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Zhou R, Yin L, Zhang X, Zhu K. SFRP1 reduces neutrophil infiltration and inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to alleviate oral submucous fibrosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00945-9. [PMID: 39017751 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a precancerous condition characterized by oral mucosal atrophy with fibrosis of the submucosal tissue. OSF has a high prevalence, and treatment requires improvement. Our study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) in OSF. We constructed an arecoline-induced OSF mice model. Through Pearson's correlation analysis, we investigated the association between SFRP1 levels and expressions of proteins related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, as well as the correlation between SFRP1 levels and the degree of neutrophil infiltration. Moreover, neutrophil infiltration intensity, tissue fibrosis degree, and levels of β-catenin, Cyclin D1, and c-myc were evaluated after SFRP1 overexpression treatment through immunohistochemical and biochemical assays. A Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator was used to investigate the molecular mechanism of SFRP1 in the arecoline-induced OSF cell model. Compared with the control group, mice in the OSF group exhibited increased collagen deposition and more severe fibrosis in the oral mucosal tissue (OMT). In the OMT of OSF mice, the levels of SFRP1 were decreased. The levels of SFRP1 exhibited a negative correlation with the levels of Wnt/β-catenin proteins and neutrophil infiltration in the OMT. Upon SFRP1 overexpression, there was a reduction in neutrophil infiltration and fibrosis in the OMT, as well as inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin-related proteins. In vitro, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator further reversed the effect of SFRP1 overexpression on OSF. SFRP1 attenuates OSF by reducing neutrophil infiltration and inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Changsha, China
| | - Keke Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
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2
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Ma X, Zhao J, Feng Y. Epicardial SMARCA4 deletion exacerbates cardiac injury in myocardial infarction and is related to the inhibition of epicardial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 191:76-87. [PMID: 38718920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The reactivated adult epicardium produces epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to benefit the recovery of the heart after myocardial infarction (MI). SMARCA4 is the core catalytic subunit of the chromatin re-modeling complex, which has the potential to target some reactivated epicardial genes in MI. However, the effects of epicardial SMARCA4 on MI remain uncertain. This study found that SMARCA4 was activated over time in epicardial cells following MI, and some of activated cells belonged to downstream differentiation types of EPDCs. This study used tamoxifen to induce lineage tracing and SMARCA4 deletion from epicardial cells in Wt1-CreER;Smarca4fl/fl;Rosa26-RFP adult mice. Epicardial SMARCA4 deletion reduces the number of epicardial cells in adult mice, which was related to changes in the activation, proliferation, and apoptosis of epicardial cells. Epicardial SMARCA4 deletion reduced collagen deposition and angiogenesis in the infarcted area, exacerbated cardiac injury in MI. The exacerbation of cardiac injury was related to the inhibition of generation and differentiation of EPDCs. The alterations in EPDCs were associated with inhibited transition between E-CAD and N-CAD during the epicardial EMT, coupled with the down-regulation of WT1, SNAIL1, and PDGF signaling. In conclusion, this study suggests that Epicardial SMARCA4 plays a critical role in cardiac injury caused by MI, and its regulatory mechanism is related to epicardial EMT. Epicardial SMARCA4 holds potential as a novel molecular target for treating MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Aguado-Alvaro LP, Garitano N, Pelacho B. Fibroblast Diversity and Epigenetic Regulation in Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6004. [PMID: 38892192 PMCID: PMC11172550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, a process characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a common pathological consequence of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) normally resulting in organ failure and death. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play an essential role in deleterious cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. In response to injury, quiescent CFs become activated and adopt a collagen-secreting phenotype highly contributing to cardiac fibrosis. In recent years, studies have been focused on the exploration of molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in the activation process of CFs, which allow the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. Transcriptomic analyses using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) have helped to elucidate the high cellular diversity and complex intercellular communication networks that CFs establish in the mammalian heart. Furthermore, a significant body of work supports the critical role of epigenetic regulation on the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. The study of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling, has provided more insights into CF activation and fibrotic processes. Targeting epigenetic regulators, especially DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), histone acetylases (HAT), or histone deacetylases (HDAC), has emerged as a promising approach for the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies. This review focuses on recent transcriptomic advances regarding CF diversity and molecular and epigenetic mechanisms that modulate the activation process of CFs and their possible clinical applications for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pilar Aguado-Alvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.A.-A.); (N.G.)
- Program of Cardiovascular Disease, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Garitano
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.A.-A.); (N.G.)
- Program of Cardiovascular Disease, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.A.-A.); (N.G.)
