1
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Dadelahi AS, Abushahba MFN, Ponzilacqua-Silva B, Chambers CA, Moley CR, Lacey CA, Dent AL, Skyberg JA. Interactions between B cells and T follicular regulatory cells enhance susceptibility to Brucella infection independent of the anti-Brucella humoral response. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011672. [PMID: 37721965 PMCID: PMC10538787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by facultative, intracellular Brucella spp., often results in chronic and/or lifelong infection. Therefore, Brucella must employ mechanisms to subvert adaptive immunity to cause chronic infection. B lymphocytes enhance susceptibility to infection with Brucella spp. though the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigated the role of antibody secretion, B cell receptor (BCR) specificity, and B cell antigen presentation on susceptibility to B. melitensis. We report that mice unable to secrete antibody do not display altered resistance to Brucella. However, animals with B cells that are unable to recognize Brucella through their BCR are resistant to infection. In addition, B cell MHCII expression enhances susceptibility to infection in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner, and we found that follicular B cells are sufficient to inhibit CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity against Brucella. B cells promote development of T follicular helper (TFH) and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells during Brucella infection. Inhibition of B cell and CD4+ T cell interaction via CD40L blockade enhances resistance to Brucella in a B cell dependent manner concomitant with suppression of TFH and TFR differentiation. Conversely, PD-1 blockade increases Brucella burdens in a B and CD4+ T cell dependent manner while augmenting T regulatory (TReg) and TFR responses. Intriguingly, TFR deficiency enhances resistance to Brucella via a B cell dependent, but antibody independent mechanism. Collectively, these results demonstrate B cells support TFR responses that promote susceptibility to Brucella infection independent of the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis S. Dadelahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mostafa F. N. Abushahba
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Bárbara Ponzilacqua-Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Moley
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Lacey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jerod A. Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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2
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Mulik S, Berber E, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Controlling viral inflammatory lesions by rebalancing immune response patterns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257192. [PMID: 37671156 PMCID: PMC10475736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a variety of immune modulating approaches that could be used to counteract tissue-damaging viral immunoinflammatory lesions which typify many chronic viral infections. We make the point that in several viral infections the lesions can be largely the result of one or more aspects of the host response mediating the cell and tissue damage rather than the virus itself being directly responsible. However, within the reactive inflammatory lesions along with the pro-inflammatory participants there are also other aspects of the host response that may be acting to constrain the activity of the damaging components and are contributing to resolution. This scenario should provide the prospect of rebalancing the contributions of different host responses and hence diminish or even fully control the virus-induced lesions. We identify several aspects of the host reactions that influence the pattern of immune responsiveness and describe approaches that have been used successfully, mainly in model systems, to modulate the activity of damaging participants and which has led to lesion control. We emphasize examples where such therapies are, or could be, translated for practical use in the clinic to control inflammatory lesions caused by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Barry Tyrrell Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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3
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Wang J, Brown K, Danehy C, Mérigeon E, Goralski S, Rice S, Torgbe K, Thomas F, Block D, Olsen H, Strome SE, Fitzpatrick EA. Fc multimers effectively treat murine models of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199747. [PMID: 37638040 PMCID: PMC10451071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with limited therapeutic options. Recombinant Fc multimers (rFc), designed to mirror many of the anti-inflammatory activities of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), have been shown to effectively treat numerous immune-mediated diseases in rodents. In this study we used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS to test the efficacy of a rFc, M019, that consists of multimers of the Fc portion of IgG2, in inhibiting disease severity. We show that M019 effectively reduced clinical symptoms when given either pre- or post-symptom onset compared to vehicle treated EAE induced mice. M019 was effective in reducing symptoms in both SJL model of relapsing remitting MS as well as the B6 model of chronic disease. M019 binds to FcγR bearing-monocytes both in vivo and in vitro and prevented immune cell infiltration into the CNS of treated mice. The lack of T cell infiltration into the spinal cord was not due to a decrease in T cell priming; there was an equivalent frequency of Th17 cells in the spleens of M019 and vehicle treated EAE induced mice. Surprisingly, there was an increase in chemokines in the sera but not in the CNS of M019 treated mice compared to vehicle treated animals. We postulate that M019 interacts with a FcγR rich monocyte intermediary to prevent T cell migration into the CNS and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kellie Brown
- Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Caroline Danehy
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Samuel Rice
- College of Medicine, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kwame Torgbe
- Dept. of Pathology, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Div. of Biostatistics, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Scott E. Strome
- Dept. of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, United States
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4
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Nath PR, Pal-Nath D, Kaur S, Gangaplara A, Meyer TJ, Cam MC, Roberts DD. Loss of CD47 alters CD8+ T cell activation in vitro and immunodynamics in mice. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2111909. [PMID: 36105746 PMCID: PMC9467551 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 has established roles in the immune system for regulating macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte activation, with growing evidence of its cell-intrinsic regulatory roles in natural killer and CD8+ T cells. CD47 limits antigen-dependent cytotoxic activities of human and murine CD8+ T cells, but its role in T cell activation kinetics remains unclear. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we show here that CD47 differentially regulates CD8+ T cell responses to short- versus long-term activation. Although CD47 was not required for T cell development in mice and early activation in vitro, short-term stimuli elevated pathogen-reactive gene expression and enhanced proliferation and the effector phenotypes of Cd47-deficient relative to Cd47-sufficient CD8+ T cells. In contrast, persistent TCR stimulation limited the effector phenotypes of Cd47−/− CD8+ T cells and enhanced their apoptosis signature. CD8+ T cell expansion and activation in vivo induced by acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection did not differ in the absence of CD47. However, the frequency and effector phenotypes of Cd47−/− CD8+ T cells were constrained in chronic LCMV-infected as well as in mice bearing B16 melanoma tumors. Therefore, CD47 regulates CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and fitness in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R. Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arunkumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret C Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Iyer RF, Edwards DM, Kolb P, Raué HP, Nelson CA, Epperson ML, Slifka MK, Nolz JC, Hengel H, Fremont DH, Früh K. The secreted protein Cowpox Virus 14 contributes to viral virulence and immune evasion by engaging Fc-gamma-receptors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010783. [PMID: 36121874 PMCID: PMC9521928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of cowpoxvirus (CPXV) could be considered prototypical for orthopoxviridae (OXPV) since it contains many open reading frames (ORFs) absent or lost in other OPXV, including vaccinia virus (VACV). These additional ORFs are non-essential for growth in vitro but are expected to contribute to the broad host range, virulence and immune evasion characteristics of CPXV. For instance, unlike VACV, CPXV encodes proteins that interfere with T cell stimulation, either directly or by preventing antigen presentation or co-stimulation. When studying the priming of naïve T cells, we discovered that CPXV, but not VACV, encodes a secreted factor that interferes with activation and proliferation of naïve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively, in response to anti-CD3 antibodies, but not to other stimuli. Deletion mapping revealed that the inhibitory protein is encoded by CPXV14, a small secreted glycoprotein belonging to the poxvirus immune evasion (PIE) family and containing a smallpoxvirus encoded chemokine receptor (SECRET) domain that mediates binding to chemokines. We demonstrate that CPXV14 inhibition of antibody-mediated T cell activation depends on the presence of Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) on bystander cells. In vitro, CPXV14 inhibits FcγR-activation by antigen/antibody complexes by binding to FcγRs with high affinity and immobilized CPXV14 can trigger signaling through FcγRs, particularly the inhibitory FcγRIIB. In vivo, CPXV14-deleted virus showed reduced viremia and virulence resulting in reduced weight loss and death compared to wildtype virus whereas both antibody and CD8+ T cell responses were increased in the absence of CPXV14. Furthermore, no impact of CPXV14-deletion on virulence was observed in mice lacking the inhibitory FcγRIIB. Taken together our results suggest that CPXV14 contributes to virulence and immune evasion by binding to host FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David M. Edwards
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Raué
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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6
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Gonzalez JC, Chakraborty S, Thulin NK, Wang TT. Heterogeneity in IgG-CD16 signaling in infectious disease outcomes. Immunol Rev 2022; 309:64-74. [PMID: 35781671 PMCID: PMC9539944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss how IgG antibodies can modulate inflammatory signaling during viral infections with a focus on CD16a-mediated functions. We describe the structural heterogeneity of IgG antibody ligands, including subclass and glycosylation that impact binding by and downstream activity of CD16a, as well as the heterogeneity of CD16a itself, including allele and expression density. While inflammation is a mechanism required for immune homeostasis and resolution of acute infections, we focus here on two infectious diseases that are driven by pathogenic inflammatory responses during infection. Specifically, we review and discuss the evolving body of literature showing that afucosylated IgG immune complex signaling through CD16a contributes to the overwhelming inflammatory response that is central to the pathogenesis of severe forms of dengue disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA,Program in ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Natalie K. Thulin
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA,Program in ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Persistence of Virus-Specific Antibody after Depletion of Memory B Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0002622. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00026-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Following vaccination or primary virus infection, virus-specific antibodies provide the first line of defense against reinfection. Plasma cells residing in the bone marrow constitutively secrete antibodies, are long-lived, and can thus maintain serum antibody levels over extended periods of time in the absence of antigen.
