Determination of the impact of melanoma surgical timing on survival using the National Cancer Database

Tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma is associated with changes in clinical management and worse prognosis

BACKGROUND

The clinical implications and prognostic outcomes associated with tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma have not been well established.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the frequency of tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma, identify risk factors, and assess its impact on clinical management and outcomes.

METHODS

A retrospective study using data from a statewide Surveillance Endpoints and End Results-affiliated cancer registry between 2014 and 2018 was performed. Multivariable hazard models were used to determine factors associated with upstaging and overall/melanoma-specific mortality.

RESULTS

Of 4391 cases of invasive melanoma, 9.4% were upstaged. Significant risk factors on univariate analysis included older age, male sex, non-White race, head/neck location, larger clinical size, incisional and/or punch biopsy method, and increasing time between biopsy and surgical excision. Significant risk factors on multivariable analysis included head/neck location and higher pathologic T stage. Tumor upstaging dictated a change in clinical management in over half of cases; however, only 37.4% fulfilled the recommendation for additional treatment. Upstaged melanomas experienced higher overall (36.0% versus 19.5%; P < .001) and melanoma-specific (9.0% versus 2.9%; P < .001) mortality compared to non-upstaged tumors.

LIMITATIONS

Single-center retrospective study.

CONCLUSIONS

Tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma is associated with worse survival outcomes, possibly due to shortfalls in clinical management.

Dual-center retrospective cohort analysis of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma tumors

High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (hr-cSCC) tumors exhibit aggressive behavior, leading to local recurrence, metastasis, and mortality. The management of hr-cSCC tumors is not well-defined. To clarify the impact of clinical risk factors and management strategies on disease-related outcomes (DROs) in patients with hr-cSCCs. This dual-center retrospective cohort study reviewed patient records from 2007 to 2023, focusing on hr-cSCC tumors classified as high-risk according to two staging systems. 160 adult patients with hr-cSCC were included. Tumors > 2 cm were associated with a higher risk of recurrence, metastasis, and mortality, with greater risk for tumors > 4 cm. Nonsurgical therapies were linked to higher recurrence and mortality rates compared to surgical monotherapy. Patients whose initial treatment was delayed > 60 days following biopsy had increased incidence of DROs. Other variables associated with at least one DRO included female sex, higher tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and advanced AJCC-8 stages. Limitations of this study include its retrospective design, narrow demographics, and variable follow-up times. This study identifies increased tumor diameter, non-surgical treatments, delayed treatment > 60 days after biopsy, female sex, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and advanced tumor stage as significant risk factors for DROs in hr-cSCC. Importantly, our study provides new clarifying evidence that delayed surgical treatment of hr-cSCCs > 60 days after biopsy is associated with elevated incidence of DROs.

Targeting superficial cancers with gold nanoparticles: a review of current research

Superficial cancers typically refer to cancers confined to the surface layers of tissue. Low-targeting therapies or side effects prompt exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their unique optical properties, serve as effective photosensitizers, enabling tumor ablation through photothermal therapy (PTT). PTT induced by AuNPs can be achieved through light sources externally applied to the skin. Near-infrared radiation is the main light candidate due to its deep tissue penetration capability. This review explores recent advancements in AuNP-based PTT for superficial cancers, specifically breast, head and neck, thyroid, bladder and prostate cancers. Additionally, challenges and future directions in utilizing AuNPs for cancer treatment are discussed, emphasizing the importance of balancing efficacy with safety in clinical applications.

[Experimental Study on Biomimetic Curcumin-Mediated Sonodynamic Therapy of Melanoma]

Objective

To study the role of curcumin-mediated sonodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignant melanoma, and to provide a new strategy for the treatment of malignant melanoma.

Methods

The ultrasonic sound and vibration method was applied to coat curcumin with mouse melanoma cell membrane, thereby forming biomimetic curcumin. The morphology of biomimetic curcumin was observed by transmission electron microscope. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the effect of biomimetic curcumin in terms of in vitro targeting, apoptosis, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The in vivo experiment was divided into control group, US group, turmeric group, imitation turmeric group, and imitation turmeric+US group, with 3 mice in each group. The in vivo safety of biomimetic curcumin was evaluated by HE staining. In addition, HE, CD31, Ki67, and TUNEL stainings were performed to evaluate the in vivo anti-melanoma therapeutic effect of ultrasound combined with biomimetic curcumin.

Results

The biomimetic curcumin had a generally uniform morphology and possessed a core-shell structure. Flow cytometry analysis performed with FlowJo showed that the biomimetic curcumin could be effectively taken up by melanoma cells. The apoptosis rate was (10.30±0.61)% in the control group, (10.41±3.13)% in the ultrasound group, (24.97±1.38)% in the curcumin group, (31.39±3.84)% in the biomimetic curcumin group, and (40.89±0.79)% in the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group. The apoptosis rate in the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group was higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). The results of ROS flow cytometry showed that, compared with the control group, the ultrasound group demonstrated almost no increase in the fluorescence intensity, while the other groups showed an increase in the fluorescence intensity to varying degrees. There was no significant difference in the fluorescence intensity between the biomimetic curcumin group ([1.10±0.38]%) and the curcumin group ([0.73±0.26]%) (P>0.05). The fluorescence intensity of the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group ([3.35±0.04]%) was higher than those of the other groups (P<0.05). HE staining showed no obvious abnormalities in the morphology of heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues in any of the treatment groups. HE staining showed the most significant changes in cell morphology in the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group, followed by the biomimetic curcumin group and the curcumin group. No obvious abnormalities in tumor cell morphology were observed in the ultrasound group. According to the respective results of CD31 staining, Ki67 staining, and TUNEL staining, the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group had the largest brown area, the highest number of red fluorescence, and the highest number of green fluorescence, followed by the biomimetic curcumin group and the curcumin group.

Conclusion

The biomimetic curcumin displays uniform morphology, a core-shell structure, and good targeting properties. When it is used in combination with ultrasound, biomimetic curcumin demonstrates a good anti-tumor therapeutic effect both in vivo and in vitro.

Wait times for scheduling appointments with hospital affiliated dermatologists in New York City

Patients' experience accessing dermatologic care is understudied. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine current wait times for new patients to receive dermatological care in NYC. Websites at 58 accredited private and public hospitals in the five boroughs of NYC were reviewed to identify dermatology practices. Office telephone numbers listed on each website were called to collect information pertaining to whether the physician was accepting new patients, type of insurance accepted (public, private, both, or none), and the number of days until a new patient could be seen for an appointment. Data pertaining to the time kept on hold and availability of web-based booking were also collected. Mean waiting time for an appointment was 50 days [standard deviation, SD 66] - nearly 2 months, but the distribution was considerably skewed. The median waiting time was 19.5 days [Interquartile range, IQR 4-60]. The time kept on hold to make the appointment was negligible at about 1 min (63 s, SD = 77) but could take up to ~ 7 min. Two-thirds of dermatologists accepted private, Medicare, and Medicaid insurance (n = 228, 66%); a small number accepted only private insurance (n = 12, 4%) or no insurance at all (n = 16, 5%). The median waiting time for an appointment for the 228 providers that accepted Medicaid was 30.5 days (IQR = 5.0-73.25) while for providers who did not accept Medicaid (n = 116) the median wait time for an appointment was 13.0 days (IQR = 3.0-38.0). Just over half (56%) of the dermatologists allowed for appointments to be booked on their website (n = 193). This research highlights the necessity of incorporating new strategies into routine dermatology appointments in order to increase treatment availability and decrease healthcare inequality.

When does a melanoma metastasize? Implications for management

Selecting which patients with clinically-localized melanoma require treatment other than wide excision of the primary tumor is based on the risk or presence of metastatic disease. This in turn is linked to survival. Knowing if and when a melanoma is likely to metastasize is therefore of great importance. Several studies employing a range of different methodologies have suggested that many melanomas metastasize long before the primary lesion is diagnosed. Therefore, waiting for dissemination of metastatic disease to become evident before making systemic therapy available to these patients may be less effective than giving them post-operative adjuvant therapy initially if the metastatic risk is high. The identification of these high-risk patients will assist in selecting those to whom adjuvant systemic therapy can most appropriately be offered. Further studies are required to better identify high-risk patients whose primary melanoma is likely to have already metastasized.