- Program of Cardiovascular Disease, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Harrington A, Moore-Morris T. Cardiac fibroblasts in heart failure and regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1388378. [PMID: 38699159 PMCID: PMC11063332 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1388378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In heart disease patients, myocyte loss or malfunction invariably leads to fibrosis, involving the activation and accumulation of cardiac fibroblasts that deposit large amounts of extracellular matrix. Apart from the vital replacement fibrosis that follows myocardial infarction, ensuring structural integrity of the heart, cardiac fibrosis is largely considered to be maladaptive. Much work has focused on signaling pathways driving the fibrotic response, including TGF-β signaling and biomechanical strain. However, currently there are very limited options for reducing cardiac fibrosis, with most patients suffering from chronic fibrosis. The adult heart has very limited regenerative capacity. However, cardiac regeneration has been reported in humans perinatally, and reproduced experimentally in neonatal mice. Furthermore, model organisms such as the zebrafish are able to fully regenerate their hearts following massive cardiac damage into adulthood. Increasing evidence points to a transient immuno-fibrotic response as being key for cardiac regeneration to occur. The mechanisms at play in this context are changing our views on fibrosis, and could be leveraged to promote beneficial remodeling in heart failure patients. This review summarizes our current knowledge of fibroblast properties associated with the healthy, failing or regenerating heart. Furthermore, we explore how cardiac fibroblast activity could be targeted to assist future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Moore-Morris
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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5
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Jensen CH, Johnsen RH, Eskildsen T, Baun C, Ellman DG, Fang S, Bak ST, Hvidsten S, Larsen LA, Rosager AM, Riber LP, Schneider M, De Mey J, Thomassen M, Burton M, Uchida S, Laborda J, Andersen DC. Pericardial delta like non-canonical NOTCH ligand 1 (Dlk1) augments fibrosis in the heart through epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1565. [PMID: 38328889 PMCID: PMC10851088 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure due to myocardial infarction (MI) involves fibrosis driven by epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) and cardiac fibroblasts, but strategies to inhibit and provide cardio-protection remains poor. The imprinted gene, non-canonical NOTCH ligand 1 (Dlk1), has previously been shown to mediate fibrosis in the skin, lung and liver, but very little is known on its effect in the heart. METHODS Herein, human pericardial fluid/plasma and tissue biopsies were assessed for DLK1, whereas the spatiotemporal expression of Dlk1 was determined in mouse hearts. The Dlk1 heart phenotype in normal and MI hearts was assessed in transgenic mice either lacking or overexpressing Dlk1. Finally, in/ex vivo cell studies provided knowledge on the molecular mechanism. RESULTS Dlk1 was demonstrated in non-myocytes of the developing human myocardium but exhibited a restricted pericardial expression in adulthood. Soluble DLK1 was twofold higher in pericardial fluid (median 45.7 [34.7 (IQR)) μg/L] from cardiovascular patients (n = 127) than in plasma (median 26.1 μg/L [11.1 (IQR)]. The spatial and temporal expression pattern of Dlk1 was recapitulated in mouse and rat hearts. Similar to humans lacking Dlk1, adult Dlk1-/- mice exhibited a relatively mild developmental, although consistent cardiac phenotype with some abnormalities in heart size, shape, thorax orientation and non-myocyte number, but were functionally normal. However, after MI, scar size was substantially reduced in Dlk1-/- hearts as compared with Dlk1+/+ littermates. In line, high levels of Dlk1 in transgenic mice Dlk1fl/fl xWT1GFPCre and Dlk1fl/fl xαMHCCre/+Tam increased scar size following MI. Further mechanistic and cellular insight demonstrated that pericardial Dlk1 mediates cardiac fibrosis through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the EPDC lineage by maintaining Integrin β8 (Itgb8), a major activator of transforming growth factor β and EMT. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pericardial Dlk1 embraces a, so far, unnoticed role in the heart augmenting cardiac fibrosis through EMT. Monitoring DLK1 levels as well as targeting pericardial DLK1 may thus offer new venues for cardio-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Harken Jensen
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Rikke Helin Johnsen
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Tilde Eskildsen
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear MedicineOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Ditte Gry Ellman
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Shu Fang
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Sara Thornby Bak
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Svend Hvidsten
- Department of Nuclear MedicineOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ann Mari Rosager
- Department of Clinical PathologySydvestjysk HospitalEsbjergDenmark
| | - Lars Peter Riber
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular SurgeryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Mikael Schneider
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Jo De Mey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Clinical GeneticsOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Clinical GeneticsOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA MedicineDepartment of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Medical SchoolAlbaceteSpain
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Andersen Group, Department of Clinical BiochemistryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
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6
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Ruiz-Villalba A, Guadix JA, Pérez-Pomares JM. Epicardium and Coronary Vessels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:155-166. [PMID: 38884710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies and acquired diseases of the coronary blood vessels are of great clinical relevance. The early diagnosis of these conditions remains, however, challenging. In order to improve our knowledge of these ailments, progress has to be achieved in the research of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control development of the coronary vascular bed. The aim of this chapter is to provide a succint account of the key elements of coronary blood vessel development, especially in the context of the role played by the epicardium and epicardial cellular derivatives. We will discuss the importance of the epicardium in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis, from the contribution of the epicardially derived mesenchyme to these blood vessels to its role as an instructive signaling center, attempting to relate these concepts to the origin of coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Campanillas (Málaga), Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Campanillas (Málaga), Spain
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Campanillas (Málaga), Spain.
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7
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Moore-Morris T, Evans SM. Cardiac Pericyte Diversity in Infarct Remodeling: Not Just Vascular Support Cells? Circulation 2023; 148:899-902. [PMID: 37695834 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore-Morris
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France (T.M.-M.)
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (S.M.E.)
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8
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Neuber S, Ermer MR, Emmert MY, Nazari-Shafti TZ. Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis with Extracellular Vesicles: What Is Missing for Clinical Translation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10480. [PMID: 37445658 PMCID: PMC10342089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and currently affects more than 60 million people worldwide. A key feature in the pathogenesis of almost all forms of heart failure is cardiac fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the heart. Although cardiac fibrosis is beneficial in the short term after acute myocardial injury to preserve the structural and functional integrity of the heart, persistent cardiac fibrosis contributes to pathological cardiac remodeling, leading to mechanical and electrical dysfunction of the heart. Despite its high prevalence, standard therapies specifically targeting cardiac fibrosis are not yet available. Cell-based approaches have been extensively studied as potential treatments for cardiac fibrosis, but several challenges have been identified during clinical translation. The observation that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem and progenitor cells exhibit some of the therapeutic effects of the parent cells has paved the way to overcome limitations associated with cell therapy. However, to make EV-based products a reality, standardized methods for EV production, isolation, characterization, and storage must be established, along with concrete evidence of their safety and efficacy in clinical trials. This article discusses EVs as novel therapeutics for cardiac fibrosis from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neuber
