1
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Gerelkhuu Z, Park S, Lee KH, Kim YC, Kwon SJ, Song KH, Kim ES, Song YG, Park YS, Ahn JY, Choi JY, Choi WS, Bae S, Kim SH, Kim SW, Kwon KT, Jeong HW, Peck KR, Kang ES, Koh JY, Ko JH, Yoon TH. Overcoming the age-dependent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response through hybrid immunity: analysis of humoral and cellular immunity with mass cytometry profiling. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:51. [PMID: 39080742 PMCID: PMC11289962 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-dependent immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations and breakthrough infections (BIs) in young and middle-aged individuals are unclear. METHODS This nationwide multicenter prospective cohort study analyzed immune responses in participants of the ChAdOx1 (ChAd)-ChAd-mRNA vaccine group using cytometry by time-of-flight, anti-spike protein antibody (Sab) and anti-nucleocapsid antibody (Nab) titers, plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays at various time points. RESULTS We evaluated 347 participants with an average age of 38.9 ± 9.4 years (range: 21-63). There was a significant inverse correlation between age and Sab levels after the second dose (slope - 14.96, P = 0.032), and this was more pronounced after the third dose (slope - 208.9, P < 0.001). After BIs, older participants showed significantly higher Sab titers (slope 398.8, P = 0.001), reversing the age-related decline observed post-vaccination. This reversal was also observed in PRNTs against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the BA.1 and BA.5 variants. IFN-γ responses increased markedly after the third dose and Bis, but showed a weak positive correlation with age, without statistical significance. Immune cell profiling revealed an age-dependent decrease in the proportions of B-cell lineage cells. The proportions of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were inversely correlated with age, whereas the proportions of mature T cell subsets with memory function, including memory CD4+ T, CD8+ TEM, CD8+ TEMRA, and TFH cells, increased with age. CONCLUSIONS Age-dependent waning of the serologic response to COVID-19 vaccines occurred even in middle-aged individuals, but was reversed after BIs. IFN-γ responses were preserved, compensating for the decrease in naive T cell populations, with an increase in memory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Yoon Idea Lab. Co. Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lam N, Lee Y, Farber DL. A guide to adaptive immune memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6. [PMID: 38831162 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune memory - comprising T cells, B cells and plasma cells and their secreted antibodies - is crucial for human survival. It enables the rapid and effective clearance of a pathogen after re-exposure, to minimize damage to the host. When antigen-experienced, memory T cells become activated, they proliferate and produce effector molecules at faster rates and in greater magnitudes than antigen-inexperienced, naive cells. Similarly, memory B cells become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells more rapidly than naive B cells, and they undergo processes that increase their affinity for antigen. The ability of T cells and B cells to form memory cells after antigen exposure is the rationale behind vaccination. Understanding immune memory not only is crucial for the design of more-efficacious vaccines but also has important implications for immunotherapies in infectious disease and cancer. This 'guide to' article provides an overview of the current understanding of the phenotype, function, location, and pathways for the generation, maintenance and protective capacity of memory T cells and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoonSeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Wietschel KA, Fechtner K, Antileo E, Abdurrahman G, Drechsler CA, Makuvise MK, Rose R, Voß M, Krumbholz A, Michalik S, Weiss S, Ulm L, Franikowski P, Fickenscher H, Bröker BM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382911. [PMID: 38807606 PMCID: PMC11130424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a naïve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Methods Measurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay. Results The antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2nd COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3rd vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination. Discussion Overall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian A. Wietschel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elmer Antileo
