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Teo PY, Jung Y, Quach DH, Koh J, Ong RW, Goh A, Tan A, Ng CH, Seh CC, Tan KW, Horak ID, Low L. Overexpression of an Engineered SERPINB9 Enhances Allogeneic T-cell Persistence and Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:1108-1122. [PMID: 38833270 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells offer many advantages over autologous therapies, but their benefits are curtailed by graft-versus-host disease and elimination by recipient immune cells. Moreover, just as with autologous therapies, allogeneic CAR T cells are susceptible to activation-induced cell death (AICD) caused by chronic antigen exposure (CAE). Granzyme B- and Fas/Fas ligand-initiated caspase-mediated apoptoses are key mechanisms of T-cell death caused by T/NK cell-mediated allorejection or CAE. We explored a protective strategy of engineering CAR T cells to overexpress variants of the Granzyme B-specific serine protease inhibitor SERPINB9 (SB9) to improve allogeneic T-cell persistence and antitumor efficacy. We showed that the overexpression of an SB9 variant with broadened caspase specificity, SB9(CAS), not only significantly reduced rejection of allogeneic CAR T cells but also increased their resistance to AICD and enabled them to thrive better under CAE, thus improving allogeneic T-cell persistence and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, although SB9(CAS) overexpression improved the efficacy of allogeneic CAR T-cell therapy by conferring protection to cell death, we did not observe any autonomous growth, and the engineered CAR T cells were still susceptible to an inducible suicide switch. Hence, SB9(CAS) overexpression is a promising strategy that can strengthen current development of cell therapies, broadening their applications to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Y Teo
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David H Quach
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joanna Koh
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Alrina Tan
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee H Ng
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheah C Seh
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar W Tan
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lionel Low
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Hay ZL, Kim DD, Cimons JM, Knapp JR, Kohler ME, Quansah M, Zúñiga TM, Camp FA, Fujita M, Wang XJ, O’Connor BP, Slansky JE. Granzyme F: Exhaustion Marker and Modulator of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1381-1391. [PMID: 38416029 PMCID: PMC10984789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of proteases used by CD8 T cells to mediate cytotoxicity and other less-defined activities. The substrate and mechanism of action of many granzymes are unknown, although they diverge among the family members. In this study, we show that mouse CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) express a unique array of granzymes relative to CD8 T cells outside the tumor microenvironment in multiple tumor models. Granzyme F was one of the most highly upregulated genes in TILs and was exclusively detected in PD1/TIM3 double-positive CD8 TILs. To determine the function of granzyme F and to improve the cytotoxic response to leukemia, we constructed chimeric Ag receptor T cells to overexpress a single granzyme, granzyme F or the better-characterized granzyme A or B. Using these doubly recombinant T cells, we demonstrated that granzyme F expression improved T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target leukemia cells and induced a form of cell death other than chimeric Ag receptor T cells expressing only endogenous granzymes or exogenous granzyme A or B. However, increasing expression of granzyme F also had a detrimental impact on the viability of the host T cells, decreasing their persistence in circulation in vivo. These results suggest a unique role for granzyme F as a marker of terminally differentiated CD8 T cells with increased cytotoxicity, but also increased self-directed cytotoxicity, suggesting a potential mechanism for the end of the terminal exhaustion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L.Z. Hay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dale D. Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Cimons
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Knapp
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - M. Eric Kohler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado and Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary Quansah
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Faye A. Camp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA, and since moved to Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian P. O’Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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3
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CD8 + T cell differentiation status correlates with the feasibility of sustained unresponsiveness following oral immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6646. [PMID: 36333296 PMCID: PMC9636180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While food allergy oral immunotherapy (OIT) can provide safe and effective desensitization (DS), the immune mechanisms underlying development of sustained unresponsiveness (SU) following a period of avoidance are largely unknown. Here, we compare high dimensional phenotypes of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets of participants in a previously reported, phase 2 randomized, controlled, peanut OIT trial who achieved SU vs. DS (no vs. with allergic reactions upon food challenge after a withdrawal period; n = 21 vs. 30 respectively among total 120 intent-to-treat participants). Lower frequencies of naïve CD8+ T cells and terminally differentiated CD57+CD8+ T cell subsets at baseline (pre-OIT) are associated with SU. Frequency of naïve CD8+ T cells shows a significant positive correlation with peanut-specific and Ara h 2-specific IgE levels at baseline. Higher frequencies of IL-4+ and IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells post-OIT are negatively correlated with SU. Our findings provide evidence that an immune signature consisting of certain CD8+ T cell subset frequencies is potentially predictive of SU following OIT.
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4
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Lum FM, Torres-Ruesta A, Tay MZ, Lin RTP, Lye DC, Rénia L, Ng LFP. Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:597-613. [PMID: 36064780 PMCID: PMC9443635 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which causes disease in humans, has for many years been restricted to the African continent, with only a handful of sporadic cases in other parts of the world. However, unprecedented outbreaks of monkeypox in non-endemic regions have recently taken the world by surprise. In less than 4 months, the number of detected MPXV infections has soared to more than 48,000 cases, recording a total of 13 deaths. In this Review, we discuss the clinical, epidemiological and immunological features of MPXV infections. We also highlight important research questions and new opportunities to tackle the ongoing monkeypox outbreak. In this Review, Ng and colleagues examine the clinical, epidemiological and immunological aspects of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections, with a focus on mechanisms of host immunity to MPXV. The authors also consider the unique epidemiological and pathological characteristics of the current non-endemic outbreak of the virus and discuss vaccines, therapeutics and outstanding research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fok-Moon Lum
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew Z Tay
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- National Public Health Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David C Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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5
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Anes E, Pires D, Mandal M, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Spatial localization of cathepsins: Implications in immune activation and resolution during infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955407. [PMID: 35990632 PMCID: PMC9382241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins were first described, as endolysosomal proteolytic enzymes in reference to the organelles where they degrade the bulk of endogenous and exogenous substrates in a slightly acidic environment. These substrates include pathogens internalized via endocytosis and/or marked for destruction by autophagy. However, the role of cathepsins during infection far exceeds that of direct digestion of the pathogen. Cathepsins have been extensively investigated in the context of tumour associated immune cells and chronic inflammation. Several cathepsin-dependent immune responses develop in the endocytic pathway while others take place in the cytosol, the nucleus, or in the extracellular space. In this review we highlight the spatial localization of cathepsins and their implications in immune activation and resolution pathways during infection.
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Hlača N, Žagar T, Kaštelan M, Brajac I, Prpić-Massari L. Current Concepts of Vitiligo Immunopathogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071639. [PMID: 35884944 PMCID: PMC9313271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired immune-mediated disorder of pigmentation clinically characterized by well-defined depigmented or chalk-white macules and patches on the skin. The prevalence of vitiligo varies by geographical area, affecting 0.5% to 2% of the population. The disease imposes a significant psychological burden due to its major impact on patients’ social and emotional aspects of life. Given its autoimmune background, vitiligo is frequently associated with other autoimmune diseases or immune-mediated diseases. Vitiligo is a multifaceted disorder that involves both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. In recent years, major predisposing genetic loci for the development of vitiligo have been discovered. The current findings emphasize the critical role of immune cells and their mediators in the immunopathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative-stress-mediated activation of innate immunity cells such as dendritic cells, natural killer, and ILC-1 cells is thought to be a key event in the early onset of vitiligo. Innate immunity cells serve as a bridge to adaptive immunity cells including T helper 1 cells, cytotoxic T cells and resident memory T cells. IFN-γ is the primary cytokine mediator that activates the JAK/STAT pathway, causing keratinocytes to produce the key chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Complex interactions between immune and non-immune cells finally result in apoptosis of melanocytes. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the etiological and genetic factors that contribute to vitiligo, with a focus on immunopathogenesis and the key cellular and cytokine players in the disease’s inflammatory pathways.
