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Charoensaensuk V, Huang BR, Huang ST, Lin C, Xie SY, Chen CW, Chen YC, Cheng HT, Liu YS, Lai SW, Shen CK, Lin HJ, Yang LY, Lu DY. LPS priming-induced immune tolerance mitigates LPS-stimulated microglial activation and social avoidance behaviors in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:225-235. [PMID: 38485340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of LPS tolerance on the inflammatory homeostasis of immune cells. LPS priming-induced immune tolerance downregulated cyclooxygenase-2, and lowered the production of prostaglandin-E2 in microglial cells. In addition, LPS tolerance downregulated the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide; suppressed the LPS-mediated induction of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1; and reduced reactive oxygen species production in microglial cells. LPS stimulation increased the levels of the adaptive response-related proteins heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase 2, and the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enhanced after LPS priming. Systemic administration of low-dose LPS (0.5 mg/kg) to mice for 4 consecutive days attenuated high-dose LPS (5 mg/kg)-induced inflammatory response, microglial activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Moreover, repeated exposure to low-dose LPS suppressed the recruitment of peripheral monocytes or macrophages to brain regions and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Notably, LPS-induced social avoidance behaviors in mice were mitigated by immune tolerance. In conclusion, immune tolerance may reduce proinflammatory cytokine expression and reactive oxygen species production. Our findings provide insights into the effects of endotoxin tolerance on innate immune cells and social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichuda Charoensaensuk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sian-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404328, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yun Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tsung Cheng
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kai Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404328, Taiwan; Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan; Biomedical Technology R&D Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Domon H, Hirayama S, Isono T, Sasagawa K, Takizawa F, Maekawa T, Yanagihara K, Terao Y. Macrolides Decrease the Proinflammatory Activity of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0014823. [PMID: 37191519 PMCID: PMC10269745 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00148-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MRSP) has increased considerably, due to widespread macrolide use. Although macrolide usage has been proposed to be associated with treatment failure in patients with pneumococcal diseases, macrolides may be clinically effective for treating these diseases, regardless of the susceptibility of the causative pneumococci to macrolides. As we previously demonstrated that macrolides downregulate the transcription of various genes in MRSP, including the gene encoding the pore-forming toxin pneumolysin, we hypothesized that macrolides affect the proinflammatory activity of MRSP. Using HEK-Blue cell lines, we found that the supernatants from macrolide-treated MRSP cultures induced decreased NF-κB activation in cells expressing Toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 compared to the supernatants from untreated MRSP cells, suggesting that macrolides inhibit the release of these ligands from MRSP. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that macrolides significantly downregulated the transcription of various genes encoding peptidoglycan synthesis-, lipoteichoic acid synthesis-, and lipoprotein synthesis-related molecules in MRSP cells. The silkworm larva plasma assay demonstrated that the peptidoglycan concentrations in the supernatants from macrolide-treated MRSP cultures were significantly lower than those from untreated MRSP cultures. Triton X-114 phase separation revealed that lipoprotein expression decreased in macrolide-treated MRSP cells compared to the lipoprotein expression in untreated MRSP cells. Consequently, macrolides may decrease the expression of bacterial ligands of innate immune receptors, resulting in the decreased proinflammatory activity of MRSP. IMPORTANCE To date, the clinical efficacy of macrolides in pneumococcal disease is assumed to be linked to their ability to inhibit the release of pneumolysin. However, our previous study demonstrated that oral administration of macrolides to mice intratracheally infected with macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae resulted in decreased levels of pneumolysin and proinflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples compared to the levels in samples from untreated infected control mice, without affecting the bacterial load in the fluid. This finding suggests that additional mechanisms by which macrolides negatively regulate proinflammatory cytokine production may be involved in their efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, in this study, we demonstrated that macrolides downregulated the transcription of various proinflammatory-component-related genes in S. pneumoniae, which provides an additional explanation for the clinical benefits of macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Karin Sasagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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3
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Huc-MSCs-derived exosomes attenuate neuropathic pain by inhibiting activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the spinal microglia by targeting Rsad2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109505. [PMID: 36516531 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes have shown promise as a cell-free therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of MSC-derived exosomes in treating neuropathic pain. METHODS Human umbilical cord MSCs (huc-MSCs)-derived exosomes were isolated and identified. BV-2 microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of exosomes. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis. The analgesic effects of huc-MSCs-derived exosomes were evaluated in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). The underlying mechanism was investigated by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescent staining, and small interfering RNA transfection. RESULTS In vitro, huc-MSCs-derived exosomes suppressed LPS-induced microglial activation and inhibited activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on the proteomic analysis, Rsad2 was identified and confirmed to be down-regulated by huc-MSCs-derived exosomes. Importantly, knockdown of Rsad2 also inhibited microglial activation and restrained activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo, intrathecal injection of exosomes ameliorated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia, down-regulated Rsad2 expression and restrained TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation in the spinal microglia. CONCLUSION Huc-MSCs-derived exosomes exerted analgesic effects on neuropathic pain by inhibiting activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the spinal microglia. The mechanism underlying these antinociceptive effects involved exosome-mediated interference with Rsad2 expression, thereby inhibiting microglial activation.
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Yinhang W, Wei W, Jing Z, Qing Z, Yani Z, Yangyanqiu W, Shuwen H. Biological roles of toll-like receptors and gut microbiota in colorectal cancer. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1071-1089. [PMID: 35916158 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most considerably common malignancies of the alimentary system, with high mortality and incidence rates. The present study suggested that the occurrence of CRC is closely related to bacteria, as the large intestine is a gathering place for human micro-organisms. However, the nosogenesis of bacteria leading to tumorigenesis is still obscure. Recently, many studies have reported that toll-like receptors and their related molecular pathways are involved in the process of gut micro-organisms generating CRC. Gut micro-organisms can promote or inhibit the development of CRC via binding to special toll-like receptors. In this paper, the authors review the relationship among toll-like receptors, gut micro-organisms and CRC in order to provide a reference for future tumor immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yinhang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhou Qing
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhou Yani
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Graduate School of Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Wang Yangyanqiu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Graduate School of Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
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5
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Ding J, Yang X, Huang H, Wang B. Role of PIM2 in acute lung injury induced by sepsis. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:543. [PMID: 35978927 PMCID: PMC9366265 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiufang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongshan People's Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongshan People's Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, P.R. China
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6
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The Bioactivities of Phycocyanobilin from Spirulina. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4008991. [PMID: 35726224 PMCID: PMC9206584 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4008991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore that captures and senses light and a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. In this paper, the biological activities of PCB are reviewed, and the related mechanism of PCB and its latest application in disease treatment are introduced. PCB can resist oxidation by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and delaying the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, PCB can also be used as an excellent anti-inflammatory agent to reduce the proinflammatory factors IL-6 and IFN-γ and to up-regulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by inhibiting the inflammatory signal pathways NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Due to the above biological activities of phycocyanobilin PCB, it is expected to become a new effective drug for treating various diseases, such as COVID-19 complications, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and ischaemic stroke (IS).