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chiara A. Drechsler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Voß
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Franikowski
- Institute for Educational Quality Improvement, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Ross JB, Myers LM, Noh JJ, Collins MM, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Dhuey E, Hasenkrug KJ, Weissman IL. Depleting myeloid-biased haematopoietic stem cells rejuvenates aged immunity. Nature 2024; 628:162-170. [PMID: 38538791 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Ageing of the immune system is characterized by decreased lymphopoiesis and adaptive immunity, and increased inflammation and myeloid pathologies1,2. Age-related changes in populations of self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are thought to underlie these phenomena3. During youth, HSCs with balanced output of lymphoid and myeloid cells (bal-HSCs) predominate over HSCs with myeloid-biased output (my-HSCs), thereby promoting the lymphopoiesis required for initiating adaptive immune responses, while limiting the production of myeloid cells, which can be pro-inflammatory4. Ageing is associated with increased proportions of my-HSCs, resulting in decreased lymphopoiesis and increased myelopoiesis3,5,6. Transfer of bal-HSCs results in abundant lymphoid and myeloid cells, a stable phenotype that is retained after secondary transfer; my-HSCs also retain their patterns of production after secondary transfer5. The origin and potential interconversion of these two subsets is still unclear. If they are separate subsets postnatally, it might be possible to reverse the ageing phenotype by eliminating my-HSCs in aged mice. Here we demonstrate that antibody-mediated depletion of my-HSCs in aged mice restores characteristic features of a more youthful immune system, including increasing common lymphocyte progenitors, naive T cells and B cells, while decreasing age-related markers of immune decline. Depletion of my-HSCs in aged mice improves primary and secondary adaptive immune responses to viral infection. These findings may have relevance to the understanding and intervention of diseases exacerbated or caused by dominance of the haematopoietic system by my-HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Ross
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Joseph J Noh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madison M Collins
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Erica Dhuey
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Aoki H, Kitabatake M, Abe H, Xu P, Tsunoda M, Shichino S, Hara A, Ouji-Sageshima N, Motozono C, Ito T, Matsushima K, Ueha S. CD8 + T cell memory induced by successive SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations is characterized by shifts in clonal dominance. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113887. [PMID: 38458195 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines against the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) elicit strong T cell responses. However, a clonal-resolution analysis of T cell responses to mRNA vaccination has not been performed. Here, we temporally track the CD8+ T cell repertoire in individuals who received three shots of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine through longitudinal T cell receptor sequencing with peptide-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tetramer analysis. We demonstrate a shift in T cell responses between the clonotypes with different kinetics: from early responders that expand rapidly after the first shot to main responders that greatly expand after the second shot. Although the main responders re-expand after the third shot, their clonal diversity is skewed, and newly elicited third responders partially replace them. Furthermore, this shift in clonal dominance occurs not only between, but also within, clonotypes specific for spike epitopes. Our study will be a valuable resource for understanding vaccine-induced T cell responses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Aoki
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitabatake
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara City, Nara 6348521, Japan
| | - Haruka Abe
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan
| | - Peng Xu
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan
| | - Mikiya Tsunoda
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hara
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara City, Nara 6348521, Japan
| | - Noriko Ouji-Sageshima
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara City, Nara 6348521, Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara City, Nara 6348521, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba 2780022, Japan.
