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Sagredo GT, Tanglay O, Shahdadpuri S, Fu Y, Halliday GM. ⍺-Synuclein levels in Parkinson's disease - Cell types and forms that contribute to pathogenesis. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114887. [PMID: 39009177 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has two main pathological hallmarks, the loss of nigral dopamine neurons and the proteinaceous aggregations of ⍺-synuclein (⍺Syn) in neuronal Lewy pathology. These two co-existing features suggest a causative association between ⍺Syn aggregation and the underpinning mechanism of neuronal degeneration in PD. Both increased levels and post-translational modifications of ⍺Syn can contribute to the formation of pathological aggregations of ⍺Syn in neurons. Recent studies have shown that the protein is also expressed by multiple types of non-neuronal cells in the brain and peripheral tissues, suggesting additional roles of the protein and potential diversity in non-neuronal pathogenic triggers. It is important to determine (1) the threshold levels triggering ⍺Syn to convert from a biological to a pathologic form in different brain cells in PD; (2) the dominant form of pathologic ⍺Syn and the associated post-translational modification of the protein in each cell type involved in PD; and (3) the cell type associated biological processes impacted by pathologic ⍺Syn in PD. This review integrates these aspects and speculates on potential pathological mechanisms and their impact on neuronal and non-neuronal ⍺Syn in the brains of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Tatiana Sagredo
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America
| | - Onur Tanglay
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shrey Shahdadpuri
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre & Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America.
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Laghouaouta H, Laplana M, Ros-Freixedes R, Fraile LJ, Pena RN. Sequence variants associated with resilient responses in growing pigs. J Anim Breed Genet 2024. [PMID: 38967062 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The current work aimed to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with resilience in pigs. In previous work, we proposed the body weight deviation from the expected growth curve (ΔBW) and the increase of the positive acute-phase protein haptoglobin (ΔHP) after a vaccine challenge as resilience indicators which may be improved through selective breeding in pigs. Individuals with steady growth rate and minor activation of haptoglobin (high ΔBW and low ΔHP values) were considered resilient. In contrast, pigs with perturbed growth rate and high activation of haptoglobin (low ΔBW and high ΔHP values) were considered susceptible. Both ∆BW and ∆HP were simultaneously considered to select the most resilient (N = 40) and susceptible (N = 40) pigs. A genome-wide association study was carried out for the pigs' response classification to the challenge test using whole-genome sequence data (7,760,720 variants). Eleven associated genomic regions were identified, harbouring relevant candidate genes related to the immune response (such as pro- and anti-inflammatory responses) and growth pathways. These associated genomic regions harboured 41 potential functional mutations (frameshift, splice donor, splice acceptor, start loss and stop loss/gain) in candidate genes. Overall, this study advances our knowledge about the genetic determinism of resilience, highlighting its polygenic nature and strong relationship with immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Laghouaouta
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marina Laplana
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Roger Ros-Freixedes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lorenzo J Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramona N Pena
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
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Iba M, Kwon S, Kim C, Szabo M, Horan-Portelance L, Lopez-Ocasio M, Dagur P, Overk C, Rissman RA, Masliah E. Immunotherapy with an antibody against CD1d modulates neuroinflammation in an α-synuclein transgenic model of Lewy body like disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:93. [PMID: 38622654 PMCID: PMC11017481 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory process in synucleinopathies of the aging population such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) involves microglial activation as well as infiltration of the CNS by T cells and natural killer T cells (NKTs). To evaluate the potential of targeting NKT cells to modulate neuroinflammation, we treated α-syn transgenic (tg) mice (e.g.: Thy1 promoter line 61) with an antibody against CD1d, which is a glycoprotein expressed in antigen presenting cells (APCs). CD1d-presented lipid antigens activate NKT cells through the interaction with T cell receptor in NKTs, resulting in the production of cytokines. Thus, we hypothesized that blocking the APC-NKT interaction with an anti-CD1d antibody might reduce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in models of DLB/PD. Treatment with the anti-CD1d antibody did not have effects on CD3 (T cells), slightly decreased CD4 and increased CD8 lymphocytes in the mice. Moreover, double labeling studies showed that compared to control (IgG) treated α-syn tg mice, treatment with anti-CD1d decreased numbers of CD3/interferon γ (IFN γ)-positive cells, consistent with NKTs. Further double labeling studies showed that CD1d-positive cells co-localized with the astrocytes marker GFAP and that anti-CD1d antibody reduced this effect. While in control α-syn tg mice CD3 positive cells were near astrocytes, this was modified by the treatment with the CD1d antibody. By qPCR, levels of IFN γ, CCL4, and interleukin-6 were increased in the IgG treated α-syn tg mice. Treatment with CD1d antibody blunted this cytokine response that was associated with reduced astrocytosis and microgliosis in the CNS of the α-syn tg mice treated with CD1d antibody. Flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in α-syn tg mice revealed that CD1d-tet + T cells were also increased in the spleen of α-syn tg mice, which treatment with the CD1d antibody reduced. Reduced neuroinflammation in the anti-CD1d-treated α-syn tg mice was associated with amelioration of neurodegenerative pathology. These results suggest that reducing infiltration of NKT cells with an antibody against CD1d might be a potential therapeutical approach for DLB/PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Iba
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Somin Kwon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marcell Szabo
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liam Horan-Portelance
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria Lopez-Ocasio
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pradeep Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Gulbransen B, Tavares-Gomes AL. Neuroimmune Connectomes in the Gut and Their Implications in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2081-2098. [PMID: 37840070 PMCID: PMC11151216 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ and it receives dense innervation from intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatosensory) neurons. The immune and neural systems of the gut communicate with each other and their interactions shape gut defensive mechanisms and neural-controlled gut functions such as motility and secretion. Changes in neuroimmune interactions play central roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a multicentric disorder that is heterogeneous in its manifestation and pathogenesis. Non-motor and premotor symptoms of PD are common in the gastrointestinal tract and the gut is considered a potential initiation site for PD in some cases. How the enteric nervous system and neuroimmune signaling contribute to PD disease progression is an emerging area of interest. This review focuses on intestinal neuroimmune loops such as the neuroepithelial unit, enteric glial cells and their immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory cholinergic signaling and the relationship between myenteric neurons and muscularis macrophages, and the role of α-synuclein in gut immunity. Special consideration is given to the discussion of intestinal neuroimmune connectomes during PD and their possible implications for various aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Limanaqi F, Zecchini S, Saulle I, Strizzi S, Vanetti C, Garziano M, Cappelletti G, Parolin D, Caccia S, Trabattoni D, Fenizia C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Alpha-synuclein dynamics bridge Type-I Interferon response and SARS-CoV-2 replication in peripheral cells. Biol Res 2024; 57:2. [PMID: 38191441 PMCID: PMC10775536 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests a double-faceted role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) following infection by a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although α-syn accumulation is known to contribute to cell toxicity and the development and/or exacerbation of neuropathological manifestations, it is also a key to sustaining anti-viral innate immunity. Consistently with α-syn aggregation as a hallmark of Parkinson's disease, most studies investigating the biological function of α-syn focused on neural cells, while reports on the role of α-syn in periphery are limited, especially in SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Results herein obtained by real time qPCR, immunofluorescence and western blot indicate that α-syn upregulation in peripheral cells occurs as a Type-I Interferon (IFN)-related response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Noteworthy, this effect mostly involves α-syn multimers, and the dynamic α-syn multimer:monomer ratio. Administration of excess α-syn monomers promoted SARS-CoV-2 replication along with downregulation of IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) in epithelial lung cells, which was associated with reduced α-syn multimers and α-syn multimer:monomer ratio. These effects were prevented by combined administration of IFN-β, which hindered virus replication and upregulated ISGs, meanwhile increasing both α-syn multimers and α-syn multimer:monomer ratio in the absence of cell toxicity. Finally, in endothelial cells displaying abortive SARS-CoV-2 replication, α-syn multimers, and multimer:monomer ratio were not reduced following exposure to the virus and exogenous α-syn, suggesting that only productive viral infection impairs α-syn multimerization and multimer:monomer equilibrium. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insights into the biology of α-syn, showing that its dynamic conformations are implicated in the innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection in peripheral cells. In particular, our results suggest that promotion of non-toxic α-syn multimers likely occurs as a Type-I IFN-related biological response which partakes in the suppression of viral replication. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings in neuronal cells as well as animal models, and to ascertain the nature of such α-syn conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Parolin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Caccia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy.