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7
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2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside Attenuates Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Inflammation and Apoptosis in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Infected Brain Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040740. [PMID: 35453424 PMCID: PMC9024880 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) initiates an inflammatory cascade that disrupts the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells. An extract from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (THSG) has been well-reported to diminish the inflammation in many disease models. However, the effects of THSG in the area of the brain–oral axis is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of THSG in P. gingivalis-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells. THSG treatment remarkably lessened the upregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α proteins in bEnd.3 cells infected with P. gingivalis. Treatment of THSG further ameliorated brain endothelial cell death, including apoptosis caused by P. gingivalis. Moreover, the present study showed that the inhibitory effects on NF-κB p65 and antiapoptotic properties of THSG is through inhibiting the ROS pathway. Importantly, the ROS inhibitory potency of THSG is similar to a ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Furthermore, the protective effect of THSG from P. gingivalis infection was further confirmed in primary mouse brain endothelial cells. Taken together, this study indicates that THSG attenuates an ROS-dependent inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in P. gingivalis-infected brain endothelial cells. Our results also suggest that THSG could be a potential herbal medicine to prevent the risk of developing cerebrovascular diseases from infection of periodontal bacteria.
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Zhou M, Zhou S, Han K, Zhang J, Chen Q, Tian C, Zhu H, Jiang M, Min D. Th1 immune maturation effects of Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton via PI3K/Akt/PAX8 regulatory axis. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221092901. [PMID: 35473474 PMCID: PMC10450467 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221092901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is reported as an external immunotherapeutic enhancer with the advantage of antitumor effect on human cancers. However, the immune regulatory role of Nr-CWS is not fully illustrated. We studied mouse CD4+ T lymphocytes isolated from mice spleen were induced by Nr-CWS and observed that the differentiation of Th1 CD4+ T cells and the cytokines of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ were all enhanced by Nr-CWS. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the different mRNA profiling induced by Nr-CWS. We observed that paired box 8 (PAX8) was significantly up-regulated in Nr-CWS-treated Th1 cells compared to control. As a transcription factor, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing was carried out to study the genome-wide distribution of PAX8. Interestingly, we found that the binding domain of PAX8 was elevated by Nr-CWS, and the target genes associated with these binding sites showed a positive correlation between their transcription and PAX8 binding strength. Finally, we determined that Nr-CWS could enhance the activity of the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway. Akt agonist could mimic the effect of Nr-CWS for PAX8 up-regulation, while Akt inhibitor compromised the expression of PAX8. Taken together, we determined a novel role of Nr-CWS in boosting the activity of Th1 maturation via the PI3 K/Akt/PAX8 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Shuping Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Kun Han
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Qingyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Cong Tian
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Hongling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Mengyi Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Daliu Min
- Department of Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
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9
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Chen SJ, Chen CC, Liao HY, Lin YT, Wu YW, Liou JM, Wu MS, Kuo CH, Lin CH. Association of Fecal and Plasma Levels of Short-Chain Fatty Acids With Gut Microbiota and Clinical Severity in Parkinson Disease Patients. Neurology 2022; 98:e848-e858. [PMID: 34996879 PMCID: PMC8883514 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbial metabolites that promote the disease process in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease (PD), but fecal levels of SCFAs in PD patients are reduced. Simultaneous assessments of fecal and plasma SCFA levels, and their inter-relationships with the PD disease process are scarce. We aimed to compare fecal and plasma levels of different SCFAs subtypes in PD patients and healthy controls to delineate their interrelations and link to gut microbiota changes and clinical severity of PD. METHODS A cohort of 96 PD patients and 85 controls were recruited from National Taiwan University Hospital. Fecal and plasma concentrations of SCFAs were measured using chromatography and mass spectrometry. Gut microbiota was analyzed using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Body mass index and medical co-morbidities were evaluated, and dietary information was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. To assess motor and cognitive impairment, we used the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). RESULTS Compared with controls, PD patients had lower fecal but higher plasma concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. After adjustment for age, sex, disease duration, and anti-PD medication dosage, MDS-UPDRS part III motor scores correlated with reduced fecal levels of acetate (ρ = -0.37, p = 0.012), propionate (ρ = -0.32, p = 0.036), and butyrate (ρ = -0.40, p = 0.004) and with increased plasma propionate concentrations (ρ = 0.26, p = 0.042) in PD patients. MMSE scores negatively correlated with plasma levels of butyrate (ρ = -0.09, p = 0.027) and valerate (ρ = -0.032, p = 0.033) after adjustment for confounders. SCFAs-producing gut bacteria correlated positively with fecal levels of SCFAs in healthy controls but revealed no association in patients with PD. In the PD patient group, the abundance of pro-inflammatory microbes, such as Clostridiales bacterium NK3B98 and Ruminococcus sp. AM07-15, significantly correlated with decreased fecal levels and increased plasma levels of SCFAs, especially propionic acid. DISCUSSION Reductions in fecal SCFAs but increased plasma SCFAs were observed in PD patients and corelated to specific gut microbiota changes and the clinical severity of PD. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that gut metabolite SCFAs distinguish between PD patients and controls, and are associated with disease severity in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Liao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ming Liou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, NTU Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Tsai CF, Chen GW, Chen YC, Shen CK, Lu DY, Yang LY, Chen JH, Yeh WL. Regulatory Effects of Quercetin on M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization and Oxidative/Antioxidative Balance. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010067. [PMID: 35010945 PMCID: PMC8746507 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization plays essential and diverse roles in most diseases, such as atherosclerosis, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. Homeostasis dysfunction in M1/M2 macrophage polarization causes pathological conditions and inflammation. Neuroinflammation is characterized by microglial activation and the concomitant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to numerous neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Decreased neuroinflammation can be obtained by using natural compounds, including flavonoids, which are known to ameliorate inflammatory responses. Among flavonoids, quercetin possesses multiple pharmacological applications and regulates several biological activities. In the present study, we found that quercetin effectively inhibited the expression of lipocalin-2 in both macrophages and microglial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, were also attenuated by quercetin treatment. Our results also showed that quercetin significantly reduced the expression levels of the M1 markers, such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β, in the macrophages and microglia. The M1 polarization-associated chemokines, C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10, were also effectively reduced by the quercetin treatment. In addition, quercetin markedly reduced the production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the microglia. The microglial phagocytic ability induced by the LPS was also effectively reduced by the quercetin treatment. Importantly, the quercetin increased the expression levels of the M2 marker, IL-10, and the endogenous antioxidants, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1). The enhancement of the M2 markers and endogenous antioxidants by quercetin was activated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt signaling pathways. Together, our study reported that the quercetin inhibited the effects of M1 polarization, including neuroinflammatory responses, ROS production, and phagocytosis. Moreover, the quercetin enhanced the M2 macrophage polarization and endogenous antioxidant expression in both macrophages and microglia. Our findings provide valuable information that quercetin may act as a potential drug for the treatment of diseases related to inflammatory disorders in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-F.T.); (W.-L.Y.)
| | - Guan-Wei Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (G.-W.C.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Yen-Chang Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (G.-W.C.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Ching-Kai Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Biomedical Technology R&D Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-F.T.); (W.-L.Y.)