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. The Immunogenetics of Vitiligo: An Approach Toward Revealing the Secret of Depigmentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:61-103. [PMID: 35286692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic skin disease and considered to be of autoimmune origin due to breaching of immunological self-tolerance, resulting in inappropriate immune responses against melanocytes. The development of vitiligo includes a strong heritable component. Different strategies ranging from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies are used to explore the genetic factors responsible for the disease. Several vitiligo loci containing the respective genes have been identified which contribute to vitiligo and genetic variants for some of the genes are still unknown. These genes include mainly the proteins that play a role in immune regulation and a few other genes important for apoptosis and regulation of melanocyte functions. Despite the available data on genetic variants and risk alleles which influence the biological processes, only few immunological pathways have been found responsible for all ranges of severity and clinical manifestations of vitiligo. However, studies have concluded that vitiligo is of autoimmune origin and manifests due to complex interactions in immune components and their inappropriate response toward melanocytes. The genes involved in the immune regulation and processing the melanocytes antigen and its presentation can serve as effective immune-therapeutics that can target specific immunological pathways involved in vitiligo. This chapter highlights those immune-regulatory genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility and loci identified to date and their implications in vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- In Vitro Specialty Lab Pvt. Ltd, 205-210, Golden Triangle, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
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8
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Xu L, Wang Y, Ma Y, Huan S, Song G. Monitoring Immunotherapy With Optical Molecular Imaging. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2547-2557. [PMID: 33949786 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an effective way to mobilize the body's own immune system to confront tumor cells. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy is affected by tumor heterogeneity, and the low therapeutic response to immunotherapy may lead to negative outcomes, which reinforces the urgency for early benefit predictors. Evaluating the infiltration of immune cells in solid tumors and metabolism changes of tumors provide potential response targets for monitoring immune response. Non-invasive imaging identifying prognostic biomarkers can select the beneficiaries of targeted immunotherapy from non-responses. Quantitative biomarkers may eventually improve the cancer management, help customize individual treatment plans and predict the treatment outcomes. In this review, we summarize the non-invasive optical molecular imaging methods for monitoring immunotherapy. With the combination of imaging and immunotherapy, the prediction of immunotherapy response may promote the development of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Youjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shuangyan Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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9
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Chen P, Wang Y, Li J, Bo X, Wang J, Nan L, Wang C, Ba Q, Liu H, Wang H. Diversity and intratumoral heterogeneity in human gallbladder cancer progression revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e462. [PMID: 34185421 PMCID: PMC8236117 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer (GC) is a malignant disease characterized with highly cellular heterogeneity and poor prognosis. Determining the intratumoral heterogeneity and microenvironment (TME) can provide novel therapeutic strategies for GC. METHODS We performed the single-cell RNA sequencing on the primary and lymph node metastatic gallbladder tumors and the adjacent normal tissues of five patients. The transcriptomic atlas and ligand-receptor-based intercellular communication networks of the single cells were characterized. RESULTS The transcriptomic landscape of 24,887 single cells was obtained and characterized as 10 cellular clusters, including epithelial, neuroendocrine tumor cells, T&NK cells, B cells, RGS5+ fibroblasts, POSTN+ fibroblasts, PDGFRA+ fibroblasts, endothelial, myeloid cells, and mast cells. Different types of GC harbored distinct epithelial tumor subpopulations, and squamous cell carcinoma could be differentiated from adenocarcinoma cells. Abundant immune cells infiltrated into adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, rather than neuroendocrine neoplasms, which showed significant enrichment of stromal cells. CD4+/FOXP3+ T-reg and CD4+/CXCL13+ T helper cells with higher exhausting biomarkers, as well as a dynamic lineage transition of tumor-associated macrophages from CCL20hi /CD163lo , CCL20lo /CD163hi to APOE+, were identified in GC tissues, suggesting the immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting status of immune cells in TME. Two distinct endothelial cells (KDR+ and ACKR1+), which were involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, showed remarkable ligand-receptor interactions with primary GC cells and macrophages in gallbladder tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a widespread reprogramming across multiple cell populations in GC progression, dissects the cellular heterogeneity and interactions in gallbladder TME, and provides potential therapeutic targets for GC.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gallbladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Gallbladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/genetics
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/metabolism
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Prognosis
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Biliary Tract Diseases InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer CenterZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaobo Bo
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Biliary Tract Diseases InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer CenterZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Biliary Tract Diseases InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer CenterZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lingxi Nan
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Biliary Tract Diseases InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer CenterZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Changcheng Wang
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Biliary Tract Diseases InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer CenterZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Houbao Liu
- Department of General SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Biliary Tract Diseases InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Cancer CenterZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Liu W, Zhou N, Liu Y, Zhang W, Li X, Wang Y, Zheng R, Zhang Y. Mesenchymal stem cell exosome-derived miR-223 alleviates acute graft-versus-host disease via reducing the migration of donor T cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:153. [PMID: 33637123 PMCID: PMC7913292 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been utilized in treating acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) as they show strong immunosuppressive capacity through the release of various mediators, including immunosuppressive molecules, growth factors, chemokines, and exosomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) derived from MSC exosomes (MSCs-Exo) play a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. However, the function of miRNAs in treating aGvHD remains unknown. Here, we performed expression profiling of exosome-miRNAs from human umbilical cord MSCs (huc-MSCs) and murine compact bone MSCs (mb-MSCs) to investigate their immunoregulation effects in aGvHD. Methods Huc-MSCs-Exo and mb-MSCs-Exo were isolated and constructed MSCs-Exo-derived miRNA expression profiling using high-throughput sequencing. High expression of miR-223 was identified in both kinds of MSCs-Exo by bioinformatics analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In vitro cell crawling assay, transmigration assay and adhesion assay were subsequently applied to investigate the regulation of miR-223 on T cells. MiR-223 target gene was analyzed by western blot, luciferase analysis, and qPCR. Moreover, murine aGvHD model was established by infusing splenocytes and bone marrow nuclear cells from C57BL/6j mice (H-2Kb) into BALB/c recipient mice (H-2Kd). For therapeutic effect, MSCs or miR-223 Agomir were injected via tail vein. The general conditions of the mice in each group were monitored. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes of mice spleen, liver, and intestine. Mechanistically, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to evaluate donor T cell migration, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17. Results High-throughput sequencing revealed high expression of miR-223 in huc-MSCs-Exo and mb-MSCs-Exo. MiR-223 could restrain adhesion and migration of T cells by inhibiting ICAM-1 expression in mouse lymphatic endothelial cells. MiR-223Agomir infusion attenuated aGvHD clinical symptoms, reduced the donor T cell infiltration into the spleen, liver, and intestine, and decreased inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17. Conclusion MSCs-Exo-derived miR-223 could attenuate aGvHD in mice through decreasing donor T cell migration. Our results unveil a new role of MSCs-Exo containing miR-223 in the treatment of aGvHD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02159-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Liu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Liu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Administration, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxiu Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hagn M, Jahrsdörfer B. Why do human B cells secrete granzyme B? Insights into a novel B-cell differentiation pathway. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1368-1375. [PMID: 23243600 PMCID: PMC3518509 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are generally believed to operate as producers of high affinity antibodies to defend the body against microorganisms, whereas cellular cytotoxicity is considered as an exclusive prerogative of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In conflict with this dogma, recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation enables B cells to produce and secrete the active form of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B (GrB). Although the production of GrB by B cells is not accompanied by that of perforin as in the case of many other GrB-secreting cells, recent findings suggest GrB secretion by B cells may play a significant role in early antiviral immune responses, in the regulation of autoimmune responses, and in cancer immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss in detail how GrB-secreting B cells may influence a variety of immune processes. A better understanding of the role that GrB-secreting B cells are playing in the immune system may allow for the development and improvement of novel immunotherapeutic approaches against infectious, autoimmune and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Frimpong A, Amponsah J, Adjokatseh AS, Agyemang D, Bentum-Ennin L, Ofori EA, Kyei-Baafour E, Akyea-Mensah K, Adu B, Mensah GI, Amoah LE, Kusi KA. Asymptomatic Malaria Infection Is Maintained by a Balanced Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559255. [PMID: 33281757 PMCID: PMC7705202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators of immunity and are associated with malaria disease outcomes. However, their role in the establishment of asymptomatic infections, which may precede the development of clinical symptoms, is not as well-understood. Methods We determined the association of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and other immune effector molecules with the development of asymptomatic malaria. We measured and compared the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and granzyme B, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 from children with asymptomatic malaria infections (either microscopic or submicroscopic) and uninfected controls using Luminex. Results We show that individuals with microscopic asymptomatic malaria had significantly increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 compared to uninfected controls. Children with either microscopic or submicroscopic asymptomatic malaria exhibited higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-4 compared to uninfected controls. The levels of most of the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines were comparable between children with microscopic and submicroscopic infections. The ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10, TNF-α/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10 as well as IFN-γ/IL-4 and IL-6/IL-4 did not differ significantly between the groups. Additionally, using a principal component analysis, the cytokines measured could not distinguish amongst the three study populations. This may imply that neither microscopic nor submicroscopic asymptomatic infections were polarized toward a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory response. Conclusion The data show that asymptomatic malaria infections result in increased plasma levels of both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines relative to uninfected persons. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are, however, largely maintained and this may in part, explain the lack of clinical symptoms. This is consistent with the generally accepted observation that clinical symptoms develop as a result of immunopathology involving dysregulation of inflammatory mediator balance in favor of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Frimpong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jones Amponsah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abigail Sena Adjokatseh
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Agyemang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lutterodt Bentum-Ennin
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Addo Ofori
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Akyea-Mensah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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13
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Co-Expression of IL-7 Improves NKG2D-Based CAR T Cell Therapy on Prostate Cancer by Enhancing the Expansion and Inhibiting the Apoptosis and Exhaustion. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071969. [PMID: 32698361 PMCID: PMC7409228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising approach in treating solid tumors but the therapeutic effect is limited. Prostate cancer is a typical solid malignancy with invasive property and a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. Ligands for the NKG2D receptor are primarily expressed on many cancer cells, including prostate cancer. In this study, we utilized NKG2D-based CAR to treat prostate cancer, and improved the therapeutic effect by co-expression of IL-7. The results showed that NKG2D-CAR T cells performed significantly increased cytotoxicity against prostate cancer compared to non-transduced T cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the introduction of the IL-7 gene into the NKG2D-CAR backbone enhanced the production of IL-7 in an antigen-dependent manner. NKG2DIL7-CAR T cells exhibited better antitumor efficacy at 16 h and 72 h in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in xenograft models more effectively. In mechanism, enhanced proliferation and Bcl-2 expression in CD8+ T cells, decreased apoptosis and exhaustion, and increased less-differentiated cell phenotype may be the reasons for the improved persistence and survival of NKG2DIL7-CAR T cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that NKG2D is a promising option for CAR T-cell therapy on prostate cancer, and IL-7 has enhanced effect on NKG2D-based CAR T-cell immunotherapy, providing a novel adoptive cell therapy for prostate cancer either alone or in combination with IL-7.