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Iravanpour F, Farrokhi MR, Jafarinia M, Oliaee RT. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of Parkinson's disease: the role of α-synuclein. Hum Cell 2024; 37:1-8. [PMID: 37735344 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to various neurological complications in infected people. These neurological effects include problems in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Hyposmia, a PNS symptom of COVID-19, frequently manifests in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) and serves as an early warning sign of the condition. In addition, the olfactory system is recognized as an early site for the onset of α-synuclein pathology, the pathological hallmark of PD. PD is characterized by accumulation and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, resulting in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Previous research has also shown the involvement of α-Syn in the innate immune response following viral infections. Consequently, the potential link between viral infections and development of PD has gained attention in recent years. However, it's still too early to definitively conclude whether COVID-19 can cause Parkinsonism. Nevertheless, we can explore the likelihood of this connection by examining past studies and possible mechanisms to better understand how COVID-19 might potentially lead to PD following the infection. Based on the various pieces of evidence discussed in this review, we can infer that SARS-CoV-2 promotes the aggregation of α-Syn and, ultimately, leads to PD through at least two mechanisms: the stable binding of the S1 protein to proteins prone to aggregation like α-Syn, and the upregulation of α-Syn as part of the immune response to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Iravanpour
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Reza Farrokhi
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Cossu D, Hatano T, Hattori N. The Role of Immune Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16766. [PMID: 38069088 PMCID: PMC10706591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has unveiled intriguing insights suggesting that the body's immune system may be implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) development. Studies have observed disparities in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers between PD patients and healthy individuals. This finding underscores the potential influence of immune system dysfunction in the genesis of this condition. A dysfunctional immune system can serve as a primary catalyst for systemic inflammation in the body, which may contribute to the emergence of various brain disorders. The identification of several genes associated with PD, as well as their connection to neuroinflammation, raises the likelihood of disease susceptibility. Moreover, advancing age and mitochondrial dysfunction can weaken the immune system, potentially implicating them in the onset of the disease, particularly among older individuals. Compromised integrity of the blood-brain barrier could facilitate the immune system's access to brain tissue. This exposure may lead to encounters with native antigens or infections, potentially triggering an autoimmune response. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence supporting the notion that gut dysbiosis might represent an initial trigger for brain inflammation, ultimately promoting neurodegeneration. In this comprehensive review, we will delve into the numerous hypotheses surrounding the role of both innate and adaptive immunity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 3510918, Japan
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de Fàbregues O, Sellés M, Ramos-Vicente D, Roch G, Vila M, Bové J. Relevance of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in the onset of Parkinson's disease and examination of its possible etiologies: infectious or autoimmune? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106308. [PMID: 37741513 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are responsible for local immune surveillance in different tissues, including the brain. They constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and cancer cells and play a role in autoimmunity. A recently published study demonstrated that CD8 T cells with markers of residency containing distinct granzymes and interferon-γ infiltrate the parenchyma of the substantia nigra and contact dopaminergic neurons in an early premotor stage of Parkinson's disease. This infiltration precedes α-synuclein aggregation and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, suggesting a relevant role for CD8 T cells in the onset of the disease. To date, the nature of the antigen that initiates the adaptive immune response remains unknown. This review will discuss the role of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in brain immune homeostasis and in the onset of Parkinson's disease and other neurological diseases. We also discuss how aging and genetic factors can affect the CD8 T cell immune response and how animal models can be misleading when studying human-related immune response. Finally, we speculate about a possible infectious or autoimmune origin of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol de Fàbregues
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
| | - Maria Sellés
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Roch
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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D Magalhães J, Candeias E, Melo-Marques I, Silva DF, Esteves AR, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Intestinal infection triggers mitochondria-mediated α-synuclein pathology: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:166. [PMID: 37249642 PMCID: PMC11072242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. In the prodromal phase several autonomic symptoms including orthostatic hypotension and constipation are correlated with increased α-synuclein pathology in peripheral tissues. It is currently accepted that some idiopathic PD cases may start in the gut (body-first PD) with accumulation of pathological α-synuclein in enteric neurons that may subsequently propagate caudo-rostrally to the central nervous system. In addition to the already-established regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking, α-synuclein also seems to play a role in neuronal innate immunity after infection. Our goal was to understand if seeding the gut with the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by oral gavage would impact gut immunity and eventually the central nervous system. Our results demonstrate that L. monocytogenes infection induced oligomerization of α-synuclein in the ileum, along with a pronounced pro-inflammatory local and systemic response that ultimately culminated in neuronal mitochondria dysfunction. We propose that, having evolved from ancestral endosymbiotic bacteria, mitochondria may be directly targeted by virulence factors of intracellular pathogens, and that mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation resulting also from the activation of the innate immune system at the gut level, trigger innate immune responses in midbrain neurons, which include α-synuclein oligomerization and neuroinflammation, all of which hallmarks of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- João D Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Melo-Marques
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Joshi N, Sarhadi TR, Raveendran A, Nagotu S. Sporadic SNCA mutations A18T and A29S exhibit variable effects on protein aggregation, cell viability and oxidative stress. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08457-7. [PMID: 37155014 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-synuclein aggregation is the hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease. Both familial and sporadic forms of the disease exhibit this feature. Several mutations have been identified in patients and are associated with the disease pathology. METHODS AND RESULTS We have used site-directed mutagenesis to generate α-synuclein mutant variants tagged with GFP. Fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, western blotting, cell viability and oxidative stress analysis were performed to investigate the effect of two less studied α-synuclein variants. In this study we characterized two less studied α-synuclein mutations, A18T and A29S, in the well-established yeast model. Our data shows variable expression, distribution and toxicity of the protein in the mutant variants A18T, A29S, A53T and WT. The cells expressing the double mutant variant A18T/A53T showed the most increase in the aggregation phenotype and also depicted reduced viability suggesting a more substantial effect of this variant. CONCLUSION The outcome of our study highlights the variable localization, aggregation phenotype and toxicity of the studied α-synuclein variants. This underscores the importance of in-depth analysis of every disease-associated mutation which may result in variable cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Joshi
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Tanveera Rounaque Sarhadi
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Atchaya Raveendran
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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11
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Mancini M, Natoli S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M, Pisani A. Dopamine Transmission Imbalance in Neuroinflammation: Perspectives on Long-Term COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065618. [PMID: 36982693 PMCID: PMC10056044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, implicated in the control of movement and motivation. Alteration of DA levels is central in Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor manifestations and deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. Previous studies have hypothesized a link between PD and viral infections. Indeed, different cases of parkinsonism have been reported following COVID-19. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 may trigger a neurodegenerative process is still a matter of debate. Interestingly, evidence of brain inflammation has been described in postmortem samples of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, which suggests immune-mediated mechanisms triggering the neurological sequelae. In this review, we discuss the role of proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and oxygen reactive species in modulating DA homeostasis. Moreover, we review the existing literature on the possible mechanistic interplay between SARS-CoV-2-mediated neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal DAergic impairment, and the cross-talk with aberrant α-syn metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mancini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Natoli
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Maugeri Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-380-247
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12
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Comi C. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Immune dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:67-93. [PMID: 36803824 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the contraposition between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes has been increasingly challenged. Inflammation has been emphasized as a key player in the onset and progression of Parkinson disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The strongest indicators of the involvement of the immune system derived from evidence of microglial activation, profound imbalance in phenotype and composition of peripheral immune cells, and impaired humoral immune responses. Moreover, peripheral inflammatory mechanisms (e.g., involving the gut-brain axis) and immunogenetic factors are likely to be implicated. Even though several lines of preclinical and clinical studies are supporting and defining the complex relationship between the immune system and PD, the exact mechanisms are currently unknown. Similarly, the temporal and causal connections between innate and adaptive immune responses and neurodegeneration are unsettled, challenging our ambition to define an integrated and holistic model of the disease. Despite these difficulties, current evidence is providing the unique opportunity to develop immune-targeted approaches for PD, thus enriching our therapeutic armamentarium. This chapter aims to provide an extensive overview of past and present studies that explored the implication of the immune system in neurodegeneration, thus paving the road for the concept of disease modification in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, S.Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy.
