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Karunakaran I, Ritter M, Pfarr K, Klarmann-Schulz U, Debrah AY, Debrah LB, Katawa G, Wanji S, Specht S, Adjobimey T, Hübner MP, Hoerauf A. Filariasis research - from basic research to drug development and novel diagnostics, over a decade of research at the Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Bonn, Germany. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023; 4:1126173. [PMID: 38655130 PMCID: PMC7615856 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1126173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Filariae are vector borne parasitic nematodes, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions causing avoidable infections ranging from asymptomatic to stigmatizing and disfiguring disease. The filarial species that are the major focus of our institution's research are Onchocerca volvulus causing onchocerciasis (river blindness), Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. causing lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), Loa loa causing loiasis (African eye worm), and Mansonella spp causing mansonellosis. This paper aims to showcase the contribution of our institution and our collaborating partners to filarial research and covers decades of long research spanning basic research using the Litomosoides sigmodontis animal model to development of drugs and novel diagnostics. Research with the L. sigmodontis model has been extensively useful in elucidating protective immune responses against filariae as well as in identifying the mechanisms of filarial immunomodulation during metabolic, autoimmune and infectious diseases. The institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany has also been actively involved in translational research in contributing to the identification of new drug targets and pre-clinical drug research with successful and ongoing partnership with sub-Saharan Africa, mainly Ghana (the Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR)), Cameroon (University of Buea (UB)) and Togo (Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA)), Asia and industry partners. Further, in the direction of developing novel diagnostics that are sensitive, time, and labour saving, we have developed sensitive qPCRs as well as LAMP assays and are currently working on artificial intelligence based histology analysis for onchocerciasis. The article also highlights our ongoing research and the need for novel animal models and new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulekha Karunakaran
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Yaw Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Ajendra J, Allen JE. Neutrophils: Friend or Foe in Filariasis? Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12918. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology University Hospital of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Center University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Li-Juan L, Kang S, Zhi-Juan L, Dan L, Feng X, Peng Y, Bo-Shun Z, Jiang S, Zhi-Jing X. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection following H9N2 influenza A virus infection contributes to the development of pneumonia in mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109303. [PMID: 34923246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, whether H9N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infection contributed to secondary Klebsiella pneumoniae infection was investigated. From post-infection onwards, clinical symptoms were monitored, examined and recorded daily for 11 days. As a result, no clinical signs were observed in the mice infected with single H9N2 IAV, implying that H9N2 IAV was less pathogenic to mice. Compared to single K. pneumonia infection, K. pneumoniae infection following H9N2 IAV infection exacerbates lung histopathological lesions and apoptosis, resulting in more severe diseases. Lung index of the mice with H9N2 IAV and K. pneumoniae co-infection was significantly higher than those in the other groups. Bacterial loads in the tissues in H9N2 IAV and K. pneumoniae co-infection group were significantly higher than those in the single K. pneumoniae infection group at 7 dpi. It demonstrated that prior H9N2 IAV infection contributed to K. pneumonia proliferation and delayed bacterial clearance in mice. Secondary K. pneumoniae infection influences seroconversion of anti-H9N2 antibody titers and the cytokine profiles. The findings demonstrated that H9N2 IAV infection facilitated secondary K. pneumonia infection, causing severe the diseases in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li-Juan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Shun Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Li Zhi-Juan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Li Dan
- Shandong Medicine Technician College, Taian City, Shandong Province 271016, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Zhang Bo-Shun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xie Zhi-Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Risch F, Ritter M, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Human filariasis-contributions of the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae animal model. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4125-4143. [PMID: 33547508 PMCID: PMC8599372 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Filariae are vector-borne parasitic nematodes that are endemic worldwide, in tropical and subtropical regions. Important human filariae spp. include Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp., and Loa loa and Mansonella spp. causing onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (lymphedema and hydrocele), loiasis (eye worm), and mansonelliasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 1 billion individuals live in endemic regions where filarial diseases are a public health concern contributing to significant disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Thus, efforts to control and eliminate filarial diseases were already launched by the WHO in the 1970s, especially against lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, and are mainly based on mass drug administration (MDA) of microfilaricidal drugs (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole) to filarial endemic areas accompanied with vector control strategies with the goal to reduce the transmission. With the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it was decided to eliminate transmission of onchocerciasis and stop lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030. It was also requested that novel drugs and treatment strategies be developed. Mouse models provide an important platform for anti-filarial drug research in a preclinical setting. This review presents an overview about the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae filarial mouse models and their role in immunological research as well as preclinical studies about novel anti-filarial drugs and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Risch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Ajendra J. Lessons in type 2 immunity: Neutrophils in Helminth infections. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101531. [PMID: 34836773 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens. Equipped with a large array of tools, these immune cells are highly efficient in eliminating bacterial and viral infections, yet their activity can at the same time be detrimental to the host itself - this is the broad consensus on these granulocytes. However, the last decade has proven that neutrophils are a much more sophisticated cell type with unexpected and underappreciated functions in health and disease. In this review, we look at the latest discoveries in neutrophil biology with a focus on their role during the hallmark setting of type 2 immunity - helminth infection. We discuss the involvement of neutrophils in various helminth infection models and summarize the latest findings regarding neutrophil regulation and effector function. We will show that neutrophils have much more to offer than previously thought and while studies of neutrophils in helminth infections are still in its infancy, recent discoveries highlight more than ever that these cells are a key cog of the immune system, even during type 2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Perera DJ, Ndao M. Promising Technologies in the Field of Helminth Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711650. [PMID: 34489961 PMCID: PMC8418310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths contribute a larger global burden of disease than both malaria and tuberculosis. These eukaryotes have caused human infections since before our earliest recorded history (i.e.: earlier than 1200 B.C. for Schistosoma spp.). Despite the prevalence and importance of these infections, helminths are considered a neglected tropical disease for which there are no vaccines approved for human use. Similar to other parasites, helminths are complex organisms which employ a plethora of features such as: complex life cycles, chronic infections, and antigenic mimicry to name a few, making them difficult to target by conventional vaccine strategies. With novel vaccine strategies such as viral vectors and genetic elements, numerous constructs are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasites; however, it has yet to be discussed which of these approaches may be the most effective. With human trials being conducted, and a pipeline of potential anti-helminthic antigens, greater understanding of helminth vaccine-induced immunity is necessary for the development of potent vaccine platforms and their optimal design. This review outlines the conventional and the most promising approaches in clinical and preclinical helminth vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program of Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Program of Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Yu G, Ji X, Huang J, Liao A, Pan L, Hou Y, Hui M, Guo W. Immunity improvement and gut microbiota remodeling of mice by wheat germ globulin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:64. [PMID: 33733383 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The wheat germ protein (WG) and it's proteolytic peptide have a variety of biological activities. Our previous work showed that WG could improve immunity of the immunosuppressive mice established by cyclophosphamide. However, in the healthy condition and normal diet, as a supplementary food, the effects of immunity improvement and gut microbiota remodeling by the wheat germ globulin has not been studied yet. Here, we reported that WG could improve the immunity and remodel the gut microbiota of the mice, as a potentially safe functional supplementary food for the first time. The increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the decrease of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) indicated that WG could enhance the levels of activated T cells and monocytes and anti-inflammatory ability, meanwhile, the significant increase of immunoglobin G (lgG) and the notable decrease of the immunoglobin M (lgM) and immunoglobin A (lgA) illustrated that WG could improve immunity by promoting the differentiation and maturation process of B cells, compared with the NC group (normal control group). 16S rRNA sequencing showed WG could remodel the gut microbiota. At the phylum level, the Bacteroidetes were reduced and Firmicutes were increased in WG group, compared with NC group. At the genus level, the SCFA producing genera of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, Blautia and especially the Roseburia (increased more than threefold) increased notably. Further, the level changes of cytokines and immunoglobulins were associated with the gut microbiota. This work showed that WG could improve immunity and has potential application value as an immune-enhancing functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Yu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguo Ji
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Aimei Liao
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Long Pan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yinchen Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat & Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Ming Hui
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Weiyun Guo
- Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, P. R. China
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Vieri MK, Hotterbeekx A, Raimon S, Abd-Elfarag G, Mukendi D, Carter JY, Kumar-Singh S, Colebunders R. Cytokines and Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy, a Pilot Study and Review of the Literature. Pathogens 2021; 10:310. [PMID: 33799934 PMCID: PMC7998365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation may be associated with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) but thus far very few immunological studies have been performed in children with this form of epilepsy. In a pilot study we measured the cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of persons with OAE from Maridi, South Sudan, and from Mosango, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and compared these results with cytokine levels in CSF of Africans with non-OAE neurological disorders, and Europeans with epilepsy or other neurological conditions. The following cytokines were studied: IL-6, TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-5, IL-4, IL-13, CCL3 (Mip-1α), VEGF-C, VCAM-1. No cytokine was significantly associated with OAE, although a lower IL-13 level was observed in CSF of persons with OAE compared to African controls. Observed cytokine profiles and neuro-inflammation may be the consequence of long-standing epilepsy, concomitant infections and malnutrition. Ideally cytokine levels should be determined in a prospective study in serum and CSF collected at the time of onset of the first seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Hotterbeekx
