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Takagishi M, Yue Y, Gray RS, Verhey KJ, Wallingford JB. Motor protein Kif6 regulates cilia motility and polarity in brain ependymal cells. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050137. [PMID: 38235522 PMCID: PMC10924229 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia on ependymal cells that line brain ventricular walls beat in concert to generate a flow of laminar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Dyneins and kinesins are ATPase microtubule motor proteins that promote the rhythmic beating of cilia axonemes. Despite common consensus about the importance of axonemal dynein motor proteins, little is known about how kinesin motors contribute to cilia motility. Here, we show that Kif6 is a slow processive motor (12.2±2.0 nm/s) on microtubules in vitro and localizes to both the apical cytoplasm and the axoneme in ependymal cells, although it does not display processive movement in vivo. Using a mouse mutant that models a human Kif6 mutation in a proband displaying macrocephaly, hypotonia and seizures, we found that loss of Kif6 function causes decreased ependymal cilia motility and, subsequently, decreases fluid flow on the surface of brain ventricular walls. Disruption of Kif6 also disrupts orientation of cilia, formation of robust apical actin networks and stabilization of basal bodies at the apical surface. This suggests a role for the Kif6 motor protein in the maintenance of ciliary homeostasis within ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Takagishi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Departments of Nutrition and Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Mauriello A, Ascrizzi A, Molinari R, Falco L, Caturano A, D’Andrea A, Russo V. Pharmacogenomics of Cardiovascular Drugs for Atherothrombotic, Thromboembolic and Atherosclerotic Risk. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2057. [PMID: 38003001 PMCID: PMC10671139 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in pharmacogenomics have paved the way for personalized medicine. Cardiovascular diseases still represent the leading cause of mortality in the world. The aim of this review is to summarize the background, rationale, and evidence of pharmacogenomics in cardiovascular medicine, in particular, the use of antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, and drugs used for the treatment of dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Randomized clinical trials have supported the role of a genotype-guided approach for antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate how the risk of ineffectiveness of new oral anticoagulants and vitamin K anticoagulants is linked to various genetic polymorphisms. Furthermore, there is growing evidence to support the association of some genetic variants and poor adherence to statin therapy, for example, due to the appearance of muscular symptoms. There is evidence for resistance to some drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, such as anti-PCSK9. SUMMARY Pharmacogenomics has the potential to improve patient care by providing the right drug to the right patient and could guide the identification of new drug therapies for cardiovascular disease. This is very important in cardiovascular diseases, which have high morbidity and mortality. The improvement in therapy could be reflected in the reduction of healthcare costs and patient mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Mauriello
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Campania”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonia Ascrizzi
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Campania”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Riccardo Molinari
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Campania”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Luigi Falco
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Campania”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonello D’Andrea
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Campania”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Unit of Cardiology, “Umberto I” Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, 84014 Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Campania”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
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3
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Takagishi M, Yue Y, Gray RS, Verhey KJ, Wallingford JB. Kif6 regulates cilia motility and polarity in brain ependymal cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528715. [PMID: 36824804 PMCID: PMC9948966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Ependymal cells, lining brain ventricular walls, display tufts of cilia that beat in concert promoting laminar Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow within brain ventricles. The ciliary axonemes of multiciliated ependymal cells display a 9+2 microtubule array common to motile cilia. Dyneins and kinesins are ATPase microtubule motor proteins that promote the rhythmic beating of cilia axonemes. Despite common consensus about the importance of axonemal dynein motor proteins, little is known about how Kinesin motors contribute to cilia motility. Here, we define the function of Kinesin family member 6 (Kif6) using a mutation that lacks a highly conserved C-terminal tail domain ( Kif6 p.G555fs ) and which displays progressive hydrocephalus in mice. An analogous mutation was isolated in a proband displaying macrocephaly, hypotonia, and seizures implicating an evolutionarily conserved function for Kif6 in neurodevelopment. We find that loss of Kif6 function caused decreased ependymal cilia motility and subsequently decreased fluid flow on the surface of brain ventricular walls. Kif6 protein was localized at ependymal cilia and displayed processive motor movement (676 nm/s) on microtubules in vitro . Loss of the Kif6 C-terminal tail domain did not affect the initial ciliogenesis in vivo , but did result in defects in cilia orientation, the formation of robust apical actin networks, and stabilization of basal bodies at the apical surface. This suggests a novel role for the Kif6 motor in maintenance of ciliary homeostasis of ependymal cells. Summary statement We found that Kif6 is localized to the axonemes of ependymal cells. In vitro analysis shows that Kif6 moves on microtubules and that its loss mice decrease cilia motility and cilia-driven flow, resulting in hydrocephalus.
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Mahboobnia K, Pirro M, Marini E, Grignani F, Bezsonov EE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 and cancer: Rethinking the link. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111758. [PMID: 34058443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is emerging as a major problem globally, as it accounts for the second cause of death despite medical advances. According to epidemiological and basic studies, cholesterol is involved in cancer progression and there are abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism of cancer cells including prostate, breast, and colorectal carcinomas. However, the importance of cholesterol in carcinogenesis and thereby the role of cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic target is still a debated area in cancer therapy. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), a serine protease, modulates cholesterol metabolism by attachment to the LDL receptor (LDLR) and reducing its recycling by targeting the receptor for lysosomal destruction. Published research has shown that PCSK9 is also involved in degradation of other LDLR family members namely very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2). As a result, this protein represents an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Interestingly, clinical trials on PCSK9-specific monoclonal antibodies have reported promising results with high efficacy in lowering LDL-C and in turn reducing cardiovascular complications. It is important to note that PCSK9 mediates several other pathways apart from its role in lipid homeostasis, including antiviral activity, hepatic regeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and modulation of various signaling pathways. Furthermore, recent literature has illustrated that PCSK9 is closely associated with incidence and progression of several cancers. In a number of studies, PCSK9 siRNA was shown to effectively suppress the proliferation and invasion of the several studied tumor cells. Hence, a novel application of PCSK9 inhibitors/silencers in cancer/metastasis could be considered. However, due to poor data on effectiveness and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in cancer, the impact of PCSK9 inhibition in these pathological conditions is still unknown. SEARCH METHODS A vast literature search was conducted to find intended studies from 1956 up to 2020, and inclusion criteria were original peer-reviewed publications. PURPOSE OF REVIEW To date, PCSK9 has been scantly investigated in cancer. The question that needs to be discussed is "How does PCSK9 act in cancer pathophysiology and what are the risks or benefits associated to its inhibition?". We reviewed the available publications highlighting the contribution of this proprotein convertase in pathways related to cancer, with focus on the potential implications of its long-term pharmacological inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Mahboobnia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ettore Marini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Grignani
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Ahangari N, Doosti M, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Sahebkar A, Ferns GA, Pasdar A. Personalised medicine in hypercholesterolaemia: the role of pharmacogenetics in statin therapy. Ann Med 2020; 52:462-470. [PMID: 32735150 PMCID: PMC7877934 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are the first-line choice in Lipid-lowering therapy to reduce cardiovascular risk. In a continuous attempt to optimise treatment success, there is a need for additional research on genes and related molecular pathways that can determine the efficacy and toxicity of lipid-lowering drugs. Several variations within genes associated with lipid metabolism, including those involved in uptake, distribution and metabolism of statins have been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of genetic variations in the key genes responsible for statins' metabolism and their role in personalised medicine and pharmacogenetic testing (PGx) in patients treated with such drugs. Genetic assessment for specific known SNPs within the most known genes such as ABCG2, SLCO1B1, CYP3A4, and HMGCR, appears likely to predict the efficacy of statin therapy and prevent their side effects but does not necessarily reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Key Messages Hypercholesterolaemia patients show different response to statin therapy. Several variations within genes associated with statin metabolism have been investigated. Genetic assessment for specific known SNPs within the most known genes may improve the efficacy of statins treatment and prevent their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doosti
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wojciechowicz B, Laguette MJN, Sawczuk M, Humińska-Lisowska K, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Ficek K, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Leońska-Duniec A, Kaczmarczyk M, Chycki J, Trybek G, September AV, Cięszczyk P. Are KIF6 and APOE polymorphisms associated with power and endurance athletes? Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1283-1289. [PMID: 32867607 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1817983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms within physiologically relevant KIF6 and APOE genes were examined in the context of athletic performance. KIF6 and ApoE are involved in cardiovascular health, modulation of lipid level and neurotransmission amongst others. The aim of this study was to examine whether three polymorphisms, KIF6 rs20455T > C, APOE rs429358T > C and APOE rs7412 C > T, were associated with athletic status of an athlete defined as performance type (endurance or power). Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR on buccal genomic DNA from 204 Polish athletes including 104 endurance and 100 power athletes, and 161 sedentary individuals. APOE rs429358 genotype frequencies differed significantly between power athletes and sedentary individuals (p = 0.046). KIF6 rs20455 and APOE rs7412 were found to be epistatically associated with the power athletic status (p = 0.032). KIF6 rs20455, APOE rs429358 and APOE rs7412 were associated with athletic status of Polish athletes. In the future, these polymorphisms could contribute to predictive models aimed at assessment of an individual's athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wojciechowicz
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - M-J Nancy Laguette
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, ESSM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marek Sawczuk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kinga Humińska-Lisowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Ficek
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Agata Leońska-Duniec
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Physical Education Department, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Faculty of Physical Education, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, ESSM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Musunuru K, Arora P, Cooke JP, Ferguson JF, Hershberger RE, Hickey KT, Lee JM, Lima JAC, Loscalzo J, Pereira NL, Russell MW, Shah SH, Sheikh F, Wang TJ, MacRae CA. Interdisciplinary Models for Research and Clinical Endeavors in Genomic Medicine: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 11:e000046. [PMID: 29844141 DOI: 10.1161/hcg.0000000000000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The completion of the Human Genome Project has unleashed a wealth of human genomics information, but it remains unclear how best to implement this information for the benefit of patients. The standard approach of biomedical research, with researchers pursuing advances in knowledge in the laboratory and, separately, clinicians translating research findings into the clinic as much as decades later, will need to give way to new interdisciplinary models for research in genomic medicine. These models should include scientists and clinicians actively working as teams to study patients and populations recruited in clinical settings and communities to make genomics discoveries-through the combined efforts of data scientists, clinical researchers, epidemiologists, and basic scientists-and to rapidly apply these discoveries in the clinic for the prediction, prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The highly publicized US Precision Medicine Initiative, also known as All of Us, is a large-scale program funded by the US National Institutes of Health that will energize these efforts, but several ongoing studies such as the UK Biobank Initiative; the Million Veteran Program; the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network; the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment and Health; and the DiscovEHR collaboration are already providing exemplary models of this kind of interdisciplinary work. In this statement, we outline the opportunities and challenges in broadly implementing new interdisciplinary models in academic medical centers and community settings and bringing the promise of genomics to fruition.
