1
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Gao Z, Liu S, Xiao H, Li M, Ren WG, Xu L, Peng ZM. IRF8 deficiency-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell promote immune evasion in lung adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2024; 22:678. [PMID: 39049031 PMCID: PMC11270856 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have a low response rate to immune checkpoint blockade. It is highly important to explore the tumor immune escape mechanism of LUAD patients and expand the population of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. METHODS Based on 954 bulk RNA-seq data of LUAD patients and 15 single-cell RNA-seq data, the relationships between tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores and survival prognosis in each patient were calculated and evaluated, and the immune escape mechanism affecting the independent prognosis of LUAD patients was identified. Functional enrichment analysis explored the antitumour immune response and biological behavior of tumor cells among different LUAD groups. Single-cell annotation and pseudotemporal analysis were used to explore the target molecules and immune escape mechanisms of LUAD. RESULTS Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and IRF8 were identified as risk and protective factors for the independent prognosis of LUAD patients, respectively. In the tumor microenvironment of patients with high infiltration of MDSCs, the antitumor immune response is significantly suppressed, while tumor cell division, proliferation, and distant metastasis are significantly enhanced. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed that IRF8 is an important regulator of MDSC differentiation in LUAD myeloid cells. In addition, IRF8 may regulate the differentiation of MDSCs through the IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS IRF8 deficiency impairs the normal development of LUAD myeloid cells and induces their differentiation into MDSCs, thereby accelerating the immune escape of LUAD cells. IRF8-targeted activation to inhibit the formation of MDSCs may be a new target for immunotherapy in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Gang Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Min Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Shen X, Li X, Wu T, Guo T, Lv J, He Z, Luo M, Zhu X, Tian Y, Lai W, Dong C, Hu X, Wu L. TRIM33 plays a critical role in regulating dendritic cell differentiation and homeostasis by modulating Irf8 and Bcl2l11 transcription. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:752-769. [PMID: 38822080 PMCID: PMC11214632 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets, namely, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DC subsets (cDC1s and cDC2s), is controlled by specific transcription factors. IRF8 is essential for the fate specification of cDC1s. However, how the expression of Irf8 is regulated is not fully understood. In this study, we identified TRIM33 as a critical regulator of DC differentiation and maintenance. TRIM33 deletion in Trim33fl/fl Cre-ERT2 mice significantly impaired DC differentiation from hematopoietic progenitors at different developmental stages. TRIM33 deficiency downregulated the expression of multiple genes associated with DC differentiation in these progenitors. TRIM33 promoted the transcription of Irf8 to facilitate the differentiation of cDC1s by maintaining adequate CDK9 and Ser2 phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (S2 Pol II) levels at Irf8 gene sites. Moreover, TRIM33 prevented the apoptosis of DCs and progenitors by directly suppressing the PU.1-mediated transcription of Bcl2l11, thereby maintaining DC homeostasis. Taken together, our findings identified TRIM33 as a novel and crucial regulator of DC differentiation and maintenance through the modulation of Irf8 and Bcl2l11 expression. The finding that TRIM33 functions as a critical regulator of both DC differentiation and survival provides potential benefits for devising DC-based immune interventions and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Shen
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyan Lv
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin He
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Maocai Luo
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Tian
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Lai
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
- Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, 100084, Beijing, China.
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3
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De Sá Fernandes C, Novoszel P, Gastaldi T, Krauß D, Lang M, Rica R, Kutschat AP, Holcmann M, Ellmeier W, Seruggia D, Strobl H, Sibilia M. The histone deacetylase HDAC1 controls dendritic cell development and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114308. [PMID: 38829740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) progenitors adapt their transcriptional program during development, generating different subsets. How chromatin modifications modulate these processes is unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of histone deacetylation on DCs by genetically deleting histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) or HDAC2 in hematopoietic progenitors and CD11c-expressing cells. While HDAC2 is not critical for DC development, HDAC1 deletion impairs pro-pDC and mature pDC generation and affects ESAM+cDC2 differentiation from tDCs and pre-cDC2s, whereas cDC1s are unchanged. HDAC1 knockdown in human hematopoietic cells also impairs cDC2 development, highlighting its crucial role across species. Multi-omics analyses reveal that HDAC1 controls expression, chromatin accessibility, and histone acetylation of the transcription factors IRF4, IRF8, and SPIB required for efficient development of cDC2 subsets. Without HDAC1, DCs switch immunologically, enhancing tumor surveillance through increased cDC1 maturation and interleukin-12 production, driving T helper 1-mediated immunity and CD8+ T cell recruitment. Our study reveals the importance of histone acetylation in DC development and anti-tumor immunity, suggesting DC-targeted therapeutic strategies for immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano De Sá Fernandes
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Novoszel
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tommaso Gastaldi
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dana Krauß
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Lang
- Division of Immunology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Rica
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana P Kutschat
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Seruggia
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Division of Immunology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Oliveira TY, Merkenschlager J, Eisenreich T, Bortolatto J, Yao KH, Gatti DM, Churchill GA, Nussenzweig MC, Breton G. Quantitative trait loci mapping provides insights into the genetic regulation of dendritic cell numbers in mouse tissues. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114296. [PMID: 38823019 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the influence of genetics on homeostatic regulation of dendritic cell (DC) numbers, we present a screen of DCs and their progenitors in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in Collaborative Cross (CC) and Diversity Outbred (DO) mice. We report 30 and 71 loci with logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores >8.18 and ranging from 6.67 to 8.19, respectively. The analysis reveals the highly polygenic and pleiotropic architecture of this complex trait, including many of the previously identified genetic regulators of DC development and maturation. Two SNPs in genes potentially underlying variation in DC homeostasis, a splice variant in Gramd4 (rs235532740) and a missense variant in Orai3 (rs216659754), are confirmed by gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9. Gramd4 is a central regulator of DC homeostasis that impacts the entire DC lineage, and Orai3 regulates cDC2 numbers in tissues. Overall, the data reveal a large number of candidate genes regulating DC homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julia Merkenschlager
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Eisenreich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juliana Bortolatto
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kai-Hui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Yamasaki T, Nishiyama A, Kurogi N, Nishimura K, Nishida S, Kurotaki D, Ban T, Ramilowski JA, Ozato K, Toyoda A, Tamura T. Physical and functional interaction among Irf8 enhancers during dendritic cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114107. [PMID: 38613785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) requires high expression of the transcription factor IRF8. Three enhancers at the Irf8 3' region function in a differentiation stage-specific manner. However, whether and how these enhancers interact physically and functionally remains unclear. Here, we show that the Irf8 3' enhancers directly interact with each other and contact the Irf8 gene body during cDC1 differentiation. The +56 kb enhancer, which functions from multipotent progenitor stages, activates the other 3' enhancers through an IRF8-dependent transcription factor program, that is, in trans. Then, the +32 kb enhancer, which operates in cDC1-committed cells, reversely acts in cis on the other 3' enhancers to maintain the high expression of Irf8. Indeed, mice with compound heterozygous deletion of the +56 and +32 kb enhancers are unable to generate cDC1s. These results illustrate how multiple enhancers cooperate to induce a lineage-determining transcription factor gene during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Yamasaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nagomi Kurogi
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koutarou Nishimura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shion Nishida
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jordan A Ramilowski
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan; Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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6