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6
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Dixit D, Hallisey VM, Zhu EY, Okuniewska M, Cadwell K, Chipuk JE, Axelrad JE, Schwab SR. S1PR1 inhibition induces proapoptotic signaling in T cells and limits humoral responses within lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174984. [PMID: 38194271 PMCID: PMC10869180 DOI: 10.1172/jci174984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective immunity requires a large, diverse naive T cell repertoire circulating among lymphoid organs in search of antigen. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1PR1 contribute by both directing T cell migration and supporting T cell survival. Here, we addressed how S1P enables T cell survival and the implications for patients treated with S1PR1 antagonists. We found that S1PR1 limited apoptosis by maintaining the appropriate balance of BCL2 family members via restraint of JNK activity. Interestingly, the same residues of S1PR1 that enable receptor internalization were required to prevent this proapoptotic cascade. Findings in mice were recapitulated in ulcerative colitis patients treated with the S1PR1 antagonist ozanimod, and the loss of naive T cells limited B cell responses. Our findings highlighted an effect of S1PR1 antagonists on the ability to mount immune responses within lymph nodes, beyond their effect on lymph node egress, and suggested both limitations and additional uses of this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Dixit
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria M. Hallisey
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ethan Y.S. Zhu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martyna Okuniewska
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerry E. Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Dermatology, and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan E. Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan R. Schwab
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Laing KJ, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Greninger AL, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. Repeated mRNA vaccination sequentially boosts SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells in persons with previous COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:166-177. [PMID: 38057617 PMCID: PMC10981451 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hybrid immunity is more protective than vaccination or previous infection alone. To investigate the kinetics of spike-reactive T (TS) cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection through messenger RNA vaccination in persons with hybrid immunity, we identified the T cell receptor (TCR) sequences of thousands of index TS cells and tracked their frequency in bulk TCRβ repertoires sampled longitudinally from the peripheral blood of persons who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccinations led to large expansions in memory TS cell clonotypes, most of which were CD8+ T cells, while also eliciting diverse TS cell clonotypes not observed before vaccination. TCR sequence similarity clustering identified public CD8+ and CD4+ TCR motifs associated with spike (S) specificity. Synthesis of longitudinal bulk ex vivo single-chain TCRβ repertoires and paired-chain TCRɑβ sequences from droplet sequencing of TS cells provides a roadmap for the rapid assessment of T cell responses to vaccines and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anton M Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell St Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily L Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saumya Jani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eudy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel M Gittelman
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Takeda Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elise Wilcox
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Lobby JL, Danzy S, Holmes KE, Lowen AC, Kohlmeier JE. Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity Limit the Ability of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines to Promote T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:107-116. [PMID: 37982700 PMCID: PMC10842048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
One potential advantage of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) is their ability to establish both virus-specific Ab and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the respiratory mucosa. However, it is hypothesized that pre-existing immunity from past infections and/or immunizations prevents LAIV from boosting or generating de novo CD8+ T cell responses. To determine whether we can overcome this limitation, we generated a series of drifted influenza A/PR8 LAIVs with successive mutations in the hemagglutinin protein, allowing for increasing levels of escape from pre-existing Ab. We also inserted a CD8+ T cell epitope from the Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) to assess both generation of a de novo T cell response and boosting of pre-existing influenza-specific CD8+ T cells following LAIV immunization. Increasing the level of escape from Ab enabled boosting of pre-existing TRM, but we were unable to generate de novo Sendai virus NP+ CD8+ TRM following LAIV immunization in PR8 influenza-immune mice, even with LAIV strains that can fully escape pre-existing Ab. As these data suggested a role for cell-mediated immunity in limiting LAIV efficacy, we investigated several scenarios to assess the impact of pre-existing LAIV-specific TRM in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Ultimately, we found that deletion of the immunodominant influenza NP366-374 epitope allowed for sufficient escape from cellular immunity to establish de novo CD8+ TRM. When combined, these studies demonstrate that both pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity can limit the effectiveness of LAIV, which is an important consideration for future design of vaccine vectors against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Shamika Danzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Katie E. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