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Rosticci M, Pervjakova N, Kaakinen M, Cicero AF, Feufer AP, Marullo L, Mägi R, Fischer K, Jiang L, D'Addato S, Rizzoli E, Massimo G, Giovannini M, Angelini S, Hrelia P, Scapoli C, Borghi C, Prokopenko I. A meta-analysis of Italian and Estonian individuals shows an effect of common variants in HMGCR on blood apoB levels. Biomark Med 2019; 13:931-940. [PMID: 30191727 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the effects of variants at HMGCR-KIF6loci on a range of cardio-metabolic phenotypes. Methods: We analyzed the range of variants within Genetics in Brisighella Health Study and KIF6 genes using an additive genetic model on 18 cardiometabolic phenotypes in a sample of 1645 individuals from the Genetics in Brisighella Health Study and replicated in 10,662 individuals from the Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu. Results: We defined directly the effects of rs3846662:C>A at HMGCR on apoB levels. The analysis also confirmed effects of on low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Variants in KIF6 gene did not reveal any associations with cardiometabolic phenotypes. Conclusion: This study highlights effect of HMGCR locus on assay-determined apoB levels, an infrequent measure of blood lipids in large studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rosticci
- Medicine & Surgery Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Genomics of Common Disease, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Genomics of Common Disease, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arrigo F Cicero
- Medicine & Surgery Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arne P Feufer
- Institute of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Longda Jiang
- Genomics of Common Disease, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio D'Addato
- Medicine & Surgery Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rizzoli
- Medicine & Surgery Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianmichele Massimo
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina Giovannini
- Medicine & Surgery Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Medicine & Surgery Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Genomics of Common Disease, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Konjikusic MJ, Yeetong P, Boswell CW, Lee C, Roberson EC, Ittiwut R, Suphapeetiporn K, Ciruna B, Gurnett CA, Wallingford JB, Shotelersuk V, Gray RS. Mutations in Kinesin family member 6 reveal specific role in ependymal cell ciliogenesis and human neurological development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007817. [PMID: 30475797 PMCID: PMC6307780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid flow is crucial for neurodevelopment and homeostasis of the ventricular system of the brain, with localized flow being established by the polarized beating of the ependymal cell (EC) cilia. Here, we report a homozygous one base-pair deletion, c.1193delT (p.Leu398Glnfs*2), in the Kinesin Family Member 6 (KIF6) gene in a child displaying neurodevelopmental defects and intellectual disability. To test the pathogenicity of this novel human KIF6 mutation we engineered an analogous C-terminal truncating mutation in mouse. These mutant mice display severe, postnatal-onset hydrocephalus. We generated a Kif6-LacZ transgenic mouse strain and report expression specifically and uniquely within the ependymal cells (ECs) of the brain, without labeling other multiciliated mouse tissues. Analysis of Kif6 mutant mice with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence (IF) revealed specific defects in the formation of EC cilia, without obvious effect of cilia of other multiciliated tissues. Dilation of the ventricular system and defects in the formation of EC cilia were also observed in adult kif6 mutant zebrafish. Finally, we report Kif6-GFP localization at the axoneme and basal bodies of multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) of the mucociliary Xenopus epidermis. Overall, this work describes the first clinically-defined KIF6 homozygous null mutation in human and defines KIF6 as a conserved mediator of neurological development with a specific role for EC ciliogenesis in vertebrates. Cerebrospinal fluid flow is crucial for neurodevelopment and homeostasis of the ventricular system of the brain. Localized flows of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the ventricular system of the brain are established from the polarized beating of the ependymal cell (EC) cilia. Here, we identified a homozygous truncating mutation in KIF6 in a child displaying neurodevelopmental defects and intellectual disability. To test the function of KIF6 in vivo, we engineered mutations of Kif6 in mouse. These Kif6 mutant mice display severe hydrocephalus, coupled with defects in the formation of EC cilia. Similarly, we observed hydrocephalus and a reduction in EC cilia in kif6 mutant zebrafish. Overall, this work describes the first clinically-defined KIF6 mutation in human, while our animal studies demonstrate the pathogenicity of mutations in KIF6 and establish KIF6 as a conserved mediator of ciliogenesis in ECs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J. Konjikusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patra Yeetong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Curtis W. Boswell
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elle C. Roberson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rungnapa Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina A. Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Division Pediatric Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (VS); (RSG)
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VS); (RSG)
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10
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Abstract
Considerable interindividual variability in response to cardiovascular pharmacotherapy exists with drug responses varying from being efficacious to inadequate to induce severe adverse events. Fueled by advancements and multidisciplinary collaboration across disciplines such as genetics, bioinformatics, and basic research, the vision of personalized medicine, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, may be within reach. Pharmacogenetics offers the potential to optimize the benefit-risk profile of drugs by tailoring diagnostic and treatment strategies according to the individual patient. To date, a multitude of studies has tried to delineate the effects of gene-drug interactions for drugs commonly used to treat cardiovascular-related disease. The focus of this review is on how genetic variability may modify drug responsiveness and patient outcomes following therapy with commonly used cardiovascular drugs including clopidogrel, warfarin, statins, and β-blockers. Also included are examples of how genetic studies can be used to guide drug discovery and examples of how genetic information may be deployed in clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Weeke
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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11
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Li Y, Chen Z, Song H. Association between KIF6 rs20455 polymorphism and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD): a pooled analysis of 50 individual studies including 40,059 cases and 64,032 controls. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:4. [PMID: 29304815 PMCID: PMC5755295 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The KIF6 rs20455 polymorphism has been verified as an important genetic factor of coronary heart disease (CHD), but with controversial results. The aim of this study was to explore the association between KIF6 rs20455 polymorphism and susceptibility to CHD. Methods All eligible studies were identified by searching Medline (mainly PubMed), EMBASE, the Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database and China Biological Medicine up to October 5, 2016.Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to explore the association between KIF6 rs20455 polymorphism and CHD risk. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to examine the publication bias. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed to test the reliability and stability of the results. All the analyses were carried out by Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 28 publications including 50 individual studies were analyzed in this present work. There are no significant association found between KIF6 rs20455 polymorphism and CHD risk (Homozygote model: OR = 1.007, 95% CI =0.952–1.066, P = 0.801; Heterozygote model: OR = 1.009, 95% CI = 0.968–1.052, P = 0.636; Dominant model: OR = 1.007, 95% CI = 0.966–1.048, P = 0.753; Recessive model: OR = 0.989, 95% CI = 0.943–1.037, P = 0.655; Allele comparison model: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.971–1.030, P = 0.988). Furthermore, subgroup analyses were performed by ethnicity, source of control. Conclusions Our result suggests that KIF6 rs20455 polymorphism may not be associated with CHD susceptibility. However, additional very well-designed large-scale studies are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Heart Function Examination Room, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the first People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, China
| | - Hejian Song
- Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, China
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12
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Angelini S, Rosticci M, Massimo G, Musti M, Ravegnini G, Consolini N, Sammarini G, D'Addato S, Rizzoli E, Botbayev D, Borghi C, Cantelli-Forti G, Cicero AF, Hrelia P. Relationship between Lipid Phenotypes, Overweight, Lipid Lowering Drug Response and KIF6 and HMG-CoA Genotypes in a Subset of the Brisighella Heart Study Population. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010049. [PMID: 29295555 PMCID: PMC5795999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of genetic traits might explain the susceptibility to develop hypercholesterolemia and the inter-individual differences in statin response. This study was performed to evaluate whether individuals' polymorphisms in HMG-CoA and KIF6 genes are independently associated with hypercholesterolemia, other lipid-associated traits, and statin response in unselected individuals enrolled in the Brisighella heart study (Survey 2012). A total of 1622 individuals, of which 183 under statin medication, were genotyped for a total of five polymorphisms (KIF6 rs20455, rs9471077, rs9462535; HMG-CoA rs3761740, rs3846662). The relationships between the five loci and clinical characteristics were analyzed. The principal basic parameters calculated on 12 h fasting blood included total cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Hypercholesterolemia was defined as a TC >200 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering medication. 965 individuals were characterized by hypercholesterolemia; these subjects were significantly older (p < 0.001), with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the others. HMG-CoA rs3846662 GG genotype was significantly over-represented in the hypercholesterolemic group (p = 0.030). HMG-CoA rs3846662 genotype was associated with the level of TC and LDL-C. Furthermore, in the same subset of untreated subjects, we observed a significant correlation between the KIF6 rs20455 and HDL-C. KIF6 variants were associated with a significantly lower (rs20455) or higher (rs9471077 and rs9462535) risk of obesity, in males only. No association between responsiveness to statins and the polymorphisms under investigation were observed. Our results showed associations between HMG-CoA rs3846662 and KIF6 rs20455 and lipid phenotypes, which may have an influence on dyslipidemia-related events. Moreover, this represents the first study implicating KIF6 variants with obesity in men, and point to the possible involvement of this genetic locus in the known gender-related differences in coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Martina Rosticci
- Department of Medical and Surgical, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianmichele Massimo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Muriel Musti