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Kim S, Chen J, Ou F, Liu TT, Jo S, Gillanders WE, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Transcription factor C/EBPα is required for the development of Ly6C hi monocytes but not Ly6C lo monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315659121. [PMID: 38564635 PMCID: PMC11009651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315659121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Monocytes comprise two major subsets, Ly6Chi classical monocytes and Ly6Clo nonclassical monocytes. Notch2 signaling in Ly6Chi monocytes triggers transition to Ly6Clo monocytes, which require Nr4a1, Bcl6, Irf2, and Cebpb. By comparison, less is known about transcriptional requirements for Ly6Chi monocytes. We find transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is highly expressed in Ly6Chi monocytes, but down-regulated in Ly6Clo monocytes. A few previous studies described the requirement of C/EBPα in the development of neutrophils and eosinophils. However, the role of C/EBPα for in vivo monocyte development has not been understood. We deleted the Cebpa +37 kb enhancer in mice, eliminating hematopoietic expression of C/EBPα, reproducing the expected neutrophil defect. Surprisingly, we also found a severe and selective loss of Ly6Chi monocytes, while preserving Ly6Clo monocytes. We find that BM progenitors from Cebpa +37-/- mice rapidly progress through the monocyte progenitor stage to develop directly into Ly6Clo monocytes even in the absence of Notch2 signaling. These results identify a previously unrecognized role for C/EBPα in maintaining Ly6Chi monocyte identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Feiya Ou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Suin Jo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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7
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Hawiger D. Emerging T cell immunoregulatory mechanisms in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1350240. [PMID: 38435400 PMCID: PMC10904586 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1350240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases with considerable socioeconomic impacts but without definitive treatments. AD and MS have multifactorial pathogenesis resulting in complex cognitive and neurologic symptoms and growing evidence also indicates key functions of specific immune cells. Whereas relevant processes dependent on T cells have been elucidated in both AD and MS, mechanisms that can control such immune responses still remain elusive. Here, a brief overview of select recent findings clarifying immunomodulatory mechanisms specifically induced by tolerogenic dendritic cells to limit the activation and functions of neurodegenerative T cells is presented. These insights could become a foundation for new cutting-edge research as well as therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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8
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Kim S, Chen J, Jo S, Ou F, Ferris ST, Liu TT, Ohara RA, Anderson DA, Wu R, Chen MY, Gillanders WE, Gillanders WE, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. IL-6 selectively suppresses cDC1 specification via C/EBPβ. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221757. [PMID: 37432392 PMCID: PMC10336151 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines produced in association with tumors can impair antitumor immune responses by reducing the abundance of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1), but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that tumor-derived IL-6 generally reduces cDC development but selectively impairs cDC1 development in both murine and human systems through the induction of C/EBPβ in the common dendritic cell progenitor (CDP). C/EBPβ and NFIL3 compete for binding to sites in the Zeb2 -165 kb enhancer and support or repress Zeb2 expression, respectively. At homeostasis, pre-cDC1 specification occurs upon Nfil3 induction and consequent Zeb2 suppression. However, IL-6 strongly induces C/EBPβ expression in CDPs. Importantly, the ability of IL-6 to impair cDC development is dependent on the presence of C/EBPβ binding sites in the Zeb2 -165 kb enhancer, as this effect is lost in Δ1+2+3 mutant mice in which these binding sites are mutated. These results explain how tumor-associated IL-6 suppresses cDC1 development and suggest therapeutic approaches preventing abnormal C/EBPβ induction in CDPs may help reestablish cDC1 development to enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suin Jo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feiya Ou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ray A. Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Y. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Washington University and Siteman Cancer Center in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University and Siteman Cancer Center in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Santosa EK, Kim H, Rückert T, Le Luduec JB, Abbasi AJ, Wingert CK, Peters L, Frost JN, Hsu KC, Romagnani C, Sun JC. Control of nutrient uptake by IRF4 orchestrates innate immune memory. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1685-1697. [PMID: 37697097 PMCID: PMC11098052 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes with adaptive immune features, including antigen specificity, clonal expansion and memory. As such, NK cells share many transcriptional and epigenetic programs with their adaptive CD8+ T cell siblings. Various signals ranging from antigen, co-stimulation and proinflammatory cytokines are required for optimal NK cell responses in mice and humans during virus infection; however, the integration of these signals remains unclear. In this study, we identified that the transcription factor IRF4 integrates signals to coordinate the NK cell response during mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Loss of IRF4 was detrimental to the expansion and differentiation of virus-specific NK cells. This defect was partially attributed to the inability of IRF4-deficient NK cells to uptake nutrients required for survival and memory generation. Altogether, these data suggest that IRF4 is a signal integrator that acts as a secondary metabolic checkpoint to orchestrate the adaptive response of NK cells during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endi K Santosa
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyunu Kim
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timo Rückert
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), ein Leibniz Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Aamna J Abbasi
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire K Wingert
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lila Peters
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joe N Frost
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), ein Leibniz Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Science Campus Chronic Inflammation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Ou F, Ferris ST, Kim S, Wu R, Anderson DA, Liu TT, Jo S, Chen MY, Gillanders WE, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Enhanced in vitro type 1 conventional dendritic cell generation via the recruitment of hematopoietic stem cells and early progenitors by Kit ligand. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250201. [PMID: 37424050 PMCID: PMC11040600 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro culture of bone marrow (BM) with Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is widely used to study development and function of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and many progenitor populations that possess cDC1 potential in vivo do not express Flt3 and thus may not contribute to Flt3L-mediated cDC1 production in vitro. Here, we present a KitL/Flt3L protocol that recruits such HSCs and progenitors into the production of cDC1. Kit ligand (KitL) is used to expand HSCs and early progenitors lacking Flt3 expression into later stage where Flt3 is expressed. Following this initial KitL phase, a second Flt3L phase is used to support the final production of DCs. With this two-stage culture, we achieved approximately tenfold increased production of both cDC1 and cDC2 compared to Flt3L culture. cDC1 derived from this culture are similar to in vivo cDC1 in their dependence on IRF8, ability to produce IL-12, and induction of tumor regression in cDC1-deficient tumor-bearing mice. This KitL/Flt3L system for cDC1 production will be useful in further analysis of cDC1 that rely on in vitro generation from BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Ou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suin Jo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Y. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Kim SH, Shim EH, Kim DJ, Jang YS. C5aR + dendritic cells fine-tune the Peyer's patch microenvironment to induce antigen-specific CD8 + T cells. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:120. [PMID: 37580335 PMCID: PMC10425327 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal delivery route is considered ideal for immunization. However, induction of antigen-specific mucosal immunity is difficult due to the tolerogenic environment. Therefore, developing an immunogenic mucosal dendritic cell (DC)-targeting strategy is required. Herein, we investigated the characteristics and immunogenic potential of Peyer's patch (PP) DCs as an oral vaccination-targeting strategy. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the PP DCs showed that complement C5a receptor- and lysozyme-expressing DCs exhibit increased expression of genes related to chemotaxis. Administration of the Co1 peptide, a C5aR ligand, increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and response to the co-delivered model antigen in mice. Furthermore, in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine model, vaccination with Co1 elicited both systemic and mucosal immunity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that C5aR signaling in mucosal DCs plays a role in regulating adjuvant activity by modulating the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hyeon Shim
- Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
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12
