Rivera I, Pai CI, Bresson D, Brunswick M, Zhang Y, Ji H, Paessler S, Allen RD. Unbiased approach to identify and assess efficacy of human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15517. [PMID: 36109550 PMCID: PMC9476467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to significantly impact the global population, thus countermeasure platforms that enable rapid development of therapeutics against variants of SARS-CoV-2 are essential. We report use of a phage display human antibody library approach to rapidly identify neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate the binding and neutralization capability of two nAbs, STI-2020 and STI-5041, against the SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 strain as well as the Alpha and Beta variants. STI-2020 and STI-5041 were protective when administered intravenously or intranasally in the golden (Syrian) hamster model of COVID-19 challenged with the WA-1 strain or Beta variant. The ability to administer nAbs intravenously and intranasally may have important therapeutic implications and Phase 1 healthy subjects clinical trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Colin Powers
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rachel A Sattler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Alok Singh
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Reyna Lim
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Laura D Healy
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sachi Johnson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Donghui Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Lucy Lu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lee
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Weiqun Shen
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Karen Stegman
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Shinji Urata
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Magumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jamie Ko
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Na Du
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kyndal Morais
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kate Lawrence
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ianne Rivera
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Chin-I Pai
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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17
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Gutiérrez LJ, Tosso RD, Zarycz MNC, Enriz RD, Baldoni HA. Epitopes mapped onto SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding motif by five distinct human neutralising antibodies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Gutiérrez
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D. Tosso
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - M. Natalia C. Zarycz
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Ricardo D. Enriz
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Héctor A. Baldoni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- Institute of Applied Mathematics of San Luis (IMASL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
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18
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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19
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Thavorasak T, Chulanetra M, Glab-ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Sae-lim N, Teeranitayatarn K, Songserm T, Yodsheewan R, Nilubol D, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Enhancing epitope of PEDV spike protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933249. [PMID: 35935230 PMCID: PMC9355140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration. PEDV infects pigs of all ages, but neonatal pigs during the first week of life are highly susceptible; the mortality rates among newborn piglets may reach 80–100%. Thus, PEDV is regarded as one of the most devastating pig viruses that cause huge economic damage to pig industries worldwide. Vaccination of sows and gilts at the pre-fertilization or pre-farrowing stage is a good strategy for the protection of suckling piglets against PEDV through the acquisition of the lactating immunity. However, vaccination of the mother pigs for inducing a high level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is complicated with unstandardized immunization protocol and unreliable outcomes. Besides, the vaccine may also induce enhancing antibodies that promote virus entry and replication, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which aggravates the disease upon new virus exposure. Recognition of the virus epitope that induces the production of the enhancing antibodies is an existential necessity for safe and effective PEDV vaccine design. In this study, the enhancing epitope of the PEDV spike (S) protein was revealed for the first time, by using phage display technology and mouse monoclonal antibody (mAbG3) that bound to the PEDV S1 subunit of the S protein and enhanced PEDV entry into permissive Vero cells that lack Fc receptor. The phages displaying mAbG3-bound peptides derived from the phage library by panning with the mAbG3 matched with several regions in the S1-0 sub-domain of the PEDV S1 subunit, indicating that the epitope is discontinuous (conformational). The mAbG3-bound phage sequence also matched with a linear sequence of the S1-BCD sub-domains. Immunological assays verified the phage mimotope results. Although the molecular mechanism of ADE caused by the mAbG3 via binding to the newly identified S1 enhancing epitope awaits investigation, the data obtained from this study are helpful and useful in designing a safe and effective PEDV protein subunit/DNA vaccine devoid of the enhancing epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techit Thavorasak
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawannaporn Sae-lim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Nitat Sookrung,
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20
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Findlay-Wilson S, Easterbrook L, Smith S, Pope N, Humphries G, Schuhmann H, Ngabo D, Rayner E, Otter AD, Coleman T, Hicks B, Graham VA, Halkerston R, Apostolakis K, Taylor S, Fotheringham S, Horton A, Tree JA, Wand M, Hewson R, Dowall SD. Development of a cost-effective ovine antibody-based therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribution of antibodies specific to the spike subunit proteins. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105332. [PMID: 35533779 PMCID: PMC9075985 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are important to generate protective immunity, with convalescent plasma one of the first therapies approved. An alternative source of polyclonal antibodies suitable for upscaling would be more amendable to regulatory approval and widespread use. In this study, sheep were immunised with SARS-CoV-2 whole spike protein or one of the subunit proteins: S1 and S2. Once substantial antibody titres were generated, plasma was collected and samples pooled for each antigen. Non-specific antibodies were removed via affinity-purification to yield candidate products for testing in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to whole spike, S1 and S2 proteins were evaluated for in vitro for neutralising activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-like virus (Australia/VIC01/2020) and a recent variant of concern, B.1.1.529 BA.1 (Omicron), antibody-binding, complement fixation and phagocytosis assays were also performed. All antibody preparations demonstrated an effect against SARS-CoV-2 disease in the hamster model of challenge, with those raised against the S2 subunit providing the most promise. A rapid, cost-effective therapy for COVID-19 was developed which provides a source of highly active immunoglobulin specific to SARS-CoV-2 with multi-functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Findlay-Wilson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Linda Easterbrook
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sandra Smith
- International Therapeutic Proteins Ltd (Australia), Longford, Tasmania, 7301, Australia
| | - Neville Pope
- International Therapeutic Proteins Ltd (UK), Goleigh Farm, Selborne, Hampshire, GU34 3SE, UK
| | - Gareth Humphries
- Native Antigen Company, Langford Locks, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1LH, UK
| | - Holger Schuhmann