The Impact of Surgical Delay in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The prognosis of patients diagnosed with melanoma is highly dependent on staging, early detection, and early intervention. In this systematic review, the authors aimed to investigate the impact of surgical delay (time between diagnostic biopsy and definitive surgical excision) on melanoma-specific outcomes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A systematic review was conducted from Embase (1974-present), MEDLINE (1946-present), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2005-present), Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 977 studies were included for review after removal of duplicates. A total of 10 studies were included for final analysis.

RESULTS

In total, 70% (7/10) of the studies found that longer wait times between initial biopsy and surgical intervention are correlated with lower overall survival. Among the 9 studies that reported overall survival as a percentage, the median and SD overall survival was 82% ± 5.87.

CONCLUSION

There is evidence that prolonged surgical delay in patients diagnosed with Stage I cutaneous melanoma is associated with worsened overall mortality, whereas the effect of surgical delay on overall mortality in Stages II and III melanomas is uncertain. Future prospective studies and randomized clinical trials are needed to better define the appropriate surgical wait times between biopsy and surgical treatment.

Melanoma Detected Through Teledermatology Versus In-Person Visits

Background: Early detection of melanoma improves survival; however, patients face long wait times to receive dermatology care. Teledermatology (TD) is a promising tool to optimize access to care and has shown promise for the identification of malignancies but has not been well studied for melanoma. We evaluated the utility of TD as a triage tool to allow high-risk lesions of concern to be seen more expeditiously. Methods: Patient sociodemographic factors and histological characteristics of 836 melanomas biopsied between March 2020 and November 2022 in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center health system were retrospectively evaluated, stratified by initial appointment type of TD versus in-person visit. Results: Patients first seeking care through teledermatology had shorter wait times to initial evaluation (p < 0.001) and eventual biopsy (p < 0.001), and these melanomas had higher Breslow thickness (p < 0.001), were more ulcerated (p = 0.002), invasive (p = 0.001), and of a more aggressive subtype (p = 0.007) than those initially evaluated in-person. TD was also utilized by a higher proportion of younger (p = 0.001) and non-white (p = 0.03) patients who identified their own lesion (p < 0.001). Conclusions: TD may be a strategy to improve melanoma outcomes by providing an accessible avenue of expedited care for high-risk lesions associated with worse clinical prognosticators of disease.

Enhancing skin lesion classification with advanced deep learning ensemble models: a path towards accurate medical diagnostics

Skin cancer, including the highly lethal malignant melanoma, poses a significant global health challenge with a rising incidence rate. Early detection plays a pivotal role in improving survival rates. This study aims to develop an advanced deep learning-based approach for accurate skin lesion classification, addressing challenges such as limited data availability, class imbalance, and noise. Modern deep neural network designs, such as ResNeXt101, SeResNeXt101, ResNet152V2, DenseNet201, GoogLeNet, and Xception, which are used in the study and ze optimised using the SGD technique. The dataset comprises diverse skin lesion images from the HAM10000 and ISIC datasets. Noise and artifacts are tackled using image inpainting, and data augmentation techniques enhance training sample diversity. The ensemble technique is utilized, creating both average and weighted average ensemble models. Grid search optimizes model weight distribution. The individual models exhibit varying performance, with metrics including recall, precision, F1 score, and MCC. The "Average ensemble model" achieves harmonious balance, emphasizing precision, F1 score, and recall, yielding high performance. The "Weighted ensemble model" capitalizes on individual models' strengths, showcasing heightened precision and MCC, yielding outstanding performance. The ensemble models consistently outperform individual models, with the average ensemble model attaining a macro-average ROC-AUC score of 96 % and the weighted ensemble model achieving a macro-average ROC-AUC score of 97 %. This research demonstrates the efficacy of ensemble techniques in significantly improving skin lesion classification accuracy. By harnessing the strengths of individual models and addressing their limitations, the ensemble models exhibit robust and reliable performance across various metrics. The findings underscore the potential of ensemble techniques in enhancing medical diagnostics and contributing to improved patient outcomes in skin lesion diagnosis.

The effect of surgical timing in nonmetastatic melanoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

There is no consensus guidelines on the best timing to perform Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in high-risk melanoma patients. We aimed to understand the impact of surgical timing on nodal upstaging in patients with cutaneous melanoma.

METHODS

We queried the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2018 for patients with T2-T4, N0, M0 melanomas, who underwent melanoma excision and nodal surgery. We included patients who underwent surgery within 2-19 weeks postdiagnosis. We aimed to determine the association of surgical delay (weeks) with nodal positivity.

RESULTS

A total of 53 355 patients were included, of whom 20.9% had positive lymph nodes. Patients underwent surgery at a median of 5 (4-7) weeks after diagnosis. The rate of positive nodes increased with increased weeks to surgery (line of best-fit slope = 0.38). Multivariable regression analysis identified an association between time to surgery and nodal positivity (2.4% increased risk per week, p < 0.05). Our analysis showed significantly increased likelihood of nodal positivity beginning 9 weeks after diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3, p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients with T2-3 tumors had a significant increase in nodal positivity with increased time to surgery (OR = 1.03 per week, p < 0.001). However, no significant trend in nodal positivity was identified for patients with T4 melanomas (OR = 1.01 per week, p = 0.596).

CONCLUSION

Surgery within 9 weeks of melanoma diagnosis was not associated with increased likelihood of nodal positivity. These data can guide clinical conversations regarding the importance of surgical timing for melanoma.

Fatty Acid Metabolism-Related lncRNAs are Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Prognoses and Immune Responses in Patients with Skin Cutaneous Melanoma

Introduction

Skin cutaneous melanoma is becoming more dangerous since it has a poor prognosis and is resistant to treatment. Previous research has shown that lncRNAs and fatty acid metabolism are essential for numerous biological activities. There are no studies on the relationship between fatty acid metabolism-Related lncRNAs and skin cutaneous melanoma.

Methods and Results

In order to better understand the prognosis and survival of SKCM patients, we investigated the significance of lncRNAs related to fatty acid metabolism. In this work, we looked at the fatty acid metabolism genes and lncRNAs expression patterns. On the basis of lncRNAs associated with fatty acid metabolism, a nomogram and a prognosis prediction model were created. Based on the profile of lncRNAs associated with fatty acid metabolism, functional and pharmacological sensitivity investigations were also carried out. We also looked at the connection between immunotherapy and the immune response. The findings demonstrated that a risk score model based on 11 essential lncRNAs for fatty acid metabolism may discriminate between the clinical condition of SKCM and more accurately predict prognosis and survival. We conducted quantitative reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) to verify the model.

Conclusion

These important lncRNAs further showed a strong association with the tumor immune system, and these important lncRNAs also showed a connection between SKCM and chemotherapeutic treatment sensitivity. Our research strives to provide fresh viewpoints and innovative approaches to the treatment and administration of SKCM.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of invasive cutaneous melanoma: A retrospective national cohort study

BACKGROUND

Prior multiinstitutional studies demonstrate that patients diagnosed with melanoma during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented with more advanced melanomas.

OBJECTIVES

To further characterize patients diagnosed with melanoma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

Retrospective population-based cohort study of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) registry of patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma from 2018-2020.

RESULTS

Patients diagnosed with melanoma in 2020 were more likely to have increased Breslow depth, more ulceration, nodular tumors, and more advanced stage at diagnosis despite less treatment delays. Patients tended to be from wealthier, more urban areas. Primary surgical treatment was more likely to be with Mohs surgery. Diagnosis in the year 2020 was not correlated with overall or disease specific survival.

