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Dong L, Luo W, Maksym S, Robson SC, Zavialov AV. Adenosine deaminase 2 regulates the activation of the toll-like receptor 9 in response to nucleic acids. Front Med 2024:10.1007/s11684-024-1067-5. [PMID: 39078537 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Human cells contain two types of adenosine deaminases (ADA) each with unique properties: ADA1, which is present in all cells where it modulates intracellular functions and extracellular signaling, and ADA2, which is secreted by immune cells. The exact intracellular functions of ADA2 remain undetermined and less defined than those of ADA1. ADA2 has distinct characteristics, such as low adenosine affinity, heparin-binding ability, and putative lysosomal entry. Here, we confirm that ADA2 is a lysosomal protein that binds toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, specifically CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs). We show that interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is secreted in response to TLR9 activation by CpG ODNs and natural DNA and markedly increases when ADA2 expression is downregulated in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Additionally, the pretreatment of pDCs with RNA further stimulates IFN-α secretion by pDCs after activation with CpG ODNs. Our findings indicate that ADA2 regulates TLR9 responses to DNA in activated pDCs. In conclusion, decreasing ADA2 expression or blocking it with specific oligonucleotides can enhance IFN-α secretion from pDCs, improving immune responses against intracellular infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Wenwen Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Skaldin Maksym
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Joint Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Andrey V Zavialov
- International Center for Aging and Cancer (ICAC), Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
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2
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Hao K, Gao KM, Strauss M, Subramanian S, Marshak-Rothstein A. IFNγ initiates TLR9-dependent autoimmune hepatitis in DNase II deficient mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.602775. [PMID: 39071327 PMCID: PMC11275780 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.602775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Patients with biallelic hypomorphic mutation in DNASE2 develop systemic autoinflammation and early-onset liver fibrosis. Prior studies showed that Dnase2 -/- Ifnar -/- double knockout (DKO) mice develop Type I IFN-independent liver inflammation, but immune mechanisms were unclear. We now show that DKO mice recapitulate many features of human autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), including periportal and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis and elevated ALT. Infiltrating cells include CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells, type I innate lymphoid cells, and inflammatory monocyte/macrophage cells that replace the Kupffer cell pool. Importantly, TLR9 expression by bone marrow-derived cells is required for the the development of AIH. TLR9 is highly expressed by inflammatory myeloid cells but not long-lived Kupffer cells. Furthermore, the initial recruitment of TLR9 expressing monocytes and subsequent activation of lymphocytes requires IFNγ signaling. These findings highlight a critical role of feed forward loop between TLR9 expressing monocyte-lineage cells and IFNg producing lymphocytes in autoimmune hepatitis.
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3
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Xu X, Hong Y, Fan H, Guo Z. Nucleic Acid Materials-Mediated Innate Immune Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400111. [PMID: 38622787 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Abnormally localized nucleic acids (NAs) are considered as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in innate immunity. They are recognized by NAs-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of associated signaling pathways and subsequent production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further trigger the adaptive immunity. Notably, NAs-mediated innate immune activation is highly dependent on the conformation changes, especially the aggregation of PRRs. Evidence indicates that the characteristics of NAs including their length, concentration and even spatial structure play essential roles in inducing the aggregation of PRRs. Therefore, nucleic acid materials (NAMs) with high valency of NAs and high-order structures hold great potential for activating innate and adaptive immunity, making them promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, a variety of NAMs have been developed and have demonstrated significant efficacy in achieving satisfactory anti-tumor immunity in multiple mouse models, exhibiting huge potential for clinical application in cancer treatment. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms of NAMs-mediated innate immune response, and summarize their applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuxuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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4
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Wang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Lu X, Guo Z, Lv S, Sun Z, Gao T, Gao F, Yuan J. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Ovarian Function: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01634-4. [PMID: 38981995 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control plays a critical role in cytogenetic development by regulating various cell-death pathways and modulating the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dysregulated mitochondrial quality control can lead to a broad spectrum of diseases, including reproductive disorders, particularly female infertility. Ovarian insufficiency is a significant contributor to female infertility, given its high prevalence, complex pathogenesis, and profound impact on women's health. Understanding the pathogenesis of ovarian insufficiency and devising treatment strategies based on this understanding are crucial. Oocytes and granulosa cells (GCs) are the primary ovarian cell types, with GCs regulated by oocytes, fulfilling their specific energy requirements prior to ovulation. Dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control through gene knockout or external stimuli can precipitate apoptosis, inflammatory responses, or ferroptosis in both oocytes and GCs, exacerbating ovarian insufficiency. This review aimed to delineate the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control in GCs and oocytes during ovarian development. This study highlights the adverse consequences of dysregulated mitochondrial quality control on GCs and oocyte development and proposes therapeutic interventions for ovarian insufficiency based on mitochondrial quality control. These insights provide a foundation for future clinical approaches for treating ovarian insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinzheng Wang
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xueyi Lu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhipeng Guo
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shenmin Lv
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Tan Gao
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinxiang Yuan
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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5
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Haseeb M, Choi YS, Patra MC, Jeong U, Lee WH, Qayyum N, Choi H, Kim W, Choi S. Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Dual Inhibitor Targeting Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5090-5107. [PMID: 38904299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The aberrant secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells is the principal cause of inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9, sequestered to the endosomal compartment of dendritic cells and macrophages, are closely associated with the initiation and progression of these diseases. Therefore, the development of drugs targeting dysregulated endosomal TLRs is imperative to mitigate systemic inflammation. Here, we applied the principles of computer-aided drug discovery to identify a novel low-molecular-weight compound, TLR inhibitory compound 10 (TIC10), and its potent derivative (TIC10g), which demonstrated dual inhibition of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling pathways. Compared to TIC10, TIC10g exhibited a more pronounced inhibition of the TLR7- and TLR9-mediated secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in a mouse macrophage cell line and mouse bone marrow dendritic cells in a concentration-dependent manner. While TIC10g slightly prevented TLR3 and TLR8 activation, it had no impact on cell surface TLRs (TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4, or TLR5), indicating its selectivity for TLR7 and TLR9. Additionally, mechanistic studies suggested that TIC10g interfered with TLR9 activation by CpG DNA and suppressed downstream pathways by directly binding to TLR9. Western blot analysis revealed that TIC10g downregulated the phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, p38-MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These findings indicate that the novel ligand, TIC10g, is a specific dual inhibitor of endosomal TLRs (TLR7 and TLR9), disrupting MAPK- and NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haseeb
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yang Seon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Mahesh Chandra Patra
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Uisuk Jeong
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Naila Qayyum
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hongjoon Choi
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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6
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VanPortfliet JJ, Chute C, Lei Y, Shutt TE, West AP. Mitochondrial DNA release and sensing in innate immune responses. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:R80-R91. [PMID: 38779772 PMCID: PMC11112387 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are pleiotropic organelles central to an array of cellular pathways including metabolism, signal transduction, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria are also key drivers of mammalian immune responses, functioning as scaffolds for innate immune signaling, governing metabolic switches required for immune cell activation, and releasing agonists that promote inflammation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a potent immunostimulatory agonist, triggering pro-inflammatory and type I interferon responses in a host of mammalian cell types. Here we review recent advances in how mtDNA is detected by nucleic acid sensors of the innate immune system upon release into the cytoplasm and extracellular space. We also discuss how the interplay between mtDNA release and sensing impacts cellular innate immune endpoints relevant to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn J VanPortfliet
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Cole Chute
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yuanjiu Lei
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Phillip West
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
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7
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Yoshida T, Hagihara T, Uchida Y, Horiuchi Y, Sasaki K, Yamamoto T, Yamashita T, Goda Y, Saito Y, Yamaguchi T, Obika S, Yamamoto S, Inoue T. Introduction of sugar-modified nucleotides into CpG-containing antisense oligonucleotides inhibits TLR9 activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11540. [PMID: 38773176 PMCID: PMC11109122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to RNAs through Watson-Crick base pairings. They are actively being developed as therapeutics for various human diseases. ASOs containing unmethylated deoxycytidylyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are known to trigger innate immune responses via interaction with toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the TLR9-stimulatory properties of ASOs, specifically those with lengths equal to or less than 20 nucleotides, phosphorothioate linkages, and the presence and arrangement of sugar-modified nucleotides-crucial elements for ASO therapeutics under development-have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we first established SY-ODN18, an 18-nucleotide phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide with sufficient TLR9-stimulatory activity. We demonstrated that an unmethylated CpG motif near its 5'-end was indispensable for TLR9 activation. Moreover, by utilizing various sugar-modified nucleotides, we systematically generated model ASOs, including gapmer, mixmer, and fully modified designs, in accordance with the structures of ASO therapeutics. Our results illustrated that introducing sugar-modified nucleotides in such designs significantly reduces TLR9-stimulatory activity, even without methylation of CpG motifs. These findings would be useful for drug designs on several types of ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuyuki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hagihara
- Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Horiuchi
- Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takenori Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takuma Yamashita
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takao Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan.