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9
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Wang L, Nicols A, Turtle L, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P, Payne RP. T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000468. [PMID: 38027416 PMCID: PMC10668147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher JA Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Martini GR, Tikhonova E, Rosati E, DeCelie MB, Sievers LK, Tran F, Lessing M, Bergfeld A, Hinz S, Nikolaus S, Kümpers J, Matysiak A, Hofmann P, Saggau C, Schneiders S, Kamps AK, Jacobs G, Lieb W, Maul J, Siegmund B, Seegers B, Hinrichsen H, Oberg HH, Wesch D, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM, Rupp J, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, Brunke S, Hube B, Aden K, Franke A, Iliev ID, Scheffold A, Schreiber S, Bacher P. Selection of cross-reactive T cells by commensal and food-derived yeasts drives cytotoxic T H1 cell responses in Crohn's disease. Nat Med 2023; 29:2602-2614. [PMID: 37749331 PMCID: PMC10579100 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant CD4+ T cell reactivity against intestinal microorganisms is considered to drive mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases. The disease-relevant microbial species and the corresponding microorganism-specific, pathogenic T cell phenotypes remain largely unknown. In the present study, we identified common gut commensal and food-derived yeasts, as direct activators of altered CD4+ T cell reactions in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Yeast-responsive CD4+ T cells in CD display a cytotoxic T helper cell (TH1 cell) phenotype and show selective expansion of T cell clones that are highly cross-reactive to several commensal, as well as food-derived, fungal species. This indicates cross-reactive T cell selection by repeated encounter with conserved fungal antigens in the context of chronic intestinal disease. Our results highlighted a role of yeasts as drivers of aberrant CD4+ T cell reactivity in patients with CD and suggest that both gut-resident fungal commensals and daily dietary intake of yeasts might contribute to chronic activation of inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rios Martini
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Tikhonova
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meghan Bialt DeCelie
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Katharina Sievers
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Lessing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Bergfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sophia Hinz
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanna Nikolaus
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Kümpers
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Matysiak
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Hofmann
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Schneiders
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Kamps
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jacobs
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and popgen Biobank, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and popgen Biobank, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Maul
- Gastroenterologie am Bayerischen Platz, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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11
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Dixit D, Hallisey VM, Zhu EYS, Okuniewska M, Cadwell K, Chipuk JE, Axelrad JE, Schwab SR. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 inhibition induces a pro-apoptotic signaling cascade in T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554104. [PMID: 37662380 PMCID: PMC10473648 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective immunity requires a large, diverse naïve T cell repertoire circulating among lymphoid organs in search of antigen. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1PR1 contribute by both directing T cell migration and supporting T cell survival. Here, we address how S1P enables T cell survival, and the implications for patients treated with S1PR1 antagonists. Contrary to expectations, we found that S1PR1 limits apoptosis by maintaining the appropriate balance of BCL2 family members via restraint of JNK activity. Interestingly, the same residues of S1PR1 that enable receptor internalization are required to prevent this pro-apoptotic cascade. Findings in mice were recapitulated in ulcerative colitis patients treated with the S1PR1 antagonist ozanimod, and the loss of naïve T cells limited B cell responses. Our findings highlight an unexpected effect of S1PR1 antagonists on the ability to mount immune responses within lymph nodes, beyond their effect on lymph node egress, and suggest both limitations and novel uses of this important class of drugs.
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12
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Kanis FM, Meier JP, Guldan H, Niller HH, Dahm M, Dansard A, Zander T, Struck F, Soutschek E, Deml L, Möbus S, Barabas S. Performance of T-Track ® SARS-CoV-2, an Innovative Dual Marker RT-qPCR-Based Whole-Blood Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Reactive T Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2722. [PMID: 37685260 PMCID: PMC10486492 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays a central role in the control of the virus. In this study, we evaluated the performance of T-Track® SARS-CoV-2, a novel CE-marked quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, which relies on the combined evaluation of IFNG and CXCL10 mRNA levels in response to the S1 and NP SARS-CoV-2 antigens, in 335 participants with or without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, respectively. Of the 62 convalescent donors, 100% responded to S1 and 88.7% to NP