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiological Service, Local Health Authority of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gloria Ravegnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nicola Consolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giulia Sammarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sergio D'Addato
- Department of Medical and Surgical, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Rizzoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Dauren Botbayev
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Кazakh National University Named after al-Farabi, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Cantelli-Forti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Corso d'Augusto 237, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Arrigo F Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Irnerio 48, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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13
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Olsson AG, Angelin B, Assmann G, Binder CJ, Björkhem I, Cedazo-Minguez A, Cohen J, von Eckardstein A, Farinaro E, Müller-Wieland D, Parhofer KG, Parini P, Rosenson RS, Starup-Linde J, Tikkanen MJ, Yvan-Charvet L. Can LDL cholesterol be too low? Possible risks of extremely low levels. J Intern Med 2017; 281:534-553. [PMID: 28295777 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the continuous accumulation of evidence supporting the beneficial role of reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its complications, therapeutic possibilities now exist to lower LDL-C to very low levels, similar to or even lower than those seen in newborns and nonhuman species. In addition to the important task of evaluating potential side effects of such treatments, the question arises whether extremely low LDL-C levels per se may provoke adverse effects in humans. In this review, we summarize information from studies of human cellular and organ physiology, phenotypic characterization of rare genetic diseases of lipid metabolism, and experience from clinical trials. Specifically, we emphasize the importance of the robustness of the regulatory systems that maintain balanced fluxes and levels of cholesterol at both cellular and organismal levels. Even at extremely low LDL-C levels, critical capacities of steroid hormone and bile acid production are preserved, and the presence of a cholesterol blood-brain barrier protects cells in the central nervous system. Apparent relationships sometimes reported between less pronounced low LDL-C levels and disease states such as cancer, depression, infectious disease and others can generally be explained as secondary phenomena. Drug-related side effects including an increased propensity for development of type 2 diabetes occur during statin treatment, whilst further evaluation of more potent LDL-lowering treatments such as PCSK9 inhibitors is needed. Experience from the recently reported and ongoing large event-driven trials are of great interest, and further evaluation including careful analysis of cognitive functions will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Olsson
- Department of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - B Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Assmann
- University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C J Binder
- Medical University of Vienna & Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Cohen
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - D Müller-Wieland
- Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin der Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - K G Parhofer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - P Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Friede K, Li J, Voora D. Use of Pharmacogenetic Information in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Clin Chem 2017; 63:177-185. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.255232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
In 1964, Robert A. O'Reilly's research group identified members of a family who required remarkably high warfarin doses (up to 145 mg/day, 20 times the average dose) to achieve appropriate anticoagulation. Since this time, pharmacogenetics has become a mainstay of cardiovascular science, and genetic variants have been implicated in several fundamental classes of medications used in cardiovascular medicine.
CONTENT
In this review, we discuss genetic variants that affect drug response to 3 classes of cardiovascular drugs: statins, platelet P2Y12 inhibitors, and anticoagulants. These genetic variations have pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects and have been shown to explain differences in drug response such as lipid lowering, prevention of cardiovascular disease, and prevention of stroke, as well as incidence of adverse events such as musculoskeletal side effects and bleeding. Several groups have begun to implement pharmacogenetics testing as part of routine clinical care with the goal of improving health outcomes. Such strategies identify both patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes and alternative strategies to mitigate this risk as well as patients with “normal” genotypes, who, armed with this information, may have increased confidence and adherence to prescribed medications. While much is known about the genetic variants that underlie these effects, translation of this knowledge into clinical practice has been hampered by difficulty in implementing cost-effective, point-of-care tools to improve physician decision-making as well as a lack of data, as of yet, demonstrating the efficacy of using genetic information to improve health.
SUMMARY
Many genetic variants that affect individual responses to drugs used in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment have been described. Further study of these variants is needed before successful implementation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Li
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Deepak Voora
- Department of Medicine and and
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
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15
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Beaney KE, Cooper JA, McLachlan S, Wannamethee SG, Jefferis BJ, Whincup P, Ben-Shlomo Y, Price JF, Kumari M, Wong A, Ong K, Hardy R, Kuh D, Kivimaki M, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Drenos F, Humphries SE. Variant rs10911021 that associates with coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes, is associated with lower concentrations of circulating HDL cholesterol and large HDL particles but not with amino acids. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:115. [PMID: 27549350 PMCID: PMC4994200 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS An intergenic locus on chromosome 1 (lead SNP rs10911021) was previously associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using data from the UCLEB consortium we investigated the relationship between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D, whether rs10911021 was associated with levels of amino acids involved in the γ-glutamyl cycle or any conventional risk factors (CRFs) for CHD in the T2D participants. METHODS Four UCLEB studies (n = 6531) had rs10911021 imputation, CHD in T2D, CRF and metabolomics data determined using a nuclear magnetic resonance based platform. RESULTS The expected direction of effect between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D was observed (1377 no CHD/160 CHD; minor allele OR 0.80, 95 % CI 0.60-1.06) although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). No association between rs10911021 and CHD was seen in non-T2D participants (11218 no CHD/1274 CHD; minor allele OR 1.00 95 % CIs 0.92-1.10). In T2D participants, while no associations were observed between rs10911021 and the nine amino acids measured, rs10911021 was associated with HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0005) but the minor "protective" allele was associated with lower levels (-0.034 mmol/l per allele). Focusing more closely on the HDL-cholesterol subclasses measured, we observed that rs10911021 was associated with six large HDL particle measures in T2D (all p < 0.001). No significant associations were seen in non-T2D subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with a true association between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D. The protective minor allele was associated with lower HDL-cholesterol and reductions in HDL particle traits. Our results indicate a complex relationship between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Beaney
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Goya Wannamethee
- UCL Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara J Jefferis
- UCL Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.,Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Ken Ong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK. .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK
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16
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Scott RA, Freitag DF, Li L, Chu AY, Surendran P, Young R, Grarup N, Stancáková A, Chen Y, Varga TV, Yaghootkar H, Luan J, Zhao JH, Willems SM, Wessel J, Wang S, Maruthur N, Michailidou K, Pirie A, van der Lee SJ, Gillson C, Al Olama AA, Amouyel P, Arriola L, Arveiler D, Aviles-Olmos I, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Barroso I, Garcia SB, Bis JC, Blankenberg S, Boehnke M, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Borecki IB, Bork-Jensen J, Bowden S, Caldas C, Caslake M, Cupples LA, Cruchaga C, Czajkowski J, den Hoed M, Dunn JA, Earl HM, Ehret GB, Ferrannini E, Ferrieres J, Foltynie T, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Gianfagna F, Gonzalez C, Grioni S, Hiller L, Jansson JH, Jørgensen ME, Jukema JW, Kaaks R, Kee F, Kerrison ND, Key TJ, Kontto J, Kote-Jarai Z, Kraja AT, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Linneberg A, Liu C, Marenne G, Mohlke KL, Morris AP, Muir K, Müller-Nurasyid M, Munroe PB, Navarro C, Nielsen SF, Nilsson PM, Nordestgaard BG, Packard CJ, Palli D, Panico S, Peloso GM, Perola M, Peters A, Poole CJ, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Salomaa V, Sánchez MJ, Sattar N, Sharp SJ, Sims R, Slimani N, Smith JA, Thompson DJ, Trompet S, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Virtamo J, Walker M, Walter K, Abraham JE, Amundadottir LT, Aponte JL, Butterworth AS, Dupuis J, Easton DF, Eeles RA, Erdmann J, Franks PW, Frayling TM, Hansen T, Howson JMM, Jørgensen T, Kooner J, Laakso M, Langenberg C, McCarthy MI, Pankow JS, Pedersen O, Riboli E, Rotter JI, Saleheen D, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Vollenweider P, O'Rahilly S, Deloukas P, Danesh J, Goodarzi MO, Kathiresan S, Meigs JB, Ehm MG, Wareham NJ, Waterworth DM. A genomic approach to therapeutic target validation identifies a glucose-lowering GLP1R variant protective for coronary heart disease. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:341ra76. [PMID: 27252175 PMCID: PMC5219001 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities have indicated that new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) should not be associated with an unacceptable increase in cardiovascular risk. Human genetics may be able to guide development of antidiabetic therapies by predicting cardiovascular and other health endpoints. We therefore investigated the association of variants in six genes that encode drug targets for obesity or T2D with a range of metabolic traits in up to 11,806 individuals by targeted exome sequencing and follow-up in 39,979 individuals by targeted genotyping, with additional in silico follow-up in consortia. We used these data to first compare associations of variants in genes encoding drug targets with the effects of pharmacological manipulation of those targets in clinical trials. We then tested the association of those variants with disease outcomes, including coronary heart disease, to predict cardiovascular safety of these agents. A low-frequency missense variant (Ala316Thr; rs10305492) in the gene encoding glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), the target of GLP1R agonists, was associated with lower fasting glucose and T2D risk, consistent with GLP1R agonist therapies. The minor allele was also associated with protection against heart disease, thus providing evidence that GLP1R agonists are not likely to be associated with an unacceptable increase in cardiovascular risk. Our results provide an encouraging signal that these agents may be associated with benefit, a question currently being addressed in randomized controlled trials. Genetic variants associated with metabolic traits and multiple disease outcomes can be used to validate therapeutic targets at an early stage in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Li Li