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Xing H, Tian G. Increased Interleukin-35 suppresses peripheral CD14 + monocytes function in patients with Kawasaki disease. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:17. [PMID: 32276581 PMCID: PMC7149926 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a newly identified IL-12 cytokine family member, which regulates the activity of immune cells in infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. However, the regulatory function of IL-35 in Kawasaki disease is not well elucidated. Methods Thirty-three patients with Kawasaki disease and seventeen healthy controls were studied. Peripheral IL-35 concentration was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. CD14+ monocytes were purified, and mRNA expression of IL-35 receptor (IL-12Rβ2 and gp130) was semi-quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD14+ monocytes were stimulated with recombinant IL-35. The modulatory role of IL-35 treated CD14+ monocytes to naïve CD4+ T cell activation was investigated by flow cytometry. The influence of IL-35 to cytotoxicity of CD14+ monocytes was assessed by measuring target cell death, cytokine and granzyme secretion. Results Plasma IL-35 concentration was elevated in patients with Kawasaki disease. There was no significant differences of either IL-12Rβ2 or gp130 mRNA expression in CD14+ monocytes between Kawasaki disease patients and controls. IL-35 suppressed CD14+ monocytes induced naïve CD4+ T cell activation in Kawasaki disease, and this process required direct cell-to-cell contact. IL-35 also inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α and granzyme B secretion by CD14+ monocytes from patients with Kawasaki disease, however, only granzyme B was responsible for the cytotoxicity of CD14+ monocytes. Conclusions IL-35 played an important immunosuppressive role to CD14+ monocytes function in Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Xing
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xi'an Children's Hospital), Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Qian X, Shi Z, Qi H, Zhao M, Huang K, Han D, Zhou J, Liu C, Liu Y, Lu Y, Yuan X, Zhao J, Kang C. A novel Granzyme B nanoparticle delivery system simulates immune cell functions for suppression of solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7616-7627. [PMID: 31695790 PMCID: PMC6831455 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma, has seen much success and played an increasingly important role in clinical studies. Nevertheless, the efficacy of immunotherapy in solid tumors still needs improvements due to the immunosuppressive properties of tumor cells and the microenvironment. To overcome these limitations, we prepared a novel tumor-targeting delivery system based on the underlying mechanism of immune-targeted cell death that encapsulated granzyme B protein within a porous polymeric nanocapsule. Methods: A cell-penetrating peptide TAT was attached onto granzyme B (GrB) to enhance its transmembrane transport efficiency and potency to induce cell apoptosis. The endocytosis and internalization pathways of GrB-TAT (GrB-T) were analyzed in comparison with perforin by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the positively charged GrB-T was wrapped into nanoparticles by p-2-methacryloyloxy ethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC)-modified HA (hyaluronic acid). The nanoparticles (called TCiGNPs) were characterized in terms of zeta potential and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro anti-tumor effects of GrB-T were examined by cell apoptosis assay and Western blotting analysis. The in vivo anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of TCiGNPs was evaluated in a mouse tumor model. Results: The TAT peptide could play a role similar to perforin to mediate direct transmembrane transfer of GrB and improve GrB-induced cell apoptosis. The TCiGNPs were successfully synthesized and accumulated in the solid tumor through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In the tumor microenvironment, TCiGNPs could be degraded by hyaluronidase and triggered the release of GrB-T. The TAT peptide enabled the translocation of GrB across the plasma membrane to induce tumor cell apoptosis in vivo. Conclusion: We successfully developed a granzyme B delivery system with a GrB-T core and a PMPC/HA shell that simulated CTL/NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy mechanism. The GrB delivery system holds great promise for cancer treatment analogous to the CTL/NK cell-induced immunotherapy.
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Eshima K, Misawa K, Ohashi C, Iwabuchi K. Role of T-bet, the master regulator of Th1 cells, in the cytotoxicity of murine CD4 + T cells. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:348-356. [PMID: 29577371 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells are generally regarded as helper T cells, some activated CD4+ T cells have cytotoxic properties. Given that CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) often secrete IFN-γ, CTL activity among CD4+ T cells may be attributable to Th1 cells, where a T-box family molecule, T-bet serves as the "master regulator". However, although the essential contribution of T-bet to expression of IFN-γ has been well-documented, it remains unclear whether T-bet is involved in CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, to investigate the ability of T-bet to confer cytolytic activity on CD4+ T cells, the T-bet gene (Tbx21) was introduced into non-cytocidal CD4+ T cell lines and their cytolytic function analyzed. Up-regulation of FasL (CD178), which provided the transfectant with cytotoxicity, was observed in Tbx21transfected CD4+ T cells but not in untransfected parental cells. In one cell line, T-bet transduction also induced perforin gene (Prf1) expression and Tbx21 transfectants efficiently killed Fas- target cells. Although T-bet was found to repress up-regulation of CD40L (CD154), which controls FasL-mediated cytolysis, the extent of CD40L up-regulation on in vitro-differentiated Th1 cells was similar to that on Th2 cells, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism. These results collectively indicate that T-bet may be involved in the expression of genes, such as FasL and Prf1, which confer cytotoxicity on Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kana Misawa
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ohashi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Chronic features of allergic asthma are enhanced in the absence of resistin-like molecule-beta. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7061. [PMID: 29728628 PMCID: PMC5935686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by inflammation and architectural changes in the lungs. A number of immune cells and mediators are recognized as initiators of asthma, although therapeutics based on these are not always effective. The multifaceted nature of this syndrome necessitate continued exploration of immunomodulators that may play a role in pathogenesis. We investigated the role of resistin-like molecule-beta (RELM-β), a gut antibacterial, in the development and pathogenesis of Aspergillus-induced allergic airways disease. Age and gender matched C57BL/6J and Retnlb−/− mice rendered allergic to Aspergillus fumigatus were used to measure canonical markers of allergic asthma at early and late time points. Inflammatory cells in airways were similar, although Retnlb−/− mice had reduced tissue inflammation. The absence of RELM-β elevated serum IgA and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs at homeostasis. Markers of chronic disease including goblet cell numbers, Muc genes, airway wall remodelling, and hyperresponsiveness were greater in the absence RELM-β. Specific inflammatory mediators important in antimicrobial defence in allergic asthma were also increased in the absence of RELM-β. These data suggest that while characteristics of allergic asthma develop in the absence of RELM-β, that RELM-β may reduce the development of chronic markers of allergic airways disease.