| | - Takao Inoue
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Wei L, Liu L, Meng Z, Qi K, Gao X, Feng J, Luo J. Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:753-770. [PMID: 38563966 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogen responsible for tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its interaction with macrophages has a significant impact on the onset and progression of the disease. METHODS The respiratory pathway allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to enter the body's lungs where it battles immune cells before being infected latently or actively. In the progress of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the body's immune system and creates inflammatory factors, which cause tissue inflammation to infiltrate and the creation of granulomas, which seriously harms the body. Toll-like receptors of macrophage can mediate host recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, initiate immune responses, and participate in macrophage autophagy. New host-directed therapeutic approaches targeting autophagy for drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged, providing new ideas for the effective treatment of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS In-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which macrophage autophagy interacts with intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the study of potent and specific autophagy-regulating molecules, will lead to much-needed advances in drug discovery and vaccine design, which will improve the prevention and treatment of human tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Wei
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Zudi Meng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Kai Qi
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xuehan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Lishui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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9
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Bozdag M, Mertens F, Matheeussen A, Van Pelt N, Foubert K, Hermans N, De Meyer GRY, Augustyns K, Martinet W, Caljon G, Van der Veken P. Design and Synthesis of 1,3-Diarylpyrazoles and Investigation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antiparasitic Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4693. [PMID: 38731916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a series of 1,3-diarylpyrazoles that are analogues of compound 26/HIT 8. We previously identified this molecule as a 'hit' during a high-throughput screening campaign for autophagy inducers. A variety of synthetic strategies were utilized to modify the 1,3-diarylpyrazole core at its 1-, 3-, and 4-position. Compounds were assessed in vitro to identify their cytotoxicity properties. Of note, several compounds in the series displayed relevant cytotoxicity, which warrants scrutiny while interpreting biological activities that have been reported for structurally related molecules. In addition, antiparasitic activities were recorded against a range of human-infective protozoa, including Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei rhodesiense, and Leishmania infantum. The most interesting compounds displayed low micromolar whole-cell potencies against individual or several parasitic species, while lacking cytotoxicity against human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bozdag
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Freke Mertens
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natascha Van Pelt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis-Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis-Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Kawai T, Ikegawa M, Ori D, Akira S. Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity. Immunity 2024; 57:649-673. [PMID: 38599164 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs, categorized into cell surface and endosomal subfamilies, recognize diverse PAMPs, and structural elucidation of TLRs and PAMP complexes has revealed their intricate mechanisms. TLRs activate common and specific signaling pathways to shape immune responses. Recent studies have shown the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Despite their protective functions, aberrant responses of TLRs contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the delicate balance between TLR activation and regulatory mechanisms is crucial for deciphering their dual role in immune defense and disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the history of TLR discovery, elucidation of TLR ligands and signaling pathways, and their relevance to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan; Life Science Collaboration Center (LiSCo), Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Moe Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DSS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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11
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Tan M, Makiguchi N, Kusamori K, Itakura S, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y, Nishikawa M. Tuning CpG motif position in nanostructured DNA for efficient immune stimulation. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300308. [PMID: 38651249 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
It was previously demonstrated that polypod-like nanostructured DNA (polypodna) comprising three or more oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were useful for the delivery of ODNs containing cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs, or CpG ODNs, to immune cells. Although the immunostimulatory activity of single-stranded CpG ODNs is highly dependent on CpG motif sequence and position, little is known about how the position of the motif affects the immunostimulatory activity of CpG motif-containing nanostructured DNAs. In the present study, four series of polypodna were designed, each comprising a CpG ODN with one potent CpG motif at varying positions and 2-5 CpG-free ODNs, and investigated their immunostimulatory activity using Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9)-positive murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Polypodnas with the CpG motif in the 5'-overhang induced more tumor necrosis factor-α release than those with the motif in the double-stranded region, even though their cellular uptake were similar. Importantly, the rank order of the immunostimulatory activity of single-stranded CpG ODNs changed after their incorporation into polypodna. These results indicate that the CpG ODN sequence as well as the motif location in nanostructured DNAs should be considered for designing the CpG motif-containing nanostructured DNAs for immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Natsuki Makiguchi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kusamori
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Bowhay CR, Hanington PC. Animal granulins: In the GRN scheme of things. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105115. [PMID: 38101714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Granulins are conserved in nearly all metazoans, with an intriguing loss in insects. These pleiotropic peptides are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes yet have been overwhelmingly examined in mammalian systems. While work in other animal models has been informative, a richer understanding of the proteins should be obtained by integrating knowledge from all available contexts. The main bodies of work described here include 1) the structure-function relationships of progranulin and its cleavage products, 2) the role of expanded granulin gene families and different isoforms in fish immunology, 3) the release of granulin peptides to promote host angiogenesis by parasitic worms, 4) a diversity of molluscan uses for granulins, including immune activation in intermediate hosts to trematodes, 5) knowledge gained on lysosomal functions from C. elegans and the stress-related activities of granulins. We provide an overview of functional reports across the Metazoa to inform much-needed future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Bowhay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Patrick C Hanington
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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13
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Hartmann G. Cooperative activation of human TLR9 and consequences for the clinical development of antisense and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102078. [PMID: 38111914 PMCID: PMC10726420 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Campus Venusberg, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Cacace R, Zhou L, Hendrickx Van de Craen E, Buist A, Hoogmartens J, Sieben A, Cras P, Vandenberghe R, De Deyn PP, Oehlrich D, De Bondt A, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Van Broeckhoven C. Mutated Toll-like receptor 9 increases Alzheimer's disease risk by compromising innate immunity protection. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5380-5389. [PMID: 37433968 PMCID: PMC11041692 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves central and peripheral immune deregulation. Gene identification and studies of AD genetic variants of peripheral immune components may aid understanding of peripheral-central immune crosstalk and facilitate new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we have identified in a Flanders-Belgian family a novel variant p.E317D in the Toll-like receptor 9 gene (TLR9), co-segregating with EOAD in an autosomal dominant manner. In human, TLR9 is an essential innate and adaptive immune component predominantly expressed in peripheral immune cells. The p.E317D variant caused 50% reduction in TLR9 activation in the NF-κB luciferase assay suggesting that p.E317D is a loss-of-function mutation. Cytokine profiling of human PBMCs upon TLR9 activation revealed a predominantly anti-inflammatory response in contrast to the inflammatory responses from TLR7/8 activation. The cytokines released upon TLR9 activation suppressed inflammation and promoted phagocytosis of Aβ42 oligomers in human iPSC-derived microglia. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulation of AXL, RUBICON and associated signaling pathways, which may underline the effects of TLR9 signaling-induced cytokines in regulating the inflammatory status and phagocytic property of microglia. Our data suggest a protective role of TLR9 signaling in AD pathogenesis, and we propose that TLR9 loss-of-function may disrupt a peripheral-central immune crosstalk that promotes dampening of inflammation and clearance of toxic protein species, leading to the build-up of neuroinflammation and pathogenic protein aggregates in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Hendrickx Van de Craen
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Arjan Buist