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | | | - Gasim Abd-Elfarag
- Academic Medical Center, Global Child Health Group, Department of Paediatrics and Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deby Mukendi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Av. De la Démocratie N°5345, Kinshasa 1197, Congo;
- Centre Neuro-Psycho Pathologique, Universite’ de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Congo
| | - Jane Y. Carter
- Amref International Headquarters, Nairobi P.O. Box 27691−00506, Kenya;
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium;
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Niculet E, Chioncel V, Elisei AM, Miulescu M, Buzia OD, Nwabudike LC, Craescu M, Draganescu M, Bujoreanu F, Marinescu E, Arbune M, Radaschin DS, Bobeica C, Nechita A, Tatu AL. Multifactorial expression of IL-6 with update on COVID-19 and the therapeutic strategies of its blockade (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:263. [PMID: 33603870 PMCID: PMC7851683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a cytokine produced by various cells of the human body (macrophages, lymphocytes, astrocytes, ischemic myocytes, endothelial cells) has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, being a key component in regulating various physiologic and pathological processes. The structure of this molecule and the receptor system it possesses are important due to the different activities that IL-6 can exert; through trans-signaling pro-inflammatory activities are mediated, while through classic signaling, IL-6 is responsible for anti-inflammatory and regenerative activities. IL-6 signaling is involved in coronary artery disease and the global COVID-19 pandemic. This proatherogenic cytokine reaches elevated serum levels in the cytokine storm generated by SARS-CoV-2, and is also associated with smoking or obesity-classic cardiovascular risk factors which promote inflammatory states. IL-6 levels are proportionally correlated with dyslipidemia, hypertension and glucose dysregulation, and they are associated with poor outcomes in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. IL-6 targeting for treatment development (not only) in cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 is still a matter of ongoing research, although tocilizumab has proven to be effective in reducing the proatherogenic effects of IL-6 and is suggested to improve COVID-19 patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niculet
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Valentin Chioncel
- Cardio-Thoracic Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Clinical Cardiology Department, 'Bagdasar Arseni' Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina M Elisei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Research Center in The Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Magdalena Miulescu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Olimpia D Buzia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Research Center in The Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Lawrence C Nwabudike
- Department of Diabetic Foot Care, 'Prof. N. Paulescu' National Institute of Diabetes, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Craescu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Miruna Draganescu
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Florin Bujoreanu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Marinescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Manuela Arbune
- Centre of Medical-Pharmaceutical Research, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Diana Sabina Radaschin
- Research Center in The Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Carmen Bobeica
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Gr. T. Popa', 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Aurel Nechita
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, 'Sf. Ioan' Clinical Hospital for Children, 800487 Galati, Romania
| | - Alin L Tatu
- Research Center in The Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania
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10
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Fercoq F, Remion E, Vallarino-Lhermitte N, Alonso J, Raveendran L, Nixon C, Le Quesne J, Carlin LM, Martin C. Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:551. [PMID: 33160409 PMCID: PMC7648300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary manifestations are regularly reported in both human and animal filariasis. In human filariasis, the main known lung manifestations are the tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome. Its duration and severity are correlated with the presence of microfilariae. Litomosoides sigmodontis is a filarial parasite residing in the pleural cavity of rodents. This model is widely used to understand the immune mechanisms that are established during infection and for the screening of therapeutic molecules. Some pulmonary manifestations during the patent phase of infection with L. sigmodontis have been described in different rodent hosts more or less permissive to infection. METHODS Here, the permissive Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was infected with L. sigmodontis. Prevalence and density of microfilariae and adult parasites were evaluated. Lungs were analyzed for pathological signatures using immunohistochemistry and 3D imaging techniques (two-photon and light sheet microscopy). RESULTS Microfilaremia in gerbils was correlated with parasite load, as amicrofilaremic individuals had fewer parasites in their pleural cavities. Fibrotic polypoid structures were observed on both pleurae of infected gerbils. Polyps were of variable size and developed from the visceral mesothelium over the entire pleura. The larger polyps were vascularized and strongly infiltrated by immune cells such as eosinophils, macrophages or lymphocytes. The formation of these structures was induced by the presence of adult filariae since small and rare polyps were observed before patency, but they were exacerbated by the presence of gravid females and microfilariae. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data emphasize the role of host-specific factors in the pathogenesis of filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Estelle Remion
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathaly Vallarino-Lhermitte
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joy Alonso
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lisy Raveendran
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Leo M Carlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1GH, UK
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
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11