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Abstract
Asthma has been the most common chronic disease in children that places a major burden for affected people and their families.An integrated analysis of microarrays studies was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in childhood asthma compared with normal control. We also obtained the differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in childhood asthma according to GEO. The genes that were both differentially expressed and differentially methylated were identified. Functional annotation and protein-protein interaction network construction were performed to interpret biological functions of DEGs. We performed q-RT-PCR to verify the expression of selected DEGs.One DNA methylation and 3 gene expression datasets were obtained. Four hundred forty-one DEGs and 1209 DMGs in childhood asthma were identified. Among which, 16 genes were both differentially expressed and differentially methylated in childhood asthma. Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway were 3 significantly enriched pathways in childhood asthma according to our KEGG enrichment analysis. The PPI network of top 20 up- and downregulated DEGs consisted of 822 nodes and 904 edges and 2 hub proteins (UBQLN4 and MID2) were identified. The expression of 8 DEGs (GZMB, FGFBP2, CLC, TBX21, ALOX15, IL12RB2, UBQLN4) was verified by qRT-PCR and only the expression of GZMB and FGFBP2 was inconsistent with our integrated analysis.Our finding was helpful to elucidate the underlying mechanism of childhood asthma and develop new potential diagnostic biomarker and provide clues for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu-Hua Mu
- Department of General Surgery, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
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Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: the role of lymphocytes and related immune markers. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:299-305. [PMID: 28951703 PMCID: PMC5560176 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.69307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apart from neutrophils, other immune cells may play a significant pathogenetic role in cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (CLV). AIM To investigate lymphocytes and related immunological factors in patients with CLV requiring systemic glucocorticosteroid treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen patients with severe idiopathic CLV were treated with systemic prednisolone in a tapered dose regimen. Ten healthy individuals served as controls. At baseline and post-treatment, we studied inducer/helper and suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, CD4+CD25++CD127- cells, CD4+CD25+CD39+ cells and FOXP3, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA levels in the blood using flow cytometry and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. On immunohistochemistry, we studied CD4, CD8, granzyme B, TGF-β1, and IL-10. RESULTS Flow cytometry did not show significant differences. The RT-PCR revealed that TGF-β1 mRNA expression was significantly higher after therapy when compared to baseline and controls. On immunohistology, baseline CLV lesions showed significantly more CD4+ lymphocytes than post-treated CLV and controls. CD8+ expression was significantly higher after therapy when compared to baseline and controls. Baseline granzyme B was significantly increased when compared to treated CLV and controls. The IL-10 expression of treated CLV was significantly increased when compared to baseline CLV and; baseline CLV IL-10 expression was significantly increased as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Circulating T regulatory cells do not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CLV. T helper cells and granzyme B seem to be involved in the inflammatory cutaneous process of CLV. A resolution of CLV observed after glucocorticosteroid treatment may be mediated via up-regulation of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in different compartments.
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Restimulation-induced T-cell death through NTB-A/SAP signaling pathway is impaired in tuberculosis patients with depressed immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:716-728. [PMID: 28546549 PMCID: PMC5595630 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ contributes to host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously demonstrated that Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) expression on cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients was inversely correlated with IFN-γ production. Here we first investigated the role of NK, T- and B-cell antigen (NTB-A)/SAP pathway in the regulation of Th1 response against Mtb. Upon antigen stimulation, NTB-A phosphorylation rapidly increases and afterwards modulates IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion. To sustain a healthy immune system, controlled expansion and contraction of lymphocytes, both during and after an adaptive immune response, is essential. Besides, restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) results in an essential homeostatic mechanism for precluding excess T-cell accumulation and associated immunopathology during the course of certain infections. Accordingly, we found that the NTB-A/SAP pathway was required for RICD during active tuberculosis. In low responder (LR) TB patients, impaired RICD was associated with diminished FASL levels, IL-2 production and CD25high expression after cell-restimulation. Interestingly, we next observed that SAP mediated the recruitment of the Src-related kinase FYNT, only in T cells from LR TB patients that were resistant to RICD. Together, we showed that the NTB-A/SAP pathway regulates T-cell activation and RICD during human TB. Moreover, the NTB-A/SAP/FYNT axis promotes polarization to an unfavorable Th2-phenotype.
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Granzyme K‐deficient mice show no evidence of impaired antiviral immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:676-683. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bhat RM, Mathanda TR, Jayaprakash CS, Dandakeri S. Clinical, Histopathological Characteristics and Immunohistochemical Findings in Lichen Planus Pigmentosus. Indian J Dermatol 2017; 62:612-617. [PMID: 29263535 PMCID: PMC5724309 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_148_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP), a rare variant of lichen planus, is reported in various ethnic groups, more often from the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Aims: Although the condition is encountered quite often by dermatologists of this region, the data on the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) aspects of LPP are limited. This prospective study is aimed towards filling this lacuna. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from thirty clinically diagnosed cases of LPP who presented to the dermatology outpatient department. Skin biopsy and blood investigations were conducted and the specimens were further analyzed for their histopathological features and IHC staining for CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets along with CD45RO (UCHL-1), and CD68. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: The study showed a female preponderance (56.7%). Photo aggravation as a precipitating cause was seen in 40% of the individuals. The lesions with duration <4 months had a more intense inflammatory infiltrate on histology. CD4+ and CD8+ cells showed very good Pearsons correlation on statistical analysis. CD45 was seen in association with CD8+, and staining for CD68 to assess the macrophage density showed a close correlation with CD45RO. Limitations: Small sample size. Conclusion: LPP represents a misguided lesional immune response pattern. The intense inflammatory infiltrate seen in the early lesions necessitates prompt treatment to arrest progression which may prevent the chronic pigmentary phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh M Bhat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College and Hospital, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Teena Ramesh Mathanda
- Department of Dermatology, Cutis Academy of Cutaneous Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C S Jayaprakash
- Department of Pathology, Father Muller Medical College and Hospital, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sukumar Dandakeri
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Father Muller Medical College and Hospital, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Coomes SM, Kannan Y, Pelly VS, Entwistle LJ, Guidi R, Perez-Lloret J, Nikolov N, Müller W, Wilson MS. CD4 + Th2 cells are directly regulated by IL-10 during allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:150-161. [PMID: 27166557 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important regulatory cytokine required to control allergy and asthma. IL-10-mediated regulation of T cell-mediated responses was previously thought to occur indirectly via antigen-presenting cells. However, IL-10 can act directly on regulatory T cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. In the context of allergy, it is therefore unclear whether IL-10 can directly regulate T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and whether this is an important regulatory axis during allergic responses. We sought to determine whether IL-10 signaling in CD4+ Th2 cells was an important mechanism of immune regulation during airway allergy. We demonstrate that IL-10 directly limits Th2 cell differentiation and survival in vitro and in vivo. Ablation of IL-10 signaling in Th2 cells led to enhanced Th2 cell survival and exacerbated pulmonary inflammation in a murine model of house dust mite allergy. Mechanistically, IL-10R signaling regulated the expression of several genes in Th2 cells, including granzyme B. Indeed, IL-10 increased granzyme B expression in Th2 cells and led to increased Th2 cell death, identifying an IL-10-regulated granzyme B axis in Th2 cells controlling Th2 cell survival. This study provides clear evidence that IL-10 exerts direct effects on Th2 cells, regulating the survival of Th2 cells and severity of Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Coomes
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Y Kannan
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - V S Pelly
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - L J Entwistle
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - R Guidi
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J Perez-Lloret
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - N Nikolov
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - W Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M S Wilson