LIMITATIONS

This is a retrospective cohort review and limited by short follow-up times, which could affect survival outcomes. There was a 15.5% drop in melanoma diagnosis in 2020 compared to prior years, which could relate to delayed presentation.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Patients diagnosed with melanoma in 2020 tended to have thicker, more ulcerated, and more advanced tumors, but this was not associated with survival. Further studies are needed to characterize outcomes for patients diagnosed with melanoma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cost items in melanoma patients by clinical characteristics and time from diagnosis

Background

Costs related to the care of melanoma patients have been rising over the past few years due to increased disease incidence as well as the introduction of innovative treatments. The aim of this study is to analyse CMM cost items based on stage at diagnosis, together with other diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of the melanoma.

Methods

Analyses were performed on 2,647 incident cases of invasive CMM that were registered in 2015 and 2017 in the Veneto Cancer Registry (RTV). Direct melanoma-related costs per patient were calculated for each year ranging from 2 years before diagnosis to 4 years after, and were stratified by cost items such as outpatient services, inpatient drug prescriptions, hospital admissions, hospice admissions, and emergency room treatment. Average yearly costs per patient were compared according to available clinical-pathological characteristics. Lastly, log-linear multivariable analysis was performed to investigate potential cost drivers among these clinical-pathological characteristics.

Findings

Overall, the average direct costs related to melanoma are highest in the first year after diagnosis (€2,903) and then decrease over time. Hospitalization costs are 8 to 16 times higher in the first year than in subsequent years, while the costs of outpatient services and inpatient drugs decrease gradually over time. When stratified by stage it is observed that the higher expenditure associated with more advanced stages of CMM is mainly due to inpatient drug use.

Conclusion

The results of the present study show that grouping patients according to tumour characteristics can improve our understanding of the different cost items associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. CMM patients experience higher costs in the first year after diagnosis due to higher hospitalization and outpatient services. Policy makers should consider overall and stage-specific annual costs when allocating resources for the management of CMM patients.

Changes in Health Care Costs, Survival, and Time Toxicity in the Era of Immunotherapy and Targeted Systemic Therapy for Melanoma

Importance

Melanoma treatment has evolved during the past decade with the adoption of adjuvant and palliative immunotherapy and targeted therapies, with an unclear impact on health care costs and outcomes in routine practice.

Objective

To examine changes in health care costs, overall survival (OS), and time toxicity associated with primary treatment of melanoma.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study assessed a longitudinal, propensity score (PS)-matched, retrospective cohort of residents of Ontario, Canada, aged 20 years or older with stages II to IV cutaneous melanoma identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry from January 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019. A historical comparison cohort was identified from a population-based sample of invasive melanoma cases diagnosed from the Ontario Cancer Registry from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2012. Data analysis was performed from October 17, 2022, to March 13, 2023.

Exposures

Era of melanoma diagnosis (2007-2012 vs 2018-2019).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were mean per-capita health care and systemic therapy costs (Canadian dollars) during the first year after melanoma diagnosis, time toxicity (days with physical health care contact) within 1 year of initial treatment, and OS. Standardized differences were used to compare costs and time toxicity. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to compare OS among PS-matched cohorts.

Results

A PS-matched cohort of 731 patients (mean [SD] age, 67.9 [14.8] years; 437 [59.8%] male) with melanoma from 2018 to 2019 and 731 patients (mean [SD] age, 67.9 [14.4] years; 440 [60.2%] male) from 2007 to 2012 were evaluated. The 2018 to 2019 patients had greater mean (SD) health care (including systemic therapy) costs compared with the 2007 to 2012 patients ($47 886 [$55 176] vs $33 347 [$31 576]), specifically for stage III ($67 108 [$57 226] vs $46 511 [$30 622]) and stage IV disease ($117 450 [$79 272] vs $47 739 [$37 652]). Mean (SD) systemic therapy costs were greater among 2018 to 2019 patients: stage II ($40 823 [$40 621] vs $10 309 [$12 176]), III ($55 699 [$41 181] vs $9764 [$12 771]), and IV disease ($79 358 [$50 442] vs $9318 [$14 986]). Overall survival was greater for the 2018 to 2019 cohort compared with the 2007 to 2012 cohort (3-year OS: 74.2% [95% CI, 70.8%-77.2%] vs 65.8% [95% CI, 62.2%-69.1%], hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.61-0.85]; P < .001). Time toxicity was similar between eras. Patients with stage IV disease spent more than 1 day per week (>52 days) with physical contact with the health care system by 2018 to 2019 (mean [SD], 58.7 [43.8] vs 44.2 [26.5] days; standardized difference, 0.40; P = .20).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found greater health care costs in the treatment of stages II to IV melanoma and substantial time toxicity for patients with stage IV disease, with improvements in OS associated with the adoption of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. These health system-wide data highlight the trade-off with adoption of new therapies, for which there is a greater economic burden to the health care system and time burden to patients but an associated improvement in survival.

Association between surgical delay and outcomes among patients with invasive cutaneous melanoma

BACKGROUND

The relationship between surgical delay and outcomes for patients with cutaneous melanoma is understudied. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of surgical delay on regional nodal involvement and mortality in patients with cutaneous melanoma.

METHODS

Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with clinically node-negative invasive cutaneous melanoma from 2004 to 2018. Outcomes included regional lymph node disease and overall survival. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards models were constructed to adjust for pertinent clinical factors.

RESULTS

Of 423,001 patients, 21.8% experienced a surgical delay (≥45 days). These patients were more likely to have nodal involvement (OR1.09; P ​= ​0.01). Surgical delay (HR1.14; P ​< ​0.001), Black race (HR1.34; P ​= ​0.002), and Medicaid (HR1.92; P ​< ​0.001) were associated with lower survival. Patients treated at academic/research (HR0.87; P ​< ​0.001) or integrated network cancer programs (HR0.89; P ​= ​0.001) had improve survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical delay was frequent and resulted in higher rates of lymph node involvement and decreased overall survival.

Large Language Models for Therapy Recommendations Across 3 Clinical Specialties: Comparative Study

BACKGROUND

As advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) continue, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools for generating medical information. Their rapid adaptation and potential benefits in health care require rigorous assessment in terms of the quality, accuracy, and safety of the generated information across diverse medical specialties.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of 4 prominent LLMs, namely, Claude-instant-v1.0, GPT-3.5-Turbo, Command-xlarge-nightly, and Bloomz, in generating medical content spanning the clinical specialties of ophthalmology, orthopedics, and dermatology.

METHODS

Three domain-specific physicians evaluated the AI-generated therapeutic recommendations for a diverse set of 60 diseases. The evaluation criteria involved the mDISCERN score, correctness, and potential harmfulness of the recommendations. ANOVA and pairwise t tests were used to explore discrepancies in content quality and safety across models and specialties. Additionally, using the capabilities of OpenAI's most advanced model, GPT-4, an automated evaluation of each model's responses to the diseases was performed using the same criteria and compared to the physicians' assessments through Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS

Claude-instant-v1.0 emerged with the highest mean mDISCERN score (3.35, 95% CI 3.23-3.46). In contrast, Bloomz lagged with the lowest score (1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.10). Our analysis revealed significant differences among the models in terms of quality (P<.001). Evaluating their reliability, the models displayed strong contrasts in their falseness ratings, with variations both across models (P<.001) and specialties (P<.001). Distinct error patterns emerged, such as confusing diagnoses; providing vague, ambiguous advice; or omitting critical treatments, such as antibiotics for infectious diseases. Regarding potential harm, GPT-3.5-Turbo was found to be the safest, with the lowest harmfulness rating. All models lagged in detailing the risks associated with treatment procedures, explaining the effects of therapies on quality of life, and offering additional sources of information. Pearson correlation analysis underscored a substantial alignment between physician assessments and GPT-4's evaluations across all established criteria (P<.01).

CONCLUSIONS

This study, while comprehensive, was limited by the involvement of a select number of specialties and physician evaluators. The straightforward prompting strategy ("How to treat…") and the assessment benchmarks, initially conceptualized for human-authored content, might have potential gaps in capturing the nuances of AI-driven information. The LLMs evaluated showed a notable capability in generating valuable medical content; however, evident lapses in content quality and potential harm signal the need for further refinements. Given the dynamic landscape of LLMs, this study's findings emphasize the need for regular and methodical assessments, oversight, and fine-tuning of these AI tools to ensure they produce consistently trustworthy and clinically safe medical advice. Notably, the introduction of an auto-evaluation mechanism using GPT-4, as detailed in this study, provides a scalable, transferable method for domain-agnostic evaluations, extending beyond therapy recommendation assessments.