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam R. Ermer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Ji X, Meng Y, Wang Q, Tong T, Liu Z, Lin J, Li B, Wei Y, You X, Lei Y, Song M, Wang L, Guo Y, Qiu Y, Chen Z, Mai B, Xie S, Wu J, Cao N. Cysteine-Based Redox-Responsive Nanoparticles for Fibroblast-Targeted Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5421-5434. [PMID: 36929948 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon myocardial infarction (MI), activated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) begin to remodel the myocardium, leading to cardiac fibrosis and even heart failure. No therapeutic approaches are currently available to prevent the development of MI-induced pathological fibrosis. Most pharmacological trials fail from poor local drug activity and side effects caused by systemic toxicity, largely due to the lack of a heart-targeted drug delivery system that is selective for activated CFs. Here, we developed a reduced glutathione (GSH)-responsive nanoparticle platform capable of targeted delivering of drugs to activated CFs within the infarct area of a post-MI heart. Compared with systemic drug administration, CF-targeted delivery of PF543, a sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor identified in a high-throughput antifibrotic drug screening, had higher therapeutic efficacy and lower systemic toxicity in a MI mouse model. Our results provide a CF-targeted strategy to deliver therapeutic agents for pharmacological intervention of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ji
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yabin Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Tong Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhun Liu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jianqing Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Bin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xinru You
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yushan Lei
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Mingyuan Song
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Liying Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yijie Guo
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yuexiang Qiu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Bifang Mai
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Shuanglun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jun Wu
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510120, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
- Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 518107, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong 510080, China
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10
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Palmquist-Gomes P, Ruiz-Villalba A, Guadix JA, Romero JP, Bessiéres B, MacGrogan D, Conejo L, Ortiz A, Picazo B, Houyel L, Gómez-Cabrero D, Meilhac SM, de la Pompa JL, Pérez-Pomares JM. Origin of congenital coronary arterio-ventricular fistulae from anomalous epicardial and myocardial development. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:228-239. [PMID: 36653444 PMCID: PMC9898521 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary Artery Fistulae (CAFs) are cardiac congenital anomalies consisting of an abnormal communication of a coronary artery with either a cardiac chamber or another cardiac vessel. In humans, these congenital anomalies can lead to complications such as myocardial hypertrophy, endocarditis, heart dilatation, and failure. Unfortunately, despite their clinical relevance, the aetiology of CAFs remains unknown. In this work, we have used two different species (mouse and avian embryos) to experimentally model CAFs morphogenesis. Both conditional Itga4 (alpha 4 integrin) epicardial deletion in mice and cryocauterisation of chick embryonic hearts disrupted epicardial development and ventricular wall growth, two essential events in coronary embryogenesis. Our results suggest that myocardial discontinuities in the embryonic ventricular wall promote the early contact of the endocardium with epicardial-derived coronary progenitors at the cardiac surface, leading to ventricular endocardial extrusion, precocious differentiation of coronary smooth muscle cells, and the formation of pouch-like aberrant coronary-like structures in direct connection with the ventricular lumen. The structure of these CAF-like anomalies was compared with histopathological data from a human CAF. Our results provide relevant information for the early diagnosis of these congenital anomalies and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Palmquist-Gomes
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), 29590 Campanillas (Málaga), Málaga, Spain ,Université de Paris, Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - A. Ruiz-Villalba
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), 29590 Campanillas (Málaga), Málaga, Spain
| | - J. A. Guadix
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), 29590 Campanillas (Málaga), Málaga, Spain
| | - J. P. Romero
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Program of Hemato-Oncology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008 Spain
| | - B. Bessiéres
- Université de Paris, M3C-Necker Enfants malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - D. MacGrogan
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, National Centre of Cardiovascular Research-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,grid.510932.cCIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Conejo
- grid.411457.2Hospital Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), 29080 Málaga, Spain
| | - A. Ortiz
- grid.411457.2Hospital Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), 29080 Málaga, Spain
| | - B. Picazo
- grid.411457.2Hospital Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), 29080 Málaga, Spain
| | - L. Houyel
- Université de Paris, M3C-Necker Enfants malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - D. Gómez-Cabrero
- Traslational Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. M. Meilhac
- Université de Paris, Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J. L. de la Pompa
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, National Centre of Cardiovascular Research-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,grid.510932.cCIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Pérez-Pomares
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), 29590 Campanillas (Málaga), Málaga, Spain ,grid.510932.cCIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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The Carthamus tinctorius L. and Lepidium apetalum Willd. Drug Pair Inhibits EndMT through the TGF β1/Snail Signaling Pathway in the Treatment of Myocardial Fibrosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:6018375. [PMID: 36686974 PMCID: PMC9851799 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6018375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is an essential pathological factor for heart failure. Previous studies have shown that the combination of Carthamus tinctorius L. and Lepidium apetalum Willd. (C-L), two types of Chinese herbal medicine, can ameliorate MF after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats and inhibit the activation of myocardial fibroblasts. However, the mechanism of C-L in the treatment of MF remains unclear. Methods A rat model of MF with left anterior descending coronary ligation-induced MI was first established. Then, the effects of C-L on cardiac function, MF, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) were evaluated by the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Next, a hypoxia-induced cardiac microvascular endothelial cell (CMEC) model was established to observe the effects of C-L on EndMT. The supernatant of CMECs was collected and used to culture cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and observe the effects of CMEC paracrine factors on CFs. Results Animal experiments indicated that C-L improves the cardiac function of rats after MI, inhibits the progression of EndMT and MF, and downregulates TGFβ1, Snail, and CTGF expression. Cell experiments showed that drug-loaded serum containing C-L inhibits the EndMT of CMECs under hypoxic conditions. The culture supernatant of CMECs grown under hypoxic conditions significantly activated CFs. After treatment with C-L, the activating factor for CFs in hypoxic CMEC culture supernatant was substantially downregulated, and the effect of the culture supernatant on CF activation was also reduced. However, TGFβ1 agonists inhibited the effects of C-L on CMECs and CFs. Conclusion Our data demonstrated that by regulating the TGFβ1/Snail pathway, C-L inhibits EndMT of CMECs and reduces the release of CF-activating factors in cells undergoing EndMT.