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Johnson KD, Jung MM, Tran VL, Bresnick EH. Interferon regulatory factor-8-dependent innate immune alarm senses GATA2 deficiency to alter hematopoietic differentiation and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2023; 30:117-123. [PMID: 37254854 PMCID: PMC10236032 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent discoveries have provided evidence for mechanistic links between the master regulator of hematopoiesis GATA2 and the key component of interferon and innate immunity signaling pathways, interferon-regulatory factor-8 (IRF8). These links have important implications for the control of myeloid differentiation in physiological and pathological states. RECENT FINDINGS GATA2 deficiency resulting from loss of the Gata2 -77 enhancer in progenitors triggers an alarm that instigates the transcriptional induction of innate immune signaling and distorts a myeloid differentiation program. This pathological alteration renders progenitors hyperresponsive to interferon γ, toll-like receptor and interleukin-6 signaling and impaired in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling. IRF8 upregulation in -77-/- progenitors promotes monocyte and dendritic cell differentiation while suppressing granulocytic differentiation. As PU.1 promotes transcription of Irf8 and other myeloid and B-lineage genes, GATA2-mediated repression of these genes opposes the PU.1-dependent activating mechanism. SUMMARY As GATA2 deficiency syndrome is an immunodeficiency disorder often involving myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, elucidating how GATA2 commissions and decommissions genome activity and developmental regulatory programs will unveil mechanisms that go awry when GATA2 levels and/or activities are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby D Johnson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Bayerl F, Meiser P, Donakonda S, Hirschberger A, Lacher SB, Pedde AM, Hermann CD, Elewaut A, Knolle M, Ramsauer L, Rudolph TJ, Grassmann S, Öllinger R, Kirchhammer N, Trefny M, Anton M, Wohlleber D, Höchst B, Zaremba A, Krüger A, Rad R, Obenauf AC, Schadendorf D, Zippelius A, Buchholz VR, Schraml BU, Böttcher JP. Tumor-derived prostaglandin E2 programs cDC1 dysfunction to impair intratumoral orchestration of anti-cancer T cell responses. Immunity 2023; 56:1341-1358.e11. [PMID: 37315536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are critical for anti-cancer immunity. Protective anti-cancer immunity is thought to require cDC1s to sustain T cell responses within tumors, but it is poorly understood how this function is regulated and whether its subversion contributes to immune evasion. Here, we show that tumor-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) programmed a dysfunctional state in intratumoral cDC1s, disabling their ability to locally orchestrate anti-cancer CD8+ T cell responses. Mechanistically, cAMP signaling downstream of the PGE2-receptors EP2 and EP4 was responsible for the programming of cDC1 dysfunction, which depended on the loss of the transcription factor IRF8. Blockade of the PGE2-EP2/EP4-cDC1 axis prevented cDC1 dysfunction in tumors, locally reinvigorated anti-cancer CD8+ T cell responses, and achieved cancer immune control. In human cDC1s, PGE2-induced dysfunction is conserved and associated with poor cancer patient prognosis. Our findings reveal a cDC1-dependent intratumoral checkpoint for anti-cancer immunity that is targeted by PGE2 for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bayerl
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippa Meiser
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Hirschberger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Lacher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Marie Pedde
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris D Hermann
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anais Elewaut
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Knolle
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Healthcare, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Ramsauer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas J Rudolph
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Kirchhammer
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Trefny
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Anton
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Zaremba
- Department for Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna C Obenauf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department for Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter-Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Tong C, Liang Y, Han X, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Wang S, Song B. Research Progress of Dendritic Cell Surface Receptors and Targeting. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1673. [PMID: 37371768 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the only antigen-presenting cells capable of activating naive T cells in humans and mammals and are the most effective antigen-presenting cells. With deepening research, it has been found that dendritic cells have many subsets, and the surface receptors of each subset are different. Specific receptors targeting different subsets of DCs will cause different immune responses. At present, DC-targeted research plays an important role in the treatment and prevention of dozens of related diseases in the clinic. This article focuses on the current status of DC surface receptors and targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Xianle Han
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Zhelin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Bocui Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
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15
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Zuo Z, Kania AK, Patterson DG, Hicks SL, Maurer J, Gupta M, Boss JM, Scharer CD. CRISPR/Cas9 editing reveals IRF8 regulated gene signatures restraining plasmablast differentiation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17527. [PMID: 37416674 PMCID: PMC10320122 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is involved in maintaining B cell identity. However, how IRF8 regulates T cell independent B cell responses are not fully characterized. Here, an in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 system was optimized to generate Irf8-deficient murine B cells and used to determine the role of IRF8 in B cells responding to LPS stimulation. Irf8-deficient B cells more readily formed CD138+ plasmablasts in response to LPS with the principal dysregulation occurring at the activated B cell stage. Transcriptional profiling revealed an upregulation of plasma cell associated genes prematurely in activated B cells and a failure to repress the gene expression programs of IRF1 and IRF7 in Irf8-deficient cells. These data expand on the known roles of IRF8 in regulating B cell identity by preventing premature plasma cell formation and highlight how IRF8 helps evolve TLR responses away from the initial activation towards those driving humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Current Address: Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Anna K. Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dillon G. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sakeenah L. Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey Maurer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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16
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Activation, Amplification, and Ablation as Dynamic Mechanisms of Dendritic Cell Maturation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050716. [PMID: 37237529 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses to cognate antigens crucially depend on the specific functionality of dendritic cells (DCs) activated in a process referred to as maturation. Maturation was initially described as alterations of the functional status of DCs in direct response to multiple extrinsic innate signals derived from foreign organisms. More recent studies, conducted mainly in mice, revealed an intricate network of intrinsic signals dependent on cytokines and various immunomodulatory pathways facilitating communication between individual DCs and other cells for the orchestration of specific maturation outcomes. These signals selectively amplify the initial activation of DCs mediated by innate factors and dynamically shape DC functionalities by ablating DCs with specific functions. Here, we discuss the effects of the initial activation of DCs that crucially includes the production of cytokine intermediaries to collectively achieve amplification of the maturation process and further precise sculpting of the functional landscapes among DCs. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of the intracellular and intercellular mechanisms, we reveal activation, amplification, and ablation as the mechanistically integrated components of the DC maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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17
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Preet Kaur A, Alice A, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The role of dendritic cells in radiation-induced immune responses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 378:61-104. [PMID: 37438021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells perform critical functions in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Their ability to sense adjuvant signals in their environment, migrate on maturation, and cross-present cell-associated antigens enables these cells to carry antigen from tissue sites to lymph nodes, and thereby prime naïve T cells that cannot enter tissues. Despite being an infrequent cell type in tumors, we discuss how dendritic cells impact the immune environment of tumors and their response to cancer therapies. We review how radiation therapy of tumors can impact dendritic cells, through transfer of cell associated antigens to dendritic cells and the release of endogenous adjuvants, resulting in increased antigen presentation in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. We explore how tumor specific factors can result in negative regulation of dendritic cell function in the tumor, and the impact of direct radiation exposure to dendritic cells in the treatment field. These data suggest an important role for dendritic cell subpopulations in activating new T cell responses and boosting existing T cell responses to tumor associated antigens in tumor draining lymph nodes following radiation therapy. It further justifies a focus on the needs of the lymph node T cells to improve systemic anti-immunity following radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Preet Kaur
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.