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11
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Charoensaensuk V, Chen YC, Lin YH, Ou KL, Yang LY, Lu DY. Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression Leading to Apoptotic Death through the Oxidative Stress/NF-κB Pathway in Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:3033. [PMID: 34831265 PMCID: PMC8616253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, has been proposed to cause blood vessel injury leading to cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. Brain endothelial cells compose the blood-brain barrier that protects homeostasis of the central nervous system. However, whether P. gingivalis causes the death of endothelial cells and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact and regulatory mechanisms of P. gingivalis infection in brain endothelial cells. We used bEnd.3 cells and primary mouse endothelial cells to assess the effects of P. gingivalis on endothelial cells. Our results showed that infection with live P. gingivalis, unlike heat-killed P. gingivalis, triggers brain endothelial cell death by inducing cell apoptosis. Moreover, P. gingivalis infection increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activated NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a most frequently used antioxidant, treatment significantly reduced P. gingivalis-induced cell apoptosis and brain endothelial cell death. The enhancement of ROS production, NF-κB p65 activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression was also attenuated by NAC treatment. The impact of P. gingivalis on brain endothelial cells was also confirmed using adult primary mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs). In summary, our results showed that P. gingivalis up-regulates IL-1β and TNF-α protein expression, which consequently causes cell death of brain endothelial cells through the ROS/NF-κB pathway. Our results, together with the results of previous case-control studies and epidemiologic reports, strongly support the hypothesis that periodontal infection increases the risk of developing cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichuda Charoensaensuk
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Ho Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- 3D Global Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22175, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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12
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Schilling S, Chausse B, Dikmen HO, Almouhanna F, Hollnagel JO, Lewen A, Kann O. TLR2- and TLR3-activated microglia induce different levels of neuronal network dysfunction in a context-dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:80-91. [PMID: 34015428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, DAMPs) by innate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to the activation of microglia (brain macrophages) in many CNS diseases. Notably, TLR-mediated microglial activation is complex and modulated by additional exogenous and endogenous immunological signals. The impact of different microglial reactive phenotypes on electrical activity and neurotransmission is widely unknown, however. We explored the effects of TLR ligands on microglia and neuronal network function in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (in situ), i.e., postnatal cortical tissue lacking adaptive immunity. Single exposure of slice cultures to TLR2 or TLR3 ligands [PGN, poly(I:C)] for 2-3 days induced moderate microglial activation featuring IL-6 and TNF-α release and only mild alterations of fast neuronal gamma band oscillations (30-70 Hz) that are fundamental to higher cognitive functions, such as perception, memory and behavior. Paired exposure to TLR3/TLR2 or TLR3/TLR4 ligands (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) release, enhanced TNF-α release, and associated with advanced network dysfunction, including slowing to the beta frequency band (12-30 Hz) and neural bursts (hyperexcitability). Paired exposure to a TLR ligand and the leukocyte cytokine IFN-γ enhanced NO release and associated with severe network dysfunction, albeit sensitive parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive inhibitory interneurons were preserved. Notably, the neuronal disturbance was prevented by either microglial depletion or pharmacological inhibition of oxidant-producing enzymes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase. In conclusion, TLR-activated microglia can induce different levels of neuronal network dysfunction, in which severe dysfunction is mainly caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species rather than proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into microglial activation and functional neuronal network impairment, with relevance to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed in, e.g., meningoencephalitis, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schilling
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hasan Onur Dikmen
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fadi Almouhanna
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Oliver Hollnagel
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Lewen
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Wu LH, Huang BR, Lai SW, Lin C, Lin HY, Yang LY, Lu DY. SIRT1 activation by minocycline on regulation of microglial polarization homeostasis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17990-18007. [PMID: 33021962 PMCID: PMC7585093 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been reported to be involved in the mechanisms underlying longevity and has also been indicated as a valuable regulator of age-related neurological disorders. Some natural products increase SIRT1 activity and stimulate deacetylation of various proteins. In the present study, SIRT1 overexpression by genetic modification or treatment with SIRT1 activators significantly inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and proinflammatory mediator-interleukin 1β-in microglia. SIRT1 activation also decreased the levels of K379 acetyl-p53 and the protein inhibitor of activated Stat 1 expression in microglial cells. In addition, it dramatically promoted M2 polarization of microglia, which enhanced cell motility and altered phagocytic ability. We also used minocycline, a well-known inhibitor of microglial activation, to study the mechanism of SIRT1 signaling. Minocycline treatment decreased neuroinflammatory responses and promoted M2 polarization of microglia. It also reduced the acetyl-p53 level in the brain tissues in an inflammatory mouse model. Our findings demonstrated that SIRT1 participates in the maintenance of microglial polarization homeostasis and that minocycline exerts regulatory effects on SIRT1 activation. Therefore, our results indicate that SIRT1 activation may be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Biomedical Technology R&D Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Kim M, Lee S, Lim H, Lee J, Park JY, Kwon HJ, Lee IC, Ryu YB, Kim J, Shin T, Ahn G, Rho MC, Jung K. Oleanolic Acid Acetate Alleviates Symptoms of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice by Regulating Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:556391. [PMID: 33013394 PMCID: PMC7494849 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is expressed by several immune cells in the central nervous system and plays an important role in neuroinflammation. TLR2 upregulation has been reported in multiple sclerosis patients and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Therefore, modulating TLR2 signaling can be an effective treatment strategy against MS. Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA) has antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Hence, this study aimed to examine the effects of OAA on TLR2 signaling and neuroinflammation in EAE. EAE was induced in C57/BL6 mice using synthesized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide, and OAA was administered daily. Hind limb paralysis and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Moreover, T-cell proliferation was significantly stimulated in splenic cells from EAE mice. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord was upregulated, and their serum protein levels were increased in EAE mice. Furthermore, upregulation of TLR2 and downstream signaling molecules was observed in the spinal cord. These pathological changes were reversed by OAA treatment. Our results suggest that OAA might have promising therapeutic properties and that the TLR signaling pathway is an effective therapeutic target against multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Kim
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Hyungjin Lim
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Young-Bae Ryu
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
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15
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in contributing to a variety of neurologic and somatic illnesses including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and depression. In this chapter, we focus on the role of neuroinflammation in mediating these three illnesses and portray interactions between the immune response and the central nervous system in the context of sex differences in disease progression. The majority of this chapter is supported by clinical findings; however, we occasionally utilize preclinical models where human studies are currently lacking. We begin by detailing the pathology of neuroinflammation, distinguishing between acute and chronic inflammation, and examining contributions from the innate and adaptive immune systems. Next, we summarize potential mechanisms of immune cell mediators including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-6 in AD, PD, and depression development. Given the strong sex bias seen in these illnesses, we additionally examine the role of sex hormones, e.g., estrogen and testosterone in mediating neuroinflammation at the cellular level. Systematically, we detail how sex hormones may contribute to distinct behavioral and clinical symptoms and prognosis between males and females with AD, PD, or depression. Finally, we highlight the possible role of exercise in alleviating neuroinflammation, as well as evidence that antiinflammatory drug therapies improve cognitive symptoms observed in brain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Mukhara
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Unsong Oh
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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16
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Wang ZF, Li J, Ma C, Huang C, Li ZQ. Telmisartan ameliorates Aβ oligomer-induced inflammation via PPARγ/PTEN pathway in BV2 microglial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Hwang JH, Wu SJ, Wu PL, Shih YY, Chan YC. Neuroprotective effect of tempeh against lipopolysaccharide-induced damage in BV-2 microglial cells. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 22:840-849. [PMID: 29595091 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1456040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study evaluated the bioactive composition of tempeh products and examined the effects of tempeh on BV-2 microglial cell cytotoxicity, neurotrophic effects, and expression of inflammatory genes.Methods: Tempeh products included soybean fermented by Rhizopus, soybean fermented through cocultivation with Rhizopus and Lactobacillus, and red bean fermented through cocultivation with Rhizopus and Lactobacillus (RT-C). We analyzed the bioactive contents of tempeh extracts and evaluated the effects of tempeh water extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV-2 cells.Results: The results showed that RT-C water extract had the highest concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and anthocyanin. The tempeh water extracts, especially RT-C, reduced the formation of LPS-induced reactive oxygen species, downregulated the levels of nitric oxide synthase and phospho-cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein, and upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).Discussion: Our data demonstrate that RT-C has the highest concentrations of GABA and anthocyanin, more effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, and increases the expression of BDNF in LPS-induced BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juen-Haur Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jing Wu
- Department of Nutritional Health, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Long Wu
- Biotech Business Center, Refining and Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Yao Shih
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ching Chan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Rifampicin and Its Derivative Rifampicin Quinone Reduce Microglial Inflammatory Responses and Neurodegeneration Induced In Vitro by α-Synuclein Fibrillary Aggregates. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080776. [PMID: 31349736 PMCID: PMC6721546 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
: Aggregated forms of the synaptic protein α-synuclein (αS) have been proposed to operate as a molecular trigger for microglial inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration in Parkinson´s disease. Here, we used brain microglial cell cultures activated by fibrillary forms of recombinant human αS to assess the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of the antibiotic rifampicin (Rif) and its autoxidation product rifampicin quinone (RifQ). Pretreatments with Rif and RifQ reduced the secretion of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6) and the burst of oxidative stress in microglial cells activated with αS fibrillary aggregates. Note, however, that RifQ was constantly more efficacious than its parent compound in reducing microglial activation. We also established that the suppressive effects of Rif and RifQ on cytokine release was probably due to inhibition of both PI3K- and non-PI3K-dependent signaling events. The control of oxidative stress appeared, however, essentially dependent on PI3K inhibition. Of interest, we also showed that RifQ was more efficient than Rif in protecting neuronal cells from toxic factors secreted by microglia activated by αS fibrils. Overall, data with RifQ are promising enough to justify further studies to confirm the potential of this compound as an anti-parkinsionian drug.