- Native Antigen Company, Langford Locks, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1LH, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Ashley David Otter
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Tom Coleman
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Bethany Hicks
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Victoria Anne Graham
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rachel Halkerston
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kostis Apostolakis
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephen Taylor
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Susan Fotheringham
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Amanda Horton
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Julia Anne Tree
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Matthew Wand
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stuart David Dowall
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
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21
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Sahu T, Pande B, PL M, Verma HK. Liver dysfunction during COVID-19 pandemic: Contributing role of associated factors in disease progression and severity. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1099-1110. [PMID: 35978661 PMCID: PMC9258249 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus was discovered in China, and the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic in March 2020. The majority of people with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) exhibit no or only mild symptoms such as fever, cough, anosmia, and headache. Meanwhile, approximately 15% develop a severe lung infection over the course of 10 d, resulting in respiratory failure, which can lead to multi-organ failure, coagulopathy, and death. Since the beginning of the pandemic, it appears that there has been consideration that pre-existing chronic liver disease may predispose to deprived consequences in conjunction with COVID-19. Furthermore, extensive liver damage has been linked to immune dysfunction and coagulopathy, which leads to a more severe COVID-19 outcome. Besides that, people with COVID-19 frequently have abnormal liver function, with more significant elevations in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in patients with severe COVID-19 compared to those with mild/moderate disease. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the liver, as well as the use of liver chemistry as a prognostic tool during COVID-19. We also evaluate the findings for viral infection of hepatocytes, and look into the potential mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-related liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Sahu
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Babita Pande
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manasa PL
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Lungs Health and Immunity, Munich 85764, Bavaria, Germany
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22
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Guérin P, Yahi N, Azzaz F, Chahinian H, Sabatier JM, Fantini J. Structural Dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A 2-Year Retrospective Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variants (from Alpha to Omicron) Reveals an Early Divergence between Conserved and Variable Epitopes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123851. [PMID: 35744971 PMCID: PMC9230616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the epitope evolution of the spike protein in 1,860,489 SARS-CoV-2 genomes. The structural dynamics of these epitopes was determined by molecular modeling approaches. The D614G mutation, selected in the first months of the pandemic, is still present in currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. This mutation facilitates the conformational change leading to the demasking of the ACE2 binding domain. D614G also abrogated the binding of facilitating antibodies to a linear epitope common to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. The main neutralizing epitope of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein showed extensive structural variability in SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially Delta and Omicron. This epitope is located on the flat surface of the NTD, a large electropositive area which binds to electronegatively charged lipid rafts of host cells. A facilitating epitope located on the lower part of the NTD appeared to be highly conserved among most SARS-CoV-2 variants, which may represent a risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Overall, this retrospective analysis revealed an early divergence between conserved (facilitating) and variable (neutralizing) epitopes of the spike protein. These data aid in the designing of new antiviral strategies that could help to control COVID-19 infection by mimicking neutralizing antibodies or by blocking facilitating antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouara Yahi
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix-Marseille University, CEDEX, 13015 Marseille, France; (N.Y.); (F.A.); (H.C.)
| | - Fodil Azzaz
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix-Marseille University, CEDEX, 13015 Marseille, France; (N.Y.); (F.A.); (H.C.)
| | - Henri Chahinian
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix-Marseille University, CEDEX, 13015 Marseille, France; (N.Y.); (F.A.); (H.C.)
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INP, CEDEX, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Jacques Fantini
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix-Marseille University, CEDEX, 13015 Marseille, France; (N.Y.); (F.A.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Kumar A, Parihar A, Panda U, Parihar DS. Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Devices in Dealing with Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Solution. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2046-2068. [PMID: 35473316 PMCID: PMC9063993 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics-based point-of-care testing (POCT) technology such as paper, array, and beads have shown promising results for diagnosing various infectious diseases. The fast and timely detection of viral infection has proven to be a critical step for deciding the therapeutic outcome in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn not only enhances the patient survival rate but also reduces the disease-associated comorbidities. In the present scenario, rapid, noninvasive detection of the virus using low cost and high throughput microfluidics-based POCT devices embraces the advantages over existing diagnostic technologies, for which a centralized lab facility, expensive instruments, sample pretreatment, and skilled personnel are required. Microfluidic-based multiplexed POCT devices can be a boon for clinical diagnosis in developing countries that lacks a centralized health care system and resources. The microfluidic devices can be used for disease diagnosis and exploited for the development and testing of drug efficacy for disease treatment in model systems. The havoc created by the second wave of COVID-19 led several countries' governments to the back front. The lack of diagnostic kits, medical devices, and human resources created a huge demand for a technology that can be remotely operated with single touch and data that can be analyzed on a phone. Recent advancements in information technology and the use of smartphones led to a paradigm shift in the development of diagnostic devices, which can be explored to deal with the current pandemic situation. This review sheds light on various approaches for the development of cost-effective microfluidics POCT devices. The successfully used microfluidic devices for COVID-19 detection under clinical settings along with their pros and cons have been discussed here. Further, the integration of microfluidic devices with smartphones and wireless network systems using the Internet-of-things will enable readers for manufacturing advanced POCT devices for remote disease management in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing
Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials,
CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462026,
India
| | - Udwesh Panda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing
Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
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24