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12
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Wang R, Guo T, Li J. Mechanisms of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells in Peritoneal Adhesion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101498. [PMID: 36291710 PMCID: PMC9599397 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A peritoneal adhesion (PA) is a fibrotic tissue connecting the abdominal or visceral organs to the peritoneum. The formation of PAs can induce a variety of clinical diseases. However, there is currently no effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of PAs. Damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) is believed to cause PAs by promoting inflammation, fibrin deposition, and fibrosis formation. In the early stages of PA formation, PMCs undergo mesothelial–mesenchymal transition and have the ability to produce an extracellular matrix. The PMCs may transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts and accelerate the formation of PAs. Therefore, the aim of this review was to understand the mechanism of action of PMCs in PAs, and to offer a theoretical foundation for the treatment and prevention of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Tiankang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Junliang Li
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Fang J, Zhang Y, Chen D, Zheng Y, Jiang J. Exosomes and Exosomal Cargos: A Promising World for Ventricular Remodeling Following Myocardial Infarction. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4699-4719. [PMID: 36217495 PMCID: PMC9547598 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s377479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a pluripotent group of extracellular nanovesicles secreted by all cells that mediate intercellular communications. The effective information within exosomes is primarily reflected in exosomal cargos, including proteins, lipids, DNAs, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), the most intensively studied molecules. Cardiac resident cells (cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells) and foreign cells (infiltrated immune cells, cardiac progenitor cells, cardiosphere-derived cells, and mesenchymal stem cells) are involved in the progress of ventricular remodeling (VR) following myocardial infarction (MI) via transferring exosomes into target cells. Here, we summarize the pathological mechanisms of VR following MI, including cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, and metabolic disorders, and the roles of exosomal cargos in these processes, with a focus on proteins and ncRNAs. Continued research in this field reveals a novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Delong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jun Jiang, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 135 8870 6891, Email
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14
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Comparative Evaluation of Inducible Cre Mouse Models for Fibroblast Targeting in the Healthy and Infarcted Myocardium. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102350. [PMID: 36289614 PMCID: PMC9598630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Cre recombinase transgenic mouse models have been generated for cardiac fibroblast (CF) tracking and heart regulation. However, there is still no consensus on the ideal mouse model to optimally identify and/or regulate these cells. Here, a comparative evaluation of the efficiency and specificity of the indirect reporter Cre-loxP system was carried out in three of the most commonly used fibroblast reporter transgenic mice (Pdgfra-CreERT2, Col1a1-CreERT2 and PostnMCM) under healthy and ischemic conditions, to determine their suitability in in vivo studies of cardiac fibrosis. We demonstrate optimal Cre recombinase activity in CF (but also, although moderate, in endothelial cells (ECs)) derived from healthy and infarcted hearts in the PDGFRa-creERT2 mouse strain. In contrast, no positive reporter signal was found in CF derived from the Col1a1-CreERT2 mice. Finally, in the PostnMCM line, fluorescent reporter expression was specifically detected in activated CF but not in EC, which leads us to conclude that it may be the most reliable model for future studies on cardiovascular disease. Importantly, no lethality or cardiac fibrosis were induced after tamoxifen administration at the established doses, either in healthy or infarcted mice of the three fibroblast reporter lineages. This study lays the groundwork for future efficient in vivo CF tracking and functional analyses.
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15
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Firouzi F, Echeagaray O, Esquer C, Gude NA, Sussman MA. 'Youthful' phenotype of c-Kit + cardiac fibroblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:424. [PMID: 35841449 PMCID: PMC10544823 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast (CF) population heterogeneity and plasticity present a challenge for categorization of biological and functional properties. Distinct molecular markers and associated signaling pathways provide valuable insight for CF biology and interventional strategies to influence injury response and aging-associated remodeling. Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit mediates cell survival, proliferation, migration, and is activated by pathological injury. However, the biological significance of c-Kit within CF population has not been addressed. An inducible reporter mouse detects c-Kit promoter activation with Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) expression in cardiac cells. Coincidence of EGFP and c-Kit with the DDR2 fibroblast marker was confirmed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, CFs expressing DDR2 with or without c-Kit was isolated and characterized. A subset of DDR2+ CFs also express c-Kit with coincidence in ~ 8% of total cardiac interstitial cells (CICs). Aging is associated with decreased number of c-Kit expressing DDR2+ CFs, whereas pathological injury induces c-Kit and DDR2 as well as the frequency of coincident expression in CICs. scRNA-Seq profiling reveals the transcriptome of c-Kit expressing CFs as cells with transitional phenotype. Cultured cardiac DDR2+ fibroblasts that are c-Kit+ exhibit morphological and functional characteristics consistent with youthful phenotypes compared to c-Kit- cells. Mechanistically, c-Kit expression correlates with signaling implicated in proliferation and cell migration, including phospho-ERK and pro-caspase 3. The phenotype of c-kit+ on DDR2+ CFs correlates with multiple characteristics of 'youthful' cells. To our knowledge, this represents the first evaluation of c-Kit biology within DDR2+ CF population and provides a fundamental basis for future studies to influence myocardial biology, response to pathological injury and physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareheh Firouzi
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Oscar Echeagaray
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Carolina Esquer
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Natalie A Gude
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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16
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Pogontke C, Guadix JA, Sánchez-Tévar AM, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Ruiz-Villalba A, Pérez-Pomares JM. Dynamic Epicardial Contribution to Cardiac Interstitial c-Kit and Sca1 Cellular Fractions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864765. [PMID: 35706902 PMCID: PMC9189417 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The cardiac interstitial cellular fraction is composed of multiple cell types. Some of these cells are known to express some well-known stem cell markers such as c-Kit and Sca1, but they are no longer accepted to be true cardiac stem cells. Although their existence in the cardiac interstitium has not been disputed, their dynamic throughout development, specific embryonic origin, and potential heterogeneity remain unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that both c-KitPOS and Sca1POS cardiac interstitial cell (CIC) subpopulations are related to the Wilms’ tumor 1 (Wt1) epicardial lineage. Methods: In this study, we have used genetic cell lineage tracing methods, immunohistochemistry, and FACS techniques to characterize cardiac c-KitPOS and Sca1POS cells. Results: Our data show that approximately 50% of cardiac c-KitPOS cells are derived from the Wt1-lineage at E15.5. This subpopulation decreased along with embryonic development, disappearing from P7 onwards. We found that a large proportion of cardiac c-KitPOS cells express specific markers strongly suggesting they are blood-borne cells. On the contrary, the percentage of Sca1POS cells within the Wt1-lineage increases postnatally. In accordance with these findings, 90% of adult epicardial-derived endothelial cells and 60% of mEFSK4POS cardiac fibroblasts expressed Sca1. Conclusion: Our study revealed a minor contribution of the Wt1-epicardial lineage to c-KitPOS CIC from embryonic stages to adulthood. Remarkably, a major part of the adult epicardial-derived cell fraction is enriched in Sca1, suggesting that this subpopulation of CICs is heterogeneous from their embryonic origin. The study of this heterogeneity can be instrumental to the development of diagnostic and prognostic tests for the evaluation of cardiac homeostasis and cardiac interstitium response to pathologic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pogontke
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - J. A. Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - A. M. Sánchez-Tévar
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - R. Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - A. Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: A. Ruiz-Villalba, ; J. M. Pérez-Pomares,
| | - J. M. Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: A. Ruiz-Villalba, ; J. M. Pérez-Pomares,
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Hamid T, Xu Y, Ismahil MA, Rokosh G, Jinno M, Zhou G, Wang Q, Prabhu SD. Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Fibrosis and Remodeling in Heart Failure: Role of PDGF Signaling. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:465-483. [PMID: 35663630 PMCID: PMC9156441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by progressive fibrosis. Both fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts. MSCs secrete and express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors. We hypothesized that PDGF signaling in cardiac MSCs (cMSCs) promotes their myofibroblast differentiation and aggravates post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling and fibrosis. We show that cMSCs from failing hearts post-myocardial infarction exhibit an altered phenotype. Inhibition of PDGF signaling in vitro inhibited cMSC-myofibroblast differentiation, whereas in vivo inhibition during established ischemic HF alleviated left ventricular remodeling and function, and decreased myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and inflammation. Modulating cMSC PDGF receptor expression may thus represent a novel approach to limit pathologic cardiac fibrosis in HF.