Asian American and Pacific Islander patients with melanoma have increased odds of treatment delays: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) melanoma patients have higher mortality than non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. Treatment delays may contribute, but whether AAPI patients have longer time from diagnosis to definitive surgery (TTDS) is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

Investigate TTDS differences between AAPI and NHW melanoma patients.

METHODS

Retrospective review of AAPI and NHW melanoma patients in the National Cancer Database (NCD) (2004-2020). The association of race with TTDS was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Of 354,943 AAPI and NHW melanoma patients identified, 1155 (0.33%) were AAPI. AAPI patients had longer TTDS for stage I, II, and III melanoma (P < .05 for all). Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, AAPI patients had 1.5 times the odds of a TTDS between 61 and 90 days and twice the odds of a TTDS >90 days. Racial differences in TTDS persisted in Medicare and private insurance types. Uninsured AAPI patients had the longest TTDS (mean, 53.26 days), while those with private insurance had the shortest TTDS (mean, 34.92 days; P < .001 for both).

LIMITATION

AAPI patients comprised 0.33% of the sample.

CONCLUSIONS

AAPI melanoma patients have increased odds of treatment delays. Associated socioeconomic differences should inform efforts to reduce disparities in treatment and survival.

Timeliness of diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous melanoma with dermatology, general practice, plastics surgery collaboration - are we meeting standards?

Introduction Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer with a high burden in New Zealand. MelNet Quality Statements (2021) guide the timeliness of investigations and management for melanoma patients, who might experience long delays waiting for treatment. Aim To assess compliance of melanoma diagnosis and treatment timeliness with the MelNet Quality Statements at Waikato Hospital and in primary care for melanoma and melanoma in situ (MIS). Methods This is a retrospective clinical audit of patients referred via the Suspected Skin Cancer (SSC) teledermatology pathway between June 2020 and June 2022, and histologically confirmed as having melanoma or MIS. Time intervals between elements of service were analysed. Results For 43 melanomas and 105 MIS, compliance with MelNet Quality Statements across all melanoma services was poor, except for teledermatology response rates (100% compliance). From referral to first cancer treatment (Statement 2.1.1), compliance was 50% in general practice and 7.7% in Waikato Hospital. From teledermatologist response to biopsy (Statement 2.1.3), compliance was 65.2% in general practice and 7.7% in hospital plastics department. Histopathological reporting delays were also identified. Discussion Long delays for melanoma care in hospital likely reflect system failures (such as inadequate funding and human resources) and the increasing burden of skin cancer. In contrast, primary care provided quicker diagnostic biopsies and surgical treatments for melanoma.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence and Thickness of Cutaneous Melanoma in Belgium

(1) Background: COVID-19 had a major impact on cancer diagnostics and treatment. Delays in diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma were particularly feared, given the impact on survival and morbidity that comes with advanced stages. Moreover, its incidence in Belgium has been rapidly increasing in recent decades. This Belgian population-level study quantifies the pandemic effect on the number of melanoma diagnoses and Breslow thickness in 2020 and 2021. (2) Methods: In using an automated algorithm, the number of cutaneous melanoma diagnoses and Breslow thickness were extracted from all pathology protocols from 2017-2021 by the Belgian Cancer Registry. Monthly variations, as well as year-to-year differences, were studied. (3) Results: Annual incidence of cutaneous melanoma fell by 1% in 2020, compared to 2019, mainly due to a diagnostic deficit in March, April, and May 2020. An 8% incidence increase occurred in 2021, primarily reflecting an increase in the number of the thinnest melanomas (≤1 mm). Both the mean and median Breslow thicknesses were higher in spring 2020, resulting from an underrepresentation of thinner tumors. However, no particulars stood out on a full-year basis in either 2020 or 2021. (4) Conclusions: Considering the expected incidence increase, we estimate almost 210 melanoma diagnoses were missed in Belgium in 2020, corresponding to 6% of the expected number. This deficit occurred mainly during the first COVID-19 wave. Despite some rebound, the 2021 total was still 3% short of the expected number, leaving around 325 diagnoses remaining pending in 2020 and 2021, corresponding to a two-year deficit of 4.35%. Fortunately, mainly thin melanomas were missed, without any detectable shift toward thicker tumors later in 2020 and or 2021.

Analysis of Time Between Skin Lesion and Lymph Node Biopsies and Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients With Melanoma

This cohort study assesses whether increasing time to surgery is associated with sentinel lymph node status in patients with cutaneous melanoma stage T1b or higher.

Not Waiting to Progress; How the COVID-19 Pandemic Nudged Neoadjuvant Therapy for Stage III Locally Advanced Melanoma Patients

Background: Early-phase neoadjuvant trials have demonstrated promising results in the utility of upfront immunotherapy in locally advanced stage III melanoma and unresected nodal disease. Secondary to these results and the COVID-19 pandemic, this patient population, traditionally managed through surgical resection and adjuvant immunotherapy, received a novel treatment strategy of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). Methods: Patients with node-positive disease, who faced surgical delays secondary to COVID-19, were treated with NAT, followed by surgery. Demographic, tumour, treatment and response data were collected through a retrospective chart review. Biopsy specimens were analysed prior to the initiation of NAT, and therapy response was analysed following surgical resection. NAT tolerability was recorded. Results: Six patients were included in this case series; four were treated with nivolumab alone, one with ipilimumab and nivolumab and one with dabrafenib and trametinib. Twenty-two incidents of adverse events were reported, with the majority (90.9%) being classified as grade one or two. All patients underwent surgical resection: three out of six patients following two NAT cycles, two following three cycles and one following six cycles. Surgically resected samples were histopathologically evaluated for the presence of disease. Five out of six patients (83%) had ≤1 positive lymph node. One patient showed extracapsular extension. Four patients demonstrated complete pathological response; two had persisting viable tumour cells. Conclusions: In this case series, we outlined how in response to surgical delays secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic, NAT was successfully applied to achieve promising treatment response in patients with locally advanced stage III melanoma.

Inhibitory Effect of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Complementary to G6PD mRNA on Murine Melanoma

In terms of the incidence among all tumors, skin cancer is on top, with the most deadly among them being melanoma. The search for new therapeutic agents to combat melanoma is very relevant. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) aimed at suppressing the genes responsible for their viability in cancer cells give hope for treatment, which makes it possible to eliminate cancer cells near the tumor site both before and after surgery. In this article, we describe how Skeen-11 phosphorothioate oligonucleotide significantly decreased the proliferative activity of murine melanoma cells. Injections of Skeen-11 also inhibited tumor growth in mice with inoculated melanoma. A toxicity study showed no side effects with dose adjustments. The results show that the use of ASO Skeen-11 in vivo reduced the tumor size within 7 days, reduced the number of mitoses in the tumor cells, and increased the amount of necrosis compared with the control group.

Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in Dermatology

Health disparities are differences in health or disease incidence, prevalence, severity, or disease burden that are experienced by disadvantaged populations. Their root causes are attributed in large part to socially determined factors, including educational level of attainment, socioeconomic status, and physical and social environments. There is an expanding body of evidence documenting differences in dermatologic health status among underserved populations. In this review, the authors highlight inequities in outcomes across 5 dermatologic conditions, including psoriasis, acne, cutaneous melanoma, hidradenitis suppurativa, and atopic dermatitis.

Deep-learning-based survival prediction of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma

Background

This study obtained data on patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, and used a deep learning and neural network (DeepSurv) model to predict the survival rate of patients with CMM and evaluate its effectiveness.

Methods

We collected information on patients with CMM between 2004 and 2015 from the SEER database. We then randomly divided the patients into training and testing cohorts at a 7:3 ratio. The likelihood that patients with CMM will survive was forecasted using the DeepSurv model, and its results were compared with those of the Cox proportional-hazards (CoxPH) model. The calibration curves, time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and concordance index (C-index) were used to assess the prediction abilities of the model.