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Qu L, Yi Z, Shen Y, Lin L, Chen F, Xu Y, Wu Z, Tang H, Zhang X, Tian F, Wang C, Xiao X, Dong X, Guo L, Lu S, Yang C, Tang C, Yang Y, Yu W, Wang J, Zhou Y, Huang Q, Yisimayi A, Liu S, Huang W, Cao Y, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Peng X, Wang J, Xie XS, Wei W. Circular RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Cell 2022; 185:1728-1744.e16. [PMID: 35460644 PMCID: PMC8971115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to drive the worldwide pandemic, there is a constant demand for vaccines that offer more effective and broad-spectrum protection. Here, we report a circular RNA (circRNA) vaccine that elicited potent neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses by expressing the trimeric RBD of the spike protein, providing robust protection against SARS-CoV-2 in both mice and rhesus macaques. Notably, the circRNA vaccine enabled higher and more durable antigen production than the 1mΨ-modified mRNA vaccine and elicited a higher proportion of neutralizing antibodies and distinct Th1-skewed immune responses. Importantly, we found that the circRNARBD-Omicron vaccine induced effective neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron but not the Delta variant. In contrast, the circRNARBD-Delta vaccine protected against both Delta and Omicron or functioned as a booster after two doses of either native- or Delta-specific vaccination, making it a favorable choice against the current variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zongyi Yi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liangru Lin
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zeguang Wu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huixian Tang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cong Tang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Huang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ayijiang Yisimayi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yunlong Cao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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25
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Li M, Wang H, Tian L, Pang Z, Yang Q, Huang T, Fan J, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:146. [PMID: 35504917 PMCID: PMC9062866 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOC), the implementation of vaccination is critically important. Existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses and germinal center responses, and form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some viral vector or mRNA vaccines may be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia and myocarditis, raising concerns about the safety of these COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we systemically assess the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including the possible complications and different effects on pregnant women, the elderly, people with immune diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, and cancer patients. Based on the current analysis, governments and relevant agencies are recommended to continue to advance the vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should be paid to the health status of the vaccines, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring the lives and health of patients. In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new vaccines like nanoparticle vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvant to improve vaccine safety and efficacy could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkun Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junfen Fan
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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26
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Penbe A. Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis Secondary to the Inactive COVID-19 Vaccine-CoronaVac. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 31:536-540. [PMID: 35212608 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2039211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) secondary to the inactive Covid-19 vaccine. METHODS The case of a 67-year-old man who presented with unilateral progressive vision-threatening PUK with nodular scleritis was reported. The results of clinical examinations with surgical and medical treatments were noted. RESULTS The extended workup for autoimmune and infectious etiologies for PUK that all returned negative. The patient was treated with oral steroids, azathioprine, and topical cyclosporine with topical dexamethasone for his PUK and underlying possible immunopathology. Corneal amniotic membrane grafting was also performed 4 times and finally, the patient underwent penetrant keratoplasty for visual rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we report the first case of PUK that is possible to secondary to an inactive vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. The inactive covid vaccine should be considered as an etiological agent in PUK cases where the standard workup is negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Penbe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Science University, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Kartal Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Ajmeriya S, Kumar A, Karmakar S, Rana S, Singh H. Neutralizing Antibodies and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in COVID-19: A Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:671-687. [PMID: 35136306 PMCID: PMC8814804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an alternative route of viral entry in the susceptible host cell. In this process, antiviral antibodies enhance the entry access of virus in the cells via interaction with the complement or Fc receptors leading to the worsening of infection. SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a general concern for the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that may fail to neutralize infection, raising the possibility of a more severe form of COVID-19. Data from various studies on respiratory viruses raise the speculation that antibodies elicited against SARS-CoV-2 and during COVID-19 recovery could potentially exacerbate the infection through ADE at sub-neutralizing concentrations; this may contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to study the effectiveness of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19-infected subjects. Theoretically, ADE remains a general concern for the efficacy of antibodies elicited during infection, most notably in convalescent plasma therapy and in response to vaccines where it could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ajmeriya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, Room no 3020, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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28
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A, Solomatina L, Chereshnev V. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1716. [PMID: 35163638 PMCID: PMC8835786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus's protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2's ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Liliya Solomatina
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valeriy Chereshnev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Shukla AK, Misra S. Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease: implications in COVID-19. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 33:13-16. [PMID: 34995021 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) can be seen in a variety of viruses. It has a deleterious impact on antibody treatment of viral infection. This effect was first discovered in the dengue virus, and it has since been discovered in the coronavirus. Over 213 million people have been affected by the rapid spread of the newly emerging coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus offers a significant threat and has sparked widespread concern. ADE in dengue virus and other viruses are discussed with possible effect on COVID-19 treatment and vaccine development will need to consider this phenomenon to ensure it is mitigated and avoided altogether. In these case scenarios, the role of ADE and its clinical consequences remains to be explored for this newly detected virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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30