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19
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Lin FL, Yen JL, Kuo YC, Kang JJ, Cheng YW, Huang WJ, Hsiao G. HADC8 Inhibitor WK2-16 Therapeutically Targets Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Model of Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020410. [PMID: 30669368 PMCID: PMC6359084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and neuroinflammatory processes play important roles in the pathogenesis of brain abscess and neurodegenerative diseases. Activated glial cells can secrete various proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, which contribute to the exacerbation of neuronal cell death. The inhibition of glial activation has been shown to alleviate neurodegenerative conditions. The present study was to investigate the specific HDAC8 inhibitor WK2-16, especially its effects on the neuroinflammatory responses through glial inactivation. WK2-16 significantly reduced the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9, and expression of COX-2/iNOS proteins in striatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment of WK2-16 markedly improved neurobehavioral deficits. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that WK2-16 reduced LPS-stimulated astrogliosis and microglial activation in situ. Consistently, cellular studies revealed that WK2-16 significantly suppressed LPS-induced mouse microglia BV-2 cell proliferation. WK2-16 was proven to concentration-dependently induce the levels of acetylated SMC3 in microglial BV-2 cells. It also reduced the expression of COX-2/iNOS proteins and TNF-α production in LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. The signaling studies demonstrated that WK2-16 markedly inhibited LPS-activated STAT-1/-3 and Akt activation, but not NF-κB or MAPK signaling. In summary, the HDAC8 inhibitor WK2-16 exhibited neuroprotective effects through its anti-neuroinflammation and glial inactivation properties, especially in microglia in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112-21, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Lun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112-21, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
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20
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Arroyo DS, Gaviglio EA, Peralta Ramos JM, Bussi C, Avalos MP, Cancela LM, Iribarren P. Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3 Kinase Inhibitors Regulate Peptidoglycan-Induced Myeloid Leukocyte Recruitment, Inflammation, and Neurotoxicity in Mouse Brain. Front Immunol 2018; 9:770. [PMID: 29719536 PMCID: PMC5914281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute brain injury leads to the recruitment and activation of immune cells including resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral myeloid cells (MC), which contribute to the inflammatory response involved in neuronal damage. We previously reported that TLR2 stimulation by peptidoglycan (PGN) from Staphylococcus aureus, in vitro and in vivo, induced microglial cell activation followed by autophagy induction. In this report, we evaluated if phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pharmacological inhibitors LY294200 and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) can modulate the innate immune response to PGN in the central nervous system. We found that injection of PGN into the mouse brain parenchyma (caudate putamen) triggered an inflammatory reaction, which involved activation of microglial cells, recruitment of infiltrating MC to injection site, production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and neuronal injury. In addition, we observed the accumulation of LC3B+ CD45+ cells and colocalization of LC3B and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 in brain cells. Besides, we found that pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, including the classical autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, reduced the recruitment of MC, microglial cell activation, and neurotoxicity induced by brain PGN injection. Collectively, our results suggest that PI3K pathways and autophagic response may participate in the PGN-induced microglial activation and MC recruitment to the brain. Thus, inhibition of these pathways could be therapeutically targeted to control acute brain inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Arroyo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Emilia A Gaviglio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier M Peralta Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bussi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria P Avalos
- Departamento de Farmacología (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Cancela
- Departamento de Farmacología (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Iribarren
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Nasibyan LS, Philyppov IB. EFFECT OF PEPTIDOGLYCANE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CELL WALL ON THE MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF RAT MYOMETRIUM BY ADENYLATE CYCLASE SYSTEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29537197 DOI: 10.15407/fz62.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The revue deals with the role of each component of adenylate cyclase regulatory system in the rat myometrial contractile activity modulation by the peptidoglycane of Staphylococcus aureus. Noradrenalin and salbutamol were used to investigate peptidoglycane impact on the myometrial β-adrenergic receptors. It was shown that inhibited by these substances myometrial contractility increased to the initial level after peptidoglycane application. The same effect we observed under the cAMP level elevation by forscolin. Peptidoglycan’ s ability to strengthen contractions was inhibited by the 8-brom-cAMP and papaverine application. Stimulation of Gs-protein by the cholera toxin didn’t influence on the peptidoglycane effect while the blocking of Gi/o-protein by the pertussis toxin caused stopping it’s manifestation. We concluded that the modulating effect of peptidoglycane implemented via Gi/o-protein activation, which causes adenilatcyclase desensitization.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Albuterol/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Wall/chemistry
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Myometrium/drug effects
- Myometrium/physiology
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Papaverine/pharmacology
- Peptidoglycan/pharmacology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Uterine Contraction/drug effects
- Uterine Contraction/physiology
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22
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Xu J, Yuan C, Wang G, Luo J, Ma H, Xu L, Mu Y, Li Y, Seeram NP, Huang X, Li L. Urolithins Attenuate LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV2Microglia via MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:571-580. [PMID: 29336147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that urolithins, gut microbiota metabolites of ellagitannins, contribute toward multiple health benefits attributed to ellagitannin-rich foods, including walnuts, red raspberry, strawberry, and pomegranate. However, there is limited data on whether the potential neuroprotective effects of these ellagitannin-rich foods are mediated by urolithins. Herein, we evaluated the potential mechanisms of antineuroinflammatory effects of urolithins (urolithins A, B, and C; 8-methyl-O-urolithin A; and 8,9-dimethyl-O-urolithin C) in BV2 murine microglia in vitro. Nitrite analysis and qRT-PCR suggested that urolithins A and B reduced NO levels and suppressed mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 in LPS-treated microglia. Western blot revealed that urolithins A and B decreased phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and Akt, prevented IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation, and inhibited NF-κB p65 subunit phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in LPS-stimulated microglia. Our results indicated that urolithins A and B attenuated LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 microglia, which may be mediated by inhibiting NF-κB, MAPKs (p38 and Erk1/2), and Akt signaling pathway activation. The antineuroinflammatory activities of urolithins support their role in the potential neuroprotective effects reported for ellagitannin-rich foods warranting further in vivo studies on these ellagitannin gut microbial derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Xu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Luo
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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23
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K ATP channel block inhibits the Toll-like receptor 2-mediated stimulation of NF-κB by suppressing the activation of Akt, mTOR, JNK and p38-MAPK. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:190-201. [PMID: 28923349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the KATP channel activity have been shown to regulate inflammation and immune responses. Using human keratinocytes, we investigated the effect of KATP channel inhibition on inflammatory mediator production in relation to the Toll like receptor-2-mediated-Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK, which regulate the transcription genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. 5-Hydroxydecanoate (a selective KATP channel blocker), glibenclamide (a cell surface and mitochondrial KATP channel inhibitor), the Akt inhibitor, rapamycin, Bay 11-7085 and N-acetylcysteine reduced the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of cytokines and chemokines, and production of reactive oxygen species and increased the levels and activities of Kir 6.2, NF-κB, phosphorylated-Akt and mTOR, and the activation of JNK and p38-MAPK in keratinocytes. Inhibitors of c-JNK (SP600125) and p38-MAPK (SB203580) attenuated the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of inflammatory mediators, the activation of the JNK and p38-MAPK, and the production of reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. The results show that KATP channel blockers may reduce the bacterial component-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Toll-like receptor-2-mediated activation of the Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK. The suppressive effect of KATP channel blockers appears to be achieved by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production.