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8
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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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9
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Di Pietro A, Polmear J, Cooper L, Damelang T, Hussain T, Hailes L, O'Donnell K, Udupa V, Mi T, Preston S, Shtewe A, Hershberg U, Turner SJ, La Gruta NL, Chung AW, Tarlinton DM, Scharer CD, Good-Jacobson KL. Targeting BMI-1 in B cells restores effective humoral immune responses and controls chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:86-98. [PMID: 34845392 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective antibody-mediated responses are a key characteristic of chronic viral infection. However, our understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms that drive this dysregulation are unclear. Here, we identify that targeting the epigenetic modifier BMI-1 in mice improves humoral responses to chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. BMI-1 was upregulated by germinal center B cells in chronic viral infection, correlating with changes to the accessible chromatin landscape, compared to acute infection. B cell-intrinsic deletion of Bmi1 accelerated viral clearance, reduced splenomegaly and restored splenic architecture. Deletion of Bmi1 restored c-Myc expression in B cells, concomitant with improved quality of antibody and coupled with reduced antibody-secreting cell numbers. Specifically, BMI-1-deficiency induced antibody with increased neutralizing capacity and enhanced antibody-dependent effector function. Using a small molecule inhibitor to murine BMI-1, we could deplete antibody-secreting cells and prohibit detrimental immune complex formation in vivo. This study defines BMI-1 as a crucial immune modifier that controls antibody-mediated responses in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Polmear
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timon Damelang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Hailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Research Alliance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vibha Udupa
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon Preston
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Areen Shtewe
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Hershberg
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Research Alliance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Zhong Z, Nan K, Weng M, Yue Y, Zhou W, Wang Z, Chu Y, Liu R, Miao C. Pro- and Anti- Effects of Immunoglobulin A- Producing B Cell in Tumors and Its Triggers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765044. [PMID: 34868013 PMCID: PMC8640120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are well known as key mediators of humoral immune responses via the production of antibodies. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundantly produced antibody isotype and provides the first line of immune protection at mucosal surfaces. However, IgA has long been a divisive molecule with respect to tumor progression. IgA exerts anti- or pro-tumor effect in different tumor types. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence regarding the production and effects of IgA and IgA+ cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, we discuss that the TME cytokines, host diet, microbiome, and metabolites play a pivotal role in controlling the class-switch recombination (CSR) of IgA. The analysis of intratumoral Ig repertoires and determination of metabolites that influence CSR may help establish novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ke Nan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilin Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Ertuna YI, Fallet B, Marx AF, Dimitrova M, Kastner AL, Wagner I, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Vectored antibody gene delivery restores host B and T cell control of persistent viral infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110061. [PMID: 34852228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody therapy and vectored antibody gene delivery (VAGD) in particular offer an innovative approach to combat persistent viral diseases. Here, we exploit a small animal model to investigate synergies of VAGD with the host's endogenous immune defense for treating chronic viral infection. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivering the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing antibody KL25 (AAV-KL25) establishes protective antibody titers for >200 days. When therapeutically administered to chronically infected immunocompetent wild-type mice, AAV-KL25 affords sustained viral load control. In contrast, viral mutational escape thwarts therapeutic AAV-KL25 effects when mice are unable to mount LCMV-specific antibody responses or lack CD8+ T cells. VAGD augments antiviral germinal center B cell and antibody-secreting cell responses and reduces inhibitory receptor expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that VAGD fortifies host immune defense and synergizes with B cell and CD8 T cell responses to restore immune control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf I Ertuna
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lena Kastner
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Perelson AS. Modeling HIV-1 Within-Host Dynamics After Passive Infusion of the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody VRC01. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710012. [PMID: 34531859 PMCID: PMC8438300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
VRC01 is a broadly neutralizing antibody that targets the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 gp120. Passive administration of VRC01 in humans has assessed the safety and the effect on plasma viremia of this monoclonal antibody (mAb) in a phase 1 clinical trial. After VRC01 infusion, the plasma viral load in most of the participants was reduced but had particular dynamics not observed during antiretroviral therapy. In this paper, we introduce different mathematical models to explain the observed dynamics and fit them to the plasma viral load data. Based on the fitting results we argue that a model containing reversible Ab binding to virions and clearance of virus-VRC01 complexes by a two-step process that includes (1) saturable capture followed by (2) internalization/degradation by phagocytes, best explains the data. This model predicts that VRC01 may enhance the clearance of Ab-virus complexes, explaining the initial viral decay observed immediately after antibody infusion in some participants. Because Ab-virus complexes are assumed to be unable to infect cells, i.e., contain neutralized virus, the model predicts a longer-term viral decay consistent with that observed in the VRC01 treated participants. By assuming a homogeneous viral population sensitive to VRC01, the model provides good fits to all of the participant data. However, the fits are improved by assuming that there were two populations of virus, one more susceptible to antibody-mediated neutralization than the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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13
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Huang Z, Kang SG, Li Y, Zak J, Shaabani N, Deng K, Shepherd J, Bhargava R, Teijaro JR, Xiao C. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promotes persistent virus infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabb8087. [PMID: 33771858 PMCID: PMC7997497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) signaling promotes the control of persistent virus infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Ifnar1 specifically in natural killer (NK) cells led to elevated numbers of T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells and improved antiviral T cell function, resulting in hastened virus clearance that was comparable to IFNAR1 neutralizing antibody treatment. Antigen-specific B cells and antiviral antibodies were essential for the accelerated control of LCMV Cl13 infection following IFNAR1 blockade. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promoted NK cell function and general killing of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Therefore, inhibition of IFN-I signaling in NK cells enhances CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, promotes humoral immune responses, and thereby facilitates the control of persistent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Bioscience/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunqiao Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Deng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raag Bhargava
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Immune Complex Vaccine Strategies to Combat HIV-1 and Other Infectious Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020112. [PMID: 33540685 PMCID: PMC7913084 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune complexes (ICs) made of antibody-bound antigens exhibit immunomodulatory activities exploitable in a vaccination strategy to optimize vaccine efficacy. The modulatory effects of ICs are typically attributed to the Fc fragments of the antibody components, which engage Fc receptors, complement and complement receptors on various immune cells. These Fc-mediated functions facilitate the critical interplay between innate and adaptive immune systems to impact the quality and quantity of the elicited adaptive responses. In addition to the Fc contribution, the Fab fragment also plays an immunoregulation role. The antigen-binding domains of the Fab fragment can bind their specific epitopes at high affinity to sterically occlude these antigenic sites from recognition by other antibodies. Moreover, the Fab-mediated binding has been demonstrated to induce allosteric alterations at nearby or distant antigenic sites. In this review article, we survey published studies to illuminate how the immunomodulatory functions of ICs have been investigated or utilized in a vaccination strategy to fight against an array of infectious pathogens, culminating with IC vaccine designs aimed at preventing HIV-1 infection. In particular, we highlight IC vaccine candidates that exploit Fab-mediated steric and allosteric effects to direct antibody responses away or toward the V1V2 domain, the V3 loop, and other antigenic sites on the HIV-1 envelope gp120 glycoprotein. Like other HIV-1 vaccine approaches, the path for IC-based vaccines to reach the clinic faces major hurdles yet to be overcome; however, investigations into this vaccine strategy have provided insights into the multifaceted activities of antibodies beyond their conventional roles in the host defense against HIV-1 and other microbial pathogens.