Results

This study comprised 37,758 patients with CMM: 26,430 in the training cohort and 11,329 in the testing cohort. The CoxPH model demonstrated that the survival of patients with CMM was significantly influenced by age, sex, marital status, summary stage, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, postoperative lymph node dissection, tumor size, and tumor extension. The C-index of the CoxPH model was 0.875. We also constructed the DeepSurv model using the data from the training cohort, and its C-index was 0.910. We examined how well the aforementioned two models predicted outcomes. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUCs were 0.928, 0.837, and 0.855, respectively, for the CoxPH model, and 0.971, 0.947, and 0.942 for the DeepSurv model. The DeepSurv model presented a greater predictive effect on patients with CMM, and its reliability was better than that of the CoxPH model according to both the AUC value and the calibration curve.

Conclusion

The DeepSurv model, which we developed based on the data of patients with CMM in the SEER database, was found to be more effective than the CoxPH model in predicting the survival time of patients with CMM.

Photoprotection in skin of color

As populations in many parts of the world are projected to become more racially diverse over the coming decades, we must better understand the unique characteristics of the skin of populations with skin of color (SOC). This review aims to highlight important physiologic and clinical considerations of photoprotection in SOC. Ultraviolet radiation and visible light affect dark and light skin differently. SOC populations have historically not been informed on photoprotection to the same degree as their light skinned counterparts. This has exacerbated dermatologic conditions in which SOC populations are disproportionately affected, such as hyperpigmentary disorders. Patients should be encouraged to utilize multiple methods of photoprotection, ranging from avoidance of sunlight during peak intensity hours, seeking shade, wearing sun-protective clothing and wide-brimmed hat, and applying sunscreen. Ideal sunscreens for SOC populations include those with UVA-PF/SPF ratios ≥ 2/3 and tinted sunscreens to protect against VL. Although there have been increased efforts recently, more research into photoprotection for SOC and targeted public education are required to disseminate photoprotection resources that are patient-centered and evidence-based.

Impact of Green Gold Nanoparticle Coating on Internalization, Trafficking, and Efficiency for Photothermal Therapy of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a global health issue and mainly composed of melanoma and nonmelanoma cancers. For the first clinical proof of concept on humans, we decided to study good prognosis skin cancers, i.e., carcinoma basal cell. In UE, the first-line treatment remains surgical resection, healing most of the tumors, but presents aesthetic disadvantages with a high reoccurrence rate on exposed areas. Moreover, the therapeutic indications could extend to melanoma and metastasis, which is a different medical strategy that could combine this treatment. Indeed, patients with late-stage melanoma are in a therapeutic impasse, despite recent targeted and immunological therapies. Photothermal therapy using gold nanoparticles is the subject of many investigations due to their strong potential to treat cancers by physical, thermal destruction. We developed gold nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry (gGNPs), using endemic plant extract from Reunion Island, which have previously showed their efficiency at a preclinical stage. Here, we demonstrate that these gGNPs are less cytotoxic than gold nanoparticles synthesized by Turkevich's method. Furthermore, our work describes the optimization of gGNP coating and stabilization, also taking into consideration the gGNP path in cells (endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and exocytosis), their specificity toward cancerous cells, their cytotoxicity, and their in vivo efficiency. Finally, based on the metabolic switch of cancerous cells overexpressing Glut transporters in skin cancers, we demonstrated that glucose-stabilized gGNP (gGNP@G) enables a quick internalization, fourfold higher in cancerous cells in contrast to healthy cells with no side cytotoxicity, which is particularly relevant to target and treat cancer.

Multiscale Feature Fusion for Skin Lesion Classification

Skin cancer has a high mortality rate, and early detection can greatly reduce patient mortality. Convolutional neural network (CNN) has been widely applied in the field of computer-aided diagnosis. To improve the ability of convolutional neural networks to accurately classify skin lesions, we propose a multiscale feature fusion model for skin lesion classification. We use a two-stream network, which are a densely connected network (DenseNet-121) and improved visual geometry group network (VGG-16). In the feature fusion module, we construct multireceptive fields to obtain multiscale pathological information and use generalized mean pooling (GeM pooling) to reduce the spatial dimensionality of lesion features. Finally, we built and tested a system with the developed skin lesion classification model. The experiments were performed on the dataset ISIC2018, which can achieve a good classification performance with a test accuracy of 91.24% and macroaverages of 95%.

Lead Time from First Suspicion of Malignant Melanoma in Primary Care to Diagnostic Excision: a Cohort Study Comparing Teledermatoscopy and Traditional Referral to a Dermatology Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital

INTRODUCTION

The increasing use of teledermatoscopy in clinical practice has led to demands to evaluate the effects of this new technology on traditional healthcare systems.

OBJECTIVES

To study lead times from first consultation in primary care to diagnostic excision of suspected malignant melanoma lesions in traditional referrals to a tertiary hospital-based dermatology clinic compared with mobile teledermatoscopy referrals.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study design was used. Data on sex, age, pathology, caregivers, clinical diagnosis, date for first visit to primary care unit, and date for diagnostic excision were collected from medical records. Patients managed through traditional referral (n=53) were compared with patients managed at primary care units using teledermatoscopy (n=128) regarding lead time from first visit to diagnostic excision.

RESULTS

Mean time from date of first visit at primary care unit to diagnostic excision did not differ between the traditional referral and teledermatoscopy groups (16.2 vs. 15.7 days, median 10 vs. 13 days, p=0.657). Lead times from date of referral to diagnostic excision did not significantly differ (15.7 vs. 12.8 days, median 10 vs. 9 days, p=0.464).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that lead time to diagnostic excision for patients with suspected malignant melanoma managed by teledermatoscopy was comparable and not inferior to that of the traditional referral pathway. If teledermatoscopy is used at first consultation in primary care, it could potentially be more efficient than traditional referral.

A novel hybrid meta-heuristic contrast stretching technique for improved skin lesion segmentation

The high precedence of epidemiological examination of skin lesions necessitated the well-performing efficient classification and segmentation models. In the past two decades, various algorithms, especially machine/deep learning-based methods, replicated the classical visual examination to accomplish the above-mentioned tasks. These automated streams of models demand evident lesions with less background and noise affecting the region of interest. However, even after the proposal of these advanced techniques, there are gaps in achieving the efficacy of matter. Recently, many preprocessors proposed to enhance the contrast of lesions, which further aided the skin lesion segmentation and classification tasks. Metaheuristics are the methods used to support the search space optimisation problems. We propose a novel Hybrid Metaheuristic Differential Evolution-Bat Algorithm (DE-BA), which estimates parameters used in the brightness preserving contrast stretching transformation function. For extensive experimentation we tested our proposed algorithm on various publicly available databases like ISIC 2016, 2017, 2018 and PH², and validated the proposed model with some state-of-the-art already existing segmentation models. The tabular and visual comparison of the results concluded that DE-BA as a preprocessor positively enhances the segmentation results.

High-fidelity detection, subtyping, and localization of five skin neoplasms using supervised and semi-supervised learning

Background

Skin cancers are the most common malignancies diagnosed worldwide. While the early detection and treatment of pre-cancerous and cancerous skin lesions can dramatically improve outcomes, factors such as a global shortage of pathologists, increased workloads, and high rates of diagnostic discordance underscore the need for techniques that improve pathology workflows. Although AI models are now being used to classify lesions from whole slide images (WSIs), diagnostic performance rarely surpasses that of expert pathologists.

Objectives

The objective of the present study was to create an AI model to detect and classify skin lesions with a higher degree of sensitivity than previously demonstrated, with potential to match and eventually surpass expert pathologists to improve clinical workflows.