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Key Words
- CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand
- CCR2, C-C chemokine receptor 2
- DDR2, discoidin domain receptor 2
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
- EDV, end-diastolic volume
- EF, ejection fraction
- ESV, end-systolic volume
- HF, heart failure
- IL, interleukin
- INF, interferon
- LV, left ventricular
- Lin, lineage
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cMSC, cardiac mesenchymal stem cell
- cardiac remodeling
- fibrosis
- heart failure
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mesenchymal stem cells
- myocardial inflammation
- myofibroblasts
- platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hamid
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Miki Jinno
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qiongxin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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18
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Palmquist-Gomes P, Marín-Sedeño E, Ruiz-Villalba A, Rico-Llanos GA, Pérez-Pomares JM, Guadix JA. In Vivo and In Vitro Cartilage Differentiation from Embryonic Epicardial Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073614. [PMID: 35408974 PMCID: PMC8999123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of cartilage tissue in the embryonic and adult hearts of different vertebrate species is a well-recorded fact. However, while the embryonic neural crest has been historically considered as the main source of cardiac cartilage, recently reported results on the wide connective potential of epicardial lineage cells suggest they could also differentiate into chondrocytes. In this work, we describe the formation of cardiac cartilage clusters from proepicardial cells, both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings report, for the first time, cartilage formation from epicardial progenitor cells, and strongly support the concept of proepicardial cells as multipotent connective progenitors. These results are relevant to our understanding of cardiac cell complexity and the responses of cardiac connective tissues to pathologic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmquist-Gomes
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29080 Malaga, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-V.)
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (BIONAND), Universidad de Malaga, c/Severo Ochoa 25, Campanillas, Junta de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ernesto Marín-Sedeño
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29080 Malaga, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-V.)
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (BIONAND), Universidad de Malaga, c/Severo Ochoa 25, Campanillas, Junta de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
| | - Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29080 Malaga, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-V.)
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (BIONAND), Universidad de Malaga, c/Severo Ochoa 25, Campanillas, Junta de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Rico-Llanos
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Malaga, Spain;
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, IBIMA, University of Malaga, 29016 Malaga, Spain
| | - José María Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29080 Malaga, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-V.)
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (BIONAND), Universidad de Malaga, c/Severo Ochoa 25, Campanillas, Junta de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.-P.); (J.A.G.)
| | - Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29080 Malaga, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-V.)
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (BIONAND), Universidad de Malaga, c/Severo Ochoa 25, Campanillas, Junta de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.-P.); (J.A.G.)
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19
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Rao KS, Kloppenburg JE, Marquis T, Solomon L, McElroy-Yaggy KL, Spees JL. CTGF-D4 Amplifies LRP6 Signaling to Promote Grafts of Adult Epicardial-derived Cells That Improve Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells 2022; 40:204-214. [PMID: 35257185 PMCID: PMC9199845 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem/progenitor cells holds promise for cardiac regeneration in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Currently, however, low cell survival and engraftment after transplantation present a major barrier to many forms of cell therapy. One issue is that ligands, receptors, and signaling pathways that promote graft success remain poorly understood. Here, we prospectively isolate uncommitted epicardial cells from the adult heart surface by CD104 (β-4 integrin) and demonstrate that C-terminal peptide from connective tissue growth factor (CTGF-D4), when combined with insulin, effectively primes epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) for cardiac engraftment after MI. Similar to native epicardial derivatives that arise from epicardial EMT at the heart surface, the grafted cells migrated into injured myocardial tissue in a rat model of MI with reperfusion. By echocardiography, at 1 month after MI, we observed significant improvement in cardiac function for animals that received epicardial cells primed with CTGF-D4/insulin compared with those that received vehicle-primed (control) cells. In the presence of insulin, CTGF-D4 treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of Wnt co-receptor LRP6 on EPDC. Competitive engraftment assays and neutralizing/blocking studies showed that LRP6 was required for EPDC engraftment after transplantation. Our results identify LRP6 as a key target for increasing EPDC engraftment after MI and suggest amplification of LRP6 signaling with CTGF-D4/insulin, or by other means, may provide an effective approach for achieving successful cellular grafts in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Jessica E Kloppenburg
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Taylor Marquis
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Laura Solomon
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Keara L McElroy-Yaggy
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Spees
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
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20
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Kang KW, Ko JY, Lee H, Shin SY, Lee WS, Hong J, Kim SW, Lee SK, Oak MH. Surgically Metabolic Resection of Pericardial Fat to Ameliorate Myocardial Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Acute Myocardial Infarction Obese Rats. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e55. [PMID: 35257523 PMCID: PMC8901878 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericardial fat (PF) is highly associated with cardiovascular disease but the effectiveness of surgical resection of PF is still unknown for myocardial mitochondrial structure and function in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with obesity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the difference in myocardial mitochondrial structure and function between obese AMI with additionally resected PF and those without resected PF. METHODS Obese rats with 12-week high fat diet (45 kcal% fat, n = 21) were randomly assigned into 3 groups: obese control, obese AMI and obese AMI with additionally resected PF. One week after developing AMI and additional resection of PF, echocardiogram, myocardial mitochondrial histomorphology, oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), anti-oxidative enzyme and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) in the non-infarcted area were assessed between these groups. RESULTS There was significant improvement of systolic function in AMI with PF resection compared with the AMI group in the echocardiogram. Even though the electron microscopic morphology for the mitochondria seems to be similar between the AMI with PF resection and AMI groups, there was an improved expression of PGC-1α and responsive OXPHOS including NDUFB3, NDUFB5 and SDHB are associated with the ATP levels in the AMI with PF resection compared with those in the AMI group. In addition, the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes (MnSOD) and SERCA2 were improved in the AMI with PF resection compared with those in the AMI group. CONCLUSION Surgical resection of PF might ameliorate myocardial mitochondria dysfunction in obese AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woon Kang