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Wong LYR, Perlman S. Immune dysregulation and immunopathology induced by SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses - are we our own worst enemy? Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:47-56. [PMID: 34837062 PMCID: PMC8617551 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from mild common colds to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 - have illustrated the epidemic and pandemic potential of human coronaviruses, and a better understanding of their disease-causing mechanisms is urgently needed for the rational design of therapeutics. Analyses of patients have revealed marked dysregulation of the immune system in severe cases of human coronavirus infection, and there is ample evidence that aberrant immune responses to human coronaviruses are typified by impaired induction of interferons, exuberant inflammatory responses and delayed adaptive immune responses. In addition, various viral proteins have been shown to impair interferon induction and signalling and to induce inflammasome activation. This suggests that severe disease associated with human coronaviruses is mediated by both dysregulated host immune responses and active viral interference. Here we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in each of these scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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31
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Wagner R, Meißner J, Grabski E, Sun Y, Vieths S, Hildt E. Regulatory concepts to guide and promote the accelerated but safe clinical development and licensure of COVID-19 vaccines in Europe. Allergy 2022; 77:72-82. [PMID: 33887070 PMCID: PMC8251031 DOI: 10.1111/all.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has affected the health of tens of millions of people worldwide. In particular, in elderly and frail individuals the infection can lead to severe disease and even fatal outcomes. Although the pandemic is primarily a human health crisis its consequences are much broader with a tremendous impact on global economics and social systems. Vaccines are considered the most powerful measure to fight the pandemic and protect people from COVID-19. Based on the concerted activities of scientists, manufacturers and regulators, the urgent need for effective countermeasures has provoked the development and licensure of novel COVID-19 vaccines in an unprecedentedly fast and flexible manner within <1 year. To ensure the safety and efficacy of these novel vaccines during the clinical development and the routine use in post-licensure vaccination campaigns existing regulatory requirements and procedures had to be wisely and carefully adapted to allow for an expedited evaluation without compromising the thoroughness of the regulatory and scientific assessment. In this review, we describe the regulatory procedures, concepts and requirements applied to guide and promote the highly accelerated development and licensure of safe and efficacious COVID-19 vaccines in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Wagner
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Juliane Meißner
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Yuansheng Sun
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Vice President Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
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32
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Lessons learned from the use of convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 and specific considerations for immunocompromised patients. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103355. [PMID: 35063360 PMCID: PMC8757642 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, Torres-Hernández PC, Hernández-Bello J. Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121376. [PMID: 34960121 PMCID: PMC8706198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | | | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-333-450-9355
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34
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Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Pelech S, Wagter-Lesperance L, McLeod D, Bridle B, Mallard BA. Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination and Its Potential Impact on Fetal and Neonatal Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111351. [PMID: 34835282 PMCID: PMC8617890 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have been developed at "warp speed" to combat the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Although they are considered the best approach for preventing mortality, when assessing the safety of these vaccines, pregnant women have not been included in clinical trials. Thus, vaccine safety for this demographic, as well as for the developing fetus and neonate, remains to be determined. A global effort has been underway to encourage pregnant women to get vaccinated despite the uncertain risk posed to them and their offspring. Given this, post-hoc data collection, potentially for years, will be required to determine the outcomes of COVID-19 and vaccination on the next generation. Most COVID-19 vaccine reactions include injection site erythema, pain, swelling, fatigue, headache, fever and lymphadenopathy, which may be sufficient to affect fetal/neonatal development. In this review, we have explored components of the first-generation viral vector and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines that are believed to contribute to adverse reactions and which may negatively impact fetal and neonatal development. We have followed this with a discussion of the potential for using an ovine model to explore the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination during the prenatal and neonatal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Steven Pelech
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada;
| | - Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.W.-L.); (B.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Deanna McLeod
- Kaleidoscope Strategic Inc., Toronto, ON M6R 1E7, Canada;
| | - Byram Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.W.-L.); (B.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.W.-L.); (B.B.); (B.A.M.)
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Vaccine-Associated Disease Enhancement (VADE): Considerations in Postvaccination COVID-19. Case Rep Med 2021; 2021:9673453. [PMID: 34745267 PMCID: PMC8570879 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9673453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has entered a new phase with the roll-out of several vaccines worldwide at an accelerated phase. The occurrence of a more severe presentation of COVID-19 after vaccination may affect policymakers' decision-making and vaccine uptake by the public. Vaccine-associated disease enhancement (VADE) is the modified presentation of infections in individuals after having received a prior vaccination. Currently, little is known about the potential of vaccine-associated disease enhancement (VADE) following COVID-19 immunization. Case Illustration. We herewith report two patients admitted with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia with a history of CoronaVac vaccination. The first patient with a relatively milder course of the disease had received two doses of CoronaVac, whereas the second patient with a more progressive course of the disease received only one dose before developing symptoms and being admitted to the hospital. Our observations suggest that vaccination could act in boosting the inflammatory process and reveal the previously asymptomatic COVID-19 illness. Theoretically, vaccines could induce VADE, where only suboptimal, nonprotective titers of neutralizing antibodies were produced or proinflammatory T-helper type 2 response was induced. Secondly, enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) could manifest, where pulmonary symptoms are more severe due to peribronchial monocytic and eosinophilic infiltration. Understanding VADE is important for the decision-making by the public, clinicians, and policymakers and is warranted for successful vaccination uptake. Conclusion We report two cases of patients developing COVID-19 shortly after CoronaVac vaccination in which VADE is likely. We recommend that current vaccination strategies consider the measurement of neutralizing antibody titer as a guide in ensuring the safest strategy for mass immunization. Studies are needed to investigate the true incidence of VADE on vaccinated individuals as well as on how to differentiate between VADE and severe manifestations of COVID-19 that are unrelated to vaccination.