antigens. In comparison, of the 68 naïve donors, 4.4% were reactive to S1 and 19.1% to NP. Convalescent donors <50 and ≥50 years of age demonstrated a 100% S1 reactivity and an 89.1% and 87.5% NP reactivity, respectively. T-cell responses by T-Track® SARS-CoV-2 and IgG serology by recomLine SARS-CoV-2 IgG according to the time from the last immunisation (by vaccination or viral infection) were comparable. Both assays showed a persistent cellular and humoral response for at least 36 weeks post immunisation in vaccinated and convalescent donors. Our results demonstrate the very good performance of the T-Track® SARS-CoV-2 molecular assay and suggest that it might be suitable to monitor the SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response in COVID-19 vaccinations trials and cross-reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hans-Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Afroz S, Bartolo L, Su LF. Pre-existing T Cell Memory to Novel Pathogens. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:543-553. [PMID: 37436166 PMCID: PMC10587503 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological experiences lead to the development of specific T and B cell memory, which readies the host for a later pathogen rechallenge. Currently, immunological memory is best understood as a linear process whereby memory responses are generated by and directed against the same pathogen. However, numerous studies have identified memory cells that target pathogens in unexposed individuals. How "pre-existing memory" forms and impacts the outcome of infection remains unclear. In this review, we discuss differences in the composition of baseline T cell repertoire in mice and humans, factors that influence pre-existing immune states, and recent literature on their functional significance. We summarize current knowledge on the roles of pre-existing T cells in homeostasis and perturbation and their impacts on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F. Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Postovskaya A, Vujkovic A, de Block T, van Petersen L, van Frankenhuijsen M, Brosius I, Bottieau E, Van Dijck C, Theunissen C, van Ierssel SH, Vlieghe E, Bartholomeus E, Mullan K, Adriaensen W, Vanham G, Ogunjimi B, Laukens K, Vercauteren K, Meysman P. Leveraging T-cell receptor - epitope recognition models to disentangle unique and cross-reactive T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 during COVID-19 progression/resolution. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130876. [PMID: 37325653 PMCID: PMC10264683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the general agreement on the significance of T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection, the clinical impact of specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses remains uncertain. Understanding this aspect could provide insights for adjusting vaccines and maintaining robust long-term protection against continuously emerging variants. To characterize CD8+ T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes unique to the virus (SC2-unique) or shared with other coronaviruses (CoV-common), we trained a large number of T-cell receptor (TCR) - epitope recognition models for MHC-I-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes from publicly available data. These models were then applied to longitudinal CD8+ TCR repertoires from critical and non-critical COVID-19 patients. In spite of comparable initial CoV-common TCR repertoire depth and CD8+ T-cell depletion, the temporal dynamics of SC2-unique TCRs differed depending on the disease severity. Specifically, while non-critical patients demonstrated a large and diverse SC2-unique TCR repertoire by the second week of the disease, critical patients did not. Furthermore, only non-critical patients exhibited redundancy in the CD8+ T-cell response to both groups of epitopes, SC2-unique and CoV-common. These findings indicate a valuable contribution of the SC2-unique CD8+ TCR repertoires. Therefore, a combination of specific and cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses may offer a stronger clinical advantage. Besides tracking the specific and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cells in any TCR repertoire, our analytical framework can be expanded to more epitopes and assist in the assessment and monitoring of CD8+ T-cell response to other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Postovskaya
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Vujkovic
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tessa de Block
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lida van Petersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Brosius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Theunissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sabrina H. van Ierssel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erika Vlieghe
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kerry Mullan
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Li D, Ainiwaer A, Zheng X, Wang M, Shi Y, Rousu Z, Hou X, Kang X, Maimaiti M, Wang H, Li J, Zhang C. Upregulation of LAG3 modulates the immune imbalance of CD4+ T-cell subsets and exacerbates disease progression in patients with alveolar echinococcosis and a mouse model. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011396. [PMID: 37172058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a tumor-like disease predominantly affecting the liver but able to spread to any organ. T cells develop functional defects during chronic E. multilocularis infection, mostly due to upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) and programmed death-1 (PD-1). However, the role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3), an inhibitory receptor, in AE infection remains to be determined. Here, we discovered that high expression of LAG3 was mainly found in CD4+ T cells and induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) in close liver tissue (CLT) from AE patients. In a mouse model of E. multilocularis infection, LAG3 expression was predominantly found in T helper 2 (Th2) and Treg subsets, which secreted significantly more IL-4 and IL-10, resulting in host immune tolerance and disease progression at a late stage. Furthermore, LAG3 deficiency was found to drive the development of effector memory CD4+ T cells and enhance the type 1 CD4+ T-cell immune response, thus inhibiting metacestode growth in vivo. In addition, CD4+ T cells from LAG3-deficient mice produced more IFN-γ and less IL-4 when stimulated by E. multilocularis protoscoleces (EmP) antigen in vitro. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments showed that LAG3-knockout (KO) CD4+ T cells were more likely to develop into Th1 cells and less likely to develop into Tregs in recipient mice. Our work reveals that high expression of LAG3 accelerates AE disease progression by modulating the immune imbalance of CD4+ T-cell subsets. These findings may provide a novel immunotherapeutic strategy against E. multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Abidan Ainiwaer
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zibigu Rousu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuejiao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Muesier Maimaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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16
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Tsai DY, Wang CH, Schiro PG, Chen N, Tseng JY. Tracking B Cell Memory to SARS-CoV-2 Using Rare Cell Analysis System. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040735. [PMID: 37112647 PMCID: PMC10145117 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid mutations within SARS-CoV-2 are driving immune escape, highlighting the need for in-depth and routine analysis of memory B cells (MBCs) to complement the important but limited information from neutralizing antibody (nAb) studies. In this study, we collected plasma samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 35 subjects and studied the nAb titers and the number of antigen-specific memory B cells at designated time points before and after vaccination. We developed an assay to use the MiSelect R II System with a single-use microfluidic chip to directly detect the number of spike-receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific MBCs in PBMCs. Our results show that the number of spike-RBD-specific MBCs detected by the MiSelect R II System is highly correlated with the level of nAbs secreted by stimulated PBMCs, even 6 months after vaccination when nAbs were generally not present in plasma. We also found antigen-specific cells recognizing Omicron spike-RBD were present in PBMCs from booster vaccination of subjects, but with a high variability in the number of B cells. The MiSelect R II System provided a direct, automated, and quantitative method to isolate and analyze subsets of rare cells for tracking cellular immunity in the context of a rapidly mutating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yan Tsai
- MiCareo Taiwan Co., Ltd., 5F, No. 69, Ln. 77, Xing Ai Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Wang
- MiCareo Taiwan Co., Ltd., 5F, No. 69, Ln. 77, Xing Ai Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Perry G. Schiro
- MiCareo Taiwan Co., Ltd., 5F, No. 69, Ln. 77, Xing Ai Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Nathan Chen
- Adimmune Corporation, No. 3, Sec.1, Tanxing Rd., Tanzi Dist., Taichung City 427, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yu Tseng
- MiCareo Taiwan Co., Ltd., 5F, No. 69, Ln. 77, Xing Ai Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27923976
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17
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Ryan FJ, Norton TS, McCafferty C, Blake SJ, Stevens NE, James J, Eden GL, Tee YC, Benson SC, Masavuli MG, Yeow AEL, Abayasingam A, Agapiou D, Stevens H, Zecha J, Messina NL, Curtis N, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tran H, McFadyen JD, Bull RA, Grubor-Bauk B, Lynn MA, Botten R, Barry SE, Lynn DJ. A systems immunology study comparing innate and adaptive immune responses in adults to COVID-19 mRNA and adenovirus vectored vaccines. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100971. [PMID: 36871558 PMCID: PMC9935276 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the molecular mechanisms that promote optimal immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is critical for future rational vaccine design. Here, we longitudinally profile innate and adaptive immune responses in 102 adults after the first, second, and third doses of mRNA or adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines. Using a multi-omics approach, we identify key differences in the immune responses induced by ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2 that correlate with antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses or vaccine reactogenicity. Unexpectedly, we observe that vaccination with ChAdOx1-S, but not BNT162b2, induces an adenoviral vector-specific memory response after the first dose, which correlates with the expression of proteins with roles in thrombosis with potential implications for thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), a rare but serious adverse event linked to adenovirus-vectored vaccines. The COVID-19 Vaccine Immune Responses Study thus represents a major resource that can be used to understand the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of these COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Todd S Norton
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Conor McCafferty
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Natalie E Stevens
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Jane James
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Georgina L Eden
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Yee C Tee
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Saoirse C Benson
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Arthur E L Yeow
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Arunasingam Abayasingam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Hannah Stevens