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15
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Abstract
The opposing roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in suppressing or supporting cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and response to therapy has been long debated. The mechanisms by which different monocyte and T cell subtypes affect and modulate cancer have been extensively studied. However, the role of B cells and their subtypes have remained elusive, perhaps partially due to their heterogeneity and range of actions. B cells can produce a variety of cytokines and present tumor-derived antigens to T cells in combination with co-stimulatory or inhibitory ligands based on their phenotype. Unlike most T cells, B cells can be activated by innate immune stimuli, such as endotoxin. Furthermore, the isotype and specificity of the antibodies produced by plasma cells regulate distinct immune responses, including opsonization, antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement activation. B cells are shaped by the tumor environment (TME), with the capability to regulate the TME in return. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of B cell action, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, ADCC, opsonization, complement activation and how they affect tumor development and response to immunotherapy. We will also discuss how B cell fate within the TME is affected by tumor stroma, microbiome and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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16
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Cooper L, Good-Jacobson KL. Dysregulation of humoral immunity in chronic infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:456-466. [PMID: 32275789 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections disrupt the ability of the humoral immune response to produce neutralizing antibody or form effective immune memory, preventing viral clearance and making vaccine design difficult. Multiple components of the B-cell response are affected by pathogens that are not cleared from the host. Changes in the microenvironment shift production of B cells to short-lived plasma cells early in the response. Polyclonal B cells are recruited into both the plasma cell and germinal center compartments, inhibiting the formation of a targeted, high-affinity response. Finally, memory B cells shift toward an "atypical" phenotype, which may in turn result in changes to the functional properties of this population. While similar properties of B-cell dysregulation have been described across different types of persistent infections, key questions about the underlying mechanisms remain. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field, as well as highlight the critical questions about the interplay between viral load, microenvironment, the polyclonal response and atypical memory B cells that are yet to be answered. Design of new preventative treatments will rely on identifying the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators that push B cells toward an ineffective response, and thus identify new ways to guide them back onto the best path for clearance of virus and formation of effective immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cooper
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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17
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Anti-CD20–mediated B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases: successes, failures and future perspectives. Kidney Int 2020; 97:885-893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Hamdan TA, Lang PA, Lang KS. The Diverse Functions of the Ubiquitous Fcγ Receptors and Their Unique Constituent, FcRγ Subunit. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020140. [PMID: 32093173 PMCID: PMC7168688 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are widely expressed on a variety of immune cells and play a myriad of regulatory roles in the immune system because of their structural diversity. Apart from their indispensable role in specific binding to the Fc portion of antibody subsets, FcγRs manifest diverse biological functions upon binding to their putative ligands. Examples of such manifestation include phagocytosis, presentation of antigens, mediation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, anaphylactic reactions, and the promotion of apoptosis of T cells and natural killer cells. Functionally, the equilibrium between activating and inhibiting FcγR maintains the balance between afferent and efferent immunity. The γ subunit of the immunoglobulin Fc receptor (FcRγ) is a key component of discrete immune receptors and Fc receptors including the FcγR family. Furthermore, FcγRs exert a key role in terms of crosslinking the innate and adaptive workhorses of immunity. Ablation of one of these receptors might positively or negatively influence the immune response. Very recently, we discovered that FcRγ derived from natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NCR1) curtails CD8+ T cell expansion and thereby turns an acute viral infection into a chronic one. Such a finding opens a new avenue for targeting the FcγRs as one of the therapeutic regimens to boost the immune response. This review highlights the structural heterogeneity and functional diversity of the ubiquitous FcγRs along with their featured subunit, FcRγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamer A. Hamdan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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19
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Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01832-19. [PMID: 31826990 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01832-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic viral infections can cause immune suppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. However, the effects of chronic viral infection on T-cell responses and vaccination against highly pathogenic viruses are not well understood. We have recently shown that C57BL/6 (B6) mice lose their natural resistance to wild-type (WT) ectromelia virus (ECTV) when chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13). Here we compared the T-cell response to ECTV in previously immunologically naive mice that were chronically infected with CL13 or that were convalescent from acute infection with the Armstrong (Arm) strain of LCMV. Our results show that mice that were chronically infected with CL13 but not those that had recovered from Arm infection have highly defective ECTV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to WT ECTV. These defects are at least partly due to the chronic infection environment. In contrast to mice infected with WT ECTV, mice chronically infected with CL13 survived without signs of disease when infected with ECTV-Δ036, a mutant ECTV strain that is highly attenuated. Strikingly, mice chronically infected with CL13 mounted a strong CD8+ T-cell response to ECTV-Δ036 and survived without signs of disease after a subsequent challenge with WT ECTV. Our work suggests that enhanced susceptibility to acute viral infections in chronically infected individuals can be partly due to poor T-cell responses but that sufficient T-cell function can be recovered and resistance to acute infection can be restored by immunization with highly attenuated vaccines.IMPORTANCE Chronic viral infections may result in immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to infections with other pathogens. For example, we have recently shown that mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13) are highly susceptible to mousepox, a disease that is caused by ectromelia virus and that is the mouse homolog of human smallpox. Here we show chronic CL13 infection severely disrupts the expansion, proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity of T cells in response due at least in part to the suppressive effects of the chronic infection milieu. Notably, despite this profound immunodeficiency, mice chronically infected with CL13 could be protected by vaccination with a highly attenuated variant of ECTV. These results demonstrate that protective vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals is possible, provided that proper immunization tools are used.
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20
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Circulating serum HBsAg level is a biomarker for HBV-specific T and B cell responses in chronic hepatitis B patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1835. [PMID: 32020034 PMCID: PMC7000714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection functional cure is defined as sustained loss of HBsAg and several therapeutic strategies are in clinical development designed to pharmacologically reduce serum HBsAg, break immune tolerance, and increase functional cure rates. However, little is known about pre-treatment HBsAg levels as an indicator of HBV immune potential. Here, we compared the phenotypes and HBV-specific response of lymphocytes in CHB patients stratified by serum HBsAg levels <500 (HBslo) or >50,000 IU/ml (HBshi) using immunological assays (flow cytometry, ICS, ELISPOT). HBshi patients had significantly higher expression of inhibitory PD-1 on CD4+ T cells, particularly among TEMRA subset, and higher FcRL5 expression on B cells. Upon HBcAg(core) or HBsAg(env)-stimulation, 85% and 60% of HBslo patients had IFNγ+TNFα+ and IFNγ+ IL2+ CD4+ T cell responses respectively, in comparison to 33% and 13% of HBshi patients. Checkpoint blockade with αPD-1 improved HBV-specific CD4+ T cell function only in HBslo patients. HBsAg-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) response was not different between these groups, yet αPD-1 treatment resulted in significantly higher fold change in ASCs among patients with HBsAg <100 IU/ml compared to patients with HBsAg >5,000 IU/ml. Thus, serum HBsAg correlates with inhibitory receptor expression, HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, and augmentation by checkpoint blockade.