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Feng F, Chen J, Zhao J, Li Y, Li M, Sun C. Killing Two Birds with One Stone by Administration of Soluble ACE2: A Promising Strategy to Treat Both Cardiovascular Diseases and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2243. [PMID: 34835049 PMCID: PMC8622942 DOI: 10.3390/v13112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells mainly by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which can recognize the spike (S) protein by its extracellular domain. Previously, recombinant soluble ACE2 (sACE2) has been clinically used as a therapeutic treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Recent data demonstrated that sACE2 can also be exploited as a decoy to effectively inhibit the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, through blocking SARS-CoV-2 binding to membrane-anchored ACE2. In this study, we summarized the current findings on the optimized sACE2-based strategies as a therapeutic agent, including Fc fusion to prolong the half-life of sACE2, deep mutagenesis to create high-affinity decoys for SARS-CoV-2, or designing the truncated functional fragments to enhance its safety, among others. Considering that COVID-19 patients are often accompanied by manifestations of cardiovascular complications, we think that administration of sACE2 in COVID-19 patients may be a promising therapeutic strategy to simultaneously treat both cardiovascular diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review would provide insights for the development of novel therapeutic agents against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Lo Muzio L, Ambosino M, Lo Muzio E, Quadri MFA. SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Is a New Challenge for the Effectiveness of Global Vaccination Campaign: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported in Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11001. [PMID: 34682746 PMCID: PMC8535385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 seems to be a rare phenomenon. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic search of literature on the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in order to understand the success of the global vaccine campaigns. A systematic search was performed. Inclusion criteria included a positive RT-PCR test of more than 90 days after the initial test and the confirmed recovery or a positive RT-PCR test of more than 45 days after the initial test that is accompanied by compatible symptoms or epidemiological exposure, naturally after the confirmed recovery. Only 117 articles were included in the final review with 260 confirmed cases. The severity of the reinfection episode was more severe in 92/260 (35.3%) with death only in 14 cases. The observation that many reinfection cases were less severe than initial cases is interesting because it may suggest partial protection from disease. Another interesting line of data is the detection of different clades or lineages by genome sequencing between initial infection and reinfection in 52/260 cases (20%). The findings are useful and contribute towards the role of vaccination in response to the COVID-19 infections. Due to the reinfection cases with SARS-CoV-2, it is evident that the level of immunity is not 100% for all individuals. These data highlight how it is necessary to continue to observe all the prescriptions recently indicated in the literature in order to avoid new contagion for all people after healing from COVID-19 or becoming asymptomatic positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia (C.I.N.B.O.), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ambosino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Lo Muzio
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82511, Saudi Arabia;
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Sánchez-Zuno GA, Matuz-Flores MG, González-Estevez G, Nicoletti F, Turrubiates-Hernández FJ, Mangano K, Muñoz-Valle JF. A review: Antibody-dependent enhancement in COVID-19: The not so friendly side of antibodies. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211050199. [PMID: 34632844 PMCID: PMC8512237 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented
global public health emergency with economic and social consequences. One of the
main concerns in the development of vaccines is the antibody-dependent
enhancement phenomenon, better known as ADE. In this review, we provide an
overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the immune response generated by the
host. On the bases of this principle, we also describe what is known about the
ADE phenomenon in various viral infections and its possible role as a limiting
factor in the development of new vaccines and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Guillermo González-Estevez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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Liu Z, Xu W, Chen Z, Fu W, Zhan W, Gao Y, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang Q, Zhang X, Hao A, Wu W, Zhang Q, Li Y, Fan K, Chen R, Jiang Q, Mayer CT, Schoofs T, Xie Y, Jiang S, Wen Y, Yuan Z, Wang K, Lu L, Sun L, Wang Q. An ultrapotent pan-β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B) neutralizing antibody locks the receptor-binding domain in closed conformation by targeting its conserved epitope. Protein Cell 2021; 13:655-675. [PMID: 34554412 PMCID: PMC8458794 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
New threats posed by the emerging circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 highlight the need to find conserved neutralizing epitopes for therapeutic antibodies and efficient vaccine design. Here, we identified a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding antibody, XG014, which potently neutralizes β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B), including SARS-CoV-2, its circulating variants, SARS-CoV and bat SARSr-CoV WIV1. Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014. Structural analyses reveal that XG014 recognizes a conserved epitope outside the ACE2 binding site and completely locks RBD in the non-functional "down" conformation, while its family member XG005 directly competes with ACE2 binding and position the RBD "up". Single administration of XG014 is effective in protection against and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Our findings suggest the potential to develop XG014 as pan-β-CoV-B therapeutics and the importance of the XG014 conserved antigenic epitope for designing broadly protective vaccines against β-CoV-B and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wangjun Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wuqiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yidan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aihua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kaiyue Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiaochu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Spadaccini M, Canziani L, Aghemo A, Lleo A, Maselli R, Anderloni A, Carrara S, Fugazza A, Pellegatta G, Galtieri PA, Hassan C, Greenwald D, Pochapin M, Wallace M, Sharma P, Roesch T, Bhandari P, Emura F, Raju GS, Repici A. What gastroenterologists should know about SARS-CoV 2 vaccine: World Endoscopy Organization perspective. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:787-796. [PMID: 34102015 PMCID: PMC8242672 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused almost 2 million deaths worldwide. Both Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have recently approved the first COVID-19 vaccines, and a few more are going to be approved soon. METHODS Several different approaches have been used to stimulate the immune system in mounting a humoral response. As more traditional approaches are under investigation (inactivated virus vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, recombinant virus vaccines), more recent and innovative strategies have been tried (non-replicating viral vector vaccines, RNA based vaccines, DNA based vaccines). RESULTS Since vaccinations campaigns started in December 2020 in both the US and Europe, gastroenterologists will be one of the main sources of information regarding SARS-CoV 2 vaccination for patients in their practice, including vulnerable patients such as those with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), patients with chronic liver disease, and GI cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we must ourselves be well educated and updated in order to provide unambiguous counseling to these categories of vulnerable patients. In this commentary, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of both approved COVID-19 vaccines and the ones still under development, and explore potential risks, benefits and prioritization of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Spadaccini
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityRozzanoItaly
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Lorenzo Canziani
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