Methods

We combined supervised learning (SL) with semi-supervised learning (SSL) to produce an end-to-end multi-level skin detection system that not only detects 5 main types of skin lesions with high sensitivity and specificity, but also subtypes, localizes, and provides margin status to evaluate the proximity of the lesion to non-epidermal margins. The Supervised Training Subset consisted of 2188 random WSIs collected by the PathologyWatch (PW) laboratory between 2013 and 2018, while the Weakly Supervised Subset consisted of 5161 WSIs from daily case specimens. The Validation Set consisted of 250 curated daily case WSIs obtained from the PW tissue archives and included 50 "mimickers". The Testing Set (3821 WSIs) was composed of non-curated daily case specimens collected from July 20, 2021 to August 20, 2021 from PW laboratories.

Results

The performance characteristics of our AI model (i.e., Mihm) were assessed retrospectively by running the Testing Set through the Mihm Evaluation Pipeline. Our results show that the sensitivity of Mihm in classifying melanocytic lesions, basal cell carcinoma, and atypical squamous lesions, verruca vulgaris, and seborrheic keratosis was 98.91% (95% CI: 98.27%, 99.55%), 97.24% (95% CI: 96.15%, 98.33%), 95.26% (95% CI: 93.79%, 96.73%), 93.50% (95% CI: 89.14%, 97.86%), and 86.91% (95% CI: 82.13%, 91.69%), respectively. Additionally, our multi-level (i.e., patch-level, ROI-level, and WSI-level) detection algorithm includes a qualitative feature that subtypes lesions, an AI overlay in the front-end digital display that localizes diagnostic ROIs, and reports on margin status by detecting overlap between lesions and non-epidermal tissue margins.

Conclusions

Our AI model, developed in collaboration with dermatopathologists, detects 5 skin lesion types with higher sensitivity than previously published AI models, and provides end users with information such as subtyping, localization, and margin status in a front-end digital display. Our end-to-end system has the potential to improve pathology workflows by increasing diagnostic accuracy, expediting the course of patient care, and ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Melanoma Diagnosis in Romania-Data from Two University Centers

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the healthcare system in our country and led non-COVID patients to postpone medical visits that were not urgent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trends in melanoma diagnosis and to compare the pathological characteristics of melanoma patients before and during the pandemic. The number of primary cutaneous melanomas diagnosed each month between 1 March 2019 and 29 February 2020 (pre-COVID-19) and between 1 March 2020 and 28 February 2021 (COVID-19) in the North-Western Region of Romania (Cluj and Bihor counties) was determined. The pathological characteristics of melanomas diagnosed in the two intervals were compared. The number of melanoma diagnoses substantially decreased during the pandemic, with 66 (-19.3%) fewer cutaneous melanomas being diagnosed in the first year of the pandemic when compared with the previous year. The tumor thickness and mitotic rate were significantly higher in cases found during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study suggests that COVID-19 has delayed diagnosis in patients with melanoma, leading to the detection of thicker melanomas that may increase morbidity and mortality. Further studies are needed to determine the consequences of this delay on outcomes.

Melanoma in women of childbearing age and in pregnancy in California, 1994-2015: a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Melanoma is one of the most common malignancies during pregnancy. There is debate regarding the impact of pregnancy on the prognosis of melanoma. Recent large population-based studies from the United States are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the characteristics and survival of women with pregnancy-associated melanoma.

METHODS

This population-based, retrospective cohort study used California Cancer Registry data linked with state-wide hospitalization and ambulatory surgery data to identify 15-44-year-old female patients diagnosed with melanoma in 1994-2015, including pregnant patients. Multivariable logistic regression compared demographic and clinical characteristics between pregnant and non-pregnant women with melanoma. Multivariable cox proportional hazards regression models assessed melanoma-specific and overall survival.

RESULTS

We identified 13 108 patients, of which 1406 were pregnant. Pregnancy-associated melanoma was more frequent in Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic White women. Melanoma occurring post-partum was associated with greater tumour thickness (2.01-4.00 vs. 0.01-1.00 mm, odds ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-2.98). There were otherwise no significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Worse survival was associated with Asian, Black and Native American race/ethnicity (vs. non-Hispanic White), lower neighbourhood socio-economic status, public insurance, tumour site, greater tumour thickness and lymph node involvement, but not pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Melanoma occurring post-partum was associated with greater tumour thickness, but pregnancy status did not affect survival after melanoma. Race/ethnicity, socio-economic status and health insurance impacted survival, emphasizing the importance of reducing health disparities.

Delays in the surgical treatment of melanoma are associated with worsened overall and melanoma-specific mortality: A population-based analysis

BACKGROUND

The effect of treatment delays on melanoma outcomes remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of surgical treatment delays on melanoma-specific mortality (MSM) and overall mortality (OM).

METHODS

Patients with stage I to III cutaneous melanoma were identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (N = 108,689). Included cases had time from diagnosis to definitive surgery and follow-up time. Cox proportional hazards and Fine-Gray competing risks analyses were used to assess the impact of treatment delays on mortality.

RESULTS

Across all stages, treatment delays of 3 to 5 months were associated with worse MSM and any delay beyond 1 month was associated with worse OM. In a subgroup analysis of patients with stage I disease, delays of 3 to 5 months were associated with worse MSM and any delay beyond 1 month was associated with worse OM. In patients with stage II disease, worse MSM was found with delays of 6+ months and worse OM was seen with delays of 3 to 5 months. No significant effect of treatment delays was noted in stage III disease.

LIMITATIONS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database does not collect comprehensive data on adjuvant treatments, disease recurrence, or treatment failure.

CONCLUSION

Timely treatment of melanoma may be associated with improved OM and MSM.

Assessing the impact of color blindness on the ability of identifying benign and malignant skin lesions by naked-eye examination

Background

Color vision deficiency describes the inability to distinguish certain shades of color. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of having color vision deficiency on the accuracy of distinguishing benign and malignant skin lesions by naked-eye examination.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study conducted during the period August 2020 to February 2021. We randomly selected a total of 20 nevi and 20 melanoma images from an open access image database. The 40 images were divided into four sets of images, each set contained 5 benign and 5 malignant skin lesion images simulated as if they were seen by a protanope physician, deuteranope physician, tritanope physician, and a set of images presented without simulation. In an online survey, students who were in their final year of medical school or had newly graduated were asked to diagnose each image as benign or malignant.

Results

A total of 140 participants were included with a mean (SD) age of 24.88 (1.51). We found a significantly higher mean accuracy for non-simulated images compared to deuteranope simulated images (p< 0.001, mean difference = 11.07, 95% CI 8.40 to 13.74). We did not find a significant difference in accuracy classification for protanope simulated images (p = 0.066), nor for tritanope simulated images (p = 0.315). Classification accuracy for malignant lesions was higher than classification accuracy for benign lesions, with the highest difference belonging to deuteranope simulated images, with a difference in mean accuracy of classifying malignant lesions by 32.2 (95% CI 27.0 to 37.6).

Conclusion

Deuteranope participants (i.e., green color deficiency) had a significantly lower accuracy of distinguishing pigmented skin lesions as benign or malignant, an impact not found for other color vision deficiencies, which was mainly for misdiagnosing benign lesions as malignant.

Time-to-treatment initiation for cutaneous melanoma reflects disparities in healthcare access in Brazil: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed at identifying the sociodemographic and first treatment characteristics affecting time-to-treatment initiation (TTI) of patients with cutaneous melanoma assisted by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective observational study using cutaneous melanoma cases recorded in the Brazilian Hospital-Based Cancer Registries (HBCR).

METHODS

A total of 12,783 cutaneous melanoma cases were included in the analysis. Based on the legislation, TTI in Brazil is 60 days; therefore, the cohort was dichotomized into TTI within 60 days and over. The association among variables was evaluated through the Chi-squared test. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank hypothesis test were used to determine the probability of initiating treatment within 60 days. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

Median TTI was 28 days (95% CI, 25-29). First treatment in SUS provided more than 60 days after diagnosis (34.8%) was associated with females; low level of formal education; living or getting treatment in northern Brazil; being diagnosed in SUS and treated at different healthcare facilities, in addition to starting treatment with radiotherapy or systemic therapy. There were no significant differences in access to health care before and after the enactment of the 60-day law.