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13
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Li J, Zhao J, Chen L, Gao H, Zhang J, Wang D, Zou Y, Qin Q, Qu Y, Li J, Xiong Y, Min Z, Yan M, Mao Z, Xue Z. α-Synuclein induces Th17 differentiation and impairs the function and stability of Tregs by promoting RORC transcription in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:32-44. [PMID: 36343753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons (DA) and the accumulation of Lewy body deposits composed of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), which act as antigenic epitopes to drive cytotoxic T-cell responses in PD. Increased T helper 17 (Th17) cells and dysfunctional regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been reported to be associated with the loss of DA in PD. However, the mechanism underlying the Th17/Treg imbalance remains unknown. METHODS Here, we examined the percentage of Th17 cells, the percentage of Tregs and the α-Syn level and analysed their correlations in the peripheral blood of PD patients and in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and spleen of MPTP-treated mice and A53 transgenic mice. We assessed the effect of α-Syn on the stability and function of Tregs and the differentiation of Th17 cells and evaluated the role of retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor (RORγt) upregulation in α-Syn stimulation in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that the α-Syn level and severity of motor symptoms were positively correlated with the increase in Th17 cells and decrease in Tregs in PD patients. Moreover, α-Syn stimulation led to the loss of Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) expression in Tregs, accompanied by the acquisition of IL-17A expression. Increased Th17 differentiation was detected upon α-Syn stimulation when naïve CD4+ T cells were cultured under Th17-polarizing conditions. Mechanistically, α-Syn promotes the transcription of RORC, encoding RORγt, in Tregs and Th17 cells, leading to increased Th17 differentiation and loss of Treg function. Intriguingly, the increase in Th17 cells, decrease in Tregs and apoptosis of DA were suppressed by a RORγt inhibitor (GSK805) in MPTP-treated mice. CONCLUSION Together, our data suggest that α-Syn promotes the transcription of RORC in circulating CD4+ T cells, including Tregs and Th17 cells, to impair the stability of Tregs and promote the differentiation of Th17 cells in PD. Inhibition of RORγt attenuated the apoptosis of DA and alleviated the increase in Th17 cells and decrease in Tregs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Longmin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongling Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danlei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qixiong Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jiangting Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yongjie Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhe Min
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Manli Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhijuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Zheng Xue
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
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Kung PJ, Elsayed I, Reyes-Pérez P, Bandres-Ciga S. Immunogenetic Determinants of Parkinson’s Disease Etiology. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S13-S27. [PMID: 35367971 PMCID: PMC9535568 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognised as a systemic disorder in which inflammation might play a causative role rather than being a consequence or an epiphenomenon of the neurodegenerative process. Although growing genetic evidence links the central and peripheral immune system with both monogenic and sporadic PD, our understanding on how the immune system contributes to PD pathogenesis remains a daunting challenge. In this review, we discuss recent literature aimed at exploring the role of known genes and susceptibility loci to PD pathogenesis through immune system related mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline shared genetic etiologies and interrelations between PD and autoimmune diseases and underlining challenges and limitations faced in the translation of relevant allelic and regulatory risk loci to immune-pathological mechanisms. Lastly, with the field of immunogenetics expanding rapidly, we place these insights into a future context highlighting the prospect of immune modulation as a promising disease-modifying strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Jui Kung
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Inas Elsayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
- International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC)-Africa, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Paula Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigacion sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Autonoma de México, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Iba M, McDevitt RA, Kim C, Roy R, Sarantopoulou D, Tommer E, Siegars B, Sallin M, Kwon S, Sen JM, Sen R, Masliah E. Aging exacerbates the brain inflammatory micro-environment contributing to α-synuclein pathology and functional deficits in a mouse model of DLB/PD. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:60. [PMID: 36064424 PMCID: PMC9447339 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ɑ-synuclein (ɑ-syn) spreading in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has been extensively investigated, the role of aging in the manifestation of disease remains unclear. METHODS We explored the role of aging and inflammation in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies in a mouse model of DLB/PD initiated by intrastriatal injection of ɑ-syn preformed fibrils (pff). RESULTS We found that aged mice showed more extensive accumulation of ɑ-syn in selected brain regions and behavioral deficits that were associated with greater infiltration of T cells and microgliosis. Microglial inflammatory gene expression induced by ɑ-syn-pff injection in young mice had hallmarks of aged microglia, indicating that enhanced age-associated pathologies may result from inflammatory synergy between aging and the effects of ɑ-syn aggregation. Based on the transcriptomics analysis projected from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we found a network that included colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), LPS related genes, TNFɑ and poly rl:rC-RNA as common regulators. CONCLUSIONS We propose that aging related inflammation (eg: CSF2) influences outcomes of pathological spreading of ɑ-syn and suggest that targeting neuro-immune responses might be important in developing treatments for DLB/PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Iba
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ross A McDevitt
- Mouse Phenotyping Unit, Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Roshni Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Dimitra Sarantopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ella Tommer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Byron Siegars
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michelle Sallin
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Somin Kwon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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16
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Imbriani P, Martella G, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105851. [PMID: 36007757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are widely accepted as crucial neuropathogenic mechanisms, as also evidenced by the identification of PD-associated genes that are directly involved in mitochondrial function. The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to that of synaptic dysfunction. Indeed, compelling evidence supports the role of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many aspects have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the most relevant evidence obtained in different neurotoxin-based and genetic rodent models of PD, focusing on mitochondrial impairment and synaptopathy, an early central event preceding overt nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. The identification of early deficits occurring in PD pathogenesis is crucial in view of the development of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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17
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Leupold L, Sigutova V, Gerasimova E, Regensburger M, Zundler S, Zunke F, Xiang W, Winner B, Prots I. The Quest for Anti-α-Synuclein Antibody Specificity—Lessons Learnt From Flow Cytometry Analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:869103. [PMID: 35911883 PMCID: PMC9334871 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.869103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative conditions termed synucleopathies. Physiological functions of aSyn, including those outside of the CNS, remain elusive. However, a reliable and reproducible evaluation of aSyn protein expression in different cell types and especially in low-expressing cells is impeded by the existence of a huge variety of poorly characterized anti-aSyn antibodies and a lack of a routinely used sensitive detection methods. Here, we developed a robust flow cytometry-based workflow for aSyn detection and antibody validation. We test our workflow using three commercially available antibodies (MJFR1, LB509, and 2A7) in a variety of human cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cells, T lymphocytes, and fibroblasts, and provide a cell- and antibody-specific map for aSyn expression. Strikingly, we demonstrate a previously unobserved unspecificity of the LB509 antibody, while the MJFR1 clone revealed specific aSyn binding however with low sensitivity. On the other hand, we identified an aSyn-specific antibody clone 2A7 with an optimal sensitivity for detecting aSyn in a range of cell types, including those with low aSyn expression. We further utilize our workflow to demonstrate the ability of the 2A7 antibody to distinguish between physiological differences in aSyn expression in neuronal and non-neuronal cells from the cortical organoids, and in neural progenitors and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from healthy controls and in patients with Parkinson's disease who have aSyn gene locus duplication. Our results provide a proof of principle for the use of high-throughput flow cytometry-based analysis of aSyn and highlight the necessity of rigorous aSyn antibody validation to facilitate the research of aSyn physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Leupold
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Sigutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Gerasimova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Translational Research Center (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Iryna Prots