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Finlay CM, Allen JE. The immune response of inbred laboratory mice to Litomosoides sigmodontis: A route to discovery in myeloid cell biology. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12708. [PMID: 32145033 PMCID: PMC7317388 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Litomosoides sigmodontis is the only filarial nematode where the full life cycle, from larval delivery to the skin through to circulating microfilaria, can be completed in immunocompetent laboratory mice. It is thus an invaluable tool for the study of filariasis. It has been used for the study of novel anti‐helminthic therapeutics, the development of vaccines against filariasis, the development of immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disease and the study of basic immune responses to filarial nematodes. This review will focus on the latter and aims to summarize how the L sigmodontis model has advanced our basic understanding of immune responses to helminths, led to major discoveries in macrophage biology and provided new insights into the immunological functions of the pleural cavity. Finally, and most importantly L sigmodontis represents a suitable platform to study how host genotype affects immune responses, with the potential for further discovery in myeloid cell biology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Finlay
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Frohberger SJ, Fercoq F, Neumann AL, Surendar J, Stamminger W, Ehrens A, Karunakaran I, Remion E, Vogl T, Hoerauf A, Martin C, Hübner MP. S100A8/S100A9 deficiency increases neutrophil activation and protective immune responses against invading infective L3 larvae of the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008119. [PMID: 32107497 PMCID: PMC7064255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essentially involved in protective immune responses against invading infective larvae of filarial nematodes. The present study investigated the impact of S100A8/S100A9 on protective immune responses against the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis. S100A9 forms with S100A8 the heterodimer calprotectin, which is expressed by circulating neutrophils and monocytes and mitigates or amplifies tissue damage as well as inflammation depending on the immune environment. Mice deficient for S100A8/A9 had a significantly reduced worm burden in comparison to wildtype (WT) animals 12 days after infection (dpi) with infective L3 larvae, either by the vector or subcutaneous inoculation, the latter suggesting that circumventing natural immune responses within the epidermis and dermis do not alter the phenotype. Nevertheless, upon intradermal injection of L3 larvae, increased total numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages were observed within the skin of S100A8/A9-/- mice. Furthermore, upon infection the bronchoalveolar and thoracic cavity lavage of S100A8/A9-/- mice showed increased concentrations of CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-5, as well as elastase in comparison to the WT controls. Neutrophils from S100A8/A9-/- mice exhibited an increased in vitro activation and reduced L3 larval motility more effectively in vitro compared to WT neutrophils. The depletion of neutrophils from S100A8/A9-/- mice prior to L. sigmodontis infection until 5dpi abrogated the protective effect and led to an increased worm burden, indicating that neutrophils mediate enhanced protective immune responses against invading L3 larvae in S100A8/A9-/- mice. Interestingly, complete circumvention of protective immune responses in the skin and the lymphatics by intravenous injection of L3 larvae reversed the phenotype and resulted in an increased worm burden in S100A8/A9-/- mice. In summary, our results reveal that lack of S100A8/S100A9 triggers L3-induced inflammatory responses, increasing chemokine levels, granulocyte recruitment as well as neutrophil activation and therefore impairs larval migration and susceptibility for filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederic Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS; Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wiebke Stamminger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indulekha Karunakaran
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Estelle Remion
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS; Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS; Paris, France
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Chunda VC, Ritter M, Bate A, Gandjui NVT, Esum ME, Fombad FF, Njouendou AJ, Ndongmo PWC, Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Layland LE, Turner JD, Wanji S. Comparison of immune responses to Loa loa stage-specific antigen extracts in Loa loa-exposed BALB/c mice upon clearance of infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:51. [PMID: 32033624 PMCID: PMC7006431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different immune mechanisms are capable of killing developmental stages of filarial nematodes and these mechanisms are also likely to vary between the primary and a challenge infection. However, the lack of a detailed analysis of cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels in human loiasis is still evident. Therefore, detailed analysis of immune responses induced by the different developmental stages of Loa loa in immune-competent BALB/c mice will aid in the characterization of distinct immune responses that are important for the immunity against loiasis. Methods Different developmental stages of L. loa were obtained from human peripheral blood (microfilariae, MF), the transmitting vector, Chrysops (larval stage 3, L3) and infected immune-deficient BALB/cRAG2γc−/− mice (L4, L5, adult worms). Groups of wildtype BALB/c mice were then injected with the isolated stages and after 42 days post-infection (pi), systemic cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were determined. These were then compared to L. loa-specific responses from in vitro re-stimulated splenocytes from individual mice. All parameters were determined using Luminex technology. Results In a pilot study, BALB/c mice cleared the different life stages of L. loa within 42 days pi and systemic cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were equal between infected and naive mice. Nevertheless, L. loa-specific re-stimulation of splenocytes from mice infected with L5, MF or adult worms led to induction of Th2, Th17 and chemokine secretion patterns. Conclusions This study shows that although host immunity remains comparable to naive mice, clearance of L. loa life-cycle development stages can induce immune cell memory leading to cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulins secretion patterns which might contribute to immunity and protection against reinfection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerine C Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ayukenchengamba Bate