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18
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Life and death of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:110-118. [PMID: 36599743 PMCID: PMC9892261 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) that are constantly exposed to microbial signals at anatomical barriers, cDCs in systemic lymphoid organs are sheltered from proinflammatory stimulation in the steady state but respond to inflammatory signals by gaining specific immune functions in a process referred to as maturation. Recent findings show that, during maturation, a population of systemic tolerogenic cDCs undergoes an acute tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated cell death, resulting in the loss of tolerance-inducing capacity. This tolerogenic cDC population is restored upon return to the homeostatic baseline. We propose that such a dynamic reshaping of cDC populations becomes the foundation of a novel framework for maintaining tolerance at the steady state while being conducive to unhampered initiation of immune responses under proinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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19
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Shin B, Rothenberg EV. Multi-modular structure of the gene regulatory network for specification and commitment of murine T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108368. [PMID: 36817475 PMCID: PMC9928580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells develop from multipotent progenitors by a gradual process dependent on intrathymic Notch signaling and coupled with extensive proliferation. The stages leading them to T-cell lineage commitment are well characterized by single-cell and bulk RNA analyses of sorted populations and by direct measurements of precursor-product relationships. This process depends not only on Notch signaling but also on multiple transcription factors, some associated with stemness and multipotency, some with alternative lineages, and others associated with T-cell fate. These factors interact in opposing or semi-independent T cell gene regulatory network (GRN) subcircuits that are increasingly well defined. A newly comprehensive picture of this network has emerged. Importantly, because key factors in the GRN can bind to markedly different genomic sites at one stage than they do at other stages, the genes they significantly regulate are also stage-specific. Global transcriptome analyses of perturbations have revealed an underlying modular structure to the T-cell commitment GRN, separating decisions to lose "stem-ness" from decisions to block alternative fates. Finally, the updated network sheds light on the intimate relationship between the T-cell program, which depends on the thymus, and the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) program, which does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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20
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Jimenez DG, Altunbulakli C, Swoboda S, Sobti A, Askmyr D, Ali A, Greiff L, Lindstedt M. Single-cell analysis of myeloid cells in HPV + tonsillar cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1087843. [PMID: 36741389 PMCID: PMC9893928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1087843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) tonsillar cancer has been sharply rising during the last decades. Myeloid cells represent an appropriate therapeutic target due to their proximity to virus-infected tumor cells, and their ability to orchestrate antigen-specific immunity, within the tonsil. However, the interrelationship of steady-state and inflammatory myeloid cell subsets, and their impact on patient survival remains unexplored. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to map the myeloid compartment in HPV+ tonsillar cancer. We observed an expansion of the myeloid compartment in HPV+ tonsillar cancer, accompanied by interferon-induced cellular responses both in dendritic cells (DCs) and monocyte-macrophages. Our analysis unveiled the existence of four DC lineages, two macrophage polarization processes, and their sequential maturation profiles. Within the DC lineages, we described a balance shift in the frequency of progenitor and mature cDC favoring the cDC1 lineage in detriment of cDC2s. Furthermore, we observed that all DC lineages apart from DC5s matured into a common activated DC transcriptional program involving upregulation of interferon-inducible genes. In turn, the monocyte-macrophage lineage was subjected to early monocyte polarization events, which give rise to either interferon-activated or CXCL-producing macrophages, the latter enriched in advanced tumor stages. We validated the existence of most of the single-cell RNA-seq clusters using 26-plex flow cytometry, and described a positive impact of cDC1 and interferon-activated DCs and macrophages on patient survival using gene signature scoring. The current study contributes to the understanding of myeloid ontogeny and dynamics in HPV-driven tonsillar cancer, and highlights myeloid biomarkers that can be used to assess patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Swoboda
- Department of ORL, Head & Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aastha Sobti
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Askmyr
- Department of ORL, Head & Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashfaq Ali
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of ORL, Head & Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,*Correspondence: Malin Lindstedt,
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21
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Poschel DB, Kehinde-Ige M, Klement JD, Yang D, Merting AD, Savage NM, Shi H, Liu K. IRF8 Regulates Intrinsic Ferroptosis through Repressing p53 Expression to Maintain Tumor Cell Sensitivity to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Cells 2023; 12:310. [PMID: 36672246 PMCID: PMC9856547 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has emerged as a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-induced tumor cell death pathway. The regulation of tumor cell sensitivity to ferroptosis is incompletely understood. Here, we report that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) functions as a regulator of tumor cell intrinsic ferroptosis. Genome-wide gene expression profiling identified the ferroptosis pathway as an IRF8-regulated pathway in tumor cells. IRF8.KO tumor cells acquire resistance to intrinsic ferroptosis induction and IRF8-deficient tumor cells also exhibit decreased ferroptosis in response to tumor-specific CTLs. Irf8 deletion increased p53 expression in tumor cells and knocking out p53 in IRF8.KO tumor cells restored tumor cell sensitivity to intrinsic ferroptosis induction. Furthermore, IRF8.KO tumor cells grew significantly faster than WT tumor cells in immune-competent mice. To restore IRF8 expression in tumor cells, we designed and synthesized codon usage-optimized IRF8-encoding DNA to generate IRF8-encoding plasmid NTC9385R-mIRF8. Restoring IRF8 expression via a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated NTC9385R-mIRF8 plasmid therapy suppressed established tumor growth in vivo. In human cancer patients, nivolumab responders have a significantly higher IRF8 expression level in their tumor cells as compared to the non-responders. Our data determine that IRF8 represses p53 expression to maintain tumor cell sensitivity to intrinsic ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota B. Poschel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Mercy Kehinde-Ige
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - John D. Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Alyssa D. Merting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Natasha M. Savage
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Huidong Shi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
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22
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IRF8: Mechanism of Action and Health Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172630. [PMID: 36078039 PMCID: PMC9454819 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a transcription factor of the IRF protein family. IRF8 was originally identified as an essentialfactor for myeloid cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Deletion of Irf8 leads to massive accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ immature myeloid cells (IMCs), particularly the CD11b+Ly6Chi/+Ly6G− polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like cells (PMN-MDSCs). Under pathological conditions such as cancer, Irf8 is silenced by its promoter DNA hypermethylation, resulting in accumulation of PMN-MDSCs and CD11b+ Ly6G+Ly6Clo monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) in mice. IRF8 is often silenced in MDSCs in human cancer patients. MDSCs are heterogeneous populations of immune suppressive cells that suppress T and NK cell activity to promote tumor immune evasion and produce growth factors to exert direct tumor-promoting activity. Emerging experimental data reveals that IRF8 is also expressed in non-hematopoietic cells. Epithelial cell-expressed IRF8 regulates apoptosis and represses Osteopontin (OPN). Human tumor cells may use the IRF8 promoter DNA methylation as a mechanism to repress IRF8 expression to advance cancer through acquiring apoptosis resistance and OPN up-regulation. Elevated OPN engages CD44 to suppress T cell activation and promote tumor cell stemness to advance cancer. IRF8 thus is a transcription factor that regulates both the immune and non-immune components in human health and diseases.