- Statistical Genetics, Projects, Clinical Platforms, and Sciences (PCPS), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Praveen Surendran
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Robin Young
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sara M Willems
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nisa Maruthur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ailith Pirie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher Gillson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 1167, RID-AGE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian 20013, Spain. Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian 20014, Spain. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EA3430), University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Iciar Aviles-Olmos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), 94807 Villejuif, France. Univeristy of Paris-Sud, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona 31003, Spain
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch Garcia
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77025, USA. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Bowden
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Framingham, MA 01702-5827, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janet A Dunn
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Helena M Earl
- University of Cambridge and National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Georg B Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Gianfagna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Centre in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Louise Hiller
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Research Unit, 931 41 Skellefteå, Sweden. Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, DK-1353 Odense, Denmark
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK
| | - Nicola D Kerrison
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Jukka Kontto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Kuopio University Hospital, FL 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region, DK-2600 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Glostrup, Denmark. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Population Sciences Branch, NHLBI/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gaëlle Marenne
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Department of Medicine I, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Carmen Navarro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia 30008, Spain
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), 50141 Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Poole
- University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Department of Medical Oncology, Arden Cancer Centre, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, West Midlands CV2 2DX, UK
| | - J Ramón Quirós
- Public Health Directorate, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy. Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), 10126 Torino, Italy. Human Genetics Foundation, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18012, Spain
| | | | - Stephen J Sharp
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, MRC Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic-M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jean E Abraham
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Laufey T Amundadottir
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Aponte
- Genetics, PCPS, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK. Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham and Sutton, London and Surrey SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 Malmö, Sweden. Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, DK-2600 Capital Region, Denmark. Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark. Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jaspal Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK. Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0381, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK. National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany. Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, BH10-462, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Cardiology Division, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Margaret G Ehm
- Genetics, PCPS, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Hillebrenner E, Litwack E, Bradley P, Donigan K, Lowe T, Serrano K, Kelm K, Mansfield E, Gutierrez A. FDA oversight of laboratory-developed tests will facilitate adoption of pharmacogenetic testing into routine clinical care. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 55:728-30. [PMID: 26053648 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Hillebrenner
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - E Litwack
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - P Bradley
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - K Donigan
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - T Lowe
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - K Serrano
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - K Kelm
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - E Mansfield
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - A Gutierrez
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Vatte C, Cyrus C, Al Shehri AM, Chathoth S, Almansori M, Al-Nafaie A, Al-Ali R, Al-Muhanna F, Asselbergs FW, Al-Ali A. Investigation of KIF6 Trp719Arg gene polymorphism in a case-control study of coronary artery disease and non-fatal myocardial infarction in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2016; 36:105-11. [PMID: 26997531 PMCID: PMC6074390 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.21.3.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin-like protein 6 (KIF6), a member of the kinesin superfamily, is involved in intracellular transport. A few prospective studies have shown the KIF6 variant Trp719Arg (rs20455) to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in Caucasian populations. However, recent genome-wide association studies on CAD have not proven these associations. OBJECTIVES Since the role of KIF6 719Arg allele in other ethnic populations is largely unknown, we sought to determine whether the KIF6 719Arg allele is associated with CAD in an ethnic Middle Eastern population. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING CAD patients and control subjects from King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population included angiographically defined CAD patients (n=1002) and controls (n=984) with a normal electrocardiogram. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Association of KIF6 Trp719Arg mutation with CAD. RESULTS The KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism was not associated with CAD (OR 0.976, 95% CI 0.861-1.105; P=.704). In addition, KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism showed a lack of association even in stratified myocardial infarction patients (n=802) (OR 1.006, 95% CI 0.881-1.148; P=.929) in comparison to controls. CONCLUSIONS The absence of Trp719Arg polymorphism association with CAD and CAD in stratified myocardial infarction cases indicates that the polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk among CAD patients from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. LIMITATIONS Unavailability of data on statin usage among the patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Cyrus
- Dr. Cyril Cyrus, University of Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia, T: +96613330866,
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von Brunn A, Ciesek S, von Brunn B, Carbajo-Lozoya J. Genetic deficiency and polymorphisms of cyclophilin A reveal its essential role for Human Coronavirus 229E replication. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:56-61. [PMID: 26318518 PMCID: PMC7102849 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Replication of coronaviruses is inhibited in vitro by cyclosporin A, a well-known immunosuppressive drug which binds to cellular cyclophilins thus inactivating their enzymatic cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase function. Latter is required for proper folding of cellular proteins and of proteins of several viruses. Here, we summarize present knowledge on the role of cyclophilin A during coronavirus replication. We present data on the effect of cyclophilin A single nucleotide polymorphism mutants on the replication of human CoV-229E demonstrating the requirement of proper cyclophilin A function for virus propagation. Results define cellular cyclophilin A as a host target for inhibition of coronaviruses ranging from relatively mild common cold to highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses with the perspective of disclosing non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A analogs to broadly inactivate the coronavirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
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Haga SB, LaPointe NMA, Cho A, Reed SD, Mills R, Moaddeb J, Ginsburg GS. Pilot study of pharmacist-assisted delivery of pharmacogenetic testing in a primary care setting. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1677-86. [PMID: 25410893 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the rationale and design of a pilot program to implement and evaluate pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in a primary care setting. STUDY RATIONALE Several factors have impeded the uptake of PGx testing, including lack of provider knowledge and challenges with operationalizing PGx testing in a clinical practice setting. STUDY DESIGN We plan to compare two strategies for the implementation of PGx testing: a pharmacist-initiated testing arm compared with a physician-initiated PGx testing arm. Providers in both groups will be required to attend an introduction to PGx seminar. Anticipated results: We anticipate that providers in the pharmacist-initiated group will be more likely to order PGx testing than providers in the physician-initiated group. CONCLUSION Overall, we aim to generate data that will inform an effective delivery model for PGx testing and to facilitate a seamless integration of PGx testing in primary care practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Duke University Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Box 90141 Durham, NC 27708, USA
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21