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21
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Martinov T, Fife BT. Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and the role of inhibitory receptors in islet tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1461:73-103. [PMID: 31025378 PMCID: PMC6994200 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects over a million Americans, and disease incidence is on the rise. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for this disease. Exciting beta cell replacement strategies are being developed, but in order for such approaches to work, targeted immunotherapies must be designed. To selectively halt the autoimmune response, researchers must first understand how this response is regulated and which tolerance checkpoints fail during T1D development. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of T1D pathogenesis in humans, genetic and environmental risk factors, presumed roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells, and implicated autoantigens. We also highlight studies in non-obese diabetic mice that have demonstrated the requirement for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in driving T1D pathology. We present an overview of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms and comment on existing controversies in the field regarding central tolerance. Finally, we discuss T cell- and B cell-intrinsic tolerance mechanisms, with an emphasis on the roles of inhibitory receptors in maintaining islet tolerance in humans and in diabetes-prone mice, and strategies employed to date to harness inhibitory receptor signaling to prevent or reverse T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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Flow cytometry-based assessment of direct-targeting anti-cancer antibody immune effector functions. Methods Enzymol 2020; 632:431-456. [PMID: 32000909 PMCID: PMC7000137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapies are increasingly being used to treat cancer. Some mediate their therapeutic effects through modifying the function of immune cells globally, while others bind directly to tumor cells and can recruit immune effector cells through their Fc regions. As new direct-binding agents are developed, having the ability to test their Fc-mediated functions in a high-throughput manner is important for selecting antibodies with immune effector properties. Here, using monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) as an example and the CD20+ Raji cell line as tumor target, we describe flow cytometry-based assays for determining an antibody's capacity for mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). These assays are sensitive, reliable, affordable and avoid the use of radioactivity.
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23
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Jin J, Xu H, Wu R, Gao N, Wu N, Li S, Niu J. Identification of key genes and pathways associated with different immune statuses of hepatitis B virus infection. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7474-7489. [PMID: 31565863 PMCID: PMC6815815 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify key genes and pathways associated with different immune statuses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The gene expression and DNA methylation profiles were analysed in different immune statuses of HBV infection. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were identified, followed by their functional and integrative analyses. The differential expression of IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) in chronic HBV-infected patients and immune cells during different stages of HBV infection was investigated. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway (including TLR6) and leucocyte transendothelial migration pathway (including integrin subunit beta 1) were enriched during acute infection. Key DEGs, such as FcγR Ib and FcγR Ia, and interferon-alpha inducible protein 27 showed correlation with alanine aminotransferase levels, and they were differentially expressed between acute and immune-tolerant phases and between immune-tolerant and immune-clearance phases. The integrative analysis of DNA methylation profile showed that lowly methylated and highly expressed genes, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 were enriched in T cell receptor signalling pathway during acute infection. Highly methylated and lowly expressed genes, such as Ras association domain family member 1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A were identified in chronic infection. Furthermore, differentially expressed FcγR Ia, FcγR IIa and FcγR IIb, CD3- CD56+ CD16+ natural killer cells and CD14high CD16+ monocytes were identified between immune-tolerant and immune-clearance phases by experimental validation. The above genes and pathways may be used to distinguish different immune statuses of HBV infection.
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MESH Headings
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- DNA Methylation/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Jin
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hongqin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of Molecular VirologyChangchunChina
| | - Ruihong Wu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of Molecular VirologyChangchunChina
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Infectious DiseaseThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Na Wu
- Lanshan People’s HospitalLinyiChina
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics LaboratoryUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of Molecular VirologyChangchunChina
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24
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Wieland A, Kamphorst AO, Valanparambil RM, Han JH, Xu X, Choudhury BP, Ahmed R. Enhancing FcγR-mediated antibody effector function during persistent viral infection. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/27/eaao3125. [PMID: 30242080 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections can interfere with FcγR-mediated antibody effector functions by excessive immune complex (IC) formation, resulting in resistance to therapeutic FcγR-dependent antibodies. We and others have previously demonstrated that mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are resistant to a wide range of depleting antibodies due to excessive IC formation. Here, we dissect the mechanisms by which two depleting antibodies overcome the obstacle of endogenous ICs and achieve efficient target cell depletion in persistently infected mice. Efficient antibody-mediated depletion during persistent LCMV infection required increased levels of antibody bound to target cells or use of afucosylated antibodies with increased affinity for FcγRs. Antibodies targeting the highly expressed CD90 antigen or overexpressed human CD20 efficiently depleted their target cells in naïve and persistently infected mice, whereas antibodies directed against less abundant antigens failed to deplete their target cells during persistent LCMV infection. In addition, we demonstrate the superior activity of afucosylated antibodies in the presence of endogenous ICs. We generated afucosylated antibodies directed against CD4 and CD8α, which, in contrast to their parental fucosylated versions, efficiently depleted their respective target cells in persistently infected mice. Efficient antibody-mediated depletion can thus be achieved if therapeutic antibodies can outcompete endogenous ICs for access to FcγRs either by targeting highly expressed antigens or by increased affinity for FcγRs. Our findings have implications for the optimization of therapeutic antibodies and provide strategies to allow efficient FcγR engagement in the presence of competing endogenous ICs in persistent viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wieland
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rajesh M Valanparambil
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jin-Hwan Han
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Biswa P Choudhury
- Glycotechnology Core Resources, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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25
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Grötsch B, Lux A, Rombouts Y, Hoffmann AC, Andreev D, Nimmerjahn F, Xiang W, Scherer HU, Schett G, Bozec A. Fra1 Controls Rheumatoid Factor Autoantibody Production by Bone Marrow Plasma Cells and the Development of Autoimmune Bone Loss. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1352-1365. [PMID: 30779858 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Next to proinflammatory cytokines, autoimmunity has been identified as a key trigger for osteoclast activation and bone loss. IgG-rheumatoid factor (IgG-RF) immune complexes, which are present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, were shown to boost osteoclast differentiation. To date, the regulation of IgG-RF production in the absence of inflammatory triggers is unknown. Herein, we describe Fra1 as a key checkpoint that controls IgG-RF production by plasma cells and regulates autoimmune-mediated bone loss. Fra1 deficiency in B cells (Fra1ΔBcell ) led to increased IgG1-producing bone marrow plasma cells, enhanced IgG-RF production, and increased bone loss associated with elevated osteoclast numbers after immunization. The effect of IgG-RF on osteoclasts in vitro and on osteoclasts associated with bone loss in vivo was dependent on FcγR, especially FcγR3. Furthermore, immunization of WT mice with T-cell-dependent antigens induced a significant and robust decrease in Fra1 expression in bone marrow B cells, which was followed by increased IgG1 production and the induction of osteoclast-mediated bone loss. Overall, these data identify Fra1 as a key mediator of IgG-RF production and autoimmune-mediated bone loss. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Grötsch
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lux
- Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS/University of Toulouse, France
| | - Anna-Carin Hoffmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Darja Andreev
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Schett
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Cross EW, Blain TJ, Mathew D, Kedl RM. Anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody-mediated depletion alters the phenotype and behavior of surviving CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211446. [PMID: 30735510 PMCID: PMC6368275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common practice for researchers to use antibodies to remove a specific cell type to infer its function. However, it is difficult to completely eliminate a cell type and there is often limited or no information as to how the cells which survive depletion are affected. This is particularly important for CD8+ T cells for two reasons. First, they are more resistant to mAb-mediated depletion than other lymphocytes. Second, targeting either the CD8α or CD8β chain could induce differential effects. We show here that two commonly used mAbs, against either the CD8α or CD8β subunit, can differentially affect cellular metabolism. Further, in vivo treatment leaves behind a population of CD8+ T cells with different phenotypic and functional attributes relative to each other or control CD8+ T cells. The impact of anti-CD8 antibodies on CD8+ T cell phenotype and function indicates the need to carefully consider the use of these, and possibly other "depleting" antibodies, as they could significantly complicate the interpretation of results or change the outcome of an experiment. These observations could impact how immunotherapy and modulation of CD8+ T cell activation is pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Cross
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trevor J. Blain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Divij Mathew
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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27
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Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have made impressive progress, providing great benefit by successfully treating malignant and chronic inflammatory diseases. Monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing effects against specific antigens, or that target specific immune regulators, manifest therapeutic effects via their Fab fragment specificities. Subsequently therapeutic efficacy is mediated mostly by interactions of the Fc fragments of the antibodies with their receptors (FcR) displayed on cells of the immune system. These interactions can trigger a series of immunoregulatory responses, involving both innate and adaptive immune systems and including cross-presentation of antigens, activation of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, phagocytosis, complement-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The nature of the triggered effector functions of the antibodies is markedly affected by the glycosylation patterns of the Fc fragments. These can cause differences in the conformation of the heavy chains of antibodies, with resultant changes in antibody binding affinity and activation of the complement system. Studies of the Fc glycosylation profiles together with the associated Fc effector functions and FcR/CR interactions promoted interest and progress in engineering therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because antigen–antibody immune complexes (ICs) have shown similar actions, in addition to certain novel immunoregulatory mechanisms that also reshape immune responses, the properties of ICs are being explored in new approaches for prevention and therapy of diseases. In this review, both basic studies and experimental/clinical applications of ICs leading to the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines are presented.