- Department of Internal MedicineHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
- Department of GastroenterologyDivision of Internal Medicine and HepatologyHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
- Department of GastroenterologyDivision of Internal Medicine and HepatologyHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Roberta Maselli
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityRozzanoItaly
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Silvia Carrara
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Alessandro Fugazza
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Gaia Pellegatta
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Piera Alessia Galtieri
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Digestive Endoscopy UnitNuovo Regina MargheritaRomeItaly
| | - David Greenwald
- Division of GastroenterologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMount Sinai HospitalNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Mark Pochapin
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael Wallace
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Digestive Endoscopy UnitKansas City VA Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Thomas Roesch
- Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg ‐ EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Pradeep Bhandari
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyQueen Alexandra HospitalPortsmouthUK
| | - Fabian Emura
- Division of GastroenterologyUniversidad de La SabanaChíaColombia
| | - Gottumukkala S Raju
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionThe University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityRozzanoItaly
- Department of GastroenterologyEndoscopy UnitHumanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCSRozzanoItaly
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Alkharaan H, Bayati S, Hellström C, Aleman S, Olsson A, Lindahl K, Bogdanovic G, Healy K, Tsilingaridis G, De Palma P, Hober S, Månberg A, Nilsson P, Pin E, Sällberg Chen M. Persisting Salivary IgG Against SARS-CoV-2 at 9 Months After Mild COVID-19: A Complementary Approach to Population Surveys. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:407-414. [PMID: 33978762 PMCID: PMC8244549 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Declining humoral immunity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and possible reinfection have raised concern. Mucosal immunity, particularly salivary antibodies, may be short lived although long-term studies are lacking. Methods Using a multiplex bead-based array platform, we investigated antibodies specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins in 256 saliva samples from convalescent patients 1–9 months after symptomatic COVID-19 (n = 74, cohort 1), undiagnosed individuals with self-reported questionnaires (n = 147, cohort 2), and individuals sampled prepandemic (n = 35, cohort 3). Results Salivary IgG antibody responses in cohort 1 (mainly mild COVID-19) were detectable up to 9 months postrecovery, with high correlations between spike and nucleocapsid specificity. At 9 months, IgG remained in blood and saliva in most patients. Salivary IgA was rarely detected at this time point. In cohort 2, salivary IgG and IgA responses were significantly associated with recent history of COVID-19–like symptoms. Salivary IgG tolerated temperature and detergent pretreatments. Conclusions Unlike SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgA that appeared short lived, specific saliva IgG appeared stable even after mild COVID-19, as for blood serology. This noninvasive saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody test with home self-collection may be a complementary alternative to conventional blood serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alkharaan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shaghayegh Bayati
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Hellström
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Olsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Lindahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Patricia De Palma
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Protein Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Månberg
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
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Colson P, Devaux CA, Lagier JC, Gautret P, Raoult D. A Possible Role of Remdesivir and Plasma Therapy in the Selective Sweep and Emergence of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3276. [PMID: 34362060 PMCID: PMC8348317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since summer 2020, SARS-CoV-2 strains at the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic have suddenly been replaced by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, some of which are highly transmissible and spread at a high rate. These variants include the Marseille-4 lineage (Nextclade 20A.EU2) in Europe, the 20I/501Y.V1 variant first detected in the UK, the 20H/501Y.V2 variant first detected in South Africa, and the 20J/501Y.V3 variant first detected in Brazil. These variants are characterized by multiple mutations in the viral spike protein that is targeted by neutralizing antibodies elicited in response to infection or vaccine immunization. The usual coronavirus mutation rate through genetic drift alone cannot account for such rapid changes. Recent reports of the occurrence of such mutations in immunocompromised patients who received remdesivir and/or convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies to treat prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infections led us to hypothesize that experimental therapies that fail to cure the patients from COVID-19 could favor the emergence of immune escape SARS-CoV-2 variants. We review here the data that support this hypothesis and urge physicians and clinical trial promoters to systematically monitor viral mutations by whole-genome sequencing for patients who are administered these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christian A. Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
- Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
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Wagner R, Hildt E, Grabski E, Sun Y, Meyer H, Lommel A, Keller-Stanislawski B, Müller-Berghaus J, Cichutek K. Accelerated Development of COVID-19 Vaccines: Technology Platforms, Benefits, and Associated Risks. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070747. [PMID: 34358163 PMCID: PMC8310218 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple preventive COVID-19 vaccines have been developed during the ongoing SARS coronavirus (CoV) 2 pandemic, utilizing a variety of technology platforms, which have different properties, advantages, and disadvantages. The acceleration in vaccine development required to combat the current pandemic is not at the expense of the necessary regulatory requirements, including robust and comprehensive data collection along with clinical product safety and efficacy evaluation. Due to the previous development of vaccine candidates against the related highly pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the antigen that elicits immune protection is known: the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 or specific domains encoded in that protein, e.g., the receptor binding domain. From a scientific point of view and in accordance with legal frameworks and regulatory practices, for the approval of a clinic trial, the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut requires preclinical testing of vaccine candidates, including general pharmacology and toxicology as well as immunogenicity. For COVID-19 vaccine candidates, based on existing platform technologies with a sufficiently broad data base, pharmacological–toxicological testing in the case of repeated administration, quantifying systemic distribution, and proof of vaccination protection in animal models can be carried out in parallel to phase 1 or 1/2 clinical trials. To reduce the theoretical risk of an increased respiratory illness through infection-enhancing antibodies or as a result of Th2 polarization and altered cytokine profiles of the immune response following vaccination, which are of specific concern for COVID-19 vaccines, appropriate investigative testing is imperative. In general, phase 1 (vaccine safety) and 2 (dose finding, vaccination schedule) clinical trials can be combined, and combined phase 2/3 trials are recommended to determine safety and efficacy. By applying these fundamental requirements not only for the approval and analysis of clinical trials but also for the regulatory evaluation during the assessment of marketing authorization applications, several efficacious and safe COVID-19 vaccines have been licensed in the EU by unprecedentedly fast and flexible procedures. Procedural and regulatory–scientific aspects of the COVID-19 licensing processes are described in this review.