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Vishnuprabu D, Geetha S, Bhaskar LVKS, Mahapatra NR, Munirajan AK. Genotyping and meta-analysis of KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism in South Indian Coronary Artery Disease patients: A case-control study. Meta Gene 2015; 5:129-34. [PMID: 26236646 PMCID: PMC4513186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The KIF6 719Arg allele is an interesting genomic variant widely screened in various populations and is reported to be associated with the risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and statin treatment outcome. Recent population based clinical studies and large-scale meta-analyses pondered over the role of 719Arg variant in CAD risk and treatment response. We screened the KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism (rs20455) in south Indian CAD patients in a case–control approach. A total of 1042 samples (510 CAD patients and 532 controls) were screened for the KIF6 Trp719Arg SNP by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay, followed by meta-analysis of the genotype data of non-Europeans reports. The 719Arg risk genotype (GG) was observed in 29.6% of CAD cases and in 30.1% of controls with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.76–1.50), p value = 0.709. No significant difference in the genotype frequency was observed between CAD and controls in both dominant model (AG + GG vs AA) and allelic model (719Arg vs 719Trp) with an OR of 1.11 (p = 0.491) and 1.03 (p = 0.767), respectively. The covariate analysis indicated that smoking & alcohol consumption increased the risk for MI among CAD patients. Meta-analysis showed that the KIF6 719Arg allele is not associated with CAD risk in both fixed effect (p = 0.515, OR = 1.023, 95% CI = 0.956–1.094) and random effect (p = 0.547, OR = 1.022, 95% CI = 0.953–1.096). The symmetrical shape of the Egger's funnel plots revealed that there is no publication bias. These results suggest that there is no association of KIF6 719Arg allele with CAD risk in South Indian population and the meta-analysis confirms the same among non-European population. First study to screen for KIF6Trp719Arg SNP in south Indian population KIF6Arg variant is not a risk factor for south Indian CAD patients. Meta-analysis showed no association of KIF6Arg allele in non-European CAD populations. Smoking and alcoholic status were strong risk factors for MI; whereas KIF6 status is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairajpandian Vishnuprabu
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Subramanian Geetha
- Department of Cardiology, Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital, Chennai 600 003, India
| | | | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600 036, India
| | - Arasambattu K Munirajan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
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22
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Buchan JG, Gray RS, Gansner JM, Alvarado DM, Burgert L, Gitlin JD, Gurnett CA, Goldsmith MI. Kinesin family member 6 (kif6) is necessary for spine development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1646-57. [PMID: 25283277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic scoliosis is a form of spinal deformity that affects 2-3% of children and results in curvature of the spine without structural defects of the vertebral units. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis remains poorly understood, in part due to the lack of a relevant animal model. RESULTS We performed a forward mutagenesis screen in zebrafish to identify new models for idiopathic scoliosis. We isolated a recessive zebrafish mutant, called skolios, which develops isolated spinal curvature that arises independent of vertebral malformations. Using meiotic mapping and whole genome sequencing, we identified a nonsense mutation in kinesin family member 6 (kif6(gw326) ) unique to skolios mutants. Three additional kif6 frameshift alleles (gw327, gw328, gw329) were generated with transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Zebrafish homozygous or compound heterozygous for kif6 frameshift mutations developed a scoliosis phenotype indistinguishable from skolios mutants, confirming that skolios is caused by the loss of kif6. Although kif6 may play a role in cilia, no evidence for cilia dysfunction was seen in kif6(gw326) mutants. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings demonstrate a novel role for kif6 in spinal development and identify a new candidate gene for human idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Buchan
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lian J, Huang Y, Huang RS, Xu L, Le Y, Yang X, Xu W, Huang X, Ye M, Zhou J, Duan S. Meta-analyses of four eosinophil related gene variants in coronary heart disease. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2014; 36:394-401. [PMID: 23328882 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of our study is to assess the contribution of four eosinophil related gene variants (rs12619285, rs1420101, rs3184504 and rs4143832) to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We conducted four meta-analyses of studies examining the association between four eosinophil related gene variants and the risk of CHD. A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Chinese Periodical. A case-control study was conducted between 162 CHD cases and 119 non-CHD controls to explore their contribution to CHD. For rs3184504 of SH2B3 gene, the meta-analysis was performed among 19 study stages among 94,555 participants. Significant association between rs3184504 and CHD risk was observed in European and South Asian populations (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.10-1.16, p < 0.0001, fixed-effect method). For the other SNPs (rs12619285, rs1420101, and rs4143832), we combined our case-control data with the previous studies and found no association of them with the risk of CHD. No significant contribution of the four genetic variants to CHD was observed in Han Chinese (p > 0.05). In conclusion, our results supported a significant association between rs3184504 of SH2B3 gene and the risk of CHD in Europeans and South Asians, although we were unable to observe association between the four variants and the risk of CHD in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfang Lian
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315041, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Postmus I, Johnson PCD, Trompet S, de Craen AJM, Slagboom PE, Devlin JJ, Shiffman D, Sacks FM, Kearney PM, Stott DJ, Buckley BM, Sattar N, Ford I, Westendorp RGJ, Jukema JW. In search for genetic determinants of clinically meaningful differential cardiovascular event reduction by pravastatin in the PHArmacogenetic study of Statins in the Elderly at risk (PHASE)/PROSPER study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:58-64. [PMID: 24816038 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy is widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events and is associated with significant risk reductions. However, there is considerable variation in response to statin therapy both in terms of LDL cholesterol reduction and clinical outcomes. It has been hypothesized that genetic variation contributes importantly to this individual drug response. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the interaction between genetic variants and pravastatin or placebo therapy on the incidence of cardiovascular events by performing a genome-wide association study in the participants of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk for vascular disease--PHArmacogenetic study of Statins in the Elderly at risk (PROSPER/PHASE) study (n = 5244). We did not observe genome-wide significant associations with a clinically meaningful differential cardiovascular event reduction by pravastatin therapy. In addition, SNPs with p-values lower than 1 × 10(-4) were assessed for replication in a case-only analysis within two randomized placebo controlled pravastatin trials, CARE (n = 711) and WOSCOPS (n = 522). rs7102569, on chromosome 11 near the ODZ4 gene, was replicated in the CARE study (p = 0.008), however the direction of effect was opposite. This SNP was not associated in WOSCOPS. In addition, none of the SNPs replicated significantly after correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS We could not identify genetic variation that was significantly associated at genome-wide level with a clinically meaningful differential event reduction by pravastatin treatment in a large prospective study. We therefore assume that in daily practice the use of genetic characteristics to personalize pravastatin treatment to improve prevention of cardiovascular disease will be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Leyden Academy of Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Li JH, Joy SV, Haga SB, Orlando LA, Kraus WE, Ginsburg GS, Voora D. Genetically guided statin therapy on statin perceptions, adherence, and cholesterol lowering: a pilot implementation study in primary care patients. J Pers Med 2014; 4:147-62. [PMID: 25563221 PMCID: PMC4263970 DOI: 10.3390/jpm4020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin adherence is often limited by side effects. The SLCO1B1*5 variant is a risk factor for statin side effects and exhibits statin-specific effects: highest with simvastatin/atorvastatin and lowest with pravastatin/rosuvastatin. The effects of SLCO1B1*5 genotype guided statin therapy (GGST) are unknown. Primary care patients (n = 58) who were nonadherent to statins and their providers received SLCO1B1*5 genotyping and guided recommendations via the electronic medical record (EMR). The primary outcome was the change in Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire, which measured patients' perceived needs for statins and concerns about adverse effects, measured before and after SLCO1B1*5 results. Concurrent controls (n = 59) were identified through the EMR to compare secondary outcomes: new statin prescriptions, statin utilization, and change in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c). GGST patients had trends (p = 0.2) towards improved statin necessity and concerns. The largest changes were the "need for statin to prevent sickness" (p < 0.001) and "concern for statin to disrupt life" (p = 0.006). GGST patients had more statin prescriptions (p < 0.001), higher statin use (p < 0.001), and greater decrease in LDL-c (p = 0.059) during follow-up. EMR delivery of SLCO1B1*5 results and recommendations is feasible in the primary care setting. This novel intervention may improve patients' perceptions of statins and physician behaviors that promote higher statin adherence and lower LDL-c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H Li
- Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Scott V Joy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Susanne B Haga
- Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Lori A Orlando
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - William E Kraus
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Deepak Voora
- Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Abstract
Endobiogeny is a global systems approach to human biology that may offer an advancement in clinical medicine based in scientific principles of rigor and experimentation and the humanistic principles of individualization of care and alleviation of suffering with minimization of harm. Endobiogeny is neither a movement away from modern science nor an uncritical embracing of pre-rational methods of inquiry but a synthesis of quantitative and qualitative relationships reflected in a systems-approach to life and based on new mathematical paradigms of pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Lapraz
- Société internationale de médecine endobiogénique et de physiologie intégrative, Paris, France
| | - Kamyar M Hedayat
- American society of endobiogenic medicine and integrative physiology, San Diego, California, United States
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KIF6 719Arg Carrier Status Association with Homocysteine and C-Reactive Protein in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2013:242303. [PMID: 24455405 PMCID: PMC3884607 DOI: 10.1155/2013/242303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated associations between statin use, KIF6 719Arg carrier status, and cholesterol levels and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The association between 719Arg carrier status with homocysteine (tHcy) and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels in aMCI and AD has not been previously investigated. Data from 175 aMCI and AD patients were used for the analysis. 719Arg carriers had significantly lower levels of tHcy than noncarriers (P = 0.02). No significant difference in CRP levels between 719Arg carriers and noncarriers was present (P = 0.37). Logistic regression yielded no significant effect for 719Arg status on CRP [OR = 1.79 (0.85, 3.83), P = 0.13] but did demonstrate a significant effect for tHcy [OR = 0.44 (0.23, 0.83), P = 0.01] after adjusting for ApoE ε4 carrier status, age, gender, and statin use. This study is the first to explore the relationship between KIF6 719Arg carrier status with tHcy and CRP levels. 719Arg carriers were more likely to have normal tHcy levels after adjusting for ApoE ε4 status, age, gender, and statin use. These results suggest that the KIF6 gene might influence cardiovascular pathways associated with AD.