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28
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Abstract
Antibody/antigen binding results in immune complexes (IC) that have a variety of regulatory functions. One important feature is the enhanced host immune activation against antigen contained in the complex. ICs play important roles at several critical steps that lead to B and T cell activation, including antigen targeting/retention, facilitated antigen uptake, antigen presenting cell activation and proper balancing of positive and negative stimulatory signals. In both poultry industry and clinical health care, ICs have been used as preventive and therapeutic vaccines. With our deepening understanding of antibody biology, particularly in light of new revelations of regulatory functions of Fc receptors, mechanistically more precise engineering has spearheaded tailored use of this tool for infection control and cancer therapy. IC-based treatment and prophylaxis have been tested to different extents in HBV, HIV and influenza viral infection control and are actively examined as an alternative treatment for several forms of tumor. As a part of this book series, this chapter aims to discuss the mechanistic aspects of IC signaling and their impact on immune cells. We give samples how this old technology has been used by practitioners over the last several decades and suggest potential paths for future development of IC-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Rm 401, Fuxing Bldg, 131 Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,D301 Medical Sciences Bldg, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 00084, China
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29
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Wieland A, Ahmed R. Fc Receptors in Antimicrobial Protection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 423:119-150. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Nath PR, Gangaplara A, Pal-Nath D, Mandal A, Maric D, Sipes JM, Cam M, Shevach EM, Roberts DD. CD47 Expression in Natural Killer Cells Regulates Homeostasis and Modulates Immune Response to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2985. [PMID: 30643501 PMCID: PMC6320676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitous cell surface receptor that directly regulates T cell immunity by interacting with its inhibitory ligand thrombospondin-1 and limits clearance of cells by phagocytes that express its counter-receptor signal-regulatory protein-α. Murine natural killer (NK) cells express higher levels of CD47 than other lymphocytes, but the role of CD47 in regulating NK cell homeostasis and immune function remains unclear. Cd47 -/- mice exhibited depletion of NK precursors in bone marrow, consistent with the antiphagocytic function of CD47. In contrast, antisense CD47 knockdown or gene disruption resulted in a dose dependent accumulation of immature and mature NK cells in spleen. Mature Cd47 -/- NK cells exhibited increased expression of NK effector and interferon gene signatures and an increased proliferative response to interleukin-15 in vitro. Cd47 -/- mice showed no defect in their early response to acute Armstrong lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection but were moderately impaired in controlling chronic Clone-13 LCMV infection, which was associated with depletion of splenic NK cells and loss of effector cytokine and interferon response gene expression in Cd47 -/- NK cells. Broad CD47-dependent differences in NK activation, survival, and exhaustion pathways were observed in NK cell transcriptional signatures in LCMV infected mice. These data identify CD47 as a cell-intrinsic and systemic regulator of NK cell homeostasis and NK cell function in responding to a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Ranjan Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ajeet Mandal
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John M Sipes
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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31
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Mener A, Patel SR, Arthur CM, Chonat S, Wieland A, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu J, Maier CL, Jajosky RP, Girard-Pierce K, Bennett A, Zerra PE, Smith NH, Hendrickson JE, Stowell SR. Complement serves as a switch between CD4+ T cell-independent and -dependent RBC antibody responses. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121631. [PMID: 30429364 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RBC alloimmunization represents a significant immunological challenge for patients requiring lifelong transfusion support. The majority of clinically relevant non-ABO(H) blood group antigens have been thought to drive antibody formation through T cell-dependent immune pathways. Thus, we initially sought to define the role of CD4+ T cells in formation of alloantibodies to KEL, one of the leading causes of hemolytic transfusion reactions. Unexpectedly, our findings demonstrated that KEL RBCs actually possess the ability to induce antibody formation independent of CD4+ T cells or complement component 3 (C3), two common regulators of antibody formation. However, despite the ability of KEL RBCs to induce anti-KEL antibodies in the absence of complement, removal of C3 or complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2) rendered recipients completely reliant on CD4+ T cells for IgG anti-KEL antibody formation. Together, these findings suggest that C3 may serve as a novel molecular switch that regulates the type of immunological pathway engaged following RBC transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mener
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Seema R Patel
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jingchun Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Kathryn Girard-Pierce
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Ashley Bennett
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Nicole H Smith
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
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32
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Jung SR, Suprunenko T, Ashhurst TM, King NJC, Hofer MJ. Collateral Damage: What Effect Does Anti-CD4 and Anti-CD8α Antibody-Mediated Depletion Have on Leukocyte Populations? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2176-2186. [PMID: 30143586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD4 or anti-CD8α Ab-mediated depletion strategies are widely used to determine the role of T cell subsets. However, surface expression of CD4 and CD8α is not limited to T cells and occurs on other leukocyte populations as well. Using both unbiased t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding of flow cytometry data and conventional gating strategies, we assessed the impact of anti-CD4 and anti-CD8α Ab-mediated depletion on non-T cell populations in mice. Our results show that anti-CD4 and anti-CD8α Ab injections not only resulted in depletion of T cells but also led to depletion of specific dendritic cell subsets in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the extent of this effect varied between mock- and virus-infected mice. We also demonstrate the importance of using a second, noncompeting Ab (clone CT-CD8α) to detect CD8α+ cells following depletion with anti-CD8α Ab clone 2.43. Our study provides a necessary caution to carefully consider the effects on nontarget cells when using Ab injections for leukocyte depletion in all experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Jung
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, Core Facility of The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, Core Facility of The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; .,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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33
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Stopforth RJ, Oldham RJ, Tutt AL, Duriez P, Chan HTC, Binkowski BF, Zimprich C, Li D, Hargreaves PG, Cong M, Reddy V, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Cragg MS. Detection of Experimental and Clinical Immune Complexes by Measuring SHIP-1 Recruitment to the Inhibitory FcγRIIB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1937-1950. [PMID: 29351998 PMCID: PMC5837011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) are involved in multiple aspects of immune cell regulation, are central to the success of mAb therapeutics, and underpin the pathology of several autoimmune diseases. However, reliable assays capable of accurately measuring FcγR interactions with their physiological ligands, IgG immune complexes (IC), are limited. A method to study and detect IC interactions with FcγRs was therefore developed. This method, designed to model the signaling pathway of the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B), used NanoLuc Binary Interaction Technology to measure recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase 1 to the ITIM of this receptor. Such recruitment required prior cross-linking of an ITAM-containing activatory receptor, and evoked luciferase activity in discrete clusters at the cell surface, recapitulating the known biology of CD32B signaling. The assay detected varying forms of experimental IC, including heat-aggregated IgG, rituximab-anti-idiotype complexes, and anti-trinitrophenol-trinitrophenol complexes in a sensitive manner (≤1 μg/ml), and discriminated between complexes of varying size and isotype. Proof-of-concept for the detection of circulating ICs in autoimmune disease was provided, as responses to sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis were detected in small pilot studies. Finally, the method was translated to a stable cell line system. In conclusion, a rapid and robust method for the detection of IC was developed, which has numerous potential applications including the monitoring of IC in autoimmune diseases and the study of underlying FcγR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine/Cancer Research U.K. Centre, Protein Core Facility, Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dun Li
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Philip G Hargreaves
- Promega UK Ltd., Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Venkat Reddy
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maria J Leandro
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geraldine Cambridge
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
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34