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24
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Interference with Protease-activated Receptor 1 Alleviates Neuronal Cell Death Induced by Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglial Cells through the PI3K/Akt Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38247. [PMID: 27910893 PMCID: PMC5133627 DOI: 10.1038/srep38247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive microglial cells activation in response to inflammatory stimuli leads to synaptic loss, dysfunction, and neuronal cell death. Activated microglia are involved in the pathogenesis of neurological conditions and frequently contribute to several complications. Accumulating evidence suggests that signaling through PAR-1 is involved in inflammation, however, its function has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we have demonstrated that the suppression of PAR-1 leads to down-regulation of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, as well as the prevention of activation of NF-κB in BV2 cells. In addition, we found that a PAR-1 antagonist, SCH, prevented LPS-induced excessive microglial activation in a dose-dependent manner. As a result of SCH treatment, neuronal cell death via up-regulation of Akt-mediated pathways was reduced. Our results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of SCH are linked to its ability to block an inflammatory response. Further, we found that SCH inhibited the death of PC12 neurons from the cytotoxicity of activated BV2 cells via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. These neuro-protective effects appear to be related to inhibition of PAR-1, and represents a novel neuroprotective strategy that could has potential for use in therapeutic interventions of neuroinflammatory disease.
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25
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Su F, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhang Z. Reprint of: Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:166-178. [PMID: 27255539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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26
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Chen JC, Liu KS, Yang TJ, Hwang JH, Chan YC, Lee IT. Spirulina and C-phycocyanin reduce cytotoxicity and inflammation-related genes expression of microglial cells. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 15:252-6. [PMID: 22687570 DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the effects of Spirulina on BV-2 microglial cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory genes expression. METHODS BV-2 microglial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 µg/ml) and various concentrations of Spirulina platensis water extract or its active component (C-phycocyanin (C-PC)) for 24 hours. Cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNAs were assayed. RESULTS LPS increased LDH production and up-regulated expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 by BV-2 microglial cells. However, Spirulina platensis water extract and C-PC significantly reduced LPS-induced LDH release, and expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNAs. CONCLUSION Spirulina can reduce the cytotoxicity and inhibit expression of inflammation-related genes of LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.
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27
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Su F, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhang Z. Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:187-198. [PMID: 26526648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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28
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da Silva DJ, Borges AF, Souza PO, de Souza PR, Cardoso CRDB, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MAP, Teixeira AL, Ribeiro-Dias F. Decreased Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 7/8-Induced Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:58-66. [PMID: 26886382 DOI: 10.1159/000443238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in several immune cells including blood monocytes and resident macrophages, such as microglia in the central nervous system. TLRs recognize pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to the release of inflammatory and toxic molecules, which can contribute to neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to compare the potential of peripheral blood cells from PD patients or healthy subjects to produce cytokines after exposure to TLR agonists, and to investigate TLR2 and TLR4 expression on monocyte subsets. METHODS Twenty-one patients and 21 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were evaluated according to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and Hoehn and Yahr stage. Cytokines were measured in supernatants of whole blood cultures after incubation with TLR2, TLR4, or TLR7/8 agonists, by cytometric bead array. Expression of CD14, CD16, TLR2, and TLR4 was analyzed by cytometry. RESULTS Patient blood cells produced lower levels of cytokines in response to TLR2 and also after TLR7/8/R848 activation than controls. Percentages of CD14+CD16+ or CD14+CD16- monocytes and TLR2 and TLR4 expression were similar between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Blood leukocyte TLR2 and TLR7/8 responses are impaired in PD. This was neither associated with imbalance in monocyte subsets nor with TLR2/TLR4 expression on these cells. The association between a decreased TLR response in periphery and damage of brain in PD must be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delson José da Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sax00FA;de Px00FA;blica, Universidade Federal de Goix00E1;s, Goix00E2;nia, Brazil
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29
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Wong DVT, Lima-Júnior RCP, Carvalho CBM, Borges VF, Wanderley CWS, Bem AXC, Leite CAVG, Teixeira MA, Batista GLP, Silva RL, Cunha TM, Brito GAC, Almeida PRC, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA. The Adaptor Protein Myd88 Is a Key Signaling Molecule in the Pathogenesis of Irinotecan-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139985. [PMID: 26440613 PMCID: PMC4595146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is a common side effect of irinotecan-based anticancer regimens. Mucositis causes cell damage, bacterial/endotoxin translocation and production of cytokines including IL–1 and IL–18. These molecules and toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate a common signaling pathway that involves the Myeloid Differentiation adaptor protein, MyD88, whose role in intestinal mucositis is unknown. Then, we evaluated the involvement of TLRs and MyD88 in the pathogenesis of irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis. MyD88-, TLR2- or TLR9-knockout mice and C57BL/6 (WT) mice were given either saline or irinotecan (75 mg/kg, i.p. for 4 days). On day 7, animal survival, diarrhea and bacteremia were assessed, and following euthanasia, samples of the ileum were obtained for morphometric analysis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay and measurement of pro-inflammatory markers. Irinotecan reduced the animal survival (50%) and induced a pronounced diarrhea, increased bacteremia, neutrophil accumulation in the intestinal tissue, intestinal damage and more than twofold increased expression of MyD88 (200%), TLR9 (400%), TRAF6 (236%), IL–1β (405%), IL–18 (365%), COX–2 (2,777%) and NF-κB (245%) in the WT animals when compared with saline-injected group (P<0.05). Genetic deletion of MyD88, TLR2 or TLR9 effectively controlled the signs of intestinal injury when compared with irinotecan-administered WT controls (P<0.05). In contrast to the MyD88-/- and TLR2-/- mice, the irinotecan-injected TLR9-/- mice showed a reduced survival, a marked diarrhea and an enhanced expression of IL–18 versus irinotecan-injected WT controls. Additionally, the expression of MyD88 was reduced in the TLR2-/- or TLR9-/- mice. This study shows a critical role of the MyD88-mediated TLR2 and TLR9 signaling in the pathogenesis of irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deysi V. T. Wong
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Roberto C. P. Lima-Júnior
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cibele B. M. Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F. Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos W. S. Wanderley
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Amanda X. C. Bem
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Caio A. V. G. Leite
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maraiza A. Teixeira
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L. P. Batista
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rangel L. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerly A. C. Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. C. Almeida
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. Ribeiro
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine–Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cancer Institute of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- * E-mail: ;
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30