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28
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The Association between KIF6 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs20455 and Serum Lipids in Filipino-American Women. Nurs Res Pract 2014; 2014:328954. [PMID: 24587901 PMCID: PMC3920675 DOI: 10.1155/2014/328954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trp719Arg allele of KIF6 rs20455, a putative risk factor for CHD especially in those with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), was investigated in Filipino-American women (FAW, n = 235) participating in health screenings in four cities. The rs20455 genotype of each subject was determined by a multiplex assay using a Luminex-OLA procedure. The risk allele Trp719Arg was present in 77% of the subjects. The genotype distribution was 23% Trp/Trp, 51% Arg/Trp, and 26% Arg/Arg. Genotype did not predict the presence of CHD risk factors. Moreover, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides mean values did not vary as a function of genotype. However, those with the Arg/Arg genotype on statin medication exhibited a significantly higher mean triglycerides level (P < 0.01). Approximately 60% of participants regardless of genotype exhibited LDL-C levels ≥100 mg/dL but were not taking medication. Approximately 43% of those with the Trp719Arg risk allele on statins exhibited elevated LDL-C levels. Our study suggests that the Trp719Arg allele of KIF 6 rs20455 is common among Filipino-American women; thus, even with borderline LDL-C levels would benefit from statin treatment. Secondly, many participants did not exhibit guideline recommended LDL-C levels including many who were on statin drugs.
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29
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Gelissen IC, McLachlan AJ. The pharmacogenomics of statins. Pharmacol Res 2013; 88:99-106. [PMID: 24365577 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The statin class of cholesterol-lowering drugs have been used for decades to successfully lower plasma cholesterol concentrations and cardiovascular risk. Adverse effects of statins are generally considered mild, but increase with age of patients and polypharmacy. One aspect of statin therapy that is still difficult for prescribers to predict is the individual's response to statin therapy. Recent advances in the field of pharmacogenomics have indicated variants of candidate genes that affect statin efficacy and safety. In this review, a number of candidates that affect statin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are discussed. Some of these candidates, in particular those involved in import and efflux of statins, have now been linked to increased risk of side effects. Furthermore, pharmacogenomic studies continue to reveal new players that are involved in the fine-tuning of the complex regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and response to statins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J McLachlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Patel J, Abd T, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, Superko HR. Genetics and Personalized Medicine—a Role in Statin Therapy? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 16:384. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Variability in drug responsiveness is a sine qua non of modern therapeutics, and the contribution of genomic variation is increasingly recognized. Investigating the genomic basis for variable responses to cardiovascular therapies has been a model for pharmacogenomics in general and has established critical pathways and specific loci modulating therapeutic responses to commonly used drugs such as clopidogrel, warfarin, and statins. In addition, genomic approaches have defined mechanisms and genetic variants underlying important toxicities with these and other drugs. These findings have not only resulted in changes to the product labels but also have led to development of initial clinical guidelines that consider how to facilitate incorporating genetic information to the bedside. This review summarizes the state of knowledge in cardiovascular pharmacogenomics and considers how variants described to date might be deployed in clinical decision making.
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32
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Abstract
Interindividual heterogeneity in drug response is a central feature of all drug therapies. Studies in individual patients, families, and populations over the past several decades have identified variants in genes encoding drug elimination or drug target pathways that in some cases contribute substantially to variable efficacy and toxicity. Important associations of pharmacogenomics in cardiovascular medicine include clopidogrel and risk for in-stent thrombosis, steady-state warfarin dose, myotoxicity with simvastatin, and certain drug-induced arrhythmias. This review describes methods used to accumulate and validate these findings and points to approaches--now being put in place at some centers--to implementing them in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weeke
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; ,
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33
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Sorich MJ, Coory M. Interpreting the clinical utility of a pharmacogenomic marker based on observational association studies. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2013; 14:1-5. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Qi L, Qi Q, Prudente S, Mendonca C, Andreozzi F, di Pietro N, Sturma M, Novelli V, Mannino GC, Formoso G, Gervino EV, Hauser TH, Muehlschlegel JD, Niewczas MA, Krolewski AS, Biolo G, Pandolfi A, Rimm E, Sesti G, Trischitta V, Hu F, Doria A. Association between a genetic variant related to glutamic acid metabolism and coronary heart disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2013; 310:821-8. [PMID: 23982368 PMCID: PMC3858847 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.276305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Diabetes is associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies have suggested that the genetic factors predisposing to excess cardiovascular risk may be different in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic determinants of CHD that are specific to patients with diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We studied 5 independent sets of CHD cases and CHD-negative controls from the Nurses' Health Study (enrolled in 1976 and followed up through 2008), Health Professionals Follow-up Study (enrolled in 1986 and followed up through 2008), Joslin Heart Study (enrolled in 2001-2008), Gargano Heart Study (enrolled in 2001-2008), and Catanzaro Study (enrolled in 2004-2010). Included were a total of 1517 CHD cases and 2671 CHD-negative controls, all with type 2 diabetes. Results in diabetic patients were compared with those in 737 nondiabetic CHD cases and 1637 nondiabetic CHD-negative controls from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohorts. Exposures included 2,543,016 common genetic variants occurring throughout the genome. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Coronary heart disease--defined as fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or angiographic evidence of significant stenosis of the coronary arteries. RESULTS A variant on chromosome 1q25 (rs10911021) was consistently associated with CHD risk among diabetic participants, with risk allele frequencies of 0.733 in cases vs 0.679 in controls (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.22-1.51]; P = 2 × 10(-8)). No association between this variant and CHD was detected among nondiabetic participants, with risk allele frequencies of 0.697 in cases vs 0.696 in controls (odds ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.87-1.13]; P = .89), consistent with a significant gene × diabetes interaction on CHD risk (P = 2 × 10(-4)). Compared with protective allele homozygotes, rs10911021 risk allele homozygotes were characterized by a 32% decrease in the expression of the neighboring glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) gene in human endothelial cells (P = .0048). A decreased ratio between plasma levels of γ-glutamyl cycle intermediates pyroglutamic and glutamic acid was also shown in risk allele homozygotes (P = .029). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs10911021) was identified that was significantly associated with CHD among persons with diabetes but not in those without diabetes and was functionally related to glutamic acid metabolism, suggesting a mechanistic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabrina Prudente
- IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-Mendel Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Natalia di Pietro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘G. d'Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mariella Sturma
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Valeria Novelli
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gloria Formoso
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘G. d'Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Ernest V. Gervino
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas H. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen D. Muehlschlegel
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monika A. Niewczas
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘G. d'Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Eric Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-Mendel Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, IRCSS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Charland SL, Agatep BC, Herrera V, Schrader B, Frueh FW, Ryvkin M, Shabbeer J, Devlin JJ, Superko HR, Stanek EJ. Providing patients with pharmacogenetic test results affects adherence to statin therapy: results of the Additional KIF6 Risk Offers Better Adherence to Statins (AKROBATS) trial. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2013; 14:272-80. [PMID: 23979174 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the clinical benefit of statin therapy and the numerous strategies used to improve adherence, no strategy has used direct communication of genetic test results to the patient as an adherence and persistence motivator. We investigated in a real-world setting the effect of a process of providing KIF6 test results and risk information directly to 647 tested patients on 6-month statin adherence (proportion of days covered (PDC)) and persistence compared with concurrent non-tested matched controls. Adjusted 6-month statin PDC was significantly greater in tested patients: 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.82) vs controls 0.68 (95% CI 0.63-0.73), P<0.0001. Significantly more tested patients were adherent (PDC⩾0.80) (63.4% (59.6-67.1%) vs 45.0% (41.1-48.8%), P<0.0001) and persisted on therapy (69.1% (65.4-72.5%) vs 53.3% (49.4-57.1%), P<0.0001). Similar results were observed in a secondary comparison with 779 unmatched patients who declined testing. The Additional KIF6 Risk Offers Better Adherence to Statins trial provides the first evidence that pharmacogenetic testing may modify patient adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Charland