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Narcisse V T Gandjui
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mathias E Esum
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny F Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel J Njouendou
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Patrick W C Ndongmo
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
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14
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Quantitative analysis of Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) cytokines and TLR expression to eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) glycoproteins. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2909-2918. [PMID: 31418111 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites have been a popular research topic due to their global prevalence and adverse effects on livestock and game species. The Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), a popular game bird in the USA, is one species subject to helminth infection and has been experiencing a decline of > 4% annually over recent decades. In the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas, the eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) helminths are found to be highly prevalent in bobwhite. While there have been increasing studies on the prevalence, pathology, and phylogeny of the eyeworm and caecal worm, there is still a need to investigate the bobwhite immune response to infection. This study utilizes previously sequenced bobwhite cytokines and toll-like receptors to develop and optimize qPCR primers and measure gene expression in bobwhite intramuscularly challenged with eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins. For the challenge experiments, separate treatments of eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins were administered to bobwhite on day 1 and day 21. Measurements of primary and secondary immune responses were taken at day 7 and day 28, respectively. Using the successfully optimized qPCR primers for TLR7, IL1β, IL6, IFNα, IFNγ, IL10, and β-actin, the gene expression analysis from the challenge experiments revealed that there was a measurable immune reaction in bobwhite in response to the intramuscular challenge of eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins.
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15
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Ryan NM, Oghumu S. Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181771. [PMID: 30670631 PMCID: PMC6379226 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are long-lived, innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage which are found in peripheral tissues located throughout the body, and positioned at the interface between the host and the environment. Mast cells are found in high concentrations during helminth infection. Using Kitw-sh mast cell deficient mice, a recently published study in Bioscience Reports by Gonzalez et al. (Biosci. Rep., 2018) focused on the role of mast cells in the immune response to infection by the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta The authors showed that mast cells play a role in the modulation of Th2 immune response characterized by a unique IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokine profile, as well as subsequent robust worm expulsion during H. diminuta infection. Unlike WT mice which expelled H. diminuta at day 10, Kitw-sh deficient mice displayed delayed worm expulsion (day 14 post infection). Further, a possible role for mast cells in the basal expression of cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin was described. Deletion of neutrophils in Kitw-sh deficient mice enhanced H. diminuta expulsion, which was accompanied by splenomegaly. However, interactions between mast cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells during helminth infections are yet to be fully clarified. We conclude that the elucidation of mechanisms underlying mast cell interactions with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system during infection by helminths can potentially uncover novel therapeutic applications against inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.
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16
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Jia L, Zhao J, Yang C, Liang Y, Long P, Liu X, Qiu S, Wang L, Xie J, Li H, Liu H, Guo W, Wang S, Li P, Zhu B, Hao R, Ma H, Jiang Y, Song H. Severe Pneumonia Caused by Coinfection With Influenza Virus Followed by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Induces Higher Mortality in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3189. [PMID: 30761162 PMCID: PMC6364753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Coinfection with influenza virus and bacteria is a major cause of high mortality during flu pandemics. Understanding the mechanisms behind such coinfections is of utmost importance both for the clinical treatment of influenza and the prevention and control of epidemics. Methods: To investigate the cause of high mortality during flu pandemics, we performed coinfection experiments with H1N1 influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus in which mice were infected with bacteria at time points ranging from 0 to 7 days after infection with influenza virus. Results: The mortality rates of mice infected with bacteria were highest 0-3 days after infection with influenza virus; lung tissues extracted from these co-infected mice showed higher infiltrating cells and thicker lung parenchyma than lung samples from coinfected mice in which influenza virus was introduced at other times and sequences. The levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-6 in the 0-3 day coinfected group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (p < 0.01), as were the mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α. Coinfection with influenza virus and S. aureus led to high mortality rates that are directly dependent on the sequence and timing of infection by both pathogens. Moreover, coinfection following this particular schedule induced severe pneumonia, leading to increased mortality. Conclusions: Our data suggest that prevention of bacterial co-infection in the early stage of influenza virus infection is critical to reducing the risk of clinical mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Jia
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyun Zhao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pengwei Long
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Department of Health Care, Chinese PLA Joint Staff Headquarters Guard Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguang Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Rongzhang Hao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- The 6th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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