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Julie Hoogmartens
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - An De Bondt
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, and Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Tsukidate T, Hespen CW, Hang HC. Small molecule modulators of immune pattern recognition receptors. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:1014-1036. [PMID: 38033733 PMCID: PMC10685800 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) represent a re-emerging class of therapeutic targets for vaccine adjuvants, inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review article, we summarize exciting developments in discovery and characterization of small molecule PRR modulators, focusing on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and the cGAS-STING pathway. We also highlight PRRs that are currently lacking small molecule modulators and opportunities for chemical biology and therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsukidate
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Charles W Hespen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology and Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla California 92037 USA
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16
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von Drygalski A, Gomez E, Giermasz A, Castaman G, Key NS, Lattimore SU, Leebeek FWG, Miesbach WA, Recht M, Gut R, Dolmetsch R, Monahan PE, Le Quellec S, Pipe SW. Stable and durable factor IX levels in patients with hemophilia B over 3 years after etranacogene dezaparvovec gene therapy. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5671-5679. [PMID: 36490302 PMCID: PMC10539871 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Etranacogene dezaparvovec (AMT-061) is a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector containing a codon-optimized Padua variant human factor IX (FIX) transgene with a liver-specific promoter. Here, we report 3-year outcomes from a phase 2b, open-label, single-dose, single-arm, multicenter trial conducted among adults with severe or moderately severe hemophilia B (FIX ≤2%). All participants (n = 3) received a single intravenous dose (2 × 1013 gene copies per kg) and will be followed up for 5 years. The primary end point of FIX activity ≥5% at 6 weeks was met. Secondary end points included bleed frequency, FIX concentrate use, joint health, and adverse events (AEs). All participants required routine FIX prophylaxis and had neutralizing antibodies to AAV5 before etranacogene dezaparvovec treatment. After administration, FIX activity rose to a mean of 40.8% in year 1 and was sustained in year 3 at 36.9%. All participants discontinued FIX prophylaxis. Bleeding was completely eliminated in 2 out of 3 participants. One participant required on-demand FIX replacement therapy per protocol because of elective surgical procedures, for 2 reported bleeding episodes, and twice for a single self-administered infusion because of an unreported reason. One participant experienced 2 mild, self-limiting AEs shortly after dosing. During the 3-year study period, there were no clinically significant elevations in liver enzymes, no requirement for steroids, no FIX inhibitor development, and no late-emergent safety events in any participant. Etranacogene dezaparvovec was safe and effective in adults with hemophilia B over 3 years after administration. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03489291.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette von Drygalski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Adam Giermasz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hemophilia Treatment Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Giancarlo Castaman
- Center for Bleeding Disorders, Department of Oncology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Division of Hematology and Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang A. Miesbach
- Department of Hemostaseology and Hemophilia Center, Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Recht
- American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network, Rochester, NY
- Hemophilia Treatment Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven W. Pipe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Choi T, Maiti G, Chakravarti S. Three-Dimensional Modeling of CpG DNA Binding with Matrix Lumican Shows Leucine-Rich Repeat Motif Involvement as in TLR9-CpG DNA Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14990. [PMID: 37834438 PMCID: PMC10573802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan known to regulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in innate immune cells. In experimental settings, lumican suppresses TLR9 signaling by binding to and sequestering its synthetic ligand, CpG-DNA, in non-signal permissive endosomes. However, the molecular details of lumican interactions with CpG-DNA are obscure. Here, the 3-D structure of the 22 base-long CpG-DNA (CpG ODN_2395) bound to lumican or TLR9 were modeled using homology modeling and docking methods. Some of the TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 features predicted by our model are consistent with the previously reported TLR9-CpG DNA crystal structure, substantiating our current analysis. Our modeling indicated a smaller buried surface area for lumican-CpG ODN_2395 (1803 Å2) compared to that of TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 (2094 Å2), implying a potentially lower binding strength for lumican and CpG-DNA than TLR9 and CpG-DNA. The docking analysis identified 32 amino acids in lumican LRR1-11 interacting with CpG ODN_2395, primarily through hydrogen bonding, salt-bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. Our study provides molecular insights into lumican and CpG-DNA interactions that may lead to molecular targets for modulating TLR9-mediated inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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18
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Pollak AJ, Zhao L, Crooke ST. Characterization of cooperative PS-oligo activation of human TLR9. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:832-844. [PMID: 37675184 PMCID: PMC10477407 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-oligos) can activate TLR9, leading to an innate immune response. This can occur with PS-oligos containing unmethylated CpG sites, the canonical motif, or PS-oligos that do not contain those motifs (non-CpG). Structural evidence shows that TLR9 contains two PS-oligo binding sites, and recent data suggest that synergistic cooperative activation of TLR9 can be achieved by adding two separate PS-oligos to cells, each engaging with a separate site on TLR9 to enhance TLR9 activation as a pair. Here, we demonstrate and characterize this cooperativity phenomenon using PS-oligos in human cell lines, and we introduce several novel PS-oligo pairs (CpG and non-CpG pairs) that show cooperative activation. Indeed, we find that cooperative PS-oligos likely bind at different sites on TLR9. Interestingly, we find that PS-oligos that generate little TLR9 activation on their own can prime TLR9 to be activated by other PS-oligos. Finally, we determine that previous models of TLR9 activation cannot be used to fully explain data from systems using human TLR9 and PS-oligos. Overall, we reveal new details of TLR9 activation, but we also find that more work needs to be done to determine where certain PS-oligos are binding to TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luyi Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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19
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Tripathi A, Bartosh A, Whitehead C, Pillai A. Activation of cell-free mtDNA-TLR9 signaling mediates chronic stress-induced social behavior deficits. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3806-3815. [PMID: 37528226 PMCID: PMC10730412 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and social behavior deficits are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Chronic stress, a major risk factor for depression and other mental health conditions is known to increase inflammatory responses and social behavior impairments. Disturbances in mitochondria function have been found in chronic stress conditions, however the mechanisms that link mitochondrial dysfunction to stress-induced social behavior deficits are not well understood. In this study, we found that chronic restraint stress (RS) induces significant increases in serum cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) levels in mice, and systemic Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) treatment attenuated RS-induced social behavioral deficits. Our findings revealed potential roles of mitophagy and Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) in mediating chronic stress-induced changes in cf-mtDNA levels and social behavior. Furthermore, we showed that inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) attenuates mtDNA-induced social behavior deficits. Together, these findings show that cf-mtDNA-TLR9 signaling is critical in mediating stress-induced social behavior deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alona Bartosh
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carl Whitehead
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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20
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Choi T, Maiti G, Chakravarti S. 3D modeling of CpG DNA binding with matrix lumican shows leucine-rich repeat motif involvement as in TLR9-CpG DNA interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554201. [PMID: 37662233 PMCID: PMC10473624 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Lumican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, known to regulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in innate immune cells. In experimental settings, lumican suppresses TLR9 signaling by binding to, and sequestering its synthetic ligand, CpG-DNA, in non-signal permissive endosomes. However, the molecular details of lumican interactions with CpG-DNA are obscure. Here, the 3-D structure of the 22 base-long CpG-DNA (CpG ODN_2395) bound to lumican or TLR9 were modeled using homology modeling and docking methods. Some of the TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 features predicted by our model are consistent with the previously reported TLR9-CpG DNA crystal structure, substantiating our current analysis. Our modeling indicated a smaller buried surface area for lumican-CpG ODN_2395 (1803 Å2) compared to that of TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 (2094 Å2), implying a potentially lower binding strength for lumican and CpG-DNA than TLR9 and CpG-DNA. The docking analysis identified 32 amino acids in lumican LRR1-11 interacting with CpG ODN_2395, primarily through hydrogen bonding, salt-bridges and hydrophobic interactions. Our study provides molecular insights into lumican and CpG-DNA interactions that may lead to molecular targets for modulating TLR9 mediated inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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21