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18
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Folke J, Bergholt E, Pakkenberg B, Aznar S, Brudek T. Alpha-Synuclein Autoimmune Decline in Prodromal Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6554. [PMID: 35742998 PMCID: PMC9224313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple-system trophy (MSA) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are both progressive, neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neuropathological deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein (αSyn). The causes behind this aggregation are still unknown. We have reported aberrancies in MSA and PD patients in naturally occurring autoantibodies (nAbs) against αSyn (anti-αSyn-nAbs), which are important partakers in anti-aggregatory processes, immune-mediated clearance, and anti-inflammatory functions. To elaborate further on the timeline of autoimmune aberrancies towards αSyn, we investigated here the Immunoglobulin (Ig) affinity profile and subclass composition (IgG-total, IgG1-4 and IgM) of anti-αSyn-nAbs in serum samples from prodromal (p) phases of MSA and PD. Using an electrochemiluminescence competition immunoassay, we confirmed that the repertoire of high-affinity anti-αSyn-nAbs is significantly reduced in pMSA and pPD. Further, we demonstrated that pPD had increased anti-αSyn IgG-total levels compared to pMSA and controls, concordant with increased anti-αSyn IgG1 levels in pPD. Anti-αSyn IgG2 and IgG4 levels were reduced in pMSA and pPD compared with controls, whereas anti-αSyn IgG3 levels were reduced in pMSA compared to pPD and controls. The results indicate that the impaired reactivity towards αSyn occurs prior to disease onset. The apparent lack of high-affinity anti-αSyn nAbs may result in reduced clearance of αSyn, leading to aggregation of the protein. Thus, this study provides novel insights into possible causes behind the pathogenesis in synucleinopathies such as MSA and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Folke
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Emil Bergholt
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; (E.B.); (B.P.); (S.A.); (T.B.)
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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19
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Ling L, Wang F, Yu D. Beyond neurodegenerative diseases: α-synuclein in erythropoiesis. Hematology 2022; 27:629-635. [PMID: 35621991 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2078041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a highly conserved and thermostable protein that is widely distributed in human brain. An intracellular aggregation of α-syn in dopaminergic neurons is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, α-syn is also highly expressed in red blood cells and is considered as one of the most abundant proteins in red blood cells. Moreover, α-syn is thought to play a regulatory role during normal erythropoiesis. However, whether α-syn participates in the pathogenesis of erythroid diseases has not been reported. In this review, we discuss the protein structure of α-syn and the importance of α-syn in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Yangzhou University, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Magistrelli L, Contaldi E, Vignaroli F, Gallo S, Colombatto F, Cantello R, Comi C. Immune Response Modifications in the Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease: What Do We Know? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073476. [PMID: 35408836 PMCID: PMC8998358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the midbrain substantia nigra. PD pathophysiology is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood yet. Nonetheless, recent data show that immune system hyperactivation with concomitant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery, is a signature of idiopathic PD. About 5% of PD patients present an early onset with a determined genetic cause, with either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. The involvement of immunity in the genetic forms of PD has been a matter of interest in several recent studies. In this review, we will summarize the main findings of this new and promising field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Magistrelli
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Elena Contaldi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
- PhD Program in Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignaroli
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Silvia Gallo
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Federico Colombatto
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.C.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Comi C. T Lymphocytes in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S65-S74. [PMID: 35253782 PMCID: PMC9535550 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells are key mediators of both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses, and their role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is being increasingly recognized. Several lines of evidence have highlighted how T cells are involved in both the central nervous system and the periphery, leading to a profound imbalance in the immune network in PD patients. This review discusses the involvement of T cells in both preclinical and clinical studies, their importance as feasible biomarkers of motor and non-motor progression of the disease, and recent therapeutic strategies addressing the modulation of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Caritá" University Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Program in Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Caritá" University Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
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22
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Kasen A, Houck C, Burmeister AR, Sha Q, Brundin L, Brundin P. Upregulation of α-synuclein following immune activation: Possible trigger of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Linard M, Ravier A, Mougué L, Grgurina I, Boutillier AL, Foubert-Samier A, Blanc F, Helmer C. Infectious Agents as Potential Drivers of α-Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2022; 37:464-477. [PMID: 35040520 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synucleinopathies, encompassing Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, are devastating neurodegenerative diseases for which available therapeutic options are scarce, mostly because of our limited understanding of their pathophysiology. Although these pathologies are attributed to an intracellular accumulation of the α-synuclein protein in the nervous system with subsequent neuronal loss, the trigger(s) of this accumulation is/are not clearly identified. Among the existing hypotheses, interest in the hypothesis advocating the involvement of infectious agents in the onset of these diseases is renewed. In this article, we aimed to review the ongoing relevant factors favoring and opposing this hypothesis, focusing on (1) the potential antimicrobial role of α-synuclein, (2) potential entry points of pathogens in regard to early symptoms of diverse α-synucleinopathies, (3) pre-existing literature reviews assessing potential associations between infectious agents and Parkinson's disease, (4) original studies assessing these associations for dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy (identified through a systematic literature review), and finally (5) potential susceptibility factors modulating the effects of infectious agents on the nervous system. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Linard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alix Ravier
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Louisa Mougué
- Cognitive-Behavioral Unit and Memory Consultations, Hospital of Sens, Sens, France
| | - Iris Grgurina
- University of Strasbourg, UMR7364 CNRS, LNCA, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France.,French Reference Centre for MSA, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
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24
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Alam MM, Yang D, Li XQ, Liu J, Back TC, Trivett A, Karim B, Barbut D, Zasloff M, Oppenheim JJ. Alpha synuclein, the culprit in Parkinson disease, is required for normal immune function. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110090. [PMID: 35021075 PMCID: PMC10258816 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is causally involved in the development of Parkinson disease (PD); however, its role in normal vertebrate physiology has remained unknown. Recent studies demonstrate that αS is induced by noroviral infection in the enteric nervous system of children and protects mice against lethal neurotropic viral infection. Additionally, αS is a potent chemotactic activator of phagocytes. In this report, using both wild-type and αS knockout mice, we show that αS is a critical mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. αS is required for the development of a normal inflammatory response to bacterial peptidoglycan introduced into the peritoneal cavity as well as antigen-specific and T cell responses following intraperitoneal immunization. Furthermore, we show that neural cells are the sources of αS required for immune competence. Our report supports the hypothesis that αS accumulates within the nervous system of PD individuals because of an inflammatory/immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Alam
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - De Yang
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Timothy Carrel Back
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Anna Trivett
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Denise Barbut
- Enterin Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Michael Zasloff
- Enterin Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA; MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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25