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Lafon E, Diem G, Witting C, Zaderer V, Bellmann-Weiler RM, Reindl M, Bauer A, Griesmacher A, Fux V, Hoermann G, Miller C, Zabernigg A, Wöll E, Wilflingseder D, Lass-Flörl C, Posch W. Potent SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Immunity and Low Anaphylatoxin Levels Correlate With Mild Disease Progression in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684014. [PMID: 34194438 PMCID: PMC8237940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a fundamental role in the early control and clearance of many viral infections of the respiratory system. In SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, lymphopenia with drastically reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells correlates with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated disease severity and mortality. In this study, we characterized cellular and humoral immune responses induced in patients with mild, severe and critical COVID-19. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 37 patients with mild, severe and critical COVID-19 and 10 healthy individuals were analyzed by IFNγ ELISpot and multi-color flow cytometry upon stimulation with peptide pools covering complete immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 matrix, nucleocapsid and spike proteins. In addition SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, neutralization abilities and anaphylatoxin levels were evaluated by various commercially available ELISA platforms. Our data clearly demonstrates a significantly stronger induction of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ T lymphocytes and higher IFNγ production in patients with mild compared to patients with severe or critical COVID-19. In all patients SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies with similar neutralizing activity were detected, but highest titers of total IgGs were observed in critical patients. Finally, elevated anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a levels were identified in severe and critical COVID-19 patients probably caused by aberrant immune complex formation due to elevated antibody titers in these patients. Crucially, we provide a full picture of cellular and humoral immune responses of COVID-19 patients and prove that robust polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses concomitant with low anaphylatoxin levels correlate with mild infections. In addition, our data indicates that high SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers are associated with severe disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Lafon
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Diem
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Witting
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktoria Zaderer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Bauer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vilmos Fux
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Munich Leukemia Laboratory (MLL), Munich, Germany
| | - Carl Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Kufstein, Kufstein, Austria
| | - August Zabernigg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Kufstein, Kufstein, Austria
| | - Ewald Wöll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Zams, Zams, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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45
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Shapiro RS. COVID-19 vaccines and nanomedicine. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1047-1052. [PMID: 34089534 PMCID: PMC8239562 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID‐19 virus‐induced pandemic has been the deadliest pandemic to have occurred in two generations, besides HIV/AIDS. Epidemiologists predicted that the SARS‐Cov 2 pandemic would not be able to be brought under control until a majority of the world’s population had been inoculated with safe and effective vaccines. A world‐wide effort to expedite vaccine development was successful. Previous research for vaccines to prevent SARS and MERS, also coronaviruses, was vital to this success. Nanotechnology was essential to this vaccine development. Key elements are presented here to better understand the relationship between nanomedicine and the COVID‐19 vaccine development. Methods NLM PubMed searches for COVID‐19 vaccines, nanotechnology and nanomedicine were done. There were 6911 articles screened, 235 of which were deemed appropriate to this subject and utilized here, together with two landmark nanomedicine texts used to expand understanding of the basic science of nanotechnology. Results SARS‐Cov 2, caused by the COVID‐19 virus, was first recognized in China in December of 2019 and was declared as a pandemic in March of 2020. The RNA sequence was identified in January of 2020. Within 4 months of the viral genome being released, over 259 vaccines had been in development. The World Health Organization (WHO) anticipated a vaccine with a 50‐80% efficacy to be developed within 1‐2 years. Ahead of schedule, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the emergency authorization approval for two mRNA vaccines within 11 month’s time. Nanotechnology was the key to the success of these rapidly developed, safe and effective vaccines. A brief review of pertinent basic science principles of nanomedicine are presented. The development of COVID vaccines is reviewed. Future considerations are discussed. Conclusions Control of the COVID‐19 SARS‐Cov2 pandemic benefitted from nanomedicine principles used to develop highly effective, yet very safe and relatively inexpensive vaccines. These nanovaccines can be much more easily altered to adjust for viral variants than traditional live or inactivated legacy‐type whole virus vaccines.
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46
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Huang J, Yuen D, Mintern JD, Johnston APR. Opportunities for innovation: Building on the success of lipid nanoparticle vaccines. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 55:101468. [PMID: 34093062 PMCID: PMC8164502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations of messenger RNA (mRNA) have demonstrated high efficacy as vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The success of these nanoformulations underscores the potential of LNPs as a delivery system for next-generation biological therapies. In this article, we highlight the key considerations necessary for engineering LNPs as a vaccine delivery system and explore areas for further optimisation. There remain opportunities to improve the protection of mRNA, optimise cytosolic delivery, target specific cells, minimise adverse side-effects and control the release of RNA from the particle. The modular nature of LNP formulations and the flexibility of mRNA as a payload provide many pathways to implement these strategies. Innovation in LNP vaccines is likely to accelerate with increased enthusiasm following recent successes; however, any advances will have implications for a broad range of therapeutic applications beyond vaccination such as gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Huang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel Yuen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