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Tang Y, Hu YW, Wang SH, Zhou M, Ding YJ, Cai SQ, Tang B, Wang SG. RNAi-mediated CrebA silencing inhibits reproduction and immunity in Locusta migratoria manilensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104711. [PMID: 37062456 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Locusta migratoria manilensis is a major agricultural pest that causes severe direct and indirect damage to several crops. Thus, to provide a theoretical foundation for pest control, the role of CrebA in the reproduction and immune regulation of L. migratoria was investigated. CrebA is a bZIP transcription factor that critically regulates intracellular protein secretion. In this study, CrebA was widely expressed in the brain, fat body, integument, midgut, and reproductive tissues of different maturity stages of adult locusts, especially in the female fat body. RNA interfering (RNAi)-mediated silencing of CrebA inhibited locusts ovarian development, and key reproduction gene expressions, Vgs, VgRs, Chico, and JHAMT were downregulated. After the locusts were injected with Micrococcus luteus or Escherichia coli, M. luteus activated lysozyme expression, while the E. coli activated both phenol oxidase cascade and lysozyme expression. Furthermore, both bacteria stimulated the upregulation of the antimicrobial peptide genes DEF3 and DEF4. However, CrebA silencing is fatal to locusts infection with E. coli, with a mortality rate of up to 96.3%, and resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of DEF3 and DEF4 and changes in the activities of phenol oxidase and lysozyme of locusts infected by bacteria. Collectively, CrebA may be involved in diverse biological processes, including reproduction and immunity. CrebA inhibited locusts reproduction by regulating JH signaling pathway and inhibits the expression of immune genes TLR6, IMD, and AMPs. These results demonstrate CrebA seems to play a crucial role in reproduction and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Yao-Wen Hu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Yan-Juan Ding
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Si-Qi Cai
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China.
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22
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Choi Y, Cho BK, Seok SH, Kim C, Ryu JH, Kwon IC. Controlled spatial characteristics of ligands on nanoparticles: Determinant of cellular functions. J Control Release 2023; 360:672-686. [PMID: 37437847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of various ligands and receptors have been extensively investigated because they regulate a series of signal transduction leading to various functional cellular outcomes. The receptors on cell membrane recognize their specific ligands, resulting in specific binding between ligands and receptors. Accumulating evidence reveals that the receptors recognize the difference on the spatial characteristics of ligands as well as the types of ligands. Thus, control on spatial characteristics of multiple ligands presented on therapeutic nanoparticles is believed to impact the cellular functions. Specifically, the localized and multivalent distribution of ligands on nanoparticles can induce receptor oligomerization and receptor clustering, controlling intensity or direction of signal transduction cascades. Here, we will introduce recent studies on the use of material-based nanotechnology to control spatial characteristics of ligands and their effect on cellular functions. These therapeutic nanoparticles with controlled spatial characteristics of ligands may be a promising strategy for maximized therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Choi
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Cho
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Seok
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansoo Kim
- Computational Science Centre & ASSIST, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; AI-Robot Department, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Zhu CS, He L, Qiang X, Chen W, Wang H. A two-decade journey in identifying high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and procathepsin L (pCTS-L) as potential therapeutic targets for sepsis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:575-591. [PMID: 37477229 PMCID: PMC10530501 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2239495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbial infections and resultant sepsis are leading causes of death in hospitals, representing approximately 20% of total deaths worldwide. Despite the difficulties in translating experimental insights into effective therapies for often heterogenous patient populations, an improved understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying experimental sepsis is still urgently needed. Sepsis is partly attributable to dysregulated innate immune responses manifested by hyperinflammation and immunosuppression at different stages of microbial infections. AREAS COVERED Here we review our recent progress in searching for late-acting mediators of experimental sepsis and propose high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and procathepsin-L (pCTS-L) as potential therapeutic targets for improving outcomes of lethal sepsis and other infectious diseases. EXPERT OPINION It will be important to evaluate the efficacy of HMGB1- or pCTS-L-targeting agents for the clinical management of human sepsis and other infectious diseases in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Cassie Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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24
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Hoffmann M, Gerlach S, Takamiya M, Tarazi S, Hersch N, Csiszár A, Springer R, Dreissen G, Scharr H, Rastegar S, Beil T, Strähle U, Merkel R, Hoffmann B. Smuggling on the Nanoscale-Fusogenic Liposomes Enable Efficient RNA-Transfer with Negligible Immune Response In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041210. [PMID: 37111695 PMCID: PMC10146161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient and biocompatible transfer of nucleic acids into mammalian cells for research applications or medical purposes is a long-standing, challenging task. Viral transduction is the most efficient transfer system, but often entails high safety levels for research and potential health impairments for patients in medical applications. Lipo- or polyplexes are commonly used transfer systems but result in comparably low transfer efficiencies. Moreover, inflammatory responses caused by cytotoxic side effects were reported for these transfer methods. Often accountable for these effects are various recognition mechanisms for transferred nucleic acids. Using commercially available fusogenic liposomes (Fuse-It-mRNA), we established highly efficient and fully biocompatible transfer of RNA molecules for in vitro as well as in vivo applications. We demonstrated bypassing of endosomal uptake routes and, therefore, of pattern recognition receptors that recognize nucleic acids with high efficiency. This may underlie the observed almost complete abolishment of inflammatory cytokine responses. RNA transfer experiments into zebrafish embryos and adult animals fully confirmed the functional mechanism and the wide range of applications from single cells to organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hoffmann
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Gerlach
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Samar Tarazi
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nils Hersch
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Agnes Csiszár
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ronald Springer
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Dreissen
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hanno Scharr
- IAS-8: Data Analytics and Machine Learning, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Beil
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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25
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Jing W, Liu C, Su C, Liu L, Chen P, Li X, Zhang X, Yuan B, Wang H, Du X. Role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage in rheumatoid arthritis and targeted drugs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107670. [PMID: 36845127 PMCID: PMC9948260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, pannus formation, and bone and cartilage damage. It has a high disability rate. The hypoxic microenvironment of RA joints can cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial damage, which not only affect the metabolic processes of immune cells and pathological changes in fibroblastic synovial cells but also upregulate the expression of several inflammatory pathways, ultimately promoting inflammation. Additionally, ROS and mitochondrial damage are involved in angiogenesis and bone destruction, thereby accelerating RA progression. In this review, we highlighted the effects of ROS accumulation and mitochondrial damage on inflammatory response, angiogenesis, bone and cartilage damage in RA. Additionally, we summarized therapies that target ROS or mitochondria to relieve RA symptoms and discuss the gaps in research and existing controversies, hoping to provide new ideas for research in this area and insights for targeted drug development in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyao Jing
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenghong Su
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Rheumatic and Bone Disease, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Rheumatic and Bone Disease, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture and Pain, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Rheumatic and Bone Disease, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Haidong Wang, ; Xiaozheng Du,
| | - Xiaozheng Du
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Haidong Wang, ; Xiaozheng Du,
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26