- 1] Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B C Agatep
- 1] Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Avalere Health, LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - V Herrera
- Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Schrader
- 1] Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - F W Frueh
- Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Ryvkin
- 1] Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Express Scripts, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - E J Stanek
- Medco Research Institute, LLC (currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Express Scripts Holding Co, Inc.), Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Parthan A, Leahy KJ, O'Sullivan AK, Iakoubova OA, Bare LA, Devlin JJ, Weinstein MC. Cost effectiveness of targeted high-dose atorvastatin therapy following genotype testing in patients with acute coronary syndrome. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2013; 31:519-531. [PMID: 23585310 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-013-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from the PROVE IT trial suggest that patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with atorvastatin 80 mg/day (A80) have significantly lower rates of cardiovascular events compared with patients treated with pravastatin 40 mg/day (P40). In a genetic post hoc substudy of the PROVE IT trial, the rate of event reduction was greater in carriers of the Trp719Arg variant in kinesin family member 6 protein (KIF6) than in noncarriers. We assessed the cost effectiveness of testing for the KIF6 variant followed by targeted statin therapy (KIF6 Testing) versus not testing patients (No Test) and treating them with P40 or A80 in the USA from a payer perspective. METHODS A Markov model was developed in which 2-year event rates from PROVE IT were extrapolated over a lifetime horizon. Costs and utilities were derived from published literature. All costs were in 2010 US dollars except the cost of A80, which was in 2012 US dollars because the generic formulation was available in 2012. Expected costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were estimated for each strategy over a lifetime horizon. RESULTS Lifetime costs were US$31,700; US$37,100 and US$41,300 for No Test P40, KIF6 Testing and No Test A80 strategies, respectively. The No Test A80 strategy was associated with more QALYs (9.71) than the KIF6 Testing (9.69) and No Test P40 (9.57) strategies. No Test A80 had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$232,100 per QALY gained compared with KIF6 Testing. KIF6 Testing had an ICER of US$45,300 per QALY compared with No Test P40. CONCLUSIONS Testing ACS patients for KIF6 carrier status may be a cost-effective strategy at commonly accepted thresholds. Treating all patients with A80 is more expensive than treating patients on the basis of KIF6 results, but the modest gain in QALYs is achieved at a cost/QALY that is generally considered unacceptable compared with the KIF6 Testing strategy. Compared with treating all patients with P40, the KIF6 Testing strategy had an ICER below US$50,000 per QALY. The conclusions from this study are sensitive to the price of generic A80 and the effect on adherence of knowing KIF6 carrier status. The results were based on a post hoc substudy of the PROVE IT trial, which was not designed to test the effectiveness of KIF6 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Parthan
- OptumInsight, One Main Street, Suite 1040, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Statins are the most widely used group of lipid-lowering drugs and they have been shown to be effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, primarily by reducing plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and possibly through other pleiotropic effects. However, there are large variations in lipid responses to statins and some patients have intolerable muscle adverse drug reactions, which may in part be related to genetic factors. In the last decade, pharmacogenetic studies on statins ranging from the candidate gene approach to the more recent genome-wide association studies have provided evidence that genetic variations play an important role in determining statin responses. This review summarizes the current understanding on the pharmacogenomics of statins and other lipid-lowering drugs in current use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.
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Sorich MJ, Wiese MD, O'Shea RL, Pekarsky B. Review of the cost effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2013; 31:377-391. [PMID: 23568333 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-013-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is a highly prevalent condition that has major health and cost implications for society. Pharmacotherapy is an important and effective treatment modality for hypercholesterolaemia, with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors ('statins') the most commonly used class of drugs. Over the past decade, there has been intensive research to identify pharmacogenetic markers to guide treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. This study aimed to review the evidence of incremental cost, effect and cost effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Three cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) were identified that studied the value of screening for genotypes of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and kinesin family member 6 (KIF6) prior to initiating statin therapy. For all three CEAs, a major limitation identified was the reproducibility of the evidence supporting the clinical effect of screening for the pharmacogenetic marker. Associated issues included the uncertain value of pharmacogenetic markers over or in addition to existing approaches for monitoring lipid levels, and the lack of evidence to assess the effectiveness of alternative therapeutic options for individuals identified as poor responders to statin therapy. Finally, the economic context of the market for diagnostic tests (is it competitive or is there market power?) and the practicality of large-scale screening programmes to inform prescribing in a complex and varied market may limit the generalizability of the results of the specific CEAs to policy outcomes. The genotype of solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) has recently been associated with increased risk of muscle toxicity with statin therapy and the review identified that exploration of cost effectiveness of this pharmacogenetic marker is likely warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sorich
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Hingorani AD, Windt DAVD, Riley RD, Abrams K, Moons KGM, Steyerberg EW, Schroter S, Sauerbrei W, Altman DG, Hemingway H. Prognosis research strategy (PROGRESS) 4: stratified medicine research. BMJ 2013; 346:e5793. [PMID: 23386361 PMCID: PMC3565686 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In patients with a particular disease or health condition, stratified medicine seeks to identify those who will have the most clinical benefit or least harm from a specific treatment. In this article, the fourth in the PROGRESS series, the authors discuss why prognosis research should form a cornerstone of stratified medicine, especially in regard to the identification of factors that predict individual treatment response
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroon D Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
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40
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Hameed A, Bennett E, Ciani B, Hoebers LPC, Milner R, Lawrie A, Francis SE, Grierson AJ. No evidence for cardiac dysfunction in Kif6 mutant mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54636. [PMID: 23355886 PMCID: PMC3552957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A KIF6 variant in man has been reported to be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. No clear biological or physiological data exist for Kif6. We sought to investigate the impact of a deleterious KIF6 mutation on cardiac function in mice. Kif6 mutant mice were generated and verified. Cardiac function was assessed by serial echocardiography at baseline, after ageing and after exercise. Lipid levels were also measured. No discernable adverse lipid or cardiac phenotype was detected in Kif6 mutant mice. These data suggest that dysfunction of Kif6 is linked to other more complex biological/biochemical parameters or is unlikely to be of material consequence in cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hameed
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Bennett
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ciani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Loes P. C. Hoebers
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Milner
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila E. Francis
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Grierson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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41
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Gong IY, Kim RB. Pharmacogenetic Advances in Cardiovascular Medicine: Relevance to Personalized Medicine. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-012-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sabbagh M, Malek-Ahmadi M, Levenson I, Sparks DL. KIF6 719Arg allele is associated with statin effects on cholesterol levels in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33:111-6. [PMID: 22914592 PMCID: PMC3731451 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
KIF6 719Arg allele carriers are thought to have a greater lipid lowering response from statin therapy than non-carriers. Given the continued interest in the relationship between cholesterol, statin use, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), investigating the role of KIF6 719Arg carrier status in these relationships may be of importance. Data from 86 patients (36 aMCI, 50 AD) with an average age of 76.87 ± 8.22 years were used for this study. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides were the outcome variables. 719Arg carriers taking statins had significantly lower TC (p < 0.001) and LDL (p < 0.001) levels than 719Arg carriers not taking statins. In addition, 719Arg carriers not taking statins had significantly higher TC (p = 0.004) and LDL (p < 0.001) than 719Arg non-carriers taking statins. Additional analyses indicated that ApoE ε4 carrier status and statin use interaction is also associated with lower TC (p = 0.04), but not LDL (p = 0.06). The interaction between 719Arg and ApoE ε4 carrier status on TC and LDL was not significant. This study is the first to demonstrate an association between lower cholesterol levels and statin use among KIF6 719Arg allele carriers with aMCI and AD. Accounting for 719Arg carrier status may be important in future studies investigating the link between cholesterol and AD and also for AD and aMCI clinical trials using statins as a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA.