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Heart Research Institute and Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ju-Young Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea
| | - Hyunghee Lee
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Heart Research Institute and Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yong Shin
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Heart Research Institute and Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wang Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Heart Research Institute and Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonhwa Hong
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Heart Research Institute and Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Oak
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathological remodeling of cardiac tissue after injury or disease leads to scar formation. Our knowledge of the role of nonmyocytes, especially fibroblasts, in cardiac injury and repair continues to increase with technological advances in both experimental and clinical studies. Here, we aim to elaborate on cardiac fibroblasts by describing their origins, dynamic cellular states after injury, and heterogeneity in order to understand their role in cardiac injury and repair. RECENT FINDINGS With the improvement in genetic lineage tracing technologies and the capability to profile gene expression at the single-cell level, we are beginning to learn that manipulating a specific population of fibroblasts could mitigate severe cardiac fibrosis and promote cardiac repair after injury. Cardiac fibroblasts play an indispensable role in tissue homeostasis and in repair after injury. Activated fibroblasts or myofibroblasts have time-dependent impacts on cardiac fibrosis. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in modulating fibroblast states, resulting in the alteration of fibrosis. Modulating a specific population of cardiac fibroblasts may provide new opportunities for identifying novel treatment options for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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22
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the phenotype and function of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells and vascular cells. Cardiac injury triggers the generation of bioactive TGFβ from latent stores, through mechanisms involving proteases, integrins and specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Activated TGFβ signals through the SMAD intracellular effectors or through non-SMAD cascades. In the infarcted heart, the anti-inflammatory and fibroblast-activating actions of TGFβ have an important role in repair; however, excessive or prolonged TGFβ signalling accentuates adverse remodelling, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac pressure overload also activates TGFβ cascades, which initially can have a protective role, promoting an ECM-preserving phenotype in fibroblasts and preventing the generation of injurious, pro-inflammatory ECM fragments. However, prolonged and overactive TGFβ signalling in pressure-overloaded cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts can promote cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In the atria, TGFβ-mediated fibrosis can contribute to the pathogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation. Overactive or dysregulated TGFβ responses have also been implicated in cardiac ageing and in the pathogenesis of diabetic, genetic and inflammatory cardiomyopathies. This Review summarizes the current evidence on the role of TGFβ signalling in myocardial diseases, focusing on cellular targets and molecular mechanisms, and discussing challenges and opportunities for therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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23
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Saludas L, Garbayo E, Ruiz-Villalba A, Hernández S, Vader P, Prósper F, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Isolation methods of large and small extracellular vesicles derived from cardiovascular progenitors: A comparative study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 170:187-196. [PMID: 34968647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial therapeutical effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs), these agents have been attracting great interest as next-generation therapies. EVs are nanosized membrane bodies secreted by all types of cells that mediate cell-cell communication. Although the classification of different subpopulations of EVs can be complex, they are broadly divided into microvesicles and exosomes based on their biogenesis and in large and small EVs based on their size. As this is an emerging field, current investigations are focused on basic aspects such as the more convenient method for EV isolation. In the present paper, we used cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) to study and compare different cell culture conditions for EV isolation as well as two of the most commonly employed purification methods: ultracentrifugation (UC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Large and small EVs were separately analysed. We found that serum starvation of cells during the EV collecting period led to a dramatic decrease in EV secretion and major cell death. Regarding the isolation method, our findings suggest that UC and SEC gave similar EV recovery rates. Separation of large and small EV-enriched subpopulations was efficiently achieved with both purification protocols although certain difference in sample heterogeneity was observed. Noteworthy, while calnexin was abundant in large EVs, ALIX and CD63 were mainly found in small EVs. Finally, when the functionality of EVs was assessed on primary culture of adult murine cardiac fibroblasts, we found that EVs were taken up by these cells, which resulted in a pronounced reduction in the proliferative and migratory capacity of the cells. Specifically, a tendency towards a larger effect of SEC-related EVs was observed. No differences could be found between large and small EVs. Altogether, these results contribute to establish the basis for the use of EVs as therapeutic platforms, in particular in regenerative fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Saludas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Garbayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Hematology Service and Area of Cell Therapy, Clinic Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain. Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Silvia Hernández
- Hematology Service and Area of Cell Therapy, Clinic Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Hematology Service and Area of Cell Therapy, Clinic Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Hematology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Foundation for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Oncologia (CIBERONC), Spain.