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Su R, Zhou T. Alpha-Synuclein Induced Immune Cells Activation and Associated Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:769506. [PMID: 34803660 PMCID: PMC8602361 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.769506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder closely related to immunity. An important aspect of the pathogenesis of PD is the interaction between α-synuclein and a series of immune cells. Studies have shown that accumulation of α-synuclein can induce an autoimmune response that accelerates the progression of PD. This study discusses the mechanisms underlying the interaction between α-synuclein and the immune system. During the development of PD, abnormally accumulated α-synuclein becomes an autoimmune antigen that binds to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate microglia, which differentiate into the microglia type 1 (M1) subtype. The microglia activate intracellular inflammatory pathways, induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and promote the differentiation of cluster of differentiation 4 + (CD4 +) T cells into proinflammatory T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) subtypes. Given the important role of α-synuclein in the immune system of the patients with PD, identifying potential targets of immunotherapy related to α-synuclein is critical for slowing disease progression. An enhanced understanding of immune-associated mechanisms in PD can guide the development of associated therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Su
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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26
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Stefaniuk CM, Schlegelmilch J, Meyerson HJ, Harding CV, Maitta RW. Initial assessment of α-synuclein structure in platelets. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 53:950-953. [PMID: 34797472 PMCID: PMC9117560 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years data from our group have indicated that α-synuclein is important in development of immune cells as well as potentially erythrocytes and platelets. The latter is important since this protein may work as negative regulator of granule release. Thus, we sought to begin to understand the structure of this protein in platelets. Flow cytometric analysis of this protein using region-specific (N-terminus, central region and C-terminus) monoclonal antibodies was performed. Antibody to the central region gave the strongest shift among all three antibodies, with the C-terminus having intermediate shift and N-terminus minimal shift. Western blotting using the same antibodies showed similar binding of all antibodies to α-synuclein. These results suggest a similar arrangement of this protein in platelets as seen in neurons. Future studies ought to look at the role that each protein region plays in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Stefaniuk
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - June Schlegelmilch
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Howard J Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert W Maitta
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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27
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Paul KC, Binder AM, Horvath S, Kusters C, Yan Q, Rosario ID, Yu Y, Bronstein J, Ritz B. Accelerated hematopoietic mitotic aging measured by DNA methylation, blood cell lineage, and Parkinson's disease. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:696. [PMID: 34565328 PMCID: PMC8474781 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and inflammation are important components of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and both are associated with changes in hematopoiesis and blood cell composition. DNA methylation (DNAm) presents a mechanism to investigate inflammation, aging, and hematopoiesis in PD, using epigenetic mitotic aging and aging clocks. Here, we aimed to define the influence of blood cell lineage on epigenetic mitotic age and then investigate mitotic age acceleration with PD, while considering epigenetic age acceleration biomarkers. RESULTS We estimated epigenetic mitotic age using the "epiTOC" epigenetic mitotic clock in 10 different blood cell populations and in a population-based study of PD with whole-blood. Within subject analysis of the flow-sorted purified blood cell types DNAm showed a clear separation of epigenetic mitotic age by cell lineage, with the mitotic age significantly lower in myeloid versus lymphoid cells (p = 2.1e-11). PD status was strongly associated with accelerated epigenetic mitotic aging (AccelEpiTOC) after controlling for cell composition (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI = 1.56, 2.86, p = 1.6e-6). AccelEpiTOC was also positively correlated with extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration, a DNAm aging biomarker related to immune system aging (with cell composition adjustment: R = 0.27, p = 6.5e-14), and both were independently associated with PD. Among PD patients, AccelEpiTOC measured at baseline was also associated with longitudinal motor and cognitive symptom decline. CONCLUSIONS The current study presents a first look at epigenetic mitotic aging in PD and our findings suggest accelerated hematopoietic cell mitosis, possibly reflecting immune pathway imbalances, in early PD that may also be related to motor and cognitive progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Binder
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Kusters
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
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28
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Folke J, Rydbirk R, Løkkegaard A, Hejl AM, Winge K, Starhof C, Salvesen L, Pedersen LØ, Aznar S, Pakkenberg B, Brudek T. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of anti-α-synuclein IgMs and IgGs in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 87:98-104. [PMID: 34020303 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ubiquitous naturally occurring autoantibodies (nAbs) against alpha-synuclein (α-syn) may play important roles in the pathogenesis of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we reported reduced high-affinity/avidity anti-α-syn nAbs levels in plasma from MSA and PD patients, along with distinct inter-group immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass distributions. The extent to which these observations in plasma may reflect corresponding levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is unknown. METHODS Using competitive and indirect ELISAs, we investigated the affinity/avidity of CSF anti-α-syn nAbs as well as the CSF and plasma distribution of IgG subclasses and IgM nAbs in a cross-sectional cohort of MSA and PD patients. RESULTS Repertoires of high-affinity/avidity anti-α-syn IgG nAbs were reduced in CSF samples from MSA and PD patients compared to controls. Furthermore, anti-α-syn IgM nAb levels were relatively lower in CSF and plasma from MSA patients but were reduced only in plasma from PD patients. Interestingly, anti-α-syn IgG subclasses presented disease-specific profiles both in CSF and plasma. Anti-α-syn IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 levels were relatively increased in CSF of MSA patients, whereas PD patients showed increased anti-α-syn IgG2 and reduced anti-α-syn IgG4 levels. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the plasma/CSF distribution of anti-α-syn nAbs seem to be a common feature of synucleinopathies. Our data add further support to the notion that MSA and PD patients may have compromised immune reactivity towards α-syn. The differing α-syn-specific systemic immunological responses may reflect their specific disease pathophysiologies. These results are encouraging for further investigation of these immunological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 6B, entrance 11B, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark; Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej, 4B, entrance 80, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Rydbirk
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Annemette Løkkegaard
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Ebba Lunds Vej 44, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hejl
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Ebba Lunds Vej 44, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark
| | - Kristian Winge
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Ebba Lunds Vej 44, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation, Tuborg Havnevej 19, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Starhof
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Ebba Lunds Vej 44, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark
| | - Lisette Salvesen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Ebba Lunds Vej 44, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark
| | | | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 6B, entrance 11B, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark; Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej, 4B, entrance 80, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 6B, entrance 11B, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 6B, entrance 11B, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark; Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej, 4B, entrance 80, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NW, Denmark
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29
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He S, Zhong S, Liu G, Yang J. Alpha-Synuclein: The Interplay of Pathology, Neuroinflammation, and Environmental Factors in Parkinson's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2021; 20:55-64. [PMID: 33465773 DOI: 10.1159/000511083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial, chronic, and progressive neurodegenerative disease. α-Synuclein (α-syn), which is the main protein component of Lewy bodies, plays an important role in the pathological hallmarks of PD. However, the pathological function of α-syn and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons are still elusive. SUMMARY Cumulative evidence implicates that abnormal processing of α-syn will be predicted to lead to pathological changes in PD. Key Messages: In this review, we summarize the structure and physiological function of α-syn, and further discuss the interplay of pathology, neuroinflammation, and environmental factors in PD. Additionally, we suggest future directions for understanding the toxicity of α-syn to neurons, which may ultimately encourage us to better design disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe He
- Clinic Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture, Guilin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guilin, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Acupuncture, Guilin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guilin, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Clinic Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China,
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30