- Clinical Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jana Zecha
- Dynamic Omics, Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nicole L Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Huyen Tran
- Clinical Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Clinical Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Miriam A Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Rochelle Botten
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Simone E Barry
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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18
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Zornikova KV, Sheetikov SA, Rusinov AY, Iskhakov RN, Bogolyubova AV. Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1070077. [PMID: 37020560 PMCID: PMC10067759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1070077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell response plays an indispensable role in the early control and successful clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, several important questions remain about the role of cellular immunity in COVID-19, including the shape and composition of disease-specific T cell repertoires across convalescent patients and vaccinated individuals, and how pre-existing T cell responses to other pathogens—in particular, common cold coronaviruses—impact susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent course of disease. This review focuses on how the repertoire of T cell receptors (TCR) is shaped by natural infection and vaccination over time. We also summarize current knowledge regarding cross-reactive T cell responses and their protective role, and examine the implications of TCR repertoire diversity and cross-reactivity with regard to the design of vaccines that confer broader protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Zornikova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Saveliy A. Sheetikov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Rusinov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam N. Iskhakov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Apollinariya V. Bogolyubova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Apollinariya V. Bogolyubova,
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19
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Pacheco-García U, Serafín-López J. Indirect Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Live-Attenuated Vaccine and Its Contribution to Herd Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:655. [PMID: 36992239 PMCID: PMC10055900 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 34 months since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, which causes the COVID-19 disease. In several countries, immunization has reached a proportion near what is required to reach herd immunity. Nevertheless, infections and re-infections have been observed even in vaccinated persons. That is because protection conferred by vaccines is not entirely effective against new virus variants. It is unknown how often booster vaccines will be necessary to maintain a good level of protective immunity. Furthermore, many individuals refuse vaccination, and in developing countries, a large proportion of the population has not yet been vaccinated. Some live-attenuated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being developed. Here, we analyze the indirect dispersion of a live-attenuated virus from vaccinated individuals to their contacts and the contribution that this phenomenon could have to reaching Herd Immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursino Pacheco-García
- Department of Cardio-Renal Pathophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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20
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Semelka CT, DeWitt ME, Blevins MW, Holbrook BC, Sanders JW, Alexander-Miller MA. Frailty impacts immune responses to Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in older adults. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:4. [PMID: 36650551 PMCID: PMC9843107 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have not been well characterized in frail older adults. We postulated that frailty is associated with impaired antibody and cellular mRNA vaccine responses. METHODS We followed older adults in a retirement facility with longitudinal clinical and serological samples from the first Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine dose starting in February 2021 through their 3rd (booster) vaccine dose. Outcomes were antibody titers, antibody avidity, and AIM+ T cell function and phenotype. Statistical analysis used linear regression with clustered error for antibody titers over multiple timepoints with clinical predictors including, age, sex, prior infection status, and clinical frailty scale (CFS) score. T cell function analysis used linear regression models with clinical predictors and cellular memory phenotype variables. RESULTS Participants (n = 15) had median age of 90 years and mild, moderate, or severe frailty scores (n = 3, 7, or 5 respectively). Over the study time course, anti-spike antibody titers were 10-fold higher in individuals with lower frailty status (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, unadjusted and adjusted for prior COVID-19 infection). Following the booster, titers to spike protein improved regardless of COVID-19 infection or degree of frailty (p = 0.82 and p = 0.29, respectively). Antibody avidity significantly declined over 6 months in all participants following 2 vaccine doses (p < 0.001), which was further impaired with higher frailty (p = 0.001). Notably, avidity increased to peak levels after the booster (p < 0.001). Overall antibody response was inversely correlated with a phenotype of immune-senescent T cells, CD8 + CD28- TEMRA cells (p = 0.036, adjusted for COVID-19 infection). Furthermore, there was increased detection of CD8 + CD28- TEMRA cells in individuals with greater frailty (p = 0.056, adjusted for COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the immune responses to the Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in frail older adults in a retirement community. A higher degree of frailty was associated with diminished antibody quantity and quality. However, a booster vaccine dose at 6 months overcame these effects. Frailty was associated with an increased immune-senescence phenotype that may contribute to the observed changes in the vaccine response. While the strength of our conclusions was limited by a small cohort, these results are important for guiding further investigation of vaccine responses in frail older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Semelka