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Choi SJ, Kim MH, Jeon J, Kim OY, Choi Y, Seo J, Hong SW, Lee WH, Jeon SG, Gho YS, Jee YK, Kim YK. Active Immunization with Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Staphylococcus aureus Effectively Protects against Staphylococcal Lung Infections, Mainly via Th1 Cell-Mediated Immunity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136021. [PMID: 26333035 PMCID: PMC4558092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic bacterium that causes various infectious diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from S. aureus contain bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These EVs can induce immune responses leading to similar symptoms as during staphylococcal infection condition and have the potential as vaccination agent. Here, we show that active immunization (vaccination) with S. aureus-derived EVs induce adaptive immunity of antibody and T cell responses. In addition, these EVs have the vaccine adjuvant ability to induce protective immunity such as the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the expression of T cell polarizing cytokines in antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, vaccination with S. aureus EVs conferred protection against lethality induced by airway challenge with lethal dose of S. aureus and also pneumonia induced by the administration of sub-lethal dose of S. aureus. These protective effects were also found in mice that were adoptively transferred with splenic T cells isolated from S. aureus EV-immunized mice, but not in serum transferred mice. Furthermore, this protective effect of S. aureus EVs was significantly reduced by the absence of interferon-gamma, but not by the absence of interleukin-17. Together, the study herein suggests that S. aureus EVs are a novel vaccine candidate against S. aureus infections, mainly via Th1 cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Jin Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Youn Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YK); (SJ)
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Koo Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YK); (SJ)
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31
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Lin HY, Tsai CH, Lin C, Yeh WL, Tsai CF, Chang PC, Wu LH, Lu DY. Cobalt Protoporphyrin Upregulates Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Through a Heme Oxygenase-Independent Mechanism. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4497-508. [PMID: 26255181 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is a potent HO-1 inducer and generally known to be an antioxidant in various cell types. Little is known about the CoPP-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and its downstream signaling in microglial cells. In current study, CoPP caused concentration- and time-dependent increases in COX-2 expression in microglial cells. Furthermore, activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1/MAP kinase involved in CoPP-induced COX-2 expression in microglia. CoPP also induced P2X7 receptor activation, and treatment of P2X7 inhibitors effectively reduced CoPP-induced COX-2 expression. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) 1 is reported to be involved in modulating anti-inflammatory response through negative regulation of transcription factors. Interestingly, treatment with CoPP markedly induced PIAS1 degradation which is regulated by PI3K, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β (GSK3α/β) signaling pathways. These results suggest that CoPP induces COX-2 expression through activating P2X7 receptors and ASK1/MAP kinases as well as PIAS1 degradation signaling pathways. Our study provides a new insight into the regulatory effect of CoPP on neuroinflammation in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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32
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Cortés-Vieyra R, Silva-García O, Oviedo-Boyso J, Huante-Mendoza A, Bravo-Patiño A, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Finlay BB, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. The Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3α and β Isoforms Differentially Regulates Interleukin-12p40 Expression in Endothelial Cells Stimulated with Peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26200352 PMCID: PMC4511647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutively active regulatory enzyme that is important in cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. While GSK3α is usually important in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases GSK3β is fundamental in the inflammatory response caused by bacterial components. Peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the most abundant cell-wall structures of Gram-positive bacteria, is an important inducer of inflammation. To evaluate whether inhibition of GSK3α and GSK3β activity in bovine endothelial cells (BEC) regulates the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40, we treated BEC with SDS-purified PGN from Staphylococcus aureus. We found that PGN triggered a TLR2/PI3K/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of GSK3α at Ser21, GSK3β at Ser9, and NF-κB p65 subunit (p65) at Ser536, and the phosphorylation of GSK3α was consistently higher than that of GSK3β. The expression of IL-12p40 was inhibited in BEC stimulated with PGN and pre-treated with a specific neutralizing anti-TLR2 antibody that targets the extracellular domain of TLR2 or by the addition of Akt-i IV (an Akt inhibitor). Inhibition of GSK3α and GSK3β with LiCl or SB216763 induced an increase in IL-12p40 mRNA and protein. The effect of each isoform on IL-12p40 expression was evaluated by siRNA-gene expression silencing of GSK3α and GSK3β. GSK3α gene silencing resulted in a marked increase in IL-12p40 mRNA and protein while GSK3β gene silencing had the opposite effect on IL-12p40 expression. These results indicate that the TLR2/PI3K/Akt-dependent inhibition of GSK3α activity also plays an important role in the inflammatory response caused by stimulation of BEC with PGN from S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Cortés-Vieyra
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Octavio Silva-García
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Javier Oviedo-Boyso
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Alejandro Huante-Mendoza
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Juan J. Valdez-Alarcón
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Víctor M. Baizabal-Aguirre
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- * E-mail:
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Cui Y, Park JY, Wu J, Lee JH, Yang YS, Kang MS, Jung SC, Park JM, Yoo ES, Kim SH, Ahn Jo S, Suk K, Eun SY. Dieckol Attenuates Microglia-mediated Neuronal Cell Death via ERK, Akt and NADPH Oxidase-mediated Pathways. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:219-28. [PMID: 25954126 PMCID: PMC4422961 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammation lead to synaptic loss and dysfunction as well as neuronal cell death, which are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the regulation of microglial activation has been evaluated as effective therapeutic strategies. Although dieckol (DEK), one of the phlorotannins isolated from marine brown alga Ecklonia cava, has been previously reported to inhibit microglial activation, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated here molecular mechanism of DEK via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt and nicotinamide adenine dinuclelotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-mediated pathways. In addition, the neuroprotective mechanism of DEK was investigated in microglia-mediated neurotoxicity models such as neuron-microglia co-culture and microglial conditioned media system. Our results demonstrated that treatment of anti-oxidant DEK potently suppressed phosphorylation of ERK in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/ml)-stimulated BV-2 microglia. In addition, DEK markedly attenuated Akt phosphorylation and increased expression of gp91phox, which is the catalytic component of NADPH oxidase complex responsible for microglial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Finally, DEK significantly attenuated neuronal cell death that is induced by treatment of microglial conditioned media containing neurotoxic secretary molecules. These neuroprotective effects of DEK were also confirmed in a neuron-microglia co-culture system using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transfected B35 neuroblastoma cell line. Taken together, these results suggest that DEK suppresses excessive microglial activation and microglia-mediated neuronal cell death via downregulation of ERK, Akt and NADPH oxidase-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanji Cui
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Jee-Yun Park
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Jinji Wu
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Yoon-Sil Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Moon-Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Sung-Cherl Jung
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Joo Min Park
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Kim
- BotaMedi Inc. 307 Jeju Bio-industry Center, Jeju 690-121, Korea
| | - Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-951, Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-842, Korea
| | - Su-Yong Eun