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Kline EM, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Seibler P, Klein C, West A, Tansey MG. Genetic and Environmental Factors in Parkinson's Disease Converge on Immune Function and Inflammation. Mov Disord 2021; 36:25-36. [PMID: 33314312 PMCID: PMC8285924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is a movement disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation of the protein α-synuclein. Patients with iPD vary in age of symptom onset, rate of progression, severity of motor and non-motor symptoms, and extent of central and peripheral inflammation. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to act synergistically in iPD pathogenesis. We propose that environmental factors (pesticides and infections) increase the risk for iPD via the immune system and that the role of PD risk genes in immune cells is worthy of investigation. This review highlights the major PD-relevant genes expressed in immune cells and key environmental factors that activate immune cells and, alone or in combination with other factors, may contribute to iPD pathogenesis. By reviewing these interactions, we seek to enable the future development of immunomodulatory approaches to prevent or delay onset of iPD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kline
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andrew West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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31
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Fjord-Larsen L, Thougaard A, Wegener KM, Christiansen J, Larsen F, Schrøder-Hansen LM, Kaarde M, Ditlevsen DK. Nonclinical safety evaluation, pharmacokinetics, and target engagement of Lu AF82422, a monoclonal IgG1 antibody against alpha-synuclein in development for treatment of synucleinopathies. MAbs 2021; 13:1994690. [PMID: 34709986 PMCID: PMC8555527 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1994690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is a 15 kDa protein associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease and multiple-system atrophy where pathological forms of alpha-synuclein aggregate and become neurotoxic. Here we describe the nonclinical program to support a first-in-human (FIH) single ascending dose (SAD) study for Lu AF82422, a human recombinant, anti-alpha-synuclein monoclonal antibody (mAb) in development for treatment of synucleinopathies. Alpha-synuclein is primarily expressed in brain, peripheral nerves and in blood cells. A tissue cross-reactivity assessment showed that Lu AF82422 binding was generally restricted to nervous tissues. Flow cytometry analysis did not show extracellular surface binding of Lu AF82422 to human platelets, erythrocytes, granulocytes, or lymphocytes, but to a low fraction of monocytes, without any functional consequences on activation or phagocytic capacity. A single dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study in cynomolgus monkeys with dose levels of 1-30 mg/kg confirmed PK properties in the expected range for a mAb with a soluble target, and target engagement was shown as a decrease in free alpha-synuclein in plasma. Four-week repeat-dose toxicity studies were conducted in rats and cynomolgus monkeys at doses up to 600 mg/kg administered intravenously every 10 days. Results showed no treatment-related adverse findings and the no-observed-adverse-effect-level was the highest dose tested. Target engagement was shown in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Taken together, the nonclinical data indicated no safety signal of concern and provided adequate safety margins between observed safe doses in animals and the planned dose levels in the FIH SAD study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone Fjord-Larsen
- Department Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Assessment, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Malene Wegener
- Department Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Assessment, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Frank Larsen
- Department PKPD Modelling and Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Marianne Kaarde
- Department Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Assessment, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
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Sánchez K, Maguire-Zeiss K. MMP13 Expression Is Increased Following Mutant α-Synuclein Exposure and Promotes Inflammatory Responses in Microglia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:585544. [PMID: 33343280 PMCID: PMC7738560 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.585544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a 140-amino acid protein that readily misfolds and is associated with the Lewy body pathology found in sporadic and genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. We and others have shown that wild-type α-synuclein is a damage-associated molecular pattern that directly elicits a proinflammatory response in microglia through toll-like receptor activation. Here we investigated the direct effect of oligomeric mutant α-synuclein (A53T) on microglia morphology and activation. We found that misfolded A53T increased quantitative measures of amoeboid cell morphology, NFκB nuclear translocation and the expression of prototypical proinflammatory molecules. We also demonstrated that A53T increased expression of MMP13, a matrix metalloproteinase that remodels the extracellular matrix. To better understand the role of MMP13 in synucleinopathies, we further characterized the role of MMP13 in microglial signaling. We showed exposure of microglia to MMP13 induced a change in morphology and promoted the release of TNFα and MMP9. Notably, IL1β was not released indicating that the pathway involved in MMP13 activation of microglia may be different than the A53T pathway. Lastly, MMP13 increased the expression of CD68 suggesting that the lysosomal pathway might be altered by this MMP. Taken together this study shows that mutant α-synuclein directly induces a proinflammatory phenotype in microglia, which includes the expression of MMP13. In turn, MMP13 directly alters microglia supporting the need for multi-target therapies to treat Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sánchez
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen Maguire-Zeiss
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Bilge N, Simsek F, Yevgi R, Ceylan M, Askın S. Low serum Α-SYNUCLEIN and oligomer Α-SYNUCLEIN levels in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577432. [PMID: 33220655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating neurodegenerative disease progressing with attacks. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), a neuronal protein, has been previously associated with the inflammation and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the cause of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis is mainly associated with inflammation, α-Syn may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS, as in other classical neurodegenerative diseases such as synucleinopathies. In multiple sclerosis, α-Syn has been directly studied in central nervous system lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, there are few studies approaching variations in peripheral α-Syn in MS. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between disease progression and other clinical parameters by measuring serum α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn levels in MS patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study included 60 MS patients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to the Department of Neurology between 01.02.2020-01.04.2020 and diagnosed with MS according to the 2010 MC Donald criteria, and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Those who were in the MS attack period and received cortisone treatment in the past three months were excluded from the study. The serum α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn levels of the individuals in both groups were measured. The correlation between the serum α-Syn, oligomer α-Syn, oligomer α-Syn/α-Syn ratio levels of the MS patients and their age, disease duration, number of attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR), disease type, EDSS scores and immunomodulatory drug type used was investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS In our study, 73.3% of the MS patients were female and the mean age of the patients was 36.18 ± 9.5 years. The most common MS disease type was RRMS with 83.3%. Serum α-Syn (79.52 ± 34.81) and oligomer α-Syn (18.79 ± 10.48) levels were significantly lower in the MS patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Serum oligomer α-Syn/α-Syn ratio was higher in the MS patients compared to the control group and in SPMS compared to RRMS, but was not statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between the serum α-Syn, oligomer α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn/α-Syn ratio ratio of the MS patients and their age, disease duration, disease type, EDDS, ARR and immunomodulatory treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn in MS patients (r: 0.29, p: 0.02). CONCLUSION In our study, serum α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn levels were lower in the MS patients compared to the control group. Low levels of α-Syn in MS may play a role in the development of neuroinflammation and may be a result of the diffuse neuronal and synaptic loss. There is a need for further studies on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bilge
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Simsek
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Yevgi
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ceylan
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seda Askın
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
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Grozdanov V, Danzer KM. Intracellular Alpha-Synuclein and Immune Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:562692. [PMID: 33178682 PMCID: PMC7594520 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.562692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular alpha-synuclein has numerous effects on different functions of the cell. Although it is expressed in a wide spectrum of cell types from different lineages, most of our knowledge about it was generated by studying neuronal or glial cells. However, the role of immune cells in Parkinson’s disease and related synucleinopathies has recently emerged. Altered immune cell phenotypes and functions have been reported not only in animal models, but also in human disease. While the response of immune cells to extracellular alpha-synuclein has been thoroughly studied, insights into the effects of endogenously expressed or taken-up alpha-synuclein on the function of immune cells remain scarce. Such insights may prove to be important for understanding the complex cellular and molecular events resulting in neurodegeneration and aid the development of novel therapies. We review the current state of knowledge about how alpha-synuclein and its pathologic manifestations affect the phenotype and function of peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, and discuss the potential of this topic for advancing our understanding of synucleinopathies.