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23
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Lança T, Ungerbäck J, Da Silva C, Joeris T, Ahmadi F, Vandamme J, Svensson-Frej M, Mowat AM, Kotarsky K, Sigvardsson M, Agace WW. IRF8 deficiency induces the transcriptional, functional, and epigenetic reprogramming of cDC1 into the cDC2 lineage. Immunity 2022; 55:1431-1447.e11. [PMID: 35830859 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) consist of two major functionally and phenotypically distinct subsets, cDC1 and cDC2, whose development is dependent on distinct sets of transcription factors. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is required at multiple stages of cDC1 development, but its role in committed cDC1 remains unclear. Here, we used Xcre-cre to delete Irf8 in committed cDC1 and demonstrate that Irf8 is required for maintaining the identity of cDC1. In the absence of Irf8, committed cDC1 acquired the transcriptional, functional, and chromatin accessibility properties of cDC2. This conversion was independent of Irf4 and was associated with the decreased accessibility of putative IRF8, Batf3, and composite AP-1-IRF (AICE)-binding elements, together with increased accessibility of cDC2-associated transcription-factor-binding elements. Thus, IRF8 expression by committed cDC1 is required for preventing their conversion into cDC2-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Lança
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ungerbäck
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clément Da Silva
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thorsten Joeris
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julien Vandamme
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marcus Svensson-Frej
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Knut Kotarsky
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - William W Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, BMC D14, 221-84 Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Wu R, Murphy KM. DCs at the center of help: Origins and evolution of the three-cell-type hypothesis. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211519. [PMID: 35543702 PMCID: PMC9098650 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Last year was the 10th anniversary of Ralph Steinman's Nobel Prize awarded for his discovery of dendritic cells (DCs), while next year brings the 50th anniversary of that discovery. Current models of anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity rest solidly on Steinman's discovery of DCs, but also rely on two seemingly unrelated phenomena, also reported in the mid-1970s: the discoveries of "help" for cytolytic T cell responses by Cantor and Boyse in 1974 and "cross-priming" by Bevan in 1976. Decades of subsequent work, controversy, and conceptual changes have gradually merged these three discoveries into current models of cell-mediated immunity against viruses and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Liu TT, Kim S, Desai P, Kim DH, Huang X, Ferris ST, Wu R, Ou F, Egawa T, Van Dyken SJ, Diamond MS, Johnson PF, Kubo M, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Ablation of cDC2 development by triple mutations within the Zeb2 enhancer. Nature 2022; 607:142-148. [PMID: 35732734 PMCID: PMC10358283 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The divergence of the common dendritic cell progenitor1-3 (CDP) into the conventional type 1 and type 2 dendritic cell (cDC1 and cDC2, respectively) lineages4,5 is poorly understood. Some transcription factors act in the commitment of already specified progenitors-such as BATF3, which stabilizes Irf8 autoactivation at the +32 kb Irf8 enhancer4,6-but the mechanisms controlling the initial divergence of CDPs remain unknown. Here we report the transcriptional basis of CDP divergence and describe the first requirements for pre-cDC2 specification. Genetic epistasis analysis7 suggested that Nfil3 acts upstream of Id2, Batf3 and Zeb2 in cDC1 development but did not reveal its mechanism or targets. Analysis of newly generated NFIL3 reporter mice showed extremely transient NFIL3 expression during cDC1 specification. CUT&RUN and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing identified endogenous NFIL3 binding in the -165 kb Zeb2 enhancer8 at three sites that also bind the CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins C/EBPα and C/EBPβ. In vivo mutational analysis using CRISPR-Cas9 targeting showed that these NFIL3-C/EBP sites are functionally redundant, with C/EBPs supporting and NFIL3 repressing Zeb2 expression at these sites. A triple mutation of all three NFIL3-C/EBP sites ablated Zeb2 expression in myeloid, but not lymphoid progenitors, causing the complete loss of pre-cDC2 specification and mature cDC2 development in vivo. These mice did not generate T helper 2 (TH2) cell responses against Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection, consistent with cDC2 supporting TH2 responses to helminths9-11. Thus, CDP divergence into cDC1 or cDC2 is controlled by competition between NFIL3 and C/EBPs at the -165 kb Zeb2 enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen T Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feiya Ou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter F Johnson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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26
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Gargaro M, Scalisi G, Manni G, Briseño CG, Bagadia P, Durai V, Theisen DJ, Kim S, Castelli M, Xu CA, zu Hörste GM, Servillo G, Della Fazia MA, Mencarelli G, Ricciuti D, Padiglioni E, Giacchè N, Colliva C, Pellicciari R, Calvitti M, Zelante T, Fuchs D, Orabona C, Boon L, Bessede A, Colonna M, Puccetti P, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Fallarino F. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activation in mature cDC1 promotes tolerogenic education of inflammatory cDC2 via metabolic communication. Immunity 2022; 55:1032-1050.e14. [PMID: 35704993 PMCID: PMC9220322 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), cDC1 and cDC2, act both to initiate immunity and maintain self-tolerance. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is used by cDCs in maintaining tolerance, but its role in different subsets remains unclear. At homeostasis, only mature CCR7+ cDC1 expressed IDO1 that was dependent on IRF8. Lipopolysaccharide treatment induced maturation and IDO1-dependent tolerogenic activity in isolated immature cDC1, but not isolated cDC2. However, both human and mouse cDC2 could induce IDO1 and acquire tolerogenic function when co-cultured with mature cDC1 through the action of cDC1-derived l-kynurenine. Accordingly, cDC1-specific inactivation of IDO1 in vivo exacerbated disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study identifies a previously unrecognized metabolic communication in which IDO1-expressing cDC1 cells extend their immunoregulatory capacity to the cDC2 subset through their production of tryptophan metabolite l-kynurenine. This metabolic axis represents a potential therapeutic target in treating autoimmune demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlos G. Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Derek J. Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marilena Castelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chenling A. Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gerd Meyer zu Hörste
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Mencarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Doriana Ricciuti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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27
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A cardioimmunologist's toolkit: genetic tools to dissect immune cells in cardiac disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:395-413. [PMID: 35523863 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardioimmunology is a field that encompasses the immune cells and pathways that modulate cardiac function in homeostasis and regulate the temporal balance between tissue injury and repair in disease. Over the past two decades, genetic fate mapping and high-dimensional sequencing techniques have defined increasing functional heterogeneity of innate and adaptive immune cell populations in the heart and other organs, revealing a complexity not previously appreciated and challenging established frameworks for the immune system. Given these rapid advances, understanding how to use these tools has become crucial. However, cardiovascular biologists without immunological expertise might not be aware of the strengths and caveats of immune-related tools and how they can be applied to examine the pathogenesis of myocardial diseases. In this Review, we guide readers through case-based examples to demonstrate how tool selection can affect data quality and interpretation and we provide critical analysis of the experimental tools that are currently available, focusing on their use in models of ischaemic heart injury and heart failure. The goal is to increase the use of relevant immunological tools and strategies among cardiovascular researchers to improve the precision, translatability and consistency of future studies of immune cells in cardiac disease.