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43
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Postmus I, Verschuren JJW, de Craen AJM, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Jukema JW, Trompet S. Pharmacogenetics of statins: achievements, whole-genome analyses and future perspectives. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:831-40. [PMID: 22594514 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most commonly prescribed class of drug worldwide and therapy is highly effective in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events. However, there is large variability in clinical response to statin treatment. Recent research provides evidence that genetic variation contributes to this variable response to statin treatment. Until recently, pharmacogenetic studies have used mainly candidate gene approaches to investigate these effects. Since candidate gene studies explain only a small part of the observed variation and results have often been inconsistent, genome-wide association (GWA) studies may be a better approach. In this paper the most important candidate gene studies and the first published GWA studies assessing statin response are discussed. Moreover, we describe the PHASE study, an EU-funded GWA study that will investigate the genetic variation responsible for the variation in response to pravastatin in a large randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology & Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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44
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Peng P, Lian J, Huang RS, Xu L, Huang Y, Ba Y, Yang X, Huang X, Dong C, Zhang L, Ye M, Zhou J, Duan S. Meta-analyses of KIF6 Trp719Arg in coronary heart disease and statin therapeutic effect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50126. [PMID: 23236363 PMCID: PMC3517591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The goal of our study is to assess the contribution of KIF6 Trp719Arg to both the risk of CHD and the efficacy of statin therapy in CHD patients. Methods and Results Meta-analysis of 8 prospective studies among 77,400 Caucasians provides evidence that 719Arg increases the risk of CHD (P<0.001, HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.15–1.41). However, another meta-analysis of 7 case-control studies among 65,200 individuals fails to find a significant relationship between Trp719Arg and the risk of CHD (P = 0.642, OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.95–1.08). This suggests that the contribution of Trp719Arg to CHD varies in different ethnic groups. Additional meta-analysis also shows that statin therapy only benefit the vascular patients carry 719Arg allele (P<0.001, relative ratio (RR) = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.54–0.67). To examine the role of this genetic variant in CHD risk in Han Chinese, we have conducted a case-control study with 289 CHD cases, 193 non-CHD controls, and 329 unrelated healthy volunteers as healthy controls. On post hoc analysis, significant allele frequency difference of 719Arg is observed between female CHD cases and female total controls under the dominant model (P = 0.04, χ2 = 4.228, df = 1, odd ratio (OR) = 1.979, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.023–3.828). Similar trends are observed for post hoc analysis between female CHD cases and female healthy controls (dominant model: P = 0.04, χ2 = 4.231, df = 1, OR = 2.015, 95% CI = 1.024–3.964). Non-genetic CHD risk factors are not controlled in these analyses. Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrates the role of Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene in the risk of CHD in Caucasians. The meta-analysis also suggests the role of this variant in statin therapeutic response in vascular diseases. Our case-control study suggests that Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene is associated with CHD in female Han Chinese through a post hoc analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Peng
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangfang Lian
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - R. Stephanie Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Limin Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanna Ba
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changzhen Dong
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqing Zhou
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SD)
| | - Shiwei Duan
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SD)
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Kulminski AM, Arbeev KG, Christensen K, Stallard E, Miljkovic I, Barmada M, Yashin AI. Biogenetic mechanisms predisposing to complex phenotypes in parents may function differently in their children. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:760-8. [PMID: 23213029 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the participants of the Long Life Family Study to elucidate whether biogenetic mechanisms underlying relationships among heritable complex phenotypes in parents function in the same way for the same phenotypes in their children. Our results reveal 3 characteristic groups of relationships among phenotypes in parents and children. One group composed of 3 pairs of phenotypes confirms that associations among some phenotypes can be explained by the same biogenetic mechanisms working in parents and children. Two other groups including 9 phenotype pairs show that this is not a common rule. Our findings suggest that biogenetic mechanisms underlying relationships among different phenotypes, even if they are causally related, can function differently in successive generations or in different age groups of biologically related individuals. The results suggest that the role of aging-related processes in changing environment may be conceptually underestimated in current genetic association studies using genome wide resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kulminski
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Box 90408, Trent Hall, Room 002, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Statin pharmacogenomics: opportunities to improve patient outcomes and healthcare costs with genetic testing. J Pers Med 2012; 2:158-74. [PMID: 25562358 PMCID: PMC4251374 DOI: 10.3390/jpm2040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are some of the most widely prescribed medications worldwide and have been shown to be effective at lowering cholesterol in numerous long-term prospective trials, yet there are significant limitations to their use. First, patients receiving statin therapy have relatively low levels of medication adherence compared with other drug classes. Next, numerous statin formulations are available, each with its own unique safety and efficacy profile, and it may be unclear to prescribers which treatment is optimal for their patients. Finally, statins have class-wide side effects of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis that have resulted in a product recall and dosage limitations. Recent evidence suggests that two genomic markers, KIF6 and SLCO1B1, may inform the therapy choice of patients initiating statins. Given the prevalence of statin usage, their potential health advantages and their overall cost to the healthcare system, there could be significant clinical benefit from creating personalized treatment regimens. Ultimately, if this approach is effective it may encourage higher adoption of generic statins when appropriate, promote adherence, lower rates of myopathy, and overall achieve higher value cardiovascular care. This paper will review the evidence for personalized prescribing of statins via KIF6 and SLCO1B1 and consider some of the implications for testing these markers as part of routine clinical care.
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Personalized cardiovascular medicine: status in 2012. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:693-9. [PMID: 23036280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine is the tailoring of the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment to the characteristics of each individual patient. In this review, we provide a status report on genetic variants that influence therapy with antiplatelet agents, warfarin, and statins. Resistance to clopidogrel, an antiplatelet therapy, has been shown to be present in 25% to 30% of Caucasians and an even higher percentage in Asians. Part of this resistance is because of the CYP2C19*2 allele. Administering clopidogrel on the basis of previous genetic testing remains controversial. A recent breakthrough in point-of-care genetic testing for clopidogrel might be significant, not only for genetic testing for clopidogrel, but for the whole of personalized medicine. Genetic testing for aspirin resistance is not yet recommended because of incomplete genetic data. Studies to determine the value of genetic testing before the administration of warfarin are ongoing. Testing for SLCO1B1 allele for individuals with muscle cramps who are taking statins could be very helpful but is not yet recommended as routine. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to customize therapy and move away from the current model of 1 drug fits all.
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Wu G, Li GB, Dai B. Association of KIF6 variant with lipid level and angiographic coronary artery disease events risk in the Han Chinese population. Molecules 2012; 17:11269-80. [PMID: 23001387 PMCID: PMC6268110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170911269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KIF6 is a class of molecular motor from the kinesin superfamily. Recently, multiple large studies consisting mainly of Europeans have shown that KIF6 Trp719Arg SNP may be a new predictive factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) event risk. The allelic frequency distribution of rs20455 is different in various populations, yet studies among the Han population, one of the largest ethnic groups in the World, have not been conducted. This study is aimed to evaluate the association of KIF6 Trp719Arg variant with angiographic CAD and serum lipid levels in the Han population from northern China. In this case-controlled study, peripheral blood samples were collected from 356 patients and 568 controls of Han Chinese origin. Genotyping was performed by a high-resolution melting curve. The impact of rs20455 on CAD and non-fatal MI was evaluated in a dominant genetic model with stepwise multiple regression analysis. There were no significant differences of genotypes and allele frequency between angiographic CAD and control groups (p > 0.05); however, that of MI and non-MI subgroups were significant differences (p < 0.05). After adjusting for significant risk factors, angiographic CAD risk was not significantly increased in 719Arg allele carriers compared with non-carriers. Further analysis revealed that the non-fatal MI risk and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in 719Arg allele carriers than non-carriers. In conclusion, KIF6 719Arg allele was not an independent risk factor for angiographic CAD susceptibility in Han populations from northern China. However, it was associated with a significantly higher TG level, which may indicate an increased myocardial infarction risk in angiographic CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gui-Bin Li
- The Forth Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, Jilin, China; (G.W.); (B.D.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To survey genetic variation contributing to variable responsiveness and toxicity to important cardiovascular drugs and highlight recent developments in the field of cardiovascular pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. RECENT FINDINGS Previously recognized pharmacogenomic associations with drug efficacy have been further validated (e.g. with clopidogrel and warfarin) and shown to influence clinically important outcomes. The clinical significance of variants modulating toxicity (e.g. SLCO1B1 with simvastatin) has also been confirmed. The genetic contribution to variable efficacy and toxicity of other important classes of cardiovascular drugs, such as beta-blockers, is becoming increasingly recognized. Prospective trials testing whether the use of genomic information improves clinical care are underway. Guidance based on the most well-established pharmacogenomic findings has appeared in prescribing labeling and is in the early stages of being implemented into routine clinical care. SUMMARY Clinically validated gene variants that modulate responsiveness to cardiovascular drugs continue to be discovered and validated. Early steps are underway to translate these discoveries into clinical care.
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Clinical Application of Cardiovascular Pharmacogenetics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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