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Iba M, Kim C, Sallin M, Kwon S, Verma A, Overk C, Rissman RA, Sen R, Sen JM, Masliah E. Neuroinflammation is associated with infiltration of T cells in Lewy body disease and α-synuclein transgenic models. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:214. [PMID: 32680537 PMCID: PMC7368752 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a pre-synaptic protein which progressively accumulates in neuronal and non-neuronal cells in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy. Recent evidence suggests that aberrant immune activation may be involved in neurodegeneration in PD/DLB. While previous studies have often focused on the microglial responses, less is known about the role of the peripheral immune system in these disorders. METHODS To understand the involvement of the peripheral immune system in PD/DLB, we evaluated T cell populations in the brains of α-syn transgenic (tg) mice (e.g., Thy1 promoter line 61) and DLB patients. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed perivascular and parenchymal infiltration by CD3+/CD4+ helper T cells, but not cytotoxic T cells (CD3+/CD8+) or B cells (CD20+), in the neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum of α-syn tg mice. CD3+ cells were found in close proximity to the processes of activated astroglia, particularly in areas of the brain with significant astrogliosis, microgliosis, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a subset of CD3+ cells co-expressed interferon γ. Flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the brains of α-syn tg mice revealed that CD1d-tet+ T cells were also increased in the brains of α-syn tg mice suggestive of natural killer T cells. In post-mortem DLB brains, we similarly detected increased numbers of infiltrating CD3+/CD4+ T cells in close proximity with blood vessels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that infiltrating adaptive immune cells play an important role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies and that modulating peripheral T cells may be a viable therapeutic strategy for PD/DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Iba
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michelle Sallin
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Somin Kwon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anjali Verma
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Gene Regulation Section, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Ait Wahmane S, Achbani A, Ouhaz Z, Elatiqi M, Belmouden A, Nejmeddine M. The Possible Protective Role of α-Synuclein Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1293-1294. [PMID: 32519352 PMCID: PMC7300655 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Ait Wahmane
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abderrahmane Achbani
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Ouhaz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Elatiqi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Belmouden
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Nejmeddine
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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ÇAKINA S, YÜCEL S, POLAT CÇ, ÖZTÜRK Ş. Huzursuz bacak sendromu olan multipl sklerozlu hastalarda alfa-sinüklein düzeyleri. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.674564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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38
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Bozic M, Caus M, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Pedraza N, Ruiz-Ortega M, Garí E, Gallel P, Panadés MJ, Martinez A, Fernández E, Valdivielso JM. Protective role of renal proximal tubular alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1943. [PMID: 32327648 PMCID: PMC7181766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a highly deleterious process and a final manifestation of chronic kidney disease. Alpha-(α)-synuclein (SNCA) is an actin-binding neuronal protein with various functions within the brain; however, its role in other tissues is unknown. Here, we describe the expression of SNCA in renal epithelial cells and demonstrate its decrease in renal tubules of murine and human fibrotic kidneys, as well as its downregulation in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) after TGF-β1 treatment. shRNA-mediated knockdown of SNCA in RPTECs results in de novo expression of vimentin and α-SMA, while SNCA overexpression represses TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal markers. Conditional gene silencing of SNCA in RPTECs leads to an exacerbated tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) in two unrelated in vivo fibrotic models, which is associated with an increased activation of MAPK-p38 and PI3K-Akt pathways. Our study provides an evidence that disruption of SNCA signaling in RPTECs contributes to the pathogenesis of renal TIF by facilitating partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Maite Caus
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Raul R Rodrigues-Diez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Pedraza
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Science, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloi Garí
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Science, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pilar Gallel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Spain
| | - Maria José Panadés
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernández
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain
| | - José Manuel Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen Retic, ISCIII, Spain.
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Kuhbandner K, Hoffmann A, González Alvarado MN, Seyler L, Bäuerle T, Winkler J, Linker RA. alpha-Synuclein: a Modulator During Inflammatory CNS Demyelination. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1038-1049. [PMID: 32207050 PMCID: PMC7334286 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and demyelination are hallmarks of several neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and multiple system atrophy. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of de- and regeneration in respective diseases, it is critical to identify factors modulating these processes. One candidate factor is alpha-Synuclein (aSyn), which is known to be involved in the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have shown that aSyn is involved in the modulation of peripheral immune responses during acute neuroinflammatory processes. In the present study, the effect of aSyn deficiency on de- and regenerative events in the CNS was analyzed by using two different demyelinating animal models: chronic MOG35–55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the cuprizone model. Histopathological analysis of spinal cord cross sections 8 weeks after EAE induction revealed a significant reduction of CNS inflammation accompanied by decreased myelin loss during late-stage inflammatory demyelination in aSyn-deficient mice. In contrast, after cuprizone-induced demyelination or remyelination following withdrawal of cuprizone, myelination and neuroinflammatory patterns were not affected by aSyn deficiency. These data provide further evidence for aSyn as regulator of peripheral immune responses under neuroinflammatory conditions, thereby also modulating degenerative events in late-stage demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kuhbandner
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alana Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - María Nazareth González Alvarado
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Seyler
- Institute of Radiology, Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen (PIPE), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen (PIPE), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Fatoba O, Ohtake Y, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Immunotherapies in Huntington's disease and α-Synucleinopathies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:337. [PMID: 32161599 PMCID: PMC7052383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of immune activation using immunotherapy has attracted considerable attention for many years as a potential therapeutic intervention for several inflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, the efficacy of single-target immunotherapy intervention has shown limited or no efficacy in alleviating disease burden and restoring functional capacity. Marked immune system activation and neuroinflammation are important features and prodromal signs in polyQ repeat disorders and α-synucleinopathies. This review describes the current status and future directions of immunotherapies in proteinopathy-induced neurodegeneration with emphasis on preclinical and clinical efficacies of several anti-inflammatory compounds and antibody-based therapies for the treatment of Huntington's disease and α-synucleinopathies. The review concludes with how disease modification and functional restoration could be achieved by using targeted multimodality therapy to target multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI -Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI -Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) treatment options have conventionally focused on dopamine replacement and provision of symptomatic relief. Current treatments cause undesirable adverse effects, and a large unmet clinical need remains for treatments that offer disease modification and that address symptoms resistant to levodopa. Advances in high-throughput drug screening methods for small molecules, developments in disease modelling and improvements in analytical technologies have collectively contributed to the emergence of novel compounds, repurposed drugs and new technologies. In this Review, we focus on disease-modifying and symptomatic therapies under development for PD. We review cellular therapies and repurposed drugs, such as nilotinib, inosine, isradipine, iron chelators and anti-inflammatories, and discuss how their success in preclinical models has paved the way for clinical trials. We provide an update on immunotherapies and vaccines. In addition, we review non-pharmacological interventions targeting motor symptoms, including gene therapy, adaptive deep brain stimulation (DBS) and optogenetically inspired DBS. Given the many clinical phenotypes of PD, individualization of therapy and precision of treatment are likely to become important in the future.