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Peroumal D, Abimannan T, Tagirasa R, Parida JR, Singh SK, Padhan P, Devadas S. Inherent low Erk and p38 activity reduce Fas Ligand expression and degranulation in T helper 17 cells leading to activation induced cell death resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54339-54359. [PMID: 27486885 PMCID: PMC5342346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation Induced Cell Death of T helper cells is central to maintaining immune homeostasis and a perturbation often manifests in aberrant T helper cells that is associated with immunopathologies. Significant presence of T cells positive for IL-17A (Th17) and dual positive for IFN-γ/IL-17A (Th1/Th17) in both effector (CD45RA+RO+) and memory (CD45RA-RO+) compartments with differential FasL protein in RA peripheral blood suggested their differential TCR AICD sensitivity. Lowered active caspase-3 in Th17 and Th1/Th17 over Th1 cells confirmed their capability to resist AICD and pointed to early upstream events. Differential MAPK activities, FasL protein and downstream caspase-3 activities in murine Th1 and Th17 cells established distinct TCR mediated signaling pathways and suggested low Erk and p38 activity as pivotal for AICD sensitivity. We extrapolated our mouse and human data and report that Fas-FasL is the preferred death pathway for both Th1 and Th17 and that inherently low Erk2 activity protected Th17 cells from TCR AICD. The presence of significantly higher numbers of aberrant T helper cells in RA also suggest an inflammatory cytokine milieu and AICD insensitive T cell link to sustained inflammation. Re sensitization to apoptosis by targeting MAPK activity especially Erk2 in RA might be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doureradjou Peroumal
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Chandrashekarpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Thiruvaimozhi Abimannan
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Chandrashekarpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ravichandra Tagirasa
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Chandrashekarpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyothi Ranjan Parida
- Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Chandrashekarpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasantha Padhan
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Satish Devadas
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Chandrashekarpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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26
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Shen C, Gao J, Sheng Y, Dou J, Zhou F, Zheng X, Ko R, Tang X, Zhu C, Yin X, Sun L, Cui Y, Zhang X. Genetic Susceptibility to Vitiligo: GWAS Approaches for Identifying Vitiligo Susceptibility Genes and Loci. Front Genet 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26870082 PMCID: PMC4740779 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component, characterized by areas of depigmented skin resulting from loss of epidermal melanocytes. Genetic factors are known to play key roles in vitiligo through discoveries in association studies and family studies. Previously, vitiligo susceptibility genes were mainly revealed through linkage analysis and candidate gene studies. Recently, our understanding of the genetic basis of vitiligo has been rapidly advancing through genome-wide association study (GWAS). More than 40 robust susceptible loci have been identified and confirmed to be associated with vitiligo by using GWAS. Most of these associated genes participate in important pathways involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Many susceptible loci with unknown functions in the pathogenesis of vitiligo have also been identified, indicating that additional molecular mechanisms may contribute to the risk of developing vitiligo. In this review, we summarize the key loci that are of genome-wide significance, which have been shown to influence vitiligo risk. These genetic loci may help build the foundation for genetic diagnosis and personalize treatment for patients with vitiligo in the future. However, substantial additional studies, including gene-targeted and functional studies, are required to confirm the causality of the genetic variants and their biological relevance in the development of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbing Shen
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Jinfa Dou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Randy Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xianfa Tang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Genetics and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China; Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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Mangan MSJ, Bird CH, Kaiserman D, Matthews AY, Hitchen C, Steer DL, Thompson PE, Bird PI. A Novel Serpin Regulatory Mechanism: SerpinB9 IS REVERSIBLY INHIBITED BY VICINAL DISULFIDE BOND FORMATION IN THE REACTIVE CENTER LOOP. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3626-38. [PMID: 26670609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protease inhibitor Sb9 (SerpinB9) is a regulator of the cytotoxic lymphocyte protease GzmB (granzyme B). Although GzmB is primarily involved in the destruction of compromised cells, recent evidence suggests that it is also involved in lysosome-mediated death of the cytotoxic lymphocyte itself. Sb9 protects the cell from GzmB released from lysosomes into the cytosol. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within cytotoxic lymphocytes by receptor stimulation are required for lyososomal permeabilization and release of GzmB into the cytosol. Importantly, ROS also inactivate Sb9 by oxidizing a highly conserved cysteine pair (P1-P1' in rodents and P1'-P2' in other mammals) in the reactive center loop to form a vicinal disulfide bond. Replacement of the P4-P3' reactive center loop residues of the prototype serpin, SERPINA1, with the P4-P5' residues of Sb9 containing the cysteine pair is sufficient to convert SERPINA1 into a ROS-sensitive GzmB inhibitor. Conversion of the cysteine pair to serines in either human or mouse Sb9 results in a functional serpin that inhibits GzmB and resists ROS inactivation. We conclude that ROS sensitivity of Sb9 allows the threshold for GzmB-mediated suicide to be lowered, as part of a conserved post-translational homeostatic mechanism regulating lymphocyte numbers or activity. It follows, for example, that antioxidants may improve NK cell viability in adoptive immunotherapy applications by stabilizing Sb9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S J Mangan
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Catherina H Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Dion Kaiserman
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Anthony Y Matthews
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Corinne Hitchen
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - David L Steer
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Philip E Thompson
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
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Du W, Leigh ND, Bian G, O'Neill RE, Mei L, Qiu J, Chen GL, Hahn T, Liu H, McCarthy PL, Cao X. Granzyme B-Mediated Activation-Induced Death of CD4+ T Cells Inhibits Murine Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4514-23. [PMID: 26392464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) has previously been shown to be critical for CD8(+) T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but dispensable for GVHD mediated by CD4(+) T cells. However, previous studies used high doses of CD4(+) T cells in MHC-mismatched models that caused rapid and lethal GVHD. Because of the hyperacute lethality, it is possible that the role of GzmB was concealed by the system. Therefore, in this study, we have titrated down the T cell dose to precisely determine the contribution of GzmB in GVHD mediated by CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Surprisingly, we have found that GzmB(-/-)CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells cause more severe GVHD compared with wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in both MHC-matched and mismatched models. Mechanistic analyses reveal that although GzmB does not affect donor T cell engraftment, proliferation or tissue-specific migration, GzmB(-/-) CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells exhibit significantly enhanced expansion because of GzmB-mediated activation-induced cell death of wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. As a result of enhanced expansion, GzmB(-/-) T cells produced higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IFN-γ) that may contribute to the exacerbated GVHD. These results reveal that GzmB diminishes the ability of CD4(+) T cells to cause acute GVHD, which contradicts its established role in CD8(+) T cells. The differential roles suggest that targeting GzmB in selected T cell subsets may provide a strategy to control GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Guanglin Bian
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215l
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - George L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Theresa Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263;
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29
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Cao K, Wang G, Li W, Zhang L, Wang R, Huang Y, Du L, Jiang J, Wu C, He X, Roberts AI, Li F, Rabson AB, Wang Y, Shi Y. Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent activation-induced cell death and promote anti-tumor immunity. Oncogene 2015; 34:5960-70. [PMID: 25745993 PMCID: PMC4672172 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The poor efficacy of the in vivo anti-tumor immune response has been partially attributed to ineffective T-cell responses mounted against the tumor. Fas-FasL-dependent activation-induced cell death (AICD) of T cells is believed to be a major contributor to compromised anti-tumor immunity. The molecular mechanisms of AICD are well-investigated, yet the possibility of regulating AICD for cancer therapy remains to be explored. In this study, we show that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) can inhibit apoptosis of CD4+ T cells within the tumor, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and suppressing melanoma growth. This inhibitory effect is specific for AICD through suppressing NFAT1-regulated FasL expression on activated CD4+ T cells. In gld/gld mice with mutation in FasL, the beneficial effect of HDACIs on AICD of infiltrating CD4+ T cells is not seen, confirming the critical role of FasL regulation in the anti-tumor effect of HDACIs. Importantly, we found that the co-administration of HDACIs and anti-CTLA4 could further enhance the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect on tumor. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the modulation of AICD of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells using HDACIs can enhance anti-tumor immune responses, uncovering a novel mechanism underlying the anti-tumor effect of HDACIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - G Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - W Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Zhang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - R Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Du
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Jiang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - C Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - X He
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - A I Roberts
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - A B Rabson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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30