CONCLUSION

Increased TTI for cutaneous melanoma is associated with sociodemographic and first treatment characteristics in Brazil; approximately one-third of cases did not have access to first treatment within the period established by law. Receiving the diagnosis and treatment at different healthcare facilities (transitions in care) is the main independent factor associated with TTI longer than 60 days.

Modern views on skin biopsy in the diagnostic algorithm of dermatooncological diseases

Background. Malignant neoplasms of the skin are fairly common tumors in the world population and among the population of Ukraine. The main method of diagnosing skintumors is a biopsy, which allows establishing a diagnosis at an early stage and ensures the cure of most patients. Purpose. To evaluate modern recommendations for skin biopsy in the diagnosis of dermato-onсological diseases. Materials and methods. The search for sources of information was conducted using the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/ExcerptaMedica, CochraneLibrary, PubMed та Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: skin biopsy, skin tumors, diagnosis, melanoma. Among the identified sources, works without statistical analysis, descriptions of individual cases, articles without conclusions, and sources with duplicate results were excluded. The search depth was 10 years. Results. As a result of the conducted search, 57 publications were found that corresponded to the declared purpose. The most common methods are: puncture, shaving, excisional and incisional biopsy. Most guidelines recommend full-thickness excisional biopsy as the preferred procedure for the diagnosis of suspected melanoma. It is indicated that a statistically significant mortality rate was found in the puncture biopsy group. Most observations showed no significant differences in melanoma recurrence between excisional biopsy and puncture groups. Given the clinical diversity of melanoma, there is no uniformity in the types of biopsies performed to diagnose melanoma. The most inaccurate method turned out to be the punch biopsy method, which is associated with an increased risk of underdiagnosis of melanoma. Conclusions. A skin biopsy is a mandatory first step to establish a definitive diagnosis of a skin tumor. Excisional complete biopsy is the most justified in most cases of diagnosis. Rational biopsy technique remains an issue that needs further study.

Malignant Melanoma: Direct Costs by Clinical and Pathological Profile

Introduction

A number of studies have examined the impact of tumor stage on direct health care costs of patients with melanoma. This study aimed to investigate the association between the direct costs for melanoma and the patients’ clinical and histological characteristics.

Methods

The present analysis included 1368 patients diagnosed with melanoma in 2017 in the Veneto Region (northeast Italy) and recorded in a regional population-based melanoma registry. The costs were assessed taking monthly and total direct costs into account. Log-linear multivariable analysis was used to identify the clinical and histological cost drivers, focusing on monthly and total direct costs per patient incurred during the first 2 years after a patient’s diagnosis.

Results

On multivariable analysis, besides the stage of melanoma, also the presence of mitoses (> 2) was associated with higher monthly direct costs [odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–2.08, p = 0.004] in respect to cases with 0–2 mitoses. Vertical growth was associated with higher costs compared with radial growth (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.00–1.64, p = 0.055). Moreover, the association between the absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and higher monthly direct costs reached statistical significance (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.05–1.64, p = 0.017). There were no differences in monthly direct costs by patients’ sex or age, ulceration, or tumor site.

Conclusion

This study showed that not only tumor stage but also other clinical and histopathologic characteristics have an impact on the direct monthly and total costs of treating melanoma. Further studies on the cost-effectiveness of the various options for managing this disease should take these variables into account, as well as tumor stage, as cost drivers.

Survival differences in acral lentiginous melanoma according to socioeconomic status and race

BACKGROUND

Relationships of socioeconomic status (SES) and race to survival in acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) are poorly characterized.

OBJECTIVE

To compare disease-specific survival in ALM across SES and race.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 2000 to 2016.

RESULTS

We identified 2245 patients with a first ALM diagnosis. Five-year disease-specific survival was 77.8% (95% CI, 75.9%-79.9%). After adjustment, patients in the lowest and second-to-lowest SES quintile had 1.33 (95% CI, 0.90-1.96) and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.03-1.97) times the risk of death, respectively, compared to highest quintile patients. Hispanic White and Black patients had 1.48 (95% CI, 1.10-1.99) and 1.25 (95% CI, 0.88-1.79) times the risk of death, respectively, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Hazard ratios for ALM-specific death decreased in Hispanic White and Black patients after adjusting for SES and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage at diagnosis.

LIMITATIONS

Treatments could not be evaluated. SES was measured at the level of the census tract and does not account for individual level factors.

CONCLUSION

Differences exist in ALM survival according to socioeconomic status and race. Differences in SES and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage at diagnosis contribute to survival disparities for Hispanic White and Black patients. Understanding factors driving survival disparities related to SES and race may improve ALM outcomes.

Skin Cancer in the Incarcerated Population-A Single-Center Study

BACKGROUND

The incarcerated population may have variable access to specialty care that may affect the detection and diagnosis of skin cancer.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study was to characterize skin cancers in the incarcerated population and determine time to treatment initiation (TTI) after biopsy.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from a single-center referral hospital of incarcerated patients with biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or melanoma between January 2009 and December 2019. The main outcome measured was TTI after biopsy.

RESULTS

One hundred thirteen patients, majority men (96.5%) and of Caucasian race (89.4%), were diagnosed and/or treated for 191 skin cancers. Of these 191 skin cancers, 118 were BCC (61.8%), 58 were SCC (30.4%), and 15 were melanomas (7.9%). The average TTI after biopsy for melanoma was 57 days (range: 21-136, median: 51, 95% confidence interval: 39.89-74.10) with an average Breslow depth of 1.57 mm.

CONCLUSION

The average TTI of melanoma in the incarcerated population in this study was greater than 30 days, which may have increased mortality risk.

Time to Treatment With Nivolumab or Pembrolizumab for Patients With Advanced Melanoma in Everyday Practice

Background The anti-programmed cell death one antibodies (Anti-PD-1 Ab) pembrolizumab or nivolumab are commonly prescribed to patients with advanced melanoma. The purpose of the current study is to identify baseline clinical characteristics associated with time to treatment initiation (TTI) of pembrolizumab or nivolumab for advanced melanoma and whether treatment delays are associated with differences in survival outcomes. Methods All patients receiving Anti-PD-1 Ab as a first-line treatment for advanced melanoma outside of clinical trials at British Columbia Cancer Agency between 10/2015 and 10/2019 were identified retrospectively. TTI was defined as the interval from pathologic diagnosis of advanced melanoma to first Anti-PD-1 Ab treatment. To determine the association between TTI and baseline characteristics, multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses provided an estimate of the instantaneous relative risk of starting treatment at any time point (hazard ratio [HR] >1 indicates shorter TTI). To describe changes in overall survival (OS) observed for each four-week delay in treatment initiation, multivariable cox proportional hazard regression modelling was also performed. Results In a cohort of 302 patients, the median TTI was 52 days (interquartile range 30.2-99.0). Pulmonary metastases (M1b)/non-central nervous system visceral metastases (M1c) vs. metastases to skin or non-regional lymph nodes (M1a)(HR=1.50, 95% CI=1.12-2.02; p=0.007) and pre-treatment Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) >1 (vs 0/1, HR=1.50, 95% CI= 1.11-2.01; p=0.008) were associated with earlier TTI. An association between treatment delay and improved OS was observed. Conclusion Patients having visceral metastases and poor baseline ECOG PS were more likely to initiate Anti-PD-1 Ab sooner. The association of shorter TTI with worse OS likely represents confounding by indication (urgent treatment offered to patients with aggressive disease).

Characterizing Malignant Melanoma Clinically Resembling Seborrheic Keratosis Using Deep Knowledge Transfer

Simple Summary

Malignant melanomas (MMs) with aypical clinical presentation constitute a diagnostic pitfall, and false negatives carry the risk of a diagnostic delay and improper disease management. Among the most common, challenging presentation forms of MMs are those that clinically resemble seborrheic keratosis (SK). On the other hand, SK may mimic melanoma, producing ‘false positive overdiagnosis’ and leading to needless excisions. The evolving efficiency of deep learning algorithms in image recognition and the availability of large image databases have accelerated the development of advanced computer-aided systems for melanoma detection. In the present study, we used image data from the International Skin Image Collaboration archive to explore the capacity of deep knowledge transfer in the challenging diagnostic task of the atypical skin tumors of MM and SK.