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Pollak AJ, Zhao L, Crooke ST. Systematic Analysis of Chemical Modifications of Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotides that Modulate Their Innate Immune Response. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:95-107. [PMID: 36749166 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While rare, some gapmer phosphorothioate (PS) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can induce a noncanonical TLR9-dependent innate immune response. In this study, we performed systematic analyses of the roles of PS ASO backbone chemistry, 2' modifications, and sequence in PS ASO induced TLR9 signaling. We found that each of these factors can contribute to altering PS ASO induced TLR9 signaling, and in some cases the effects are quite dramatic. We also found that the positioning (5' vs. 3') of a particular backbone or 2' modification within a PS ASO can affect its TLR9 signaling. Interestingly, medicinal chemical strategies that decrease TLR9 signaling for one sequence can have opposing effects on another sequence. Our results demonstrate that TLR9 signaling is highly PS ASO sequence dependent, the mechanism of which remains unknown. Despite this, we determined that placement of two mesyl phosphoramidate linkages within the PS ASO gap is the most promising strategy to mitigate PS ASO dependent TLR9 activation to enhance the therapeutic index and, therefore, further streamline PS ASO drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Pollak
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Luyi Zhao
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Stanley T Crooke
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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27
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Kumar L, Brenner N, Sledzieski S, Olaosebikan M, Roger LM, Lynn-Goin M, Klein-Seetharaman R, Berger B, Putnam H, Yang J, Lewinski NA, Singh R, Daniels NM, Cowen L, Klein-Seetharaman J. Transfer of knowledge from model organisms to evolutionarily distant non-model organisms: The coral Pocillopora damicornis membrane signaling receptome. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270965. [PMID: 36735673 PMCID: PMC9897584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ease of gene sequencing and the technology available to study and manipulate non-model organisms, the extension of the methodological toolbox required to translate our understanding of model organisms to non-model organisms has become an urgent problem. For example, mining of large coral and their symbiont sequence data is a challenge, but also provides an opportunity for understanding functionality and evolution of these and other non-model organisms. Much more information than for any other eukaryotic species is available for humans, especially related to signal transduction and diseases. However, the coral cnidarian host and human have diverged over 700 million years ago and homologies between proteins in the two species are therefore often in the gray zone, or at least often undetectable with traditional BLAST searches. We introduce a two-stage approach to identifying putative coral homologues of human proteins. First, through remote homology detection using Hidden Markov Models, we identify candidate human homologues in the cnidarian genome. However, for many proteins, the human genome alone contains multiple family members with similar or even more divergence in sequence. In the second stage, therefore, we filter the remote homology results based on the functional and structural plausibility of each coral candidate, shortlisting the coral proteins likely to have conserved some of the functions of the human proteins. We demonstrate our approach with a pipeline for mapping membrane receptors in humans to membrane receptors in corals, with specific focus on the stony coral, P. damicornis. More than 1000 human membrane receptors mapped to 335 coral receptors, including 151 G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). To validate specific sub-families, we chose opsin proteins, representative GPCRs that confer light sensitivity, and Toll-like receptors, representative non-GPCRs, which function in the immune response, and their ability to communicate with microorganisms. Through detailed structure-function analysis of their ligand-binding pockets and downstream signaling cascades, we selected those candidate remote homologues likely to carry out related functions in the corals. This pipeline may prove generally useful for other non-model organisms, such as to support the growing field of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
| | - Nathanael Brenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
| | - Samuel Sledzieski
- MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Monsurat Olaosebikan
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Liza M. Roger
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Lynn-Goin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Bonnie Berger
- MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hollie Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, South Kingstown, RI, United States of America
| | - Jinkyu Yang
- Department of Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nastassja A. Lewinski
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Rohit Singh
- MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Noah M. Daniels
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, South Kingstown, RI, United States of America
| | - Lenore Cowen
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Butkovich N, Tucker JA, Ramirez A, Li E, Meli VS, Nelson EL, Wang SW. Nanoparticle vaccines can be designed to induce pDC support of mDCs for increased antigen display. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:596-610. [PMID: 36476811 PMCID: PMC10775882 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine immunotherapy facilitates the immune system's recognition of tumor-associated antigens, and the biomolecular design of these vaccines using nanoparticles is one important approach towards obtaining strong anti-tumor responses. Following activation of dendritic cells (DCs), a robust CD8+ T cell-mediated adaptive immune response is critical for tumor elimination. While the role of efficient antigen-presenting myeloid DCs (mDCs) is conventionally attributed towards vaccine efficacy, participation by highly cytokine-producing plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) is less understood and is often overlooked. We examined vaccines based on the E2 protein nanoparticle platform that delivered encapsulated TLR9 agonist bacterial-like DNA (CpG1826 or CpG1018) or TLR7 agonist viral ssRNA to determine their efficacy over free agonists in activating both mDCs and pDCs for antigen presentation. Although mDCs were only activated by nanoparticle-encapsulated TLR9 agonists, pDCs were activated by all the individually tested constructs, and CpG1826 was shown to induce pDC cytokine production. Transfer of secreted factors from pDCs that were stimulated with a vaccine formulation comprising peptide antigen and CpG1826 enhanced mDC display of the antigen, particularly when delivered in nanoparticles. Only when treated with nanoparticle-conjugated vaccine could pDCs secrete factors to induce antigen display on naïve mDCs. These results reveal that pDCs can aid mDCs, highlighting the importance of activating both pDCs and mDCs in designing effective cancer vaccines, and demonstrate the advantage of using nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Butkovich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jo Anne Tucker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aaron Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Enya Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Vijaykumar S Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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29
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Du RR, Cedrone E, Romanov A, Falkovich R, Dobrovolskaia MA, Bathe M. Innate Immune Stimulation Using 3D Wireframe DNA Origami. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20340-20352. [PMID: 36459697 PMCID: PMC10144931 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional wireframe DNA origami have programmable structural and sequence features that render them potentially suitable for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. However, their innate immunological properties, which stem from parameters including geometric shape and cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) content, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the immunostimulatory properties of 3D wireframe DNA origami on the TLR9 pathway using both reporter cell lines and primary immune cells. Our results suggest that bare 3D polyhedral wireframe DNA origami induce minimal TLR9 activation despite the presence of numerous internal CpG dinucleotides. However, when displaying multivalent CpG-containing ssDNA oligos, wireframe DNA origami induce robust TLR9 pathway activation, along with enhancement of downstream immune response as evidenced by increases in Type I and Type III interferon (IFN) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Further, we find that CpG copy number and spatial organization each contribute to the magnitude of TLR9 signaling and that NANP-attached CpGs do not require phosphorothioate stabilization to elicit signaling. These results suggest key design parameters for wireframe DNA origami that can be programmed to modulate immune pathway activation controllably for prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Du
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Reuven Falkovich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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30
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Marathe A, M. Rao G, Rai S. Microbiota milieu and mechanisms of intestinal Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) involved in chemotherapy induced mucositis. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i5.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut is not only of digestive but also of immunological importance because of the residing microbiota milieu. Pathological or certain therapeutic condition may modify the normal commensal microflora. Mucositis, the most common untoward effect of chemotherapy, can also lead to this microbiotic imbalance. This shift leads to various molecular cascades which in turn trigger the action of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR’s). Toll like receptor (TLR) is one such pattern recognition receptor. In the human body there are about 13 types of TLRs out of which TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5 and TLR-9 are intestinal specific. They respond through ligands such as bacterial derivatives like flagellin, Lipoteichoic acid, Lipopolysaccharides, microbial antigen or genetic material of the viru. In turn via adaptor molecules, TLRs alter the signalling mechanisms and further induct the activation of pro or anti-inflammatory cytokines based on the immunological need. Several of the studies have described the involvement of under twined mechanisms of TLRs during chemotherapy. Therefore, agonists and/or antagonists of these strategic molecules may play a key role in pathological and therapeutic aspects. Thus, this review is an attempt to focus on the involvement of TLRs and microbiota to different chemotherapeutic agents and thereby track the available mechanisms of functionality.