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Monson MS, Settlage RE, Mendoza KM, Rawal S, El-Nezami HS, Coulombe RA, Reed KM. Modulation of the spleen transcriptome in domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in response to aflatoxin B1 and probiotics. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:163-78. [PMID: 25597949 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poultry are highly susceptible to the immunotoxic effects of the food-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Exposure impairs cell-mediated and humoral immunity, limits vaccine efficacy, and increases the incidence of costly secondary infections. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of AFB1 immunotoxicity and the ability of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic to protect against aflatoxicosis in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The spleen transcriptome was examined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 12 individuals representing four treatment groups. Sequences (6.9 Gb) were de novo assembled to produce over 270,000 predicted transcripts and transcript fragments. Differential expression analysis identified 982 transcripts with statistical significance in at least one comparison between treatment groups. Transcripts with known immune functions comprised 27.6 % of significant expression changes in the AFB1-exposed group. Short exposure to AFB1 suppressed innate immune transcripts, especially from antimicrobial genes, but increased the expression of transcripts from E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B and multiple interleukin-2 response genes. Up-regulation of transcripts from lymphotactin, granzyme A, and perforin 1 could indicate either increased cytotoxic potential or activation-induced cell death in the spleen during aflatoxicosis. Supplementation with probiotics was found to ameliorate AFB1-induced expression changes for multiple transcripts from antimicrobial and IL-2-response genes. However, probiotics had an overall suppressive effect on immune-related transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 295 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Grygorczuk S, Osada J, Moniuszko A, Świerzbińska R, Kondrusik M, Zajkowska J, Dunaj J, Dąbrowska M, Pancewicz S. Increased expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand in the culture of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 6:189-97. [PMID: 25541498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of the lymphocytes plays an essential role in the regulation of inflammatory/immune responses and its abnormalities may contribute to a chronic infection, persistent inflammation and autoimmunity. Its role in the pathogenesis of the late Lyme borreliosis manifestations has not been studied so far. We have measured Th lymphocyte apoptosis rate, membrane expression of pro-apoptotic Fas receptor, and supernatant concentrations of selected soluble pro- and anti-apoptotic mediators in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 patients with disseminated Lyme borreliosis (6 with osteoarticular symptoms, 7 with neuroborreliosis and 3 with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) and 8 healthy controls. The cultures stimulated for 48h with live Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii or B. afzelii spirochetes. Fraction of the apoptotic Th (CD3+CD4+) lymphocytes and expression of Fas in this cell population was measured cytometrically and concentrations of soluble Fas, soluble Fas ligand, IL-10, IL-12 and TGF-β in culture supernatant with ELISA assays. The expression of IL-10, soluble and membrane Fas and soluble Fas ligand was increased under stimulation and higher in the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto than the other species. Apoptosis rate was not affected. There was no difference between Lyme borreliosis patients and controls. IL-10 concentration correlated negatively with the membrane Fas expression and apoptosis under stimulation with B. afzelii and B. garinii. Expression of Fas/FasL system is up-regulated under stimulation with B. burgdorferi, but without corresponding increase in lymphocyte apoptosis. Variable responses observed with different B. burgdorferi species may reflect differences in the pathogenesis of the infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Osada
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Milena Dąbrowska
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
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Perišić Nanut M, Sabotič J, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins as regulators of the cytotoxicity of NK and T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:616. [PMID: 25520721 PMCID: PMC4251435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases involved at different levels in the processes of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Some, such as cathepsins B, L, and H are expressed constitutively in most immune cells. In cells of innate immunity they play a role in cell adhesion and phagocytosis. Other cysteine cathepsins are expressed more specifically. Cathepsin X promotes dendritic cell maturation, adhesion of macrophages, and migration of T cells. Cathepsin S is implicated in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation, whereas cathepsin C, expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, is involved in processing pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms, which trigger cell death in their target cells. The activity of cysteine cathepsins is controlled by endogenous cystatins, cysteine protease inhibitors. Of these, cystatin F is the only cystatin that is localized in endosomal/lysosomal vesicles. After proteolytic removal of its N-terminal peptide, cystatin F becomes a potent inhibitor of cathepsin C with the potential to regulate pro-granzyme processing and cell cytotoxicity. This review is focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in the molecular mechanisms leading to the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and NK cells in order to address new possibilities for regulation of their function in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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33
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Granzyme-mediated regulation of host defense in the liver in experimental Leishmania donovani infection. Infect Immun 2014; 83:702-12. [PMID: 25452549 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02418-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the livers of susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with Leishmania donovani, CD8(+) T cell mechanisms are required for granuloma assembly, macrophage activation, intracellular parasite killing, and self-cure. Since gene expression of perforin and granzymes A and B (GzmA and GzmB), cytolytic proteins linked to CD8(+) cell effector function, was enhanced in infected liver tissue, B6 mice deficient in these granular proteins were used to gauge host defense roles. Neither perforin nor GzmA was required; however, mice deficient in GzmB (GzmB(-/-), GzmB cluster(-/-), and GzmA×B cluster double knockout [DKO] mice) showed both delayed granuloma assembly and initially impaired control of parasite replication. Since these two defects in B6 mice were limited to early-stage infection, innately resistant 129/Sv mice were also tested. In this genetic setting, expression of both innate and subsequent T (Th1) cell-dependent acquired resistance, including the self-cure phenotype, was entirely derailed in GzmA×B cluster DKO mice. These results, in susceptible B6 mice for GzmB and in resistant 129/Sv mice for GzmA and/or the GzmB cluster, point to granzyme-mediated host defense regulation in the liver in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
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34
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Prakash MD, Munoz MA, Jain R, Tong PL, Koskinen A, Regner M, Kleifeld O, Ho B, Olson M, Turner SJ, Mrass P, Weninger W, Bird PI. Granzyme B promotes cytotoxic lymphocyte transmigration via basement membrane remodeling. Immunity 2014; 41:960-72. [PMID: 25526309 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a protease with a well-characterized intracellular role in targeted destruction of compromised cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, GzmB also cleaves extracellular matrix components, suggesting that it influences the interplay between cytotoxic lymphocytes and their environment. Here, we show that GzmB-null effector T cells and natural killer (NK) cells exhibited a cell-autonomous homing deficit in mouse models of inflammation and Ectromelia virus infection. Intravital imaging of effector T cells in inflamed cremaster muscle venules revealed that GzmB-null cells adhered normally to the vessel wall and could extend lamellipodia through it but did not cross it efficiently. In vitro migration assays showed that active GzmB was released from migrating cytotoxic lymphocytes and enabled chemokine-driven movement through basement membranes. Finally, proteomic analysis demonstrated that GzmB cleaved basement membrane constituents. Our results highlight an important role for GzmB in expediting cytotoxic lymphocyte diapedesis via basement membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Marcia A Munoz
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Philip L Tong
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Aulikki Koskinen
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bosco Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paulus Mrass
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Herías V, Biessen EAL, Beckers C, Delsing D, Liao M, Daemen MJ, Pham CCTN, Heeneman S. Leukocyte cathepsin C deficiency attenuates atherosclerotic lesion progression by selective tuning of innate and adaptive immune responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:79-86. [PMID: 25395616 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protein degrading activity of cathepsin C (CatC), combined with its role in leukocyte granule activation, suggests a contribution of this cystein protease in atherosclerosis. However, no experimental data are available to validate this concept. APPROACH AND RESULTS CatC gene and protein expression were increased in ruptured versus advanced stable human carotid artery lesions. To assess causal involvement of CatC in plaque progression and stability, we generated LDLr(-/-)//CatC(-/-) chimeras by bone marrow transplantation. CatC(-/-) chimeras presented attenuated plaque burden in carotids, descending aorta, aortic arch and root, at both the early and advanced plaque stage. CatC was abundantly expressed by plaque macrophages and foam cells. CatC expression and activity were dramatically downregulated in plaques of CatC(-/-) chimeras, supporting a hematopoietic origin of plaque CatC. Our studies unveiled an unexpected feedback of CatC deficiency on macrophage activation programs and T helper cell differentiation in as much as that CatC expression was upregulated in M1 macrophages, whereas its deficiency led to combined M2 (in vitro) and Th2 polarization (in vivo). CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate CatC has a role in the selective tuning of innate and adaptive immune responses, relevant to a chronic immune disease, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Herías
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Cora Beckers
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Dianne Delsing
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Mengyang Liao
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Mat J Daemen
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Christine C T N Pham
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.)
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- From the Experimental Vascular Pathology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (V.H., E.A.L.B., C.B., S.H.); Department of Immune Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands (D.D.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.L.); Department of Pathology M2-206, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.D.); and Department of Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO (C.T.N.P.).