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Adil Mahmoud Yousif N, Tsoungui Obama HCJ, Ngucho Mbeutchou YJ, Kwamou Ngaha SF, Kayanula L, Kamanga G, Ibrahim TB, Bwanu Iliya P, Iyanda S, Alawam Nemer L, Helle KB, Teboh-Ewungkem MI, Schneider KA. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns accounting for antibody-dependent enhancement. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245417. [PMID: 33886573 PMCID: PMC8061987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines are approved, vaccination campaigns are launched, and worldwide return to normality seems within close reach. Nevertheless, concerns about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines arose, due to their fast emergency approval. In fact, the problem of antibody-dependent enhancement was raised in the context of COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS AND FINDINGS We introduce a complex extension of the model underlying the pandemic preparedness tool CovidSim 1.1 (http://covidsim.eu/) to optimize vaccination strategies with regard to the onset of campaigns, vaccination coverage, vaccination schedules, vaccination rates, and efficiency of vaccines. Vaccines are not assumed to immunize perfectly. Some individuals fail to immunize, some reach only partial immunity, and-importantly-some develop antibody-dependent enhancement, which increases the likelihood of developing symptomatic and severe episodes (associated with higher case fatality) upon infection. Only a fraction of the population will be vaccinated, reflecting vaccination hesitancy or contraindications. The model is intended to facilitate decision making by exploring ranges of parameters rather than to be fitted by empirical data. We parameterized the model to reflect the situation in Germany and predict increasing incidence (and prevalence) in early 2021 followed by a decline by summer. Assuming contact reductions (curfews, social distancing, etc.) to be lifted in summer, disease incidence will peak again. Fast vaccine deployment contributes to reduce disease incidence in the first quarter of 2021, and delay the epidemic outbreak after the summer season. Higher vaccination coverage results in a delayed and reduced epidemic peak. A coverage of 75%-80% is necessary to prevent an epidemic peak without further drastic contact reductions. CONCLUSIONS With the vaccine becoming available, compliance with contact reductions is likely to fade. To prevent further economic damage from COVID-19, high levels of immunization need to be reached before next year's flu season, and vaccination strategies and disease management need to be flexibly adjusted. The predictive model can serve as a refined decision support tool for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessma Adil Mahmoud Yousif
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Henri Christian Junior Tsoungui Obama
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | | | - Sandy Frank Kwamou Ngaha
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Loyce Kayanula
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - George Kamanga
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Toheeb Babatunde Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Patience Bwanu Iliya
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Sulyman Iyanda
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Looli Alawam Nemer
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Kristina Barbara Helle
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | - Kristan Alexander Schneider
- Department of Applied Computer- and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
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Marcinkiewicz J, Witkowski JM, Olszanecki R. The dual role of the immune system in the course of COVID-19. The fatal impact of the aging immune system. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:1-9. [PMID: 33897278 PMCID: PMC8056340 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Since October 2020 the second wave of the pandemic has been observed around the world, as pathogen specific herd immunity has not been built yet. Moreover, the current, more contagious pathogen carrying the D614G mutation has become the globally dominant form of SARS-CoV-2. In this article we present the current state of knowledge on the impact of ACE2 and the reninangiotensin system (RAS) and the innate immune system on different outcomes of COVID-19. Especially, we point out the dual role of the immune system and ACE2 in pathogenesis of the disease. Namely, at the initial stage of the infection anti-viral activity of innate immunity is responsible for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication. On the other hand, a dysregulated immune response may cause the detrimental hyperinflammation ("cytokine storm") responsible for the severe course of the disease. Concomitantly, we analyse the roles of ACE2 in both facilitation of infection and abrogation of its effects, as the major cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and an important enzyme responsible for tissue protection, respectively. Finally, we discuss the dominant impact of aging on the fatal outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Chair of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Lyu S, Yuan X, Liu L, Zhang H, Yu Z, Hang X, Shi W, Wu Y. Application of a recombinant replicase to localize the Trionyx sinensis hemorrhagic syndrome virus and evaluate its effects on antiviral genes of T. sinensis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:295-304. [PMID: 33835763 PMCID: PMC8042528 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trionyx sinensis Hemorrhagic Syndrome Virus (TSHSV) is an arterivirus newly discovered in Chinese softshell turtles. Little is known about the effect of antibodies against the virus or the distribution of the virus in different organs of infected turtles. In this study, a partial protein of TSHSV-HP4 was produced using a prokaryotic expression system, and its polyclonal antibody was generated. The polyclonal antibody was confirmed by western blot and dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA). The distribution of TSHSV in different organs of T. sinensis was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the expression of immune-related genes was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results indicated that the recombinant TSHSV-HP4 protein was successfully expressed, and the generated polyclonal antibody showed specific binding to viral particles in the lung tissues of infected turtles. The IHC assay indicated that the virus was highly localized in various cells, including intestinal lymphocytes, enterocytes, kidney epithelial cells, spleen cells, lung macrophages, and cardiomyocytes. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TSHSV was detected in all organs tested, including the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, and heart. The numbers of viral mRNA copies in lung and heart tissues were significantly higher in the virus-antibody group than in the virus group. The interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), myxovirus resistance protein 2 (MX2) and radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) were highly upregulated in all groups of infected turtles. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) seemed to occur after stimulation by the polyclonal antibody, because significantly greater expression of the two genes was detected in the virus-antibody group than in the virus group. Overall, these results are important in understanding the cell localization of TSHSV and the immune response of infected turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjian Lyu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Xuemei Yuan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Haiqi Zhang
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China.
| | - Zhe Yu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Xiaoying Hang
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Weida Shi
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Yinglei Wu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish, Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
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Ning L, Abagna HB, Jiang Q, Liu S, Huang J. Development and application of therapeutic antibodies against COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1486-1496. [PMID: 33907512 PMCID: PMC8071770 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to be a global health crisis. Fundamental studies at genome, transcriptome, proteome, and interactome levels have revealed many viral and host targets for therapeutic interventions. Hundreds of antibodies for treating COVID-19 have been developed at preclinical and clinical stages in the format of polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, and cocktail antibodies. Four products, i.e., convalescent plasma, bamlanivimab, REGN-Cov2, and the cocktail of bamlanivimab and etesevimab have been authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency use. Hundreds of relevant clinical trials are ongoing worldwide. Therapeutic antibody therapies have been a very active and crucial part of COVID-19 treatment. In this review, we focus on the progress of therapeutic COVID-19 antibody development and application, discuss corresponding problems and challenges, suggesting new strategies and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ning
- School of Healthcare Technology, Chengdu Neusoft University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hamza B. Abagna
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianhu Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
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