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Yu Y, Yip KH, Tam IYS, Sam SW, Ng CW, Zhang W, Lau HYA. Differential effects of the Toll-like receptor 2 agonists, PGN and Pam3CSK4 on anti-IgE induced human mast cell activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112989. [PMID: 25398056 PMCID: PMC4232580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are pivotal in the pathogenesis of allergy and inflammation. In addition to the classical IgE-dependent mechanism involving crosslinking of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI), mast cells are also activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which are at the center of innate immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that the response of LAD2 cells (a human mast cell line) to anti-IgE was altered in the presence of the TLR2 agonists peptidoglycan (PGN) and tripalmitoyl-S-glycero-Cys-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4). Pretreatment of PGN and Pam3CSK4 inhibited anti-IgE induced calcium mobilization and degranulation without down-regulation of FcεRI expression. Pam3CSK4 but not PGN acted in synergy with anti-IgE for IL-8 release when the TLR2 agonist was added simultaneously with anti-IgE. Studies with inhibitors of key enzymes implicated in mast cell signaling revealed that the synergistic release of IL-8 induced by Pam3CSK4 and anti-IgE involved ERK and calcineurin signaling cascades. The differential modulations of anti-IgE induced mast cell activation by PGN and Pam3CSK4 suggest that dimerization of TLR2 with TLR1 or TLR6 produced different modulating actions on FcεRI mediated human mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwok Ho Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Issan Yee San Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sze Wing Sam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chun Wai Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hang Yung Alaster Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Chuang JY, Chang PC, Shen YC, Lin C, Tsai CF, Chen JH, Yeh WL, Wu LH, Lin HY, Liu YS, Lu DY. Regulatory effects of fisetin on microglial activation. Molecules 2014; 19:8820-39. [PMID: 24972270 PMCID: PMC6271444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19078820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory processes in the central nervous system that are mediated by microglial activation play a key role in neurodegeneration. Fisetin, a plant flavonol commonly found in fruits and vegetables, is frequently added to nutritional supplements due to its antioxidant properties. In the present study, treatment with fisetin inhibited microglial cell migration and ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. Treatment with fisetin also effectively inhibited LPS plus IFN-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in microglial cells. Furthermore, fisetin also reduced expressions of iNOS and NO by stimulation of peptidoglycan, the major component of the Gram-positive bacterium cell wall. Fisetin also inhibited the enhancement of LPS/IFN-γ- or peptidoglycan-induced inflammatory mediator IL (interlukin)-1 β expression. Besides the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of fisetin, our study also elucidates the manner in fisetin-induced an endogenous anti-oxidative enzyme HO (heme oxygenase)-1 expression. Moreover, the regulatory molecular mechanism of fisetin-induced HO-1 expression operates through the PI-3 kinase/AKT and p38 signaling pathways in microglia. Notably, fisetin also significantly attenuated inflammation-related microglial activation and coordination deficit in mice in vivo. These findings suggest that fisetin may be a candidate agent for the development of therapies for inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Shen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Huang BR, Chang PC, Yeh WL, Lee CH, Tsai CF, Lin C, Lin HY, Liu YS, Wu CYJ, Ko PY, Huang SS, Hsu HC, Lu DY. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on microglial cells: implications for neuroprotection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91167. [PMID: 24621589 PMCID: PMC3951295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Nicardipine is a calcium channel blocker that has been widely used to control blood pressure in severe hypertension following events such as ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and intracerebral hemorrhage. However, accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory processes in the central nervous system that are mediated by microglial activation play important roles in neurodegeneration, and the effect of nicardipine on microglial activation remains unresolved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, using murine BV-2 microglia, we demonstrated that nicardipine significantly inhibits microglia-related neuroinflammatory responses. Treatment with nicardipine inhibited microglial cell migration. Nicardipine also significantly inhibited LPS plus IFN-γ-induced release of nitric oxide (NO), and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, nicardipine also inhibited microglial activation by peptidoglycan, the major component of the Gram-positive bacterium cell wall. Notably, nicardipine also showed significant anti-neuroinflammatory effects on microglial activation in mice in vivo. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The present study is the first to report a novel inhibitory role of nicardipine on neuroinflammation and provides a new candidate agent for the development of therapies for inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Ren Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Neurosurgery Department, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Ko
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Chaung Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kim YJ, Jung EB, Lee MS, Seo SJ, Kim MH, Lee MW, Lee CS. Rotundarpene inhibits Toll-like receptor 2 activation-induced production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Akt and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Antineuroinflammatory effects of lycopene via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α1/heme oxygenase-1 pathways. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:191-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Huang BR, Tsai CF, Lin HY, Tseng WP, Huang SS, Wu CR, Lin C, Yeh WL, Lu DY. Interaction of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in microglia by Staphylococcus aureus-derived lipoteichoic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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40
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Wen R, Li F, Sun Z, Li S, Xiang J. Shrimp MyD88 responsive to bacteria and white spot syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:574-581. [PMID: 23238389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an important adapter protein which links members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) to the downstream components to activate related signaling pathways. In the present study, a MyD88 homolog (FcMyD88) was cloned from penaeid shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ORF of FcMyD88 consisted of 1434 bp encoding a polypeptide of 477 amino acids which contains a death domain (DD) and a typical TLR and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-related (TIR) domain. Homology analysis revealed that the predicted amino acid (aa) sequence of FcMyD88 shared high similarities with a variety of previously reported MyD88s. The time-dependent expression patterns of FcMyD88 in cephalothoraxes of shrimp injected with Vibrio anguillarum (Gram-negative bacteria, G(-)), Micrococcus lysodeikticu (Gram-positive bacteria, G(+)) and white syndrome spot virus (WSSV) were analyzed at transcription and protein level by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. The expression level of FcMyD88 mRNA was significantly up-regulated at one hour (h), 12 h and 24 h after stimulation with both V. anguillarum and M. lysodeikticu. The expression level of FcMyD88 protein was 2-fold up-regulated at 12 h post injection (hpi) of inactivated V. anguillarum while it didn't change after M. lysodeikticu injection during this period. After WSSV injection, the expression level of FcMyD88 mRNA remained relatively constant, while the FcMyD88 protein was significantly up-regulated at 12 and 24 hpi. These results suggested that the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway could be involved in the defense of both bacteria and WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Qi Y, Zou LB, Wang LH, Jin G, Pan JJ, Chi TY, Ji XF. Xanthoceraside Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Aβ25–35/IFN-γ–Stimulated Microglia Through the TLR2 Receptor, MyD88, Nuclear Factor-κB, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:305-17. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13031fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Zaprinast activates MAPKs, NFκB, and Akt and induces the expressions of inflammatory genes in microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:232-41. [PMID: 22561121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the authors reported that zaprinast, an inhibitor of cGMP-selective phosphodiesterases, induced the secretions of TNF-α and IL-1β by microglia and enhanced the induction of iNOS by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, the signaling mechanism responsible for microglial activation by zaprinast was investigated and the effects of zaprinast and LPS on microglial activation were compared. Zaprinast was found to activate ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK, NFκB, and PI3K/Akt, and subsequently, induce the mRNA expressions of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CD14. Associations between signaling pathways and gene expressions were examined by treating microglia with signal inhibitors. PDTC inhibited the induction of all the above genes by zaprinast, and SB203580 inhibited all genes except CXCL1. SP600125, PD98059, and LY294002 inhibited the induction of at least CCL2. Microglial activation by zaprinast was then compared with full-blown activation by LPS. The zaprinast-induced phosphorylations of MAPKs and IκB were less prompt than LPS-induced phosphorylations. IκB degradation by LPS was significant at 10min and did not return to normal, whereas zaprinast induced a later, transient degradation. LPS induced the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, iNOS, and COX-2, and although zaprinast significantly induced the expressions of all except IL-6 and iNOS, these inductions were far less than those induced by LPS. Collectively, zaprinast was found to upregulate microglial activity mainly via NFκB and p38 MAPK signaling and the subsequent expressions of inflammatory genes. Although, zaprinast was found to have obvious effects on microglia, these were weaker than the effects of LPS.