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31
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Dongye Z, Li J, Wu Y. Toll-like receptor 9 agonists and combination therapies: strategies to modulate the tumour immune microenvironment for systemic anti-tumour immunity. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1584-1594. [PMID: 35902641 PMCID: PMC9333350 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has taken place in tumour immunotherapy, relying on the fast development of combination therapy strategies that target multiple immunosuppressive signaling pathways in the immune system of cancer patients to achieve a high response rate in clinical practice. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have been extensively investigated as therapeutics in monotherapy or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases and allergies. TLR9 agonists monotherapy shows limited efficacy in cancer patients; whereas, in combination with other therapies including antigen vaccines, radiotherapies, chemotherapies and immunotherapies exhibit great potential. Synthetic unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a commonly used agonist for TLR9, stimulate various antigen-presenting cells in the tumour microenvironment, which can initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Novel combination therapy approaches, which co-deliver immunostimulatory CpG-ODN with other therapeutics, have been tested in animal models and early human clinical trials to induce anti-tumour immune responses. In this review, we describe the basic understanding of TLR9 signaling pathway; the delivery methods in most studies; discuss the key challenges of each of the above mentioned TLR9 agonist-based combination immunotherapies and provide an overview of the ongoing clinical trial results from CpG-ODN based combination therapies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Dongye
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, Shandong PR China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Li
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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32
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Cui L, Weiyao J, Chenghong S, Limei L, Xinghua Z, Bo Y, Xiaozheng D, Haidong W. Rheumatoid arthritis and mitochondrial homeostasis: The crossroads of metabolism and immunity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1017650. [PMID: 36213670 PMCID: PMC9542797 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1017650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic symmetric synovial inflammation and erosive bone destruction. Mitochondria are the main site of cellular energy supply and play a key role in the process of energy metabolism. They possess certain self-regulatory and repair capabilities. Mitochondria maintain relative stability in number, morphology, and spatial structure through biological processes, such as biogenesis, fission, fusion, and autophagy, which are collectively called mitochondrial homeostasis. An imbalance in the mitochondrial homeostatic environment will affect immune cell energy metabolism, synovial cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling. These biological processes are involved in the onset and development of rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we found that in rheumatoid arthritis, abnormal mitochondrial homeostasis can mediate various immune cell metabolic disorders, and the reprogramming of immune cell metabolism is closely related to their inflammatory activation. In turn, mitochondrial damage and homeostatic imbalance can lead to mtDNA leakage and increased mtROS production. mtDNA and mtROS are active substances mediating multiple inflammatory pathways. Several rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agents regulate mitochondrial homeostasis and repair mitochondrial damage. Therefore, modulation of mitochondrial homeostasis would be one of the most attractive targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cui
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Weiyao
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Su Chenghong
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liu Limei
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhang Xinghua
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Bo
- Acupuncture and Pain Department, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lanzhou, China
| | - Du Xiaozheng
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Du Xiaozheng
| | - Wang Haidong
- Rheumatoid Bone Disease Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lanzhou, China
- Wang Haidong
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33
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Blood-declustering excretable metal clusters assembled in DNA matrix. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pollak AJ, Zhao L, Vickers TA, Huggins IJ, Liang XH, Crooke ST. Insights into innate immune activation via PS-ASO-protein-TLR9 interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8107-8126. [PMID: 35848907 PMCID: PMC9371907 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-CpG PS-ASOs can activate the innate immune system, leading to undesired outcomes. This response can vary—in part—as a function of 2′modifications and sequence. Here we investigated the molecular steps involved in the varied effects of PS-ASOs on the innate immune system. We found that pro-inflammatory PS-ASOs require TLR9 signaling based on the experimental systems used. However, the innate immunity of PS-ASOs does not correlate with their binding affinity with TLR9. Furthermore, the innate immune responses of pro-inflammatory PS-ASOs were reduced by coincubation with non-inflammatory PS-ASOs, suggesting that both pro-inflammatory and non-inflammatory PS-ASOs can interact with TLR9. We show that the kinetics of the PS-ASO innate immune responses can vary, which we speculate may be due to the existence of alternative PS-ASO binding sites on TLR9, leading to full, partial, or no activation of the pathway. In addition, we found that several extracellular proteins, including HMGB1, S100A8 and HRG, enhance the innate immune responses of PS-ASOs. Reduction of the binding affinity by reducing the PS content of PS-ASOs decreased innate immune responses, suggesting that PS-ASO–protein complexes may be sensed by TLR9. These findings thus provide critical information concerning how PS-ASOs can interact with and activate TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luyi Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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Andón FT, Leon S, Ummarino A, Redin E, Allavena P, Serrano D, Anfray C, Calvo A. Innate and Adaptive Responses of Intratumoral Immunotherapy with Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071590. [PMID: 35884895 PMCID: PMC9313389 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are natural initial triggers of innate and adaptive immune responses. With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, nucleic acids engineered as ligands of endosomal TLRs have been investigated for the treatment of solid tumors. Despite promising results, their systemic administration, similarly to other immunotherapies, raises safety issues. To overcome these problems, recent studies have applied the direct injection of endosomal TLR agonists in the tumor and/or draining lymph nodes, achieving high local drug exposure and strong antitumor response. Importantly, intratumoral delivery of TLR agonists showed powerful effects not only against the injected tumors but also often against uninjected lesions (abscopal effects), resulting in some cases in cure and antitumoral immunological memory. Herein, we describe the structure and function of TLRs and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Then, we provide our vision on the potential of intratumor versus systemic delivery or vaccination approaches using TLR agonists, also considering the use of nanoparticles to improve their targeting properties. Finally, we collect the preclinical and clinical studies applying intratumoral injection of TLR agonists as monotherapies or in combination with: (a) other TLR or STING agonists; (b) other immunotherapies; (c) radiotherapy or chemotherapy; (d) targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Torres Andón
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Sergio Leon
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Aldo Ummarino
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Humanitas University, 20089 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.U.); (C.A.)
| | - Esther Redin
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paola Allavena
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Humanitas University, 20089 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.U.); (C.A.)
| | - Diego Serrano
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clément Anfray
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Humanitas University, 20089 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.U.); (C.A.)