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Luft O, Khattar R, Farrokhi K, Ferri D, Yavorska N, Zhang J, Sadozai H, Adeyi O, Chruscinski A, Levy GA, Selzner N. Inhibition of the Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2:FcγRIIB/RIII immunosuppressive pathway enhances antiviral T-cell and B-cell responses leading to clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13. Immunology 2018; 154:476-489. [PMID: 29341118 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viruses evade immune detection by interfering with virus-specific innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. Fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2) is a potent effector molecule of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and exerts its immunosuppressive activity following ligation to its cognate receptor, FcγRIIB/RIII. The role of FGL2 in the pathogenesis of chronic viral infection caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone-13 (LCMV cl-13) was assessed in this study. Chronically infected fgl2+/+ mice had increased plasma levels of FGL2, with reduced expression of the maturation markers, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II on macrophages and dendritic cells and impaired production of neutralizing antibody. In contrast, fgl2-/- mice or fgl2+/+ mice that had been pre-treated with antibodies to FGL2 and FcγRIIB/RIII and then infected with LCMV cl-13 developed a robust CD4+ and CD8+ antiviral T-cell response, produced high titred neutralizing antibody to LCMV and cleared LCMV. Treatment of mice with established chronic infection with antibodies to FGL2 and FcγRIIB/RIII was shown to rescue the number and functionality of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with reduced total and virus-specific T-cell expression of programmed cell death protein 1 leading to viral clearance. These results demonstrate an important role for FGL2 in viral immune evasion and provide a rationale to target FGL2 to treat patients with chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Luft
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramzi Khattar
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaveh Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dario Ferri
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nataliya Yavorska
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hassan Sadozai
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary A Levy
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Multivalent Fcγ-receptor engagement by a hexameric Fc-fusion protein triggers Fcγ-receptor internalisation and modulation of Fcγ-receptor functions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17049. [PMID: 29213127 PMCID: PMC5719016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of Fcγ-receptors triggers a range of downstream signalling events resulting in a diverse array of immune functions. As a result, blockade of Fc-mediated function is an important strategy for the control of several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We have generated a hexameric-Fc fusion protein (hexameric-Fc) and tested the consequences of multi-valent Fcγ-receptor engagement in in vitro and in vivo systems. In vitro engagement of hexameric-Fc with FcγRs showed complex binding interactions that altered with receptor density and triggered the internalisation and degradation of Fcγ-receptors. This caused a disruption of Fc-binding and phagocytosis. In vivo, in a mouse ITP model we observed a short half-life of hexameric-Fc but were nevertheless able to observe inhibition of platelet phagocytosis several days after hexameric-Fc dosing. In cynomolgus monkeys, we again observed a short half-life, but were able to demonstrate effective FcγR blockade. These findings demonstrate the ability of multi-valent Fc-based therapeutics to interfere with FcγR function and a potential mechanism through which they could have a sustained effect; the internalisation and degradation of FcγRs.
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36
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Marshall MJE, Stopforth RJ, Cragg MS. Therapeutic Antibodies: What Have We Learnt from Targeting CD20 and Where Are We Going? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 29046676 PMCID: PMC5632755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the fastest growing classes of drugs in recent years and are approved for the treatment of a wide range of indications, from cancer to autoimmune disease. Perhaps the best studied target is the pan B-cell marker CD20. Indeed, the first mAb to receive approval by the Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer treatment was the CD20-targeting mAb rituximab (Rituxan®). Since its approval for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1997, rituximab has been licensed for use in the treatment of numerous other B-cell malignancies, as well as autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. Despite having a significant impact on the treatment of these patients, the exact mechanisms of action of rituximab remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, numerous second- and third-generation anti-CD20 mAbs have since been developed using various strategies to enhance specific effector functions thought to be key for efficacy. A plethora of knowledge has been gained during the development and testing of these mAbs, and this knowledge can now be applied to the design of novel mAbs directed to targets beyond CD20. As we enter the "post-rituximab" era, this review will focus on the lessons learned thus far through investigation of anti-CD20 mAb. Also discussed are current and future developments relating to enhanced effector function, such as the ability to form multimers on the target cell surface. These strategies have potential applications not only in oncology but also in the improved treatment of autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Finally, potential approaches to overcoming mechanisms of resistance to anti-CD20 therapy are discussed, chiefly involving the combination of anti-CD20 mAbs with various other agents to resensitize patients to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. E. Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Attanasio J, Wherry EJ. Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Receptor Pathways in Infectious Disease. Immunity 2017; 44:1052-68. [PMID: 27192569 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 into the cancer clinic highlights the opportunities to manipulate these pathways to treat human disease. Studies in infectious disease have provided key insights into the specific roles of these pathways and the effects of their manipulation. Here, recent studies are discussed that have addressed how major inhibitory and costimulatory pathways play a role in regulating immune responses during acute and chronic infections. Mechanistic insights from studies of infectious disease provide opportunities to further expand our toolkit to treat cancer and chronic infections in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Attanasio
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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38
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Cho A, Bradley B, Kauffman R, Priyamvada L, Kovalenkov Y, Feldman R, Wrammert J. Robust memory responses against influenza vaccination in pemphigus patients previously treated with rituximab. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93222. [PMID: 28614800 PMCID: PMC5470882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody widely used to treat B cell lymphoma and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune blistering skin diseases (AIBD). While rituximab fully depletes peripheral blood B cells, it remains unclear whether some preexisting B cell memory to pathogens or vaccines may survive depletion, especially in lymphoid tissues, and if these memory B cells can undergo homeostatic expansion during recovery from depletion. The limited data available on vaccine efficacy in this setting have been derived from rituximab-treated patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy or other potent immunosuppressants. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of seasonal influenza vaccine responses in AIBD patients previously treated with rituximab, who generally did not receive additional therapeutic interventions. We found that, despite a lack of influenza-specific memory B cells in the blood, patients mount robust recall responses to vaccination, comparable to healthy controls, both at a cellular and a serological level. Repertoire analyses of plasmablast responses suggest that they likely derive from a diverse pool of tissue-resident memory cells, refractory to depletion. Overall, these data have important implications for establishing an effective vaccine schedule for AIBD patients and the clinical care of rituximab-treated patients in general and contribute to our basic understanding of maintenance of normal and pathogenic human B cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Bridget Bradley
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Kauffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Yevgeniy Kovalenkov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Ron Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
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39
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Snell LM, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. Type I Interferon in Chronic Virus Infection and Cancer. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:542-557. [PMID: 28579323 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are emerging as key drivers of inflammation and immunosuppression in chronic infection. Control of these infections requires IFN-I signaling; however, prolonged IFN-I signaling can lead to immune dysfunction. IFN-Is are also emerging as double-edged swords in cancer, providing necessary inflammatory signals, while initiating feedback suppression in both immune and cancer cells. Here, we review the proinflammatory and suppressive mechanisms potentiated by IFN-Is during chronic virus infections and discuss the similar, newly emerging dichotomy in cancer. We then discuss how this understanding is leading to new therapeutic concepts and immunotherapy combinations. We propose that, by modulating the immune response at its foundation, it may be possible to widely reshape immunity to control these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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40
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Levin D, Lagassé HAD, Burch E, Strome S, Tan S, Jiang H, Sauna ZE, Golding B. Modulating immunogenicity of factor IX by fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc domain: a study using a hemophilia B mouse model. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:721-734. [PMID: 28166609 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Fc-fusion increases a therapeutic's half-life, but FcγR interactions may impact immunogenicity. Species-specific Fc-FcγR interactions allow for mechanistic in vivo studies using mouse models. Fc fusion modulates the immune response to factor IX in hemophilia B mice by eliciting Th1 bias. This model could inform future studies of IgE-associated anaphylaxis in hemophilia B patients. SUMMARY Background Fc fusion is a platform technology used to increase the circulating half-life of protein and peptide therapeutics. However, there are potential immunological consequences with this approach, such as changes in the molecule's immunogenicity as well as possible interactions with a repertoire of Fc receptors (FcR) that can modulate immune responses. Objectives/Methods Using a mouse hemophilia B (HB) model, we compared the immune responses to infusions of recombinant human factor IX (hFIX) and hFIX fused to mouse IgG2a-Fc (hFIX-mFc). The mFc was employed to allow species-specific Fc-FcγR interactions. Results Although treatment with hFIX-mFc altered the early development of anti-FIX IgG, no significant differences in anti-FIX antibody titers were observed at the end of the treatment regimen (5 weeks) or upon anamnestic response (5 months). However, treatment with hFIX-mFc elicited higher FIX-neutralizing antibody levels and resulted in reduced IgE titers compared with the hFIX-treated group. Additionally, differences in plasma cytokine levels and in vitro CD4+ T-cell responses suggest that whereas hFIX treatment triggered a Th2-biased immune response, hFIX-mFc treatment induced Th1-biased CD4+ T cells. We also show that hFIX-mFc bound to soluble FcγRs and engaged with FcγRs on different cell types, which may impact antigen presentation. Conclusions These studies provide a model system to study how Fc-fusion proteins may affect immune mechanisms. We used this model to demonstrate a plausible mechanism by which Fc fusion may modulate the IgE response to hFIX. This model may be appropriate for investigating the rare but severe IgE-mediated anaphylaxis reaction to hFIX infusions in HB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Levin