| | - María J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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24
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Kohela A, van Rooij E. Fibro-fatty remodelling in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:22. [PMID: 35441328 PMCID: PMC9018639 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is an inherited disorder characterized by lethal arrhythmias and a risk to sudden cardiac death. A hallmark feature of AC is the progressive replacement of the ventricular myocardium with fibro-fatty tissue, which can act as an arrhythmogenic substrate further exacerbating cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, identifying the processes underlying this pathological remodelling would help understand AC pathogenesis and support the development of novel therapies. In this review, we summarize our knowledge on the different models designed to identify the cellular origin and molecular pathways underlying cardiac fibroblast and adipocyte cell differentiation in AC patients. We further outline future perspectives and how targeting the fibro-fatty remodelling process can contribute to novel AC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Kohela
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands ,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Umbarkar P, Ejantkar S, Tousif S, Lal H. Mechanisms of Fibroblast Activation and Myocardial Fibrosis: Lessons Learned from FB-Specific Conditional Mouse Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092412. [PMID: 34572061 PMCID: PMC8471002 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Cardiac fibrosis is associated with HF progression. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. This is a physiological response to tissue injury. However, uncontrolled fibrosis leads to adverse cardiac remodeling and contributes significantly to cardiac dysfunction. Fibroblasts (FBs) are the primary drivers of myocardial fibrosis. However, until recently, FBs were thought to play a secondary role in cardiac pathophysiology. This review article will present the evolving story of fibroblast biology and fibrosis in cardiac diseases, emphasizing their recent shift from a supporting to a leading role in our understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. Indeed, this story only became possible because of the emergence of FB-specific mouse models. This study includes an update on the advancements in the generation of FB-specific mouse models. Regarding the underlying mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis, we will focus on the pathways that have been validated using FB-specific, in vivo mouse models. These pathways include the TGF-β/SMAD3, p38 MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK), and Hippo signaling. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying fibroblast activation and fibrosis may provide a novel therapeutic target for the management of adverse fibrotic remodeling in the diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Umbarkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.U.); (H.L.); Tel.: +1-205-996-4248 (P.U.); +1-205-996-4219 (H.L.); Fax: +1-205-975-5104 (H.L.)
| | - Suma Ejantkar
- School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Sultan Tousif
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.U.); (H.L.); Tel.: +1-205-996-4248 (P.U.); +1-205-996-4219 (H.L.); Fax: +1-205-975-5104 (H.L.)
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26
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Marín-Sedeño E, de Morentin XM, Pérez-Pomares JM, Gómez-Cabrero D, Ruiz-Villalba A. Understanding the Adult Mammalian Heart at Single-Cell RNA-Seq Resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645276. [PMID: 34055776 PMCID: PMC8149764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, extensive efforts have been made to comprehend cardiac cell genetic and functional diversity. Such knowledge allows for the definition of the cardiac cellular interactome as a reasonable strategy to increase our understanding of the normal and pathologic heart. Previous experimental approaches including cell lineage tracing, flow cytometry, and bulk RNA-Seq have often tackled the analysis of cardiac cell diversity as based on the assumption that cell types can be identified by the expression of a single gene. More recently, however, the emergence of single-cell RNA-Seq technology has led us to explore the diversity of individual cells, enabling the cardiovascular research community to redefine cardiac cell subpopulations and identify relevant ones, and even novel cell types, through their cell-specific transcriptomic signatures in an unbiased manner. These findings are changing our understanding of cell composition and in consequence the identification of potential therapeutic targets for different cardiac diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the continuously changing cardiac cellular landscape, traveling from the pre-single-cell RNA-Seq times to the single cell-RNA-Seq revolution, and discuss the utilities and limitations of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Marín-Sedeño
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Xabier Martínez de Morentin
- Traslational Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Cabrero
- Traslational Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centre of Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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27
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Garbayo E, Ruiz-Villalba A, Hernandez SC, Saludas L, Abizanda G, Pelacho B, Roncal C, Sanchez B, Palacios I, Prósper F, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Delivery of cardiovascular progenitors with biomimetic microcarriers reduces adverse ventricular remodeling in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:394-407. [PMID: 33716175 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in cell-based therapies for heart repair, many challenges still exist. To enhance the therapeutic potential of cell therapy one approach is the combination of cells with biomaterial delivery vehicles. Here, we developed a biomimetic and biodegradable micro-platform based on polymeric microparticles (MPs) capable of maximizing the therapeutic potential of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and explored its efficacy in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction. The transplantation of CPCs adhered to MPs within the infarcted myocardial microenvironment improved the long-term engraftment of transplanted cells for up to one month. Furthermore, the enhancement of cardiac cellular retention correlated with an increase in functional recovery. In consonance, better tissue remodeling and vasculogenesis were observed in the animals treated with cells attached to MPs, which presented smaller infarct size, thicker right ventricular free wall, fewer deposition of periostin and greater density of vessels than animals treated with CPCs alone. Finally, we were able to show that part of this beneficial effect was mediated by CPC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Taken together, these findings indicate that the biomimetic microcarriers support stem cell survival and increase cardiac function in chronic myocardial infarction through modulation of cardiac remodeling, vasculogenesis and CPCs-EVs mediated therapeutic effects. The biomimetic microcarriers provide a solution for biomaterial-assisted CPC delivery to the heart. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we evaluate the possibility of using a biomimetic and biodegradable micro-platform to improve cardiovascular progenitor therapy. The strategy reported herein serves as an injectable scaffold for adherent cells due to their excellent injectability through cardiac catheters, capacity for biomimetic three-dimensional stem cell support and controllable biodegradability. In a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction, the biomimetic microcarriers improved cardiac function, reduced chronic cardiac remodeling and increased vasculogenesis through the paracrine signaling of CPCs. We have also shown that extracellular vesicles derived from CPCs cultured on biomimetic substrates display antifibrotic effects, playing an important role in the therapeutic effects of our tissue-engineered approach. Therefore, biomimetic microcarriers represent a promising and effective strategy for biomaterial-assisted CPC delivery to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garbayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Ruiz-Villalba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA) Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - S C Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Saludas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Abizanda
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Pelacho
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Roncal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - F Prósper
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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28