Abstract

Malignant melanomas resembling seborrheic keratosis (SK-like MMs) are atypical, challenging to diagnose melanoma cases that carry the risk of delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment. On the other hand, SK may mimic melanoma, producing a ‘false positive’ with unnecessary lesion excisions. The present study proposes a computer-based approach using dermoscopy images for the characterization of SΚ-like MMs. Dermoscopic images were retrieved from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration archive. Exploiting image embeddings from pretrained convolutional network VGG16, we trained a support vector machine (SVM) classification model on a data set of 667 images. SVM optimal hyperparameter selection was carried out using the Bayesian optimization method. The classifier was tested on an independent data set of 311 images with atypical appearance: MMs had an absence of pigmented network and had an existence of milia-like cysts. SK lacked milia-like cysts and had a pigmented network. Atypical MMs were characterized with a sensitivity and specificity of 78.6% and 84.5%, respectively. The advent of deep learning in image recognition has attracted the interest of computer science towards improved skin lesion diagnosis. Open-source, public access archives of skin images empower further the implementation and validation of computer-based systems that might contribute significantly to complex clinical diagnostic problems such as the characterization of SK-like MMs.

Emerging Developments in Management of Melanoma During the COVID-19 Era

In March 2020, the designation of the COVID-19 outbreak as a worldwide pandemic marked the beginning of an unprecedented era in modern medicine. Facing the possibility of resource precincts and healthcare rationing, leading dermatological and cancer societies acted expeditiously to adapt their guidelines to these contingencies. Melanoma is a lethal and aggressive skin cancer necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to management and is associated with significant healthcare and economic cost in later stages of disease. In revisiting how the pandemic transformed guidelines from diagnosis and surveillance to surgical and systemic management of melanoma, we appraise the evidence behind these decisions and their enduring implications.

Remote Skin Cancer Diagnosis: Adding Images to Electronic Referrals Is More Efficient Than Wait-Listing for a Nurse-Led Imaging Clinic

Simple Summary

Skin cancer is a significant cause of death and disability, particularly in New Zealand. Expert diagnosis reduces unnecessary excision of benign lesions, reduces patient anxiety, and allows early identification of skin cancer, particularly of melanoma. The study assessed an electronic referral pathway for teledermatology—diagnosing skin lesions remotely using a standardised template with regional, close-up, and dermoscopic images—and compared this to scheduled nurse-led teledermoscopy clinics. A dermatology opinion was reached more rapidly with comparable efficacy when referrals include good quality images, compared to nurse-led imaging clinics.

Abstract

We undertook a retrospective comparison of two teledermatology pathways that provide diagnostic and management advice for suspected skin cancers, to evaluate the time from referral to diagnosis and its concordance with histology. Primary Care doctors could refer patients to either the Virtual Lesion Clinic (VLC), a nurse-led community teledermoscopy clinic or, more recently, to the Suspected Skin Cancer (SSC) pathway, which requires them to attach regional, close-up, and dermoscopic images. The primary objective of this study was to determine the comparative time course between the SSC pathway and VLC. Secondary objectives included comparative diagnostic concordance, skin lesion classification, and evaluation of missed skin lesions during subsequent follow-up. VLC referrals from July to December 2016 and 2020 were compared to SSC referrals from July to December 2020. 408 patients with 682 lesions in the VLC cohort were compared with 480 patients with 548 lesions from the 2020 SSC cohort, matched for age, sex, and ethnicity, including histology where available. Median time (SD) from referral to receipt of teledermatology advice was four (2.8) days and 50 (43.0) days for the SSC and VLC cohorts, respectively (p < 0.001). Diagnostic concordance between teledermatologist and histopathologist for benign versus malignant lesions was 70% for 114 lesions in the SSC cohort, comparable to the VLC cohort (71% of 122 lesions). Referrals from primary care, where skin lesions were imaged with variable devices and quality resulted in faster specialist advice with similar diagnostic performance compared to high-quality imaging at nurse-led specialist dermoscopy clinics.

COVID-19 is Affecting the Presentation and Treatment of Melanoma Patients in the Northeastern United States

Background

Covid-19 significantly affected healthcare delivery over the past year, with a shift in focus away from nonurgent care. Emerging data are showing that screening for breast and colon cancer has dramatically decreased. It is unknown whether the same trend has affected patients with melanoma.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of melanoma patients at two large-volume cancer centers. Patients were compared for 8 months before and after the lockdown. Outcomes focused on delay in treatment and possible resultant upstaging of melanoma.

Results

A total of 375 patients were treated pre-lockdown and 313 patients were treated post-lockdown (17% decrease). Fewer patients presented with in situ disease post-lockdown (15.3% vs. 17.9%), and a higher proportion presented with stage III-IV melanoma (11.2% vs. 9.9%). Comparing patients presenting 2 months before versus 2 months after the lockdown, there was an even more significant increase in Stage III-IV melanoma from 7.1% to 27.5% (p < 0.0001). Finally, in Stage IIIB-IIID patients, there was a decrease in patients receiving adjuvant therapy in the post lockdown period (20.0% vs. 15.2%).

Conclusions

As a result of the recent pandemic, it appears there has been a shift away from melanoma in situ and toward more advanced disease, which may have significant downstream effects on prognosis and could be due to a delay in screening. Significantly patients have presented after the lockdown, and fewer patients are undergoing the recommended adjuvant therapies. Patient outreach efforts are essential to ensure that patients continue to receive preventative medical care and screening as the pandemic continues.

Cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic: Choosing between the devil and the deep blue sea

COVID-19 was declared a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" in March 2020. Since then, drastic measures were implemented to reduce the virus spread. These measures prevented cancer patients from receiving prompt medical care. A delay in testing and treating cancer patients is thought to protect them from serious COVID-19 complications but exposes them at the same time to the risk of disease progression and cancer related mortality. Healthcare providers are therefore facing the dilemma of choosing between two unpleasant scenarios. To shed light upon the matter, we present in this review article, based on an extensive search of the literature, an overview of the delay in the management of cancer patients, possible contributors to this delay and its benefits and risks on cancer patients' health.

The National Cancer Database: Survival Between Head and Neck Melanoma and Melanoma of Other Regions

OBJECTIVE

Primary site is considered an important prognostic factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM); however, opinions vary regarding its influence on survival. This study compares overall survival between head and neck melanoma (HNM) and melanoma of other regions (MOR), as well as between melanoma of the scalp and neck (MSN) and melanoma of other head regions (MOHR).

STUDY DESIGN

Level III retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Patients from Commission on Cancer-accredited cancer programs affiliated to the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

METHODS

Patients with HNM (MSN and MOHR included) and MOR, stages I to IV (n = 39,754), and their linked survival data using the NCDB were identified. Survival was analyzed using propensity score matching methods.

RESULTS

After matching using propensity scores, allowing this observational study to mimic a randomized controlled trial, subjects with HNM showed a 22% increased mortality when compared to MOR (P < .01). Among those with HNM, hazard was not proportional over time. Overall, subjects with MSN in the first 3.5 years of follow-up (75% of subjects) showed a 15% increased mortality when compared to MOHR (P < .01); however, after 3.5 years, no difference in survival was noted (P = .5).

CONCLUSION

Patients with HNM showed a higher mortality when compared to MOR. The risk of death of primary sites within the head and neck varies over time, showing a higher risk of mortality for scalp and neck during the first 3.5 years of follow-up. This increased risk was not evident after the 3.5-year threshold. Further research is needed to evaluate additional patient factors or differences in treatment approaches.

Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Delayed Skin Cancer Services

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique set of challenges to cancer care centers around the world. Diagnostic and treatment delays associated with lockdown periods may be expected to increase the total number of avoidable skin cancer deaths. During this unprecedented time, dermatologists have been pressed to balance early surgical interventions for skin cancer with the risk of viral transmission. This article summarizes evidenced-based recommendations for the surgical management of cutaneous melanoma, keratinocyte cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional long-term studies are required to determine the effect of COVID-19 on skin cancer outcomes.