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - H A D Lagassé
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - E Burch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Strome
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Tan
- CRISPR Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - H Jiang
- Editas Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Z E Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - B Golding
- Plasma Derivatives Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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41
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Mbanwi AN, Wang C, Geddes K, Philpott DJ, Watts TH. Irreversible splenic atrophy following chronic LCMV infection is associated with compromised immunity in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:94-106. [PMID: 27730627 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV13) infection of mice is a widely used model for investigating the mechanisms driving persistent viral infection in humans. LCMV13 disrupts splenic architecture early during infection, but this returns to normal within a few weeks. However, the long-term effects of LCMV13 infection on splenic structure have not been reported. Here, we report that persistent infection with LCMV13 results in sustained splenic atrophy that persists for at least 500 days following infection, whereas infection with the acutely infecting LCMV Armstrong is associated with a return to preinfection spleen weights. Splenic atrophy is associated with loss of T, B, and non-B non-T cells, with B cells most significantly affected. These effects were partly ameliorated by anti-NK1.1 or anti-CD8 antibody treatment. Antigen presentation was detectable at the time of contraction of the spleen, but no longer detected at late time points, suggesting that continued antigen presentation is not required to maintain splenic atrophy. Immunity to Salmonella infection and influenza vaccination were decreased after the virus was no longer detected. Thus splenic atrophy following LCMV13 infection is irreversible and may contribute to impaired immunity following clearance of LCMV13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achire N Mbanwi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaoru Geddes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Laws LH, Parker CE, Cherala G, Koguchi Y, Waisman A, Slifka MK, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Obhrai JS, Yeung MY, Riella LV. Inflammation Causes Resistance to Anti-CD20-Mediated B Cell Depletion. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3139-3149. [PMID: 27265023 PMCID: PMC5334788 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a central role in antibody-mediated rejection and certain autoimmune diseases. However, B cell-targeted therapy such as anti-CD20 B cell-depleting antibody (aCD20) has yielded mixed results in improving outcomes. In this study, we investigated whether an accelerated B cell reconstitution leading to aCD20 depletion resistance could account for these discrepancies. Using a transplantation model, we found that antigen-independent inflammation, likely through toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, was sufficient to mitigate B cell depletion. Secondary lymphoid organs had a quicker recovery of B cells when compared to peripheral blood. Inflammation altered the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of aCD20 therapy by shortening drug half-life and accelerating the reconstitution of the peripheral B cell pool by bone marrow-derived B cell precursors. IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin) coadministration also shortened aCD20 drug half-life and led to accelerated B cell recovery. Repeated aCD20 dosing restored B cell depletion and delayed allograft rejection, especially B cell-dependent, antibody-independent allograft rejection. These data demonstrate the importance of further clinical studies of the PK/PD of monoclonal antibody treatment in inflammatory conditions. The data also highlight the disconnect between B cell depletion on peripheral blood compared to secondary lymphoid organs, the deleterious effect of IVIG when given with aCD20 and the relevance of redosing of aCD20 for effective B cell depletion in alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ganesh Cherala
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University
| | - Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | | | - Melissa Y. Yeung
- Schuster Transplant Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Leonardo V. Riella
- Schuster Transplant Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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43
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Modulating Antibody Functionality in Infectious Disease and Vaccination. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:969-982. [PMID: 27756530 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of pathogen-specific binding antibodies has long been considered a signature of protective immunity following vaccination and infection. The humoral immune response is a complex network of antibodies that target different specificities and drive different functions, collectively acting to limit and clear infection either directly, via pathogen neutralization, or indirectly, via pathogen clearance by the innate immune system. Emerging data suggest that not all antibody responses are equal, and qualitative features of antibodies may be key to defining protective immune profiles. Here, we review the most recent advances in our understanding of protective functional antibody responses in natural infection, vaccination, and monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Moreover, we highlight opportunities to augment or modulate antibody-mediated protection through enhancement of antibody functionality.
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44
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Wen YM, Mu L, Shi Y. Immunoregulatory functions of immune complexes in vaccine and therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1120-1133. [PMID: 27572622 PMCID: PMC5048363 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental preparations of IgG/soluble antigen complexes, as well as those formed following antibody therapy in vivo, are multifaceted immune regulators. These immune complexes (ICs) have been tested in humans and animal models, mostly in forms of experimental or clinical vaccination, for at least a century. With intensified research on Fcγ receptor-mediated immune modulation, as well as with immune complex-directed antigen processing, presentation, and inflammatory responses, there are renewed interests of using ICs in vaccines and immunotherapies. Currently, IC-based immune therapy has been broadly experimented in HBV and HIV viral infection control and antitumor treatments. However, mechanistic insights of IC-based treatments are relatively recent subjects of study; strong efforts are needed to establish links to connect laboratory findings with clinical practices. This review covers the history, mechanisms, and in vivo outcomes of this safe and effective therapeutic tool, with a clear aim to bridge laboratory findings with evolving clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Virology, MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Mu
- Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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45
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Swisher JFA, Feldman GM. The many faces of FcγRI: implications for therapeutic antibody function. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:160-74. [PMID: 26497519 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI or CD64) is the sole human Fc receptor with high affinity for monovalent IgG. While it contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in its cytoplasmic domain, binding of FcγRI can result in a complex array of activating and inhibitory outcomes. For instance, binding of monomeric IgG provides a low-intensity tonic signal through FcγRI that is necessary for full interferon γ receptor signaling in the same cell. Interaction of FcγRI with larger high-avidity complexes can result in phagocytosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines. However, numerous reports also document potent anti-inflammatory effects brought about by FcγRI engagement with immune complexes such as the inhibition of IFNγ and TLR4 signaling, and secretion of interleukin-10. This has led to conflicting hypotheses regarding the function of FcγRI, especially with regard to its role in the efficacy of several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. While many of these issues are still unclear, continued characterization of the regulation and context dependence of FcγRI function, as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for these various outcomes, will improve our understanding of FcγRI biology as well as the therapeutic strategies designed to harness or constrain its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F A Swisher
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gerald M Feldman
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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46
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Converting monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies from passive to active: bringing immune complexes into play. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e92. [PMID: 27530750 PMCID: PMC5034104 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which currently constitute the main class of biotherapeutics, are now recognized as major medical tools that are increasingly being considered to fight severe viral infections. Indeed, the number of antiviral mAbs developed in recent years has grown exponentially. Although their direct effects on viral blunting have been studied in detail, their potential immunomodulatory actions have been overlooked until recently. The ability of antiviral mAbs to modulate antiviral immune responses in infected organisms has recently been revealed. More specifically, upon recognition of their cognate antigens, mAbs form immune complexes (ICs) that can be recognized by the Fc receptors expressed on different immune cells of infected individuals. This binding may be followed by the modulation of the host immune responses. Harnessing this immunomodulatory property may facilitate improvements in the therapeutic potential of antiviral mAbs. This review focuses on the role of ICs formed with different viral determinants and mAbs in the induction of antiviral immune responses in the context of both passive immunotherapies and vaccination strategies. Potential deleterious effects of ICs on the host immune response are also discussed.