- Section on Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Michael E DeWitt
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maria W Blevins
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - John W Sanders
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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21
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Heinen N, Marheinecke CS, Bessen C, Blazquez-Navarro A, Roch T, Stervbo U, Anft M, Plaza-Sirvent C, Busse S, Klöhn M, Schrader J, Vidal Blanco E, Urlaub D, Watzl C, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Tenbusch M, Steinmann E, Todt D, Hagenbeck C, Zimmer G, Schmidt WE, Quast DR, Babel N, Schmitz I, Pfänder S. In-depth analysis of T cell immunity and antibody responses in heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccine regimens against SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variant. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1062210. [PMID: 36618413 PMCID: PMC9811676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1062210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern (VOCs), vaccination studies that elucidate the efficiency and effectiveness of a vaccination campaign are critical to assess the durability and the protective immunity provided by vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been found to induce robust humoral and cell-mediated immunity in individuals vaccinated with homologous vaccination regimens. Recent studies also suggest improved immune response against SARS-CoV-2 when heterologous vaccination strategies are employed. Yet, few data exist on the extent to which heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccinations with two different vaccine platforms have an impact on the T cell-mediated immune responses with a special emphasis on the currently dominantly circulating Omicron strain. In this study, we collected serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 57 study participants of median 35-year old's working in the health care field, who have received different vaccination regimens. Neutralization assays revealed robust but decreased neutralization of Omicron VOC, including BA.1 and BA.4/5, compared to WT SARS-CoV-2 in all vaccine groups and increased WT SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies titers in homologous mRNA prime-boost-boost study participants. By investigating cytokine production, we found that homologous and heterologous prime-boost-boost-vaccination induces a robust cytokine response of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our results indicate robust humoral and T cell mediated immunity against Omicron in homologous and heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccinated study participants, which might serve as a guide for policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Heinen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Clara Bessen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arturo Blazquez-Navarro
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Busse
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jil Schrader
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena Vidal Blanco
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagenbeck
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Robert Quast
- Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Ingo Schmitz, ; Stephanie Pfänder,
| | - Stephanie Pfänder
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Ingo Schmitz, ; Stephanie Pfänder,
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22
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Fang FF. As the virus evolves, so too must we: a drug developer's perspective : We need a new paradigm in searching for next-generation countermeasures. Virol J 2022; 19:159. [PMID: 36217145 PMCID: PMC9549815 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been raging globally for over 2 years with no end in sight. It has become clear that this virus possesses enormous genetic plasticity, and it will not be eradicated. Under increasing selective pressure from population immunity, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has driven it towards greater infectivity, and evasion of humoral and cellular immunity. Omicron and its expanding army of subvariants and recombinants have impaired vaccine protection and made most antibody drugs obsolete. Antiviral drugs, though presently effective, may select for more resistant strains over time. It may be inevitable, then, that future SARS-CoV-2 variants will be immune to our current virus-directed countermeasures. Thus, to gain control over the virus, we need to adopt a new paradigm in searching for next-generation countermeasures and develop host-directed therapeutics (HDTx) and host-directed antivirals (HDA). Different from the virus-directed countermeasures, HDTx and HDA may offer variant agnostic treatment to reduce the risk and severity of infections. In addition, they may exert more uniform effects against the genetically diverse SARS-CoV-2 quasispecies, thereby diminishing the risk of selecting resistant variants. Some promising HDTx and HDA approaches are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Flora Fang
- Abimmune Biopharma, Inc., P.O. Box 8793, Rancho Santa Fe, CA, 92037, USA.
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