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28
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Johnson KD, Soukup AA, Bresnick EH. GATA2 deficiency elevates interferon regulatory factor-8 to subvert a progenitor cell differentiation program. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1464-1473. [PMID: 35008108 PMCID: PMC8905696 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific transcription factors control stem and progenitor cell transitions by establishing networks containing hundreds of genes and proteins. Network complexity renders it challenging to discover essential versus modulatory or redundant components. This scenario is exemplified by GATA2 regulation of hematopoiesis during embryogenesis. Loss of a far upstream Gata2 enhancer (-77) disrupts the GATA2-dependent transcriptome governing hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. The aberrant transcriptome includes the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and a host of innate immune regulators. Mutant progenitors lose the capacity to balance production of diverse hematopoietic progeny. To elucidate mechanisms, we asked if IRF8 is essential, contributory, or not required. Reducing Irf8, in the context of the -77 mutant allele, reversed granulocytic deficiencies and the excessive accumulation of dendritic cell committed progenitors. Despite many dysregulated components that control vital transcriptional, signaling, and immune processes, the aberrant elevation of a single transcription factor deconstructed the differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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29
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Rosa FF, Pires CF, Kurochkin I, Halitzki E, Zahan T, Arh N, Zimmermannová O, Ferreira AG, Li H, Karlsson S, Scheding S, Pereira CF. Single-cell transcriptional profiling informs efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells to cross-presenting dendritic cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabg5539. [PMID: 35245086 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are rare immune cells critical for the induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, although the genetic program driving human cDC1 specification remains largely unexplored. We previously identified PU.1, IRF8, and BATF3 transcription factors as sufficient to induce cDC1 fate in mouse fibroblasts, but reprogramming of human somatic cells was limited by low efficiency. Here, we investigated single-cell transcriptional dynamics during human cDC1 reprogramming. Human induced cDC1s (hiDC1s) generated from embryonic fibroblasts gradually acquired a global cDC1 transcriptional profile and expressed antigen presentation signatures, whereas other DC subsets were not induced at the single-cell level during the reprogramming process. We extracted gene modules associated with successful reprogramming and identified inflammatory signaling and the cDC1-inducing transcription factor network as key drivers of the process. Combining IFN-γ, IFN-β, and TNF-α with constitutive expression of cDC1-inducing transcription factors led to improvement of reprogramming efficiency by 190-fold. hiDC1s engulfed dead cells, secreted inflammatory cytokines, and performed antigen cross-presentation, key cDC1 functions. This approach allowed efficient hiDC1 generation from adult fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells. Mechanistically, PU.1 showed dominant and independent chromatin targeting at early phases of reprogramming, recruiting IRF8 and BATF3 to shared binding sites. The cooperative binding at open enhancers and promoters led to silencing of fibroblast genes and activation of a cDC1 program. These findings provide mechanistic insights into human cDC1 specification and reprogramming and represent a platform for generating patient-tailored cDC1s, a long-sought DC subset for vaccination strategies in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F Rosa
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês do Pombal 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.,Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristiana F Pires
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês do Pombal 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilia Kurochkin
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Street, Building 3, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Evelyn Halitzki
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tasnim Zahan
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nejc Arh
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olga Zimmermannová
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandra G Ferreira
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês do Pombal 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.,Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Scheding
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Skåne, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês do Pombal 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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30
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Ito N, Sakata F, Hachisu M, Nagata K, Ito T, Nomura K, Nagaoka M, Inaba K, Hara M, Nakano N, Nakajima T, Yashiro T, Nishiyama C. The Ccl17 gene encoding TARC is synergistically transactivated by PU.1 and IRF4 driven by the mammalian common promoter in dendritic cells. Allergy 2022; 77:1054-1059. [PMID: 34807993 DOI: 10.1111/all.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Fumiya Sakata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Masakazu Hachisu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoka Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Kurumi Nomura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanori Nagaoka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Keito Inaba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tadaaki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Takuya Yashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology Faculty of Advanced Engineering Tokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
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31
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Li R, Li X, Zhao J, Meng F, Yao C, Bao E, Sun N, Chen X, Cheng W, Hua H, Li X, Wang B, Wang H, Pan X, You H, Yang J, Ikezoe T. Mitochondrial STAT3 exacerbates LPS-induced sepsis by driving CPT1a-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:976-998. [PMID: 34976224 PMCID: PMC8692896 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: We found that a subset of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) translocated into mitochondria in phagocytes, including macrophages isolated from individuals with sepsis. However, the role of mitochondrial STAT3 in macrophages remains unclear. Method: To investigate the function of mitochondrial STAT3 in vivo, we generated inducible mitochondrial STAT3 knock-in mice. A cytokine array analysis, a CBA analysis, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and quantification and metabolic analyses in vivo were subsequently performed in an LPS-induced sepsis model. Single-cell RNA sequencing, a microarray analysis, metabolic assays, mass spectrometry and ChIP assays were utilized to gain insight into the mechanisms of mitochondrial STAT3 in metabolic reprogramming in LPS-induced sepsis. Results: We found that mitochondrial STAT3 induced NF-κB nuclear localization and exacerbated LPS-induced sepsis in parallel with a metabolic switch from mainly using glucose to an increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Moreover, mitochondrial STAT3 abrogated carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT1a) ubiquitination and degradation in LPS-treated macrophages. Meanwhile, an interaction between CPT1a and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 50 (USP50) was observed. In contrast, knocking down USP50 decreased CPT1a expression and FAO mediated by mitochondrial STAT3. The ChIP assays revealed that NF-κB bound the USP50 promoter. Curcumin alleviated LPS-mediated sepsis by suppressing the activities of mitochondrial STAT3 and NF-κB. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that mitochondrial STAT3 could trigger FAO by inducing CPT1a stabilization mediated by USP50 in macrophages, at least partially.