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-194700
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Dai J, Wang Y, Wang H, Gao Z, Wang Y, Fang M, Shi S, Zhang P, Wang H, Su Y, Yang M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Innate Immune Responses and the Potential Application Value of Toll-Like Receptor Immunomodulators in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:948770. [PMID: 35832809 PMCID: PMC9271922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.948770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to activate innate immune response to clear the invading virus. However, dysregulated immune responses may elicit the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the enhancement of immune-mediated pathology. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and TLR-induced immune responses is very important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 components by TLRs and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated, as well as the dual role of TLRs in regulating antiviral effects and excessive inflammatory responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, this article describes recent progress in the development of TLR immunomodulators including the agonists and antagonists, as vaccine adjuvants or agents used to treat hyperinflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Yingying Su,
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ming Yang,
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Abstract
Inflammation plays indispensable roles in building the immune responses such as acquired immunity against harmful pathogens. Furthermore, it is essential for maintaining biological homeostasis in ever-changing conditions. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) reside in cell membranes, endosomes or cytoplasm, and function as triggers for inflammatory responses. Binding of pathogen- or self-derived components, such as DNA, to PRRs activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). While these series of responses are essential for host defense, the unexpected release of DNA from the nucleus or mitochondria of host cells can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on DNA-sensing mechanisms via PRRs and the disorders and extraordinary conditions caused by self-derived DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ori
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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Comberlato A, Koga MM, Nüssing S, Parish IA, Bastings MMC. Spatially Controlled Activation of Toll-like Receptor 9 with DNA-Based Nanomaterials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2506-2513. [PMID: 35266392 PMCID: PMC8949768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
First evidence of geometrical patterns and defined distances of biomolecules as fundamental parameters to regulate receptor binding and cell signaling have emerged recently. Here, we demonstrate the importance of controlled nanospacing of immunostimulatory agents for the activation of immune cells by exploiting DNA-based nanomaterials and pre-existing crystallography data. We created DNA origami nanoparticles that present CpG-motifs in rationally designed spatial patterns to activate Toll-like Receptor 9 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We demonstrated that stronger immune activation is achieved when active molecules are positioned at the distance of 7 nm, matching the active dimer structure of the receptor. Moreover, we show how the introduction of linkers between particle and ligand can influence the spatial tolerance of binding. These findings are fundamental for a fine-tuned manipulation of the immune system, considering the importance of spatially controlled presentation of therapeutics to increase efficacy and specificity of immune-modulating nanomaterials where multivalent binding is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Comberlato
- Programmable
Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Marianna M. Koga
- Programmable
Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simone Nüssing
- Peter
MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir
Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ian A. Parish
- Peter
MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir
Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Maartje M. C. Bastings
- Programmable
Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Interfaculty
Bioengineering Institute, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Huérfano S, Šroller V, Bruštíková K, Horníková L, Forstová J. The Interplay between Viruses and Host DNA Sensors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040666. [PMID: 35458396 PMCID: PMC9027975 DOI: 10.3390/v14040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA virus infections are often lifelong and can cause serious diseases in their hosts. Their recognition by the sensors of the innate immune system represents the front line of host defence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity responses is an important prerequisite for the design of effective antivirotics. This review focuses on the present state of knowledge surrounding the mechanisms of viral DNA genome sensing and the main induced pathways of innate immunity responses. The studies that have been performed to date indicate that herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and polyomaviruses are sensed by various DNA sensors. In non-immune cells, STING pathways have been shown to be activated by cGAS, IFI16, DDX41, or DNA-PK. The activation of TLR9 has mainly been described in pDCs and in other immune cells. Importantly, studies on herpesviruses have unveiled novel participants (BRCA1, H2B, or DNA-PK) in the IFI16 sensing pathway. Polyomavirus studies have revealed that, in addition to viral DNA, micronuclei are released into the cytosol due to genotoxic stress. Papillomaviruses, HBV, and HIV have been shown to evade DNA sensing by sophisticated intracellular trafficking, unique cell tropism, and viral or cellular protein actions that prevent or block DNA sensing. Further research is required to fully understand the interplay between viruses and DNA sensors.
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Nagaoka M, Liao W, Kusamori K, Nishikawa M. Targeted Delivery of Immunostimulatory CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides to Antigen-Presenting Cells in Draining Lymph Nodes by Stearic Acid Modification and Nanostructurization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031350. [PMID: 35163272 PMCID: PMC8836026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypod-like structured nucleic acids (polypodnas), which are nanostructured DNAs, are useful for delivering cytosine-phosphate guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) expressing Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) for immune stimulation. Lipid modification is another approach to deliver ODNs to lymph nodes, where TLR9-positive APCs are abundant, by binding to serum albumin. The combination of these two methods can be useful for delivering CpG ODNs to lymph nodes in vivo. In the present study, CpG1668, a phosphodiester-type CpG ODN, was modified with stearic acid (SA) to obtain SA-CpG1668. Tripodna, a polypodna with three pods, was selected as the nanostructured DNA. Tripodnas loaded with CpG1668 or SA-CpG1668 were obtained in high yields. SA-CpG1668/tripodna bound more efficiently to plasma proteins than CpG1668/tripodna and was more efficiently taken up by macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells than CpG1668/tripodna, whereas the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α released from the cells were comparable between the two. After subcutaneous injection into mice, SA-CpG1668/tripodna induced significantly higher interleukin (IL)-12 p40 production in the draining lymph nodes than SA-CpG1668 or CpG1668/tripodna, with reduced IL-6 levels in plasma. These results indicate that the combination of SA modification and nanostructurization is a useful approach for the targeted delivery of CpG ODNs to lymph nodes.
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) in Innate Immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413397. [PMID: 34948194 PMCID: PMC8704656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several classes of PRRS, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize distinct microbial components and directly activate immune cells. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, while NLRs and RLRs are intracellular molecules. Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of overlapping and unique genes involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The innate immune system also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. Natural and synthetic agonists of TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment, and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a concise overview of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs: their structure, functions, signaling pathways, and regulation. We also describe various ligands for these receptors and their possible application in treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
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Activation of Innate Immunity by Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413360. [PMID: 34948156 PMCID: PMC8704878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have gained increased attention during recent decades because of their wide range of application prospects. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids represent a promising class of potential drugs for the treatment of tumoral and viral diseases due to their low toxicity and stimulation of the body’s own innate immunity by acting on the natural mechanisms of its activation. The repertoire of nucleic acids that directly interact with the components of the immune system is expanding with the improvement of both analytical methods and methods for the synthesis of nucleic acids and their derivatives. Despite the obvious progress in this area, the problem of delivering therapeutic acids to target cells as well as the unresolved issue of achieving a specific therapeutic effect based on activating the mechanism of interferon and anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. Minimizing the undesirable effects of excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines remains an unsolved task. This review examines recent data on the types of immunostimulatory nucleic acids, the receptors interacting with them, and the mechanisms of immunity activation under the action of these molecules. Finally, data on immunostimulatory nucleic acids in ongoing and completed clinical trials will be summarized.
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Kawamoto Y, Liu W, Yum JH, Park S, Sugiyama H, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y. Enhanced Immunostimulatory Activity of Covalent DNA Dendrons. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100583. [PMID: 34881505 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the design and synthesis of covalent DNA dendrons bearing multivalent cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) that can stimulate the immune system through the activation of TLR9. These dendrons were synthesized using branching trebler phosphoramidite containing three identical protecting groups that enabled the simultaneous synthesis of multiple strands on a single molecule. Compared with linear ODNs, covalent DNA dendrons were found to be more resistant to nuclease degradation and were more efficiently taken up by macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Cellular uptake was suggested to be mediated by macrophage scavenger receptors. The covalent DNA dendrons composed of multivalent immunostimulatory branches enhanced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW264.7 cells, and 9-branched DNA dendrons showed the highest enhancement. Given their enhanced efficacy, we expect covalent DNA dendrons to be useful structures of oligonucleotide medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ji Hye Yum
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshidaushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Xu X, Gan M, Ge Y, Yi C, Feng T, Liu M, Wu C, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhao L, Zou J. Multifaceted glycoadjuvant@AuNPs inhibits tumor metastasis through promoting T cell activation and remodeling tumor microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:376. [PMID: 34794428 PMCID: PMC8600715 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTARCT BACKGROUND: Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides has been used as adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. However, unmodified CpG are not very efficient in clinical trials. Glucose, ligand of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), can promote DC maturation and antigen presentation, which is the first step of induction of adaptive immune responses. Therefore, conjugation of type B CpG DNA to glucose-containing glycopolymers may enhance the therapeutic effects against tumor by CpG-based vaccine. METHODS gCpG was developed by chemical conjugation of type B CpG DNA to glucose-containing glycopolymers. The therapeutic effects of gCpG-based vaccine were tested in both murine primary melanoma model and its metastasis model. RESULTS gCpG based tumor vaccine inhibited both primary and metastasis of melanoma in mice which was dependent on CD8 + T cells and IFNγ. In tumor microenvironment, gCpG treatment increased Th1 and CTL infiltration, increased M1 macrophages, decreased Tregs and MDSCs populations, and promoted inflammatory milieu with enhanced secretion of IFNγ and TNFα. The anti-tumor efficacy of gCpG was dramatically enhanced when combined with anti-PD1 immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that gCpG was a promising adjuvant for vaccine formulation by activating both tumor-specific Th1 and Tc1 responses, and regulating tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfeng Gan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youzhen Ge
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yi
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyun Feng
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Cenhao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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De Gaetano A, Solodka K, Zanini G, Selleri V, Mattioli AV, Nasi M, Pinti M. Molecular Mechanisms of mtDNA-Mediated Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:2898. [PMID: 34831121 PMCID: PMC8616383 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in cell metabolism, mitochondria display many other functions. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the own genome of the organelle, plays an important role in modulating the inflammatory immune response. When released from the mitochondrion to the cytosol, mtDNA is recognized by cGAS, a cGAMP which activates a pathway leading to enhanced expression of type I interferons, and by NLRP3 inflammasome, which promotes the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1beta and Interleukin-18. Furthermore, mtDNA can be bound by Toll-like receptor 9 in the endosome and activate a pathway that ultimately leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. mtDNA is released in the extracellular space in different forms (free DNA, protein-bound DNA fragments) either as free circulating molecules or encapsulated in extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discussed the latest findings concerning the molecular mechanisms that regulate the release of mtDNA from mitochondria, and the mechanisms that connect mtDNA misplacement to the activation of inflammation in different pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Kateryna Solodka
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.D.G.); (K.S.); (G.Z.); (V.S.)