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Getachew Y, Cusimano FA, James LP, Thiele DL. The role of intrahepatic CD3+/CD4-/CD8- double negative T (DN T) cells in enhanced acetaminophen toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:264-71. [PMID: 25168425 PMCID: PMC4253711 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of the immune system, specifically NK, NKT and CD3 cells, in acetaminophen (APAP) induced liver injury remains inconsistently defined. In the present study, wild type (C57BL/6J) mice and granzyme B deficient (GrB -/-) mice were treated with acetaminophen to assess the role of the immune system in acute liver injury. Doses of acetaminophen that induced sub lethal liver injury in wild type mice unexpectedly produced fatal hepatotoxicity in granzyme B deficient (GrB -/-) mice. Analysis revealed that GrB -/- mice had an increased population of intrahepatic CD3 (+), CD4 (-), and CD8 (-) lymphocytes expressing the CD69 activation marker and Fas ligand. Depletion of these cells in the GrB -/- and wild type mice made them less susceptible to APAP injury, while depletion of NK1.1 (+) cells or both CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T cells failed to provide the same hepatoprotection. Transfer of the GrB -/- IHLs further exacerbated liver injury and increased mortality in wild type mice but not in LRP/LPR mice, lacking fas expression. CONCLUSIONS Acetaminophen toxicity is enhanced by the presence of activated, FasL expressing intrahepatic CD3 (+), CD4 (-), CD8 (-), NK1.1 (-) T cells. Depletion of these cells from GrB -/- mice and wild type mice greatly reduces mortality and improves the course of liver injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Getachew
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA.
| | - Frank A Cusimano
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dwain L Thiele
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
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Tousif S, Singh DK, Ahmad S, Moodley P, Bhattacharyya M, Van Kaer L, Das G. Isoniazid induces apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells: implications for post-therapy tuberculosis reactivation and reinfection. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30190-30195. [PMID: 25202011 PMCID: PMC4215201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.598946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second highest killer from a single infectious disease worldwide. Current therapy of TB is lengthy and consists of multiple expensive antibiotics, in a strategy referred to as Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS). Although this therapy is effective, it has serious disadvantages. These therapeutic agents are toxic and are associated with the development of a variety of drug-resistant TB strains. Furthermore, patients treated with DOTS exhibit enhanced post-treatment susceptibility to TB reactivation and reinfection, suggesting therapy-related immune impairment. Here we show that Isoniazid (INH) treatment dramatically reduces Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific immune responses, induces apoptosis in activated CD4+ T cells, and renders treated animals vulnerable to TB reactivation and reinfection. Consequently, our findings suggest that TB treatment is associated with immune impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Tousif
- School of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Singh
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), ArunaAsaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shaheer Ahmad
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine (SCMM), Jawaharlal Nehru University, ArunaAsaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prashini Moodley
- School of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Maitree Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India, and
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Gobardhan Das
- School of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa,; Special Center for Molecular Medicine (SCMM), Jawaharlal Nehru University, ArunaAsaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India,.
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38
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Current aspects of vitiligo genetics. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2014; 31:247-55. [PMID: 25254010 PMCID: PMC4171675 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.43497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmentation disorder of the skin manifested by the presence of white macules. The disease occurs at a frequency of approximately 1–4% of the world population. Currently, the most popular theory of vitiligo development is a multifactorial hypothesis according to which genetic conditions predispose vitiligo macules to occur as a result of specific environmental factors. According to the genetic hypothesis, vitiligo inheritance is multigenic. Genetic studies conducted so far concern patients with non-segmental vitiligo. There are three basic techniques of genetic studies: candidate gene association studies, genomewide linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The GWAS are the “gold standard” for detecting susceptibility genes. Up to now, approximately 36 convincing non-segmental vitiligo susceptibility loci have been identified. Approximately 90% of them encode immunoregulatory proteins, while approximately 10% encode melanocyte proteins. The existence of various associations between vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases may provide new knowledge on the causes of many disorders. Examples include the inverse relationship between vitiligo and melanoma and association of vitiligo with other autoimmune diseases. The main goal of all researches is to find new, optimal therapeutic strategies for vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases.
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Interleukin-17 enhances immunosuppression by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1758-68. [PMID: 25034782 PMCID: PMC4211372 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is one of the most potent and most actively investigated proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we examined the effect of IL-17 on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under the influence of inflammatory cytokines. Ironically, IL-17 dramatically enhanced the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs induced by IFNγ and TNFα, revealing a novel role of IL-17 in immunosuppression. Interestingly, we found that this action of IL-17 was dependent on the promoted expression of a key immune suppressive molecule, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in MSCs. In a concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis mouse model, we found that IL-17 also enhanced the in vivo immunosuppressive effect of MSCs in an iNOS-dependent manner. Moreover, this promoting effect of IL-17 was found to be exerted through enhancing mRNA stability by modulating the protein level of ARE/poly(U)-binding/degradation factor 1 (AUF1), a well-known factor that promotes mRNA decay. In auf1−/− MSCs, IFNγ and TNFα could induce maximal immunosuppressive effect, both in vitro and in vivo, without the need for IL-17. Thus, our studies demonstrated that in the presence of MSCs, IL-17 promotes immunosuppression.
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40
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Couturier J, Hutchison AT, Medina MA, Gingaras C, Urvil P, Yu X, Nguyen C, Mahale P, Lin L, Kozinetz CA, Schmitz JE, Kimata JT, Savidge TC, Lewis DE. HIV replication in conjunction with granzyme B production by CCR5+ memory CD4 T cells: Implications for bystander cell and tissue pathologies. Virology 2014; 462-463:175-88. [PMID: 24999042 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrzB) is expressed by activated T cells and mediates cellular apoptosis. GrzB also acts as an extracellular protease involved in tissue degradation. We hypothesized that GrzB production from activated memory CD4 T cells may be associated with HIV pathogenesis. We found that stimulated memory CD4 T cells (via costimulation, cytokines, and TLR ligands) concomitantly produced GrzB and HIV. Both GrzB and HIV expression were mainly restricted to CCR5-expressing memory CD4+CD45RO+ T cells, including Th1 and Th17 subsets. Activated memory CD4 T cells also mediated tissue damage, such as disruption of intestinal epithelial monolayers. In non-human primates, CD4 T cells of rhesus macaques (pathogenic SIV hosts) expressed higher GrzB compared to African green monkeys (non-pathogenic SIV hosts). These results suggest that GrzB from CCR5+ memory CD4 T cells may have a role in cellular and tissue pathologies during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Couturier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander T Hutchison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel A Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cosmina Gingaras
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Petri Urvil
- Texas Children׳s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chi Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parag Mahale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Texas Children׳s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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41
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Joeckel LT, Bird PI. Are all granzymes cytotoxic in vivo? Biol Chem 2014; 395:181-202. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases mainly found in cytotoxic lymphocytes. The most-studied member of this group is granzyme B, which is a potent cytotoxin that has set the paradigm that all granzymes are cyototoxic. In the last 5 years, this paradigm has become controversial. On one hand, there is a plethora of sometimes contradictory publications showing mainly caspase-independent cytotoxic effects of granzyme A and the so-called orphan granzymes in vitro. On the other hand, there are increasing numbers of reports of granzymes failing to induce cell death in vitro unless very high (potentially supra-physiological) concentrations are used. Furthermore, experiments with granzyme A or granzyme M knock-out mice reveal little or no deficit in their cytotoxic lymphocytes’ killing ability ex vivo, but indicate impairment in the inflammatory response. These findings of non-cytotoxic effects of granzymes challenge dogma, and thus require alternative or additional explanations to be developed of the role of granzymes in defeating pathogens. Here we review evidence for granzyme cytotoxicity, give an overview of their non-cytotoxic functions, and suggest technical improvements for future investigations.
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The granzyme B-Serpinb9 axis controls the fate of lymphocytes after lysosomal stress. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:876-87. [PMID: 24488096 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs) contain lysosome-related organelles (LROs) that perform the normal degradative functions of the lysosome, in addition to storage and release of powerful cytotoxins employed to kill virally infected or abnormal cells. Among these cytotoxins is granzyme B (GrB), a protease that has also been implicated in activation (restimulation)-induced cell death of natural killer (NK) and T cells, but the underlying mechanism and its regulation are unclear. Here we show that restimulation of previously activated human or mouse lymphocytes induces lysosomal membrane permeabilisation (LMP), followed by GrB release from LROs into the CL cytosol. The model lysosomal stressors sphingosine and Leu-Leu-methyl-ester, and CLs from gene-targeted mice were used to show that LMP releases GrB in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and that the liberated GrB is responsible for cell death. The endogenous GrB inhibitor Serpinb9 (Sb9) protects CLs against LMP-induced death but is decreasingly effective as the extent of LMP increases. We also used these model stressors to show that GrB is the major effector of LMP-mediated death in T cells, but that in NK cells additional effectors are released, making GrB redundant. We found that limited LMP and GrB release occurs constitutively in proliferating lymphocytes and in NK cells engaged with targets in vitro. In Ectromelia virus-infected lymph nodes, working NK cells lacking Sb9 are more susceptible to GrB-mediated death. Taken together, these data show that a basal level of LMP occurs in proliferating and activated lymphocytes, and is increased on restimulation. LMP releases GrB from LROs into the lymphocyte cytoplasm and its ensuing interaction with Sb9 dictates whether or not the cell survives. The GrB-Sb9 nexus may therefore represent an additional mechanism of limiting lymphocyte lifespan and populations.