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Early life exposure to house dust mite allergen prevents experimental allergic asthma requiring mitochondrial H 2O 2. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:154-164. [PMID: 34580428 PMCID: PMC8738138 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune tolerance to allergens in early-life decreases the risk for asthma in later life. Here we show establishment of stable airway tolerance to the allergen, house dust mite (HDM), by exposing newborn mice repeatedly to a low dose of the allergen. Lung dendritic cells (DCs) from tolerized mice induced a low Th2 response in vitro mirroring impact of tolerance in vivo. In line with our previous finding of increased mitochondrial H2O2 production from lung DCs of mice tolerized to ovalbumin, depletion of mitochondrial H2O2 in MCAT mice abrogated HDM-induced airway tolerance (Tol) with elevated Th2 effector response, airway eosinophilia, and increased airway hyperreactivity. WT-Tol mice displayed a decrease in total, cDC1 and cDC2 subsets in the lung as compared to that in naive mice. In contrast, the lungs of MCAT-Tol mice showed 3-fold higher numbers of cDCs including those of the subsets as compared to that in WT mice. Our study demonstrates an important role of mitochondrial H2O2 in constraining lung DC numbers towards establishment of early-life airway tolerance to allergens.
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33
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Anderson DA, Ou F, Kim S, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Transition from cMyc to L-Myc during dendritic cell development coordinated by rising levels of IRF8. J Exp Med 2021; 219:212941. [PMID: 34958351 PMCID: PMC8713298 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During dendritic cell (DC) development, Myc expression in progenitors is replaced by Mycl in mature DCs, but when and how this transition occurs is unknown. We evaluated DC development using reporters for MYC, MYCL, and cell cycle proteins Geminin and CDT1 in wild-type and various mutant mice. For classical type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the transition occurred upon their initial specification from common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs) or common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), respectively. This transition required high levels of IRF8 and interaction with PU.1, suggesting the use of EICEs within Mycl enhancers. In pDCs, maximal MYCL induction also required the +41kb Irf8 enhancer that controls pDC IRF8 expression. IRF8 also contributed to repression of MYC. While MYC is expressed only in rapidly dividing DC progenitors, MYCL is most highly expressed in DCs that have exited the cell cycle. Thus, IRF8 levels coordinate the Myc-Mycl transition during DC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Feiya Ou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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34
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Zhang S, Chopin M, Nutt SL. Type 1 conventional dendritic cells: ontogeny, function, and emerging roles in cancer immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1113-1127. [PMID: 34728143 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key immune sentinels that orchestrate protective immune responses against pathogens or cancers. DCs have evolved into multiple phenotypically, anatomically, and functionally distinct cell types. One of these DC types, Type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s), are uniquely equipped to promote cytotoxic CD8+ T cell differentiation and, therefore, represent a promising target for harnessing antitumor immunity. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted the importance of cDC1s in tumor immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we review the progress in defining the key developmental and functional attributes of cDC1s and the approaches to optimizing the potency of cDC1s for anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michaël Chopin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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35
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Novoszel P, Drobits B, Holcmann M, Fernandes CDS, Tschismarov R, Derdak S, Decker T, Wagner EF, Sibilia M. The AP-1 transcription factors c-Jun and JunB are essential for CD8α conventional dendritic cell identity. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2404-2420. [PMID: 33758366 PMCID: PMC8329169 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) development is orchestrated by lineage-determining transcription factors (TFs). Although, members of the activator-protein-1 (AP-1) family, including Batf3, have been implicated in conventional (c)DC specification, the role of Jun proteins is poorly understood. Here, we identified c-Jun and JunB as essential for cDC1 fate specification and function. In mice, Jun proteins regulate extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which control CD8α cDC1 diversification, whereas CD103 cDC1 development is unaffected. The loss of c-Jun and JunB in DC progenitors diminishes the CD8α cDC1 pool and thus confers resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Their absence in CD8α cDC1 results in impaired TLR triggering and antigen cross-presentation. Both TFs are required for the maintenance of the CD8α cDC1 subset and suppression of cDC2 identity on a transcriptional and phenotypic level. Taken together, these results demonstrate the essential role of c-Jun and JunB in CD8α cDC1 diversification, function, and maintenance of their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Novoszel
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Drobits
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristiano De Sa Fernandes
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Tschismarov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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36
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Lin DS, Tian L, Tomei S, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Baldwin TM, Weber TS, Schreuder J, Stonehouse OJ, Rautela J, Huntington ND, Taoudi S, Ritchie ME, Hodgkin PD, Ng AP, Nutt SL, Naik SH. Single-cell analyses reveal the clonal and molecular aetiology of Flt3L-induced emergency dendritic cell development. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:219-231. [PMID: 33649477 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate is crucial during homeostasis and under stress conditions. Here we examine the aetiology of the Flt3 ligand (Flt3L)-mediated increase of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s). Using cellular barcoding we demonstrate this occurs through selective clonal expansion of HSPCs that are primed to produce cDC1s and not through activation of cDC1 fate by other HSPCs. In particular, multi/oligo-potent clones selectively amplify their cDC1 output, without compromising the production of other lineages, via a process we term tuning. We then develop Divi-Seq to simultaneously profile the division history, surface phenotype and transcriptome of individual HSPCs. We discover that Flt3L-responsive HSPCs maintain a proliferative 'early progenitor'-like state, leading to the selective expansion of multiple transitional cDC1-primed progenitor stages that are marked by Irf8 expression. These findings define the mechanistic action of Flt3L through clonal tuning, which has important implications for other models of 'emergency' haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Lin
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luyi Tian
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Tomei
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniela Amann-Zalcenstein
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey M Baldwin
- Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom S Weber
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaring Schreuder
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivia J Stonehouse
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Samir Taoudi
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley P Ng
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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37