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47
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Gallagher S, Yusuf I, McCaughtry TM, Turman S, Sun H, Kolbeck R, Herbst R, Wang Y. MEDI-551 Treatment Effectively Depletes B Cells and Reduces Serum Titers of Autoantibodies in Mice Transgenic for Sle1 and Human CD19. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:965-76. [PMID: 26606525 DOI: 10.1002/art.39503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate treatment with MEDI-551, a humanized anti-human CD19 monoclonal antibody, in a model of autoimmunity involving mice transgenic (Tg) for Sle1 and human CD19 (hCD19). METHODS Sle1.hCD19-Tg mice were given either a single intravenous dose of MEDI-551 or repeated doses of MEDI-551 biweekly for up to 12 weeks. The numbers of B cells in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow were determined by flow cytometry assay. In the spleen and bone marrow, the number of IgM- and IgG-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and the number of ASCs specific for anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) were determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Serum autoantibody and total immunoglobulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and levels of inflammatory proteins were tested using a multianalyte profiling platform. RESULTS MEDI-551 treatment of Sle1.hCD19-Tg mice resulted in effective and sustained B cell depletion throughout the duration of the experiment. The frequency of IgM and IgG ASCs in the spleen was reduced by ≥90%, whereas in the bone marrow, the total ASC frequency was not changed. Levels of autoantibodies specific for dsDNA as well as antihistone and antinuclear antibodies were each reduced by 40-80%, but total serum immunoglobulin levels were largely unchanged at the end of 12 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the ability of MEDI-551 to deplete B cells and ASCs in autoimmune Sle1.hCD19-Tg mice. MEDI-551 treatment resulted in a robust reduction of autoantibodies but had minimal effect on total serum immunoglobulins. Thus, the novel ability of MEDI-551 to remove a broad range of B cells as well as to lower most disease-driving autoantibodies in an autoimmune disease mouse model warrants continued research. Several clinical studies to explore the safety and activity of MEDI-551 in autoantibody-associated autoimmune diseases are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hong Sun
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | - Yue Wang
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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48
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Barnett BE, Staupe RP, Odorizzi PM, Palko O, Tomov VT, Mahan AE, Gunn B, Chen D, Paley MA, Alter G, Reiner SL, Lauer GM, Teijaro JR, Wherry EJ. Cutting Edge: B Cell-Intrinsic T-bet Expression Is Required To Control Chronic Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1017-22. [PMID: 27430722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of Ab and B cells in preventing infection is established. In contrast, the role of B cell responses in containing chronic infections remains poorly understood. IgG2a (IgG1 in humans) can prevent acute infections, and T-bet promotes IgG2a isotype switching. However, whether IgG2a and B cell-expressed T-bet influence the host-pathogen balance during persisting infections is unclear. We demonstrate that B cell-specific loss of T-bet prevents control of persisting viral infection. T-bet in B cells controlled IgG2a production, as well as mucosal localization, proliferation, glycosylation, and a broad transcriptional program. T-bet controlled a broad antiviral program in addition to IgG2a because T-bet in B cells was important, even in the presence of virus-specific IgG2a. Our data support a model in which T-bet is a universal controller of antiviral immunity across multiple immune lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton E Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan P Staupe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Pamela M Odorizzi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Olesya Palko
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vesselin T Tomov
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alison E Mahan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bronwyn Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Diana Chen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael A Paley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Evidence for Persistence of Ectromelia Virus in Inbred Mice, Recrudescence Following Immunosuppression and Transmission to Naïve Mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005342. [PMID: 26700306 PMCID: PMC4689526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPV), including variola, vaccinia, monkeypox, cowpox and ectromelia viruses cause acute infections in their hosts. With the exception of variola virus (VARV), the etiological agent of smallpox, other OPV have been reported to persist in a variety of animal species following natural or experimental infection. Despite the implications and significance for the ecology and epidemiology of diseases these viruses cause, those reports have never been thoroughly investigated. We used the mouse pathogen ectromelia virus (ECTV), the agent of mousepox and a close relative of VARV to investigate virus persistence in inbred mice. We provide evidence that ECTV causes a persistent infection in some susceptible strains of mice in which low levels of virus genomes were detected in various tissues late in infection. The bone marrow (BM) and blood appeared to be key sites of persistence. Contemporaneous with virus persistence, antiviral CD8 T cell responses were demonstrable over the entire 25-week study period, with a change in the immunodominance hierarchy evident during the first 3 weeks. Some virus-encoded host response modifiers were found to modulate virus persistence whereas host genes encoded by the NKC and MHC class I reduced the potential for persistence. When susceptible strains of mice that had apparently recovered from infection were subjected to sustained immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide (CTX), animals succumbed to mousepox with high titers of infectious virus in various organs. CTX treated index mice transmitted virus to, and caused disease in, co-housed naïve mice. The most surprising but significant finding was that immunosuppression of disease-resistant C57BL/6 mice several weeks after recovery from primary infection generated high titers of virus in multiple tissues. Resistant mice showed no evidence of a persistent infection. This is the strongest evidence that ECTV can persist in inbred mice, regardless of their resistance status.
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50
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Zhang X, Olsen HS, Chen S, So E, Zhou H, Burch E, Mérigeon EY, Block DS, Strome SE. Anti-CD20 Antibody with Multimerized Fc Domains: A Novel Strategy To Deplete B Cells and Augment Treatment of Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1165-76. [PMID: 26695368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a fully recombinant anti-CD20 protein derived from cDNA encoding one Fab domain, two IgG1 Fc regions, the IgG2 hinge, and an isoleucine zipper. This protein, called GB4542, contained both the homodimer and higher-order multimers. Binding studies revealed that GB4542 preferentially bound CD20(+) cells yet also recognized CD20(-)FcγR(+) PBMC. In contrast, a control mAb containing the identical Fab region, GB4500, failed to bind CD20(-)FcγR(+) PBMC. Consistent with these findings, interactions between GB4542 and the canonical FcγRs had substantially lower KD values than correlate interfaces between GB4500 and these receptors. At low concentrations, GB4542 showed enhanced Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity compared with GB4500. However, at higher concentrations, an Fc analog of GB4542 inhibited anti-CD20 mAb-mediated B cell clearance through direct blocking of both Fc-FcγR interactions and C1q deposition on target cells. Furthermore, the higher-order multimer fraction of GB4542 demonstrated greater binding avidity with the canonical FcγRs and was associated with inhibitory effects observed in Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays. These data suggest that GB4542 might have utility in the treatment of autoimmune diseases by combining both mAb-mediated B cell depletion and multimerized Fc-mediated tolerogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | | | - Shaodong Chen
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Edward So
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Erin Burch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | | | | | - Scott E Strome
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201;
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