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Wang S, He MF, Chen YH, Wang MY, Yu XM, Bai J, Zhu HY, Wang YY, Zhao H, Mei Q, Nie J, Ma J, Wang JF, Wen Q, Ma L, Wang Y, Wang XN. Rapid reuptake of granzyme B leads to emperitosis: an apoptotic cell-in-cell death of immune killer cells inside tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e856. [PMID: 24113190 PMCID: PMC3824662 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A cell-in-cell process refers to the invasion of one living cell into another homotypic or heterotypic cell. Different from non-apoptotic death processes of internalized cells termed entosis or cannibalism, we previously reported an apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurring during heterotypic cell-in-cell formation. In this study, we further demonstrated that the apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurred only in internalized immune killer cells expressing granzyme B (GzmB). Vacuole wrapping around the internalized cells inside the target cells was the common hallmark during the early stage of all cell-in-cell processes, which resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent mitochondrial injury of encapsulated killer or non-cytotoxic immune cells. However, internalized killer cells mediated rapid bubbling of the vacuoles with the subsequent degranulation of GzmB inside the vacuole of the target cells and underwent the reuptake of GzmB by killer cells themselves. The confinement of GzmB inside the vacuole surpassed the lysosome-mediated cell death occurring in heterotypic or homotypic entosis processes, resulting in a GzmB-triggered caspase-dependent apoptotic cell-in-cell death of internalized killer cells. On the contrary, internalized killer cells from GzmB-deficient mice underwent a typical non-apoptotic entotic cell-in-cell death similar to that of non-cytotoxic immune cells or tumor cells. Our results thus demonstrated the critical involvement of immune cells with cytotoxic property in apoptotic cell-in-cell death, which we termed as emperitosis taken from emperipolesis and apoptosis. Whereas entosis or cannibalism may serve as a feed-on mechanism to exacerbate and nourish tumor cells, emperitosis of immune killer cells inside tumor cells may serve as an in-cell danger sensation model to prevent the killing of target cells from inside, implying a unique mechanism for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- 1] The Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital and South China University of Technology, The State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing 100853, China, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Guangzhou 510006, China [2] The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
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A novel subset of helper T cells promotes immune responses by secreting GM-CSF. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1731-41. [PMID: 24076588 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Helper T cells are crucial for maintaining proper immune responses. Yet, they have an undefined relationship with one of the most potent immune stimulatory cytokines, granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). By depleting major cytokines during the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells in vitro, we derived cells that were found to produce large amounts of GM-CSF, but little of the cytokines produced by other helper T subsets. By their secretion of GM-CSF, this novel subset of helper T cells (which we have termed ThGM cells) promoted the production of cytokines by other T-cell subtypes, including type 1 helper T cell (Th1), type 2 helper T cell (Th2), type 1 cytotoxic T cell (Tc1), type 2 cytotoxic T cell (Tc2), and naive T cells, as evidenced by the fact that antibody neutralization of GM-CSF abolished this effect. ThGM cells were found to be highly prone to activation-induced cell death (AICD). Inhibitors of TRAIL or granzymes could not block AICD in ThGM cells, whereas inhibition of FasL/Fas interaction partially rescued ThGM cells from AICD. Thus, ThGM cells are a novel subpopulation of T helper cells that produce abundant GM-CSF, exhibit exquisite susceptibility to apoptosis, and therefore play a pivotal role in the regulation of the early stages of immune responses.
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45
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Pereira-Manfro WF, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Filardy AA, Vellozo NS, Guillermo LVC, Silva EM, Siegel RM, Dosreis GA, Lopes MF. Inhibition of caspase-8 activity promotes protective Th1- and Th2-mediated immunity to Leishmania major infection. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:347-55. [PMID: 24072877 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated how apoptosis pathways mediated by death receptors and caspase-8 affect cytokine responses and immunity to Leishmania major parasites. Splenic CD4 T cells undergo activation-induced apoptosis, and blockade of FasL-Fas interaction increased IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine responses to L. major antigens. To block death receptor-induced death, we used mice expressing a T cell-restricted transgene for vFLIP. Inhibition of caspase-8 activation in vFLIP mice enhanced Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses to L. major infection, even in the Th1-prone B6 background. We also observed increased NO production by splenocytes from vFLIP mice upon T cell activation. Despite an exacerbated Th2 response, vFLIP mice controlled better L. major infection, with reduced lesions and lower parasite loads compared with WT mice. Moreover, injection of anti-IL-4 mAb in infected vFLIP mice disrupted control of parasite infection. Therefore, blockade of caspase-8 activity in T cells improves immunity to L. major infection by promoting increased Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wânia F Pereira-Manfro
- 5.Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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46
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Fabricius D, Nußbaum B, Busch D, Panitz V, Mandel B, Vollmer A, Westhoff MA, Kaltenmeier C, Lunov O, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Jahrsdörfer B, Debatin KM. Antiviral Vaccines License T Cell Responses by Suppressing Granzyme B Levels in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1144-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Selvakumar K, Krishnamoorthy G, Venkataraman P, Arunakaran J. Reactive oxygen species induced oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis and alternative death pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.41003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bian G, Ding X, Leigh ND, Tang Y, Capitano ML, Qiu J, McCarthy PL, Liu H, Cao X. Granzyme B–Mediated Damage of CD8+T Cells Impairs Graft-versus-Tumor Effect. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1341-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aijö T, Edelman SM, Lönnberg T, Larjo A, Kallionpää H, Tuomela S, Engström E, Lahesmaa R, Lähdesmäki H. An integrative computational systems biology approach identifies differentially regulated dynamic transcriptome signatures which drive the initiation of human T helper cell differentiation. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:572. [PMID: 23110343 PMCID: PMC3526425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A proper balance between different T helper (Th) cell subsets is necessary for normal functioning of the adaptive immune system. Revealing key genes and pathways driving the differentiation to distinct Th cell lineages provides important insight into underlying molecular mechanisms and new opportunities for modulating the immune response. Previous computational methods to quantify and visualize kinetic differential expression data of three or more lineages to identify reciprocally regulated genes have relied on clustering approaches and regression methods which have time as a factor, but have lacked methods which explicitly model temporal behavior. Results We studied transcriptional dynamics of human umbilical cord blood T helper cells cultured in absence and presence of cytokines promoting Th1 or Th2 differentiation. To identify genes that exhibit distinct lineage commitment dynamics and are specific for initiating differentiation to different Th cell subsets, we developed a novel computational methodology (LIGAP) allowing integrative analysis and visualization of multiple lineages over whole time-course profiles. Applying LIGAP to time-course data from multiple Th cell lineages, we identified and experimentally validated several differentially regulated Th cell subset specific genes as well as reciprocally regulated genes. Combining differentially regulated transcriptional profiles with transcription factor binding site and pathway information, we identified previously known and new putative transcriptional mechanisms involved in Th cell subset differentiation. All differentially regulated genes among the lineages together with an implementation of LIGAP are provided as an open-source resource. Conclusions The LIGAP method is widely applicable to quantify differential time-course dynamics of many types of datasets and generalizes to any number of conditions. It summarizes all the time-course measurements together with the associated uncertainty for visualization and manual assessment purposes. Here we identified novel human Th subset specific transcripts as well as regulatory mechanisms important for the initiation of the Th cell subset differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Aijö
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Kaul V, Van Kaer L, Das G, Das J. Prostanoid receptor 2 signaling protects T helper 2 cells from BALB/c mice against activation-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25434-9. [PMID: 22654101 PMCID: PMC3408175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c111.324707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 2 (Th2) cells play a central role in the progression of many diseases such as allergic airway inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and infections caused by intracellular pathogens. Consequently, animals such as BALB/c mice, which exhibit a propensity for generating Th2 responses, are susceptible to allergic airway inflammation, type-II autoimmune diseases, and various infections induced by intracellular pathogens, namely, Leishmania. In contrast, C3H/OuJ mice have a tendency for generating T helper 1 (Th1) responses and show resistance to these diseases. Here, we show that prostaglandin endoperoxide E(2) selectively inhibits activation-induced cell death of Th2 cells by signaling through its receptor E-prostanoid receptor 2 (EP2). Consequently, Th2 cells derived from BALB/c mice expressed very high levels of EP2. On the other hand, Th2 cells derived from C3H/OuJ mice expressed very low levels of EP2, which failed to support the survival of Th2 cells. Furthermore, we found that this effect of EP2 on Th2 cells from BALB/c mice was executed by a granzyme B-mediated mechanism. EP2 belongs to a group of G-protein-coupled receptors that are amenable to therapeutic targeting. Our findings therefore identify EP2 as a promising target for small molecule-directed immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kaul
- Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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