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Murakami K, Sasaki H, Nishiyama A, Kurotaki D, Kawase W, Ban T, Nakabayashi J, Kanzaki S, Sekita Y, Nakajima H, Ozato K, Kimura T, Tamura T. A RUNX-CBFβ-driven enhancer directs the Irf8 dose-dependent lineage choice between DCs and monocytes. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:301-311. [PMID: 33603226 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF8 is essential for the development of monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), whereas it inhibits neutrophilic differentiation. It is unclear how Irf8 expression is regulated and how this single transcription factor supports the generation of both monocytes and DCs. Here, we identified a RUNX-CBFβ-driven enhancer 56 kb downstream of the Irf8 transcription start site. Deletion of this enhancer in vivo significantly decreased Irf8 expression throughout the myeloid lineage from the progenitor stages, thus resulting in loss of common DC progenitors and overproduction of Ly6C+ monocytes. We demonstrated that high, low or null expression of IRF8 in hematopoietic progenitor cells promotes differentiation toward type 1 conventional DCs, Ly6C+ monocytes or neutrophils, respectively, via epigenetic regulation of distinct sets of enhancers in cooperation with other transcription factors. Our results illustrate the mechanism through which IRF8 controls the lineage choice in a dose-dependent manner within the myeloid cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murakami
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Sasaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kawase
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Nakabayashi
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Kanzaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sekita
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tohru Kimura
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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38
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Michieletto MF, Henao-Mejia J. Ontogeny and heterogeneity of innate lymphoid cells and the noncoding genome. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:152-166. [PMID: 33559175 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery a decade ago, it has become evident that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play critical roles in protective immune responses against intracellular and extracellular pathogens but are also central regulators of epithelial barrier integrity and tissue homeostasis. ILCs populate almost every tissue in mammalian organisms; therefore, not surprisingly, dysregulation of their functions contributes to the development and progression of multiple inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Our knowledge of the transcriptional programs governing the development, differentiation, and functions of the different groups of ILCs has increased dramatically in the last ten years. However, with the advent of new technologies, an unprecedented level of heterogeneity, plasticity, and developmental complexity has started to be revealed. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of ILC development and their biological functions. In particular, we aim to emphasize how our increasing knowledge of the chromatin landscape and the noncoding genome of these innate lymphocytes is allowing us to better understand their development and functions in different contexts during homeostasis and inflammation. Moreover, we propose that the design of more refined genetic tools to study tissue-specific ILCs and their functions can be accomplished by leveraging our understanding of how specific noncoding elements of the genome regulate gene expression in ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël F Michieletto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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39
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Marciscano AE, Anandasabapathy N. The role of dendritic cells in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 52:101481. [PMID: 34023170 PMCID: PMC8545750 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key sentinels of the host immune response with an important role in linking innate and adaptive immunity and maintaining tolerance. There is increasing recognition that DC are critical determinants of initiating and sustaining effective T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Recent progress in immuno-oncology has led to the evolving insight that the presence and function of DC within the tumor microenvironment (TME) may dictate efficacy of cancer immunotherapies as well as conventional cancer therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. As such, improved understanding of dendritic cell immunobiology specifically focusing on their role in T-cell priming, migration into tissues and TME, and the coordinated in vivo responses of functionally specialized DC subsets will facilitate a better mechanistic understanding of how tumor-immune surveillance can be leveraged to improve patient outcomes and to develop novel DC-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Marciscano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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40
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Transcriptional divergence between cDC1s and cDC2s: an AP1-IRF composite element-dependent program. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1618-1619. [PMID: 33473189 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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41
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Bajana S, Thomas K, Georgescu C, Zhao Y, Wren JD, Kovats S, Sun XH. Augmenting E Protein Activity Impairs cDC2 Differentiation at the Pre-cDC Stage. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577718. [PMID: 33391258 PMCID: PMC7775562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) specification and differentiation are controlled by a circuit of transcription factors, which regulate the expression of DC effector genes as well as the transcription factors themselves. E proteins are a widely expressed basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors whose activity is suppressed by their inhibitors, ID proteins. Loss-of-function studies have demonstrated the essential role of both E and ID proteins in different aspects of DC development. In this study, we employed a gain-of-function approach to illustrate the importance of the temporal control of E protein function in maintaining balanced differentiation of conventional DC (cDC) subsets, cDC1 and cDC2. We expressed an E protein mutant, ET2, which dimerizes with endogenous E proteins to overcome inhibition by ID proteins and activate the transcription of E protein targets. Induction of ET2 expression at the hematopoietic progenitor stage led to a dramatic reduction in cDC2 precursors (pre-cDC2s) with little impact on pre-cDC1s. Consequently, we observed decreased numbers of cDC2s in the spleen and lung, as well as in FLT3L-driven bone marrow-derived DC cultures. Furthermore, in mice bearing ET2, we detected increased expression of the IRF8 transcription factor in cDC2s, in which IRF8 is normally down-regulated and IRF4 up-regulated. This aberrant expression of IRF8 induced by ET2 may contribute to the impairment of cDC2 differentiation. In addition, analyses of the transcriptomes of splenic cDC1s and cDC2s revealed that ET2 expression led to a shift, at least in part, of the transcriptional profile characteristic of cDC2s to that of cDC1. Together, these results suggest that a precise control of E protein activity is crucial for balanced DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bajana
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Program in Genes and Human Diseases, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ying Zhao
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Program in Genes and Human Diseases, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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42
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Transcriptional Regulation of Inflammasomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218087. [PMID: 33138274 PMCID: PMC7663688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimolecular complexes with potent inflammatory activity. As such, their activity is tightly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this review, we present the transcriptional regulation of inflammasome genes from sensors (e.g., NLRP3) to substrates (e.g., IL-1β). Lineage-determining transcription factors shape inflammasome responses in different cell types with profound consequences on the responsiveness to inflammasome-activating stimuli. Pro-inflammatory signals (sterile or microbial) have a key transcriptional impact on inflammasome genes, which is largely mediated by NF-κB and that translates into higher antimicrobial immune responses. Furthermore, diverse intrinsic (e.g., circadian clock, metabolites) or extrinsic (e.g., xenobiotics) signals are integrated by signal-dependent transcription factors and chromatin structure changes to modulate transcriptionally inflammasome responses. Finally, anti-inflammatory signals (e.g., IL-10) counterbalance inflammasome genes induction to limit deleterious inflammation. Transcriptional regulations thus appear as the first line of inflammasome regulation to raise the defense level in front of stress and infections but also to limit excessive or chronic inflammation.
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