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Trudler D, Levy‐Barazany H, Nash Y, Samuel L, Sharon R, Frenkel D. Alpha synuclein deficiency increases CD4
+
T‐cells pro‐inflammatory profile in a Nurr1‐dependent manner. J Neurochem 2019; 152:61-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Trudler
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Hilit Levy‐Barazany
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Yuval Nash
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Liron Samuel
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Faculty of Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IMRIC The Hebrew University Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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Pei Y, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein in hematopoiesis and immunity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02590. [PMID: 31692680 PMCID: PMC6806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and intracellular deposition of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra (SN), which can cause dopaminergic neuronal death, is the hallmark of this syndrome. α-synuclein (syn) is a small protein expressed mainly in neurons but can also be found in a number of tissues. It can be present as a soluble monomer under normal physiological conditions, but can be toxic in its oligomeric or fibrillary forms. Most of the available literature has focused on the effects of α-syn pathology in the mechanisms leading to PD. However, the normal functions of α-syn still remain to be fully elucidated. Notably, α-syn in the hematopoietic system seems to mediate important functions as indicated by anemia and incomplete cell maturation when this protein is absent. This review will summarize basic genetic and structural findings, and critical information that suggests an essential role of α-syn in the development and activation of the hematopoietic system and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W. Maitta
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Caggiu E, Arru G, Hosseini S, Niegowska M, Sechi G, Zarbo IR, Sechi LA. Inflammation, Infectious Triggers, and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30837941 PMCID: PMC6389614 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with a reduction of dopamine concentration in the striatum. The complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors seems to play a role in determining susceptibility to PD and may explain the heterogeneity observed in clinical presentations. The exact etiology is not yet clear, but different possible causes have been identified. Inflammation has been increasingly studied as part of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, corroborating the hypothesis that the immune system may be the nexus between environmental and genetic factors, and the abnormal immune function can lead to disease. In this review we report the different aspects of inflammation and immune system in Parkinson's disease, with particular interest in the possible role played by immune dysfunctions in PD, with focus on autoimmunity and processes involving infectious agents as a trigger and alpha-synuclein protein (α-syn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caggiu
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sepideh Hosseini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Niegowska
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - GianPietro Sechi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roberto Zarbo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Tansey MG, Romero-Ramos M. Immune system responses in Parkinson's disease: Early and dynamic. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:364-383. [PMID: 30474172 PMCID: PMC6391192 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the degeneration and death of dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral midbrain, the widespread intraneuronal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α) in Lewy bodies and neurites, neuroinflammation, and gliosis. Signs of microglia activation in the PD brain postmortem as well as during disease development revealed by neuroimaging, implicate immune responses in the pathophysiology of the disease. Intensive research during the last two decades has advanced our understanding of the role of these responses in the disease process, yet many questions remain unanswered. A transformative finding in the field has been the confirmation that in vivo microglia are able to respond directly to pathological a-syn aggregates but also to neuronal dysfunction due to intraneuronal a-syn toxicity well in advance of neuronal death. In addition, clinical research and disease models have revealed the involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Indeed, the data suggest that PD leads not only to a microglia response, but also to a cellular and humoral peripheral immune response. Together, these findings compel us to consider a more holistic view of the immunological processes associated with the disease. Central and peripheral immune responses aimed at maintaining neuronal health will ultimately have consequences on neuronal survival. We will review here the most significant findings that have contributed to the current understanding of the immune response in PD, which is proposed to occur early, involve peripheral and brain immune cells, evolve as neuronal dysfunction progresses, and is likely to influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, & AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Target Alpha-Synuclein and Related Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020105. [PMID: 30708997 PMCID: PMC6406239 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is significantly influenced by disease-causing changes in the protein alpha-Synuclein (aSyn). It can trigger and promote intracellular stress and thereby impair the function of dopaminergic neurons. However, these damage mechanisms do not only extend to neuronal cells, but also affect most glial cell populations, such as astroglia and microglia, but also T lymphocytes, which can no longer maintain the homeostatic CNS milieu because they produce neuroinflammatory responses to aSyn pathology. Through precise neuropathological examination, molecular characterization of biomaterials, and the use of PET technology, it has been clearly demonstrated that neuroinflammation is involved in human PD. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of the pathomechanisms that aSyn elicits in models of disease and focus on the affected glial cell and lymphocyte populations and their interaction with pathogenic aSyn species. The interplay between aSyn and glial cells is analyzed both in the basic research setting and in the context of human neuropathology. Ultimately, a strong rationale builds up to therapeutically reduce the burden of pathological aSyn in the CNS. The current antibody-based approaches to lower the amount of aSyn and thereby alleviate neuroinflammatory responses is finally discussed as novel therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Mejía M, Rodríguez-Leyva I, Cortés-Enríquez F, Chi-Ahumada E, Portales-Pérez DP, Macías-Islas MA, Jiménez-Capdeville ME. Low levels of alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues are related to clinical relapse in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot cross-sectional study. J Neurol Sci 2019; 396:87-93. [PMID: 30445232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions. We investigated whether the presence of α-Syn in peripheral tissues is a surrogate of brain inflammatory status in a small group of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients in a pilot cross-sectional study. Skin biopsies and peripheral blood were sampled from 34 healthy controls and 23 MS patients for measurement of α-Syn levels. Within the RRMS group 15 patients were in remission, and 8 patients were in the relapsing phase. The protein α-Syn was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in skin and nucleated blood cells, respectively. In the skin, α-Syn levels were lower in relapsing MS than in the other groups, both in positive area (p = .021) and staining intensity (p = .004). In blood, the percentage of α-Syn-positive lymphocytes and monocytes were not statistically different between study groups. Moreover, the use of systemic steroids did not affect α-Syn positivity in MS-relapse patients. Finally, epidermic Langerhans cells did not stain positively for α-Syn. Overall, the levels of α-Syn positivity were lower in inflammatory relapse of RRMS patients when measured in peripheral tissues. We discuss the role of α-Syn levels in inflammation according to the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mejía
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Erika Chi-Ahumada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Macías-Islas
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades (HE), Centro Médico de Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - María E Jiménez-Capdeville
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Lesteberg KE, Beckham JD. Immunology of West Nile Virus Infection and the Role of Alpha-Synuclein as a Viral Restriction Factor. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:38-47. [PMID: 30222521 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus and is a major cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. Experimental models of WNV infection in mice are commonly used to define acute neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. Alpha-synuclein (Asyn) is a protein of primarily neuronal origin and is a major cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. Both WNV and PD pathologies are largely mediated by inflammation of the central nervous system (neuroinflammation) and have overlapping inflammatory pathways. In this review, we highlight the roles of the immune system in both diseases while comparing and contrasting both protective and pathogenic roles of immune cells and their effector proteins. Additionally, we review the current literature showing that Asyn is an important mediator of the immune response with diverging roles in PD (pathogenic) and WNV disease (neuroprotective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lesteberg
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - John David Beckham
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,2 Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,3 Veterans Administration, Eastern Colorado Health System , Denver, Colorado
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Ultrastructural changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in α-synuclein knockout mice. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2018; 73:33-37. [PMID: 30195626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects of α-synuclein deficiency on cellular blood components have not been extensively investigated. This study evaluated ultrastructural changes of leukocytes in α-synuclein knockout (KO) mice using electron microscopy (EM). The following ultrastructural characteristics were quantified in leukocytes: mitochondria, primary granules, specific granules (SG), Golgi apparatus (GA), inclusions, rough-endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth-endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and cellular projections (CP). EM showed increased numbers or amounts of SG, inclusions, and SER in KO group (5.3 ± 4.5 in WT vs. 14.1 ± 10.3 in KO, p = 0.02; 0.4 ± 0.9 in WT vs. 3.2 ± 2.8 in KO, p = 0.007; and 7.7 ± 6.7 in WT vs. 17.7 ± 12.2 in KO, p = 0.03, respectively). Although CP number was not significantly different between the two groups (13.4 ± 5.3 in WT vs. 16.3 ± 7.5 in KO, p = 0.32), their size and shapes were altered in KO mice. Notably, findings occurred in the setting of significant lymphopenia. α-Synuclein deficiency leads to changes in size and shape of secretory particles and increases in SER, SG, and inclusions, indicating a potential role for α-synuclein in vesicular trafficking in leukocytes. Further studies are needed to elucidate functions mediated by α-synuclein.
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Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M. Microglia Response During Parkinson's Disease: Alpha-Synuclein Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:247. [PMID: 30127724 PMCID: PMC6087878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the central role played by the protein alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body brain disorders has had a great relevance in the understanding of the degenerative process occurring in these diseases. In addition, during the last two decades, the evidence suggesting an immune response in Parkinson's disease patients have multiplied. The role of the immune system in the disease is supported by data from genetic studies and patients, as well as from laboratory animal models and cell cultures. In the immune response, the microglia, the immune cell of the brain, will have a determinant role. Interestingly, alpha-synuclein is suggested to have a central function not only in the neuronal events occurring in Parkinson's disease, but also in the immune response during the disease. Numerous studies have shown that alpha-synuclein can act directly on immune cells, such as microglia in brain, initiating a sterile response that will have consequences for the neuronal health and that could also translate in a peripheral immune response. In parallel, microglia should also act clearing alpha-synuclein thus avoiding an overabundance of the protein, which is crucial to the disease progression. Therefore, the microglia response in each moment will have significant consequences for the neuronal fate. Here we will review the literature addressing the microglia response in Parkinson's disease with an especial focus on the protein alpha-synuclein. We will also reflect upon the limitations of the studies carried so far and in the therapeutic possibilities opened based on these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Ferreira
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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