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46
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Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5874. [PMID: 34620855 PMCID: PMC8497607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and PLD4 polymorphisms have been associated with several important inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that PLD3 and PLD4 digest ssRNA in addition to ssDNA as reported previously. Moreover, Pld3−/−Pld4−/− mice accumulate small ssRNAs and develop spontaneous fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) characterized by inflammatory liver damage and overproduction of Interferon (IFN)-γ. Pathology is rescued in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice, which lack all endosomal TLR signaling; genetic codeficiency or antibody blockade of TLR9 or TLR7 ameliorates disease less effectively, suggesting that both RNA and DNA sensing by TLRs contributes to inflammation. IFN-γ made a minor contribution to pathology. Elevated type I IFN and some other remaining perturbations in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice requires STING (Tmem173). Our results show that PLD3 and PLD4 regulate both endosomal TLR and cytoplasmic/STING nucleic acid sensing pathways and have implications for the treatment of nucleic acid-driven inflammatory disease. Loss of function polymorphisms of phospholipase D3 and D4 are associated with inflammatory diseases and their function is unclear. Here the authors show that PLD3/4 function as RNAses and deletion of these proteins in mice leads to accumulation of ssRNA which exacerbates inflammation through TLR signalling.
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47
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Seo SU, Jeong JH, Baek BS, Choi JM, Choi YS, Ko HJ, Kweon MN. Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury Increases Resistance to Influenza Virus Infection in a Type I Interferon-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697162. [PMID: 34484196 PMCID: PMC8416411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) results in acute respiratory disease that causes fatal respiratory diseases; however, little is known about the incidence of influenza infection in ALI. Using a ALI-mouse model, we investigated the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to ALI and influenza infection. Mice treated with bleomycin (BLM), which induces ALI, were more resistant to influenza virus infection and exhibited higher levels of type I interferon (IFN-I) transcription during the early infection period than that in PBS-treated control mice. BLM-treated mice also exhibited a lower viral burden, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil levels. In contrast, BLM-treated IFN-I receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-knockout mice failed to show this attenuated phenotype, indicating that IFN-I is key to the antiviral response in ALI-induced mice. The STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway was found to be involved in IFN-I production and the establishment of an antiviral environment in the lung. The depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) reduced the effect of BLM treatment against influenza virus infection, suggesting that pDCs are the major source of IFN-I and are crucial for defense against viral infection in BLM-induced lung injury. Overall, this study showed that BLM-mediated ALI in mice induced the release of double-stranded DNA, which in turn potentiated IFN-I-dependent pulmonary viral resistance by activating the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in association with pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Jeong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bum-Seo Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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48
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A Novel Regulatory Player in the Innate Immune System: Long Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179535. [PMID: 34502451 PMCID: PMC8430513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent crucial transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulators during antimicrobial responses in the host innate immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly tissue- and cell-specific- manner and are involved in the differentiation and function of innate immune cells, as well as inflammatory and antiviral processes, through versatile molecular mechanisms. These lncRNAs function via the interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein in either cis or trans pattern, relying on their specific sequences or their transcriptions and processing. The dysregulation of lncRNA function is associated with various human non-infectious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of lncRNA function in the development and differentiation of innate immune cells, and during the activation or repression of innate immune responses. These elucidations might be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory and innate immune-mediated diseases.
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49
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Sarkar A, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Sivaprakasam P, Naglich J, Xie C, Gangwar S, Boger DL. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies and evaluation of a TLR 3/8/9 agonist and its analogues. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1377-1385. [PMID: 34421287 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive SAR study of a putative TLR 3/8/9 agonist was conducted. Despite the excitement surrounding the potential of the first small molecule TLR3 agonist with a compound that additionally displayed agonist activity for TLR8 and TLR9, compound 1 displayed disappointing activity in our hands, failing to match the potency (EC50) reported and displaying only a low efficacy for the extent of stimulated NF-κB activation and release. The evaluation of >75 analogs of 1, many of which constitute minor modifications in the structure, failed to identify any that displayed significant activity and none that exceeded the modest activity found for 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anushka C Galasiti Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Heng Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Joseph Naglich
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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50
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Hamel Y, Mauvais FX, Madrange M, Renard P, Lebreton C, Nemazanyy I, Pellé O, Goudin N, Tang X, Rodero MP, Tuchmann-Durand C, Nusbaum P, Brindley DN, van Endert P, de Lonlay P. Compromised mitochondrial quality control triggers lipin1-related rhabdomyolysis. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100370. [PMID: 34467247 PMCID: PMC8385327 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
LPIN1 mutations are responsible for inherited recurrent rhabdomyolysis, a life-threatening condition with no efficient therapeutic intervention. Here, we conduct a bedside-to-bench-and-back investigation to study the pathophysiology of lipin1 deficiency. We find that lipin1-deficient myoblasts exhibit a reduction in phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate close to autophagosomes and late endosomes that prevents the recruitment of the GTPase Armus, locks Rab7 in the active state, inhibits vesicle clearance by fusion with lysosomes, and alters their positioning and function. Oxidized mitochondrial DNA accumulates in late endosomes, where it activates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and triggers inflammatory signaling and caspase-dependent myolysis. Hydroxychloroquine blocks TLR9 activation by mitochondrial DNA in vitro and may attenuate flares of rhabdomyolysis in 6 patients treated. We suggest a critical role for defective clearance of oxidized mitochondrial DNA that activates TLR9-restricted inflammation in lipin1-related rhabdomyolysis. Interventions blocking TLR9 activation or inflammation can improve patient care in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Hamel
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France.,Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, G2M Steam, metab ERN, Paris 75015, France
| | - François-Xavier Mauvais
- INSERM, Unit 1151, CNRS, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marine Madrange
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France.,Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, G2M Steam, metab ERN, Paris 75015, France
| | - Perrine Renard
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, G2M Steam, metab ERN, Paris 75015, France.,INSERM, Unit 1151, CNRS, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Corinne Lebreton
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Platform for Metabolic Analyses, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Pellé
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France.,Cytometry Core Facility, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Imaging Core Facility, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris 75015, France
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mathieu P Rodero
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Tuchmann-Durand
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France.,Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, G2M Steam, metab ERN, Paris 75015, France
| | - Patrick Nusbaum
- Department of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 75014, France
| | - David N Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter van Endert
- INSERM, Unit 1151, CNRS, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- INSERM, UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France.,Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, G2M Steam, metab ERN, Paris 75015, France
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