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Koscsó B, Csóka B, Selmeczy Z, Himer L, Pacher P, Virág L, Haskó G. Adenosine augments IL-10 production by microglial cells through an A2B adenosine receptor-mediated process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:445-53. [PMID: 22116830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside and a ligand of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs), which are the A(1)AR, A(2A)AR, A(2B)AR, and A(3)AR. ARs have been shown to suppress TNF-α production by microglia, but their role in regulating IL-10 production has not been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that adenosine augments IL-10 production by activated murine microglia while suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Because the order of potency of selective AR agonists in inducing IL-10 production was NECA > IB-MECA > CCPA ≥ CGS21680, and the A(2B)AR antagonist MRS1754 prevented the effect of NECA, we conclude that the stimulatory effect of adenosine on IL-10 production is mediated by the A(2B)AR. Mechanistically, adenosine augmented IL-10 mRNA accumulation by a transcriptional process. Using mutant IL-10 promoter constructs we showed that a CREB-binding region in the promoter mediated the augmenting effect of adenosine on IL-10 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that adenosine induced CREB phosphorylation at the IL-10 promoter. Silencing CREB using lentivirally delivered short hairpin RNA blocked the enhancing effect of adenosine on IL-10 production, confirming a role for CREB in mediating the stimulatory effect of adenosine on IL-10 production. In addition, adenosine augmented IL-10 production by stimulating p38 MAPK. Collectively, our results establish that A(2B)ARs augment IL-10 production by activated murine microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Koscsó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Karlstetter M, Lippe E, Walczak Y, Moehle C, Aslanidis A, Mirza M, Langmann T. Curcumin is a potent modulator of microglial gene expression and migration. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:125. [PMID: 21958395 PMCID: PMC3192695 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial cells are important effectors of the neuronal innate immune system with a major role in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Curcumin, a major component of tumeric, alleviates pro-inflammatory activities of these cells by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) signaling. To study the immuno-modulatory effects of curcumin on a transcriptomic level, DNA-microarray analyses were performed with resting and LPS-challenged microglial cells after short-term treatment with curcumin. Methods Resting and LPS-activated BV-2 cells were stimulated with curcumin and genome-wide mRNA expression patterns were determined using DNA-microarrays. Selected qRT-PCR analyses were performed to confirm newly identified curcumin-regulated genes. The migration potential of microglial cells was determined with wound healing assays and transwell migration assays. Microglial neurotoxicity was estimated by morphological analyses and quantification of caspase 3/7 levels in 661W photoreceptors cultured in the presence of microglia-conditioned medium. Results Curcumin treatment markedly changed the microglial transcriptome with 49 differentially expressed transcripts in a combined analysis of resting and activated microglial cells. Curcumin effectively triggered anti-inflammatory signals as shown by induced expression of Interleukin 4 and Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α. Several novel curcumin-induced genes including Netrin G1, Delta-like 1, Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, and Plasma cell endoplasmic reticulum protein 1, have been previously associated with adhesion and cell migration. Consequently, curcumin treatment significantly inhibited basal and activation-induced migration of BV-2 microglia. Curcumin also potently blocked gene expression related to pro-inflammatory activation of resting cells including Toll-like receptor 2 and Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Moreover, transcription of NO synthase 2 and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 was reduced in LPS-triggered microglia. These transcriptional changes in curcumin-treated LPS-primed microglia also lead to decreased neurotoxicity with reduced apoptosis of 661W photoreceptor cultures. Conclusions Collectively, our results suggest that curcumin is a potent modulator of the microglial transcriptome. Curcumin attenuates microglial migration and triggers a phenotype with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Thus, curcumin could be a nutraceutical compound to develop immuno-modulatory and neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Karlstetter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Lee NY, Lee HY, Lee KH, Han SH, Park SJ. Vibrio vulnificus IlpA induces MAPK-mediated cytokine production via TLR1/2 activation in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:143-54. [PMID: 21903273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a pathogenic bacterium causing primary septicemia, which is followed by a classical septic shock pathway including an overwhelming inflammatory cytokine response. V. vulnificus IlpA is a potent immunogenic lipoprotein that triggers cytokine production in human monocytes by activating the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In this study, we further defined the IlpA signaling pathways involved in cytokine production in the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. TLR2 was involved in cytokine production by complexing with TLR1, but not with TLR6. MyD88 was necessary for IlpA-induced cytokine expression through TLR1/TLR2. Three mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, were activated in THP-1 cells stimulated with recombinant IlpA (rIlpA). Selective inhibition of each MAPK resulted in significant decrease of rIlpA-induced cytokine production. Especially, functional TLR2 was necessary for IlpA-induced activation of p38 and JNK. IlpA augmented the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional factors to their recognition sites in THP-1 cells. These results suggest that serial activation of TLR1/TLR2, MyD88, the three MAPKs, and NF-κB/AP-1 comprises the signaling pathway responsible for proinflammatory cytokine production by V. vulnificus IlpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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Chen Y, Liu B, Yang D, Li X, Wen L, Zhu P, Fu N. Peptide mimics of peptidoglycan are vaccine candidates and protect mice from infection with Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:995-1002. [PMID: 21436375 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.028647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus drug resistance to antibiotics is a serious situation that has drawn greater attention to immunotherapy and prophylaxis. Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a common and conserved component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus. However, PGN, as a thymus-independent antigen, cannot be considered a vaccine candidate because of its very weak immunogenicity. In this study we have attempted to enhance the immunogenicity of PGN by identifying a PGN peptide mimic sequence that would act as a thymus-dependent antigen. Several peptide sequences were obtained from a phage display peptide library using a mAb against S. aureus PGN, and a 12-mer linear single peptide (Sp-31) and a four-branch multiple antigen peptide (MAP) (MAP-P31) were synthesized. Both Sp-31 and MAP-P31 were shown to bind directly to anti-PGN mAb and a polyclonal antibody against S. aureus. These peptides could also inhibit the binding of PGN to a mAb against PGN. Furthermore, MAP-P31 was able to provoke an effective secondary antibody response in mice to PGN and to cell-wall fragments isolated from S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by sonication. In addition, the MAP-P31 antiserum showed a potent bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus in the presence and absence of complement in vitro. Importantly, immunization with MAP-P31 significantly prolonged the survival and enhanced bacterial clearance in BALB/c mice challenged with live S. aureus. In addition, the serum IgG-type antibodies against PGN persisted in mice, demonstrating that MAP-P31, as a peptide mimicking epitopes on PGN, provokes an effective secondary or memory antibody response, which can only be induced by a thymus-dependent antigen and which protects against infection with S. aureus. These results suggest that MAP-31 may be a novel vaccine candidate against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Beiyi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Daqing Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueli Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liyan Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ning Fu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Lin HY, Tang CH, Chen JH, Chuang JY, Huang SM, Tan TW, Lai CH, Lu DY. Peptidoglycan induces interleukin-6 expression through the TLR2 receptor, JNK, c-Jun, and AP-1 pathways in microglia. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1573-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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