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Pluijmert NJ, Atsma DE, Quax PHA. Post-ischemic Myocardial Inflammatory Response: A Complex and Dynamic Process Susceptible to Immunomodulatory Therapies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647785. [PMID: 33996944 PMCID: PMC8113407 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following acute occlusion of a coronary artery causing myocardial ischemia and implementing first-line treatment involving rapid reperfusion, a dynamic and balanced inflammatory response is initiated to repair and remove damaged cells. Paradoxically, restoration of myocardial blood flow exacerbates cell damage as a result of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury, which eventually provokes accelerated apoptosis. In the end, the infarct size still corresponds to the subsequent risk of developing heart failure. Therefore, true understanding of the mechanisms regarding MI-R injury, and its contribution to cell damage and cell death, are of the utmost importance in the search for successful therapeutic interventions to finally prevent the onset of heart failure. This review focuses on the role of innate immunity, chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory cells in all three overlapping phases following experimental, mainly murine, MI-R injury known as the inflammatory, reparative, and maturation phase. It provides a complete state-of-the-art overview including most current research of all post-ischemic processes and phases and additionally summarizes the use of immunomodulatory therapies translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek J Pluijmert
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douwe E Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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29
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Cano‐Ballesteros S, Palmquist‐Gomes P, Marín‐Sedeño E, Guadix JA, Pérez‐Pomares JM. Fsp1 cardiac embryonic expression delineates atrioventricular endocardial cushion, coronary venous and lymphatic valve development. J Anat 2021; 238:508-514. [PMID: 32920869 PMCID: PMC7812130 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fsp1 (a.k.a S100A4 or Metastatin) is an intracellular and secreted protein widely regarded as a fibroblast marker. Recent studies have nonetheless shown that Fsp1 is also expressed by other cell types, including small subsets of endothelial cells. Since no detailed and systematic description of Fsp1 spatio-temporal expression pattern in cardiac vascular cells is available in the literature, we have used a transgenic murine line (Fsp1-GFP) to study Fsp1 expression in the developing and postnatal cardiac vasculature and endocardium. Our work shows that Fsp1 is expressed in the endocardium and mesenchyme of atrioventricular valve primordia, as well as in some coronary venous and lymphatic endothelial cells. Fsp1 expression in cardiac venous and lymphatic endothelium is progressively restricted to the leaflets of cardiac venous and lymphatic valves. Our results suggest that Fsp1 could play a role in the development of atrioventricular valves and participate in the patterning and morphogenesis of cardiac venous and lymphatic vessel valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cano‐Ballesteros
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of SciencesInstituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of MálagaMálagaSpain,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y BiotecnologíaJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Paul Palmquist‐Gomes
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of SciencesInstituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of MálagaMálagaSpain,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y BiotecnologíaJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Ernesto Marín‐Sedeño
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of SciencesInstituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of MálagaMálagaSpain,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y BiotecnologíaJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of SciencesInstituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of MálagaMálagaSpain,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y BiotecnologíaJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - José María Pérez‐Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of SciencesInstituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), University of MálagaMálagaSpain,BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y BiotecnologíaJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
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30
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Hall C, Gehmlich K, Denning C, Pavlovic D. Complex Relationship Between Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes in Health and Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019338. [PMID: 33586463 PMCID: PMC8174279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the primary cell type responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix in the heart, providing support to the contracting myocardium and contributing to a myriad of physiological signaling processes. Despite the importance of fibrosis in processes of wound healing, excessive fibroblast proliferation and activation can lead to pathological remodeling, driving heart failure and the onset of arrhythmias. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving the cardiac fibroblast activation and proliferation is expanding, and evidence for their direct and indirect effects on cardiac myocyte function is accumulating. In this review, we focus on the importance of the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and the cross talk of cardiac fibroblasts with cardiac myocytes. We also consider the current use of models used to explore these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hall
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford University of Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Chris Denning
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
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31
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Aujla PK, Kassiri Z. Diverse origins and activation of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109869. [PMID: 33278559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs) have emerged as a heterogenous cell population. Fibroblasts are considered the main cell source for synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as such a dysregulation in cFB function, activity, or viability can lead to disrupted ECM structure or fibrosis. Fibrosis can be initiated in response to different injuries and stimuli, and can be reparative (beneficial) or reactive (damaging). FBs need to be activated to myofibroblasts (MyoFBs) which have augmented capacity in synthesizing ECM proteins, causing fibrosis. In addition to the resident FBs in the myocardium, a number of other cells (pericytes, fibrocytes, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cells) can transform into MyoFBs, further driving the fibrotic response. Multiple molecules including hormones, cytokines, and growth factors stimulate this process leading to generation of activated MyoFBs. Contribution of different cell types to cFBs and MyoFBs can result in an exponential increase in the number of MyoFBs and an accelerated pro-fibrotic response. Given the diversity of the cell sources, and the array of interconnected signalling pathways that lead to formation of MyoFBs and subsequently fibrosis, identifying a single target to limit the fibrotic response in the myocardium has been challenging. This review article will delineate the importance and relevance of fibroblast heterogeneity in mediating fibrosis in different models of heart failure and will highlight important signalling pathways implicated in myofibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetinder K Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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32
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Frohlich J, Vinciguerra M. Candidate rejuvenating factor GDF11 and tissue fibrosis: friend or foe? GeroScience 2020; 42:1475-1498. [PMID: 33025411 PMCID: PMC7732895 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11 or bone morphogenetic protein 11, BMP11) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is closely related to other family member-myostatin (also known as GDF8). GDF11 was firstly identified in 2004 due to its ability to rejuvenate the function of multiple organs in old mice. However, in the past few years, the heralded rejuvenating effects of GDF11 have been seriously questioned by many studies that do not support the idea that restoring levels of GDF11 in aging improves overall organ structure and function. Moreover, with increasing controversies, several other studies described the involvement of GDF11 in fibrotic processes in various organ setups. This review paper focuses on the GDF11 and its pro- or anti-fibrotic actions in major organs and tissues, with the goal to summarize our knowledge on its emerging role in regulating the progression of fibrosis in different pathological conditions, and to guide upcoming research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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33
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Sasson A, Kristoferson E, Batista R, McClung JA, Abraham NG, Peterson SJ. The pivotal role of heme Oxygenase-1 in reversing the pathophysiology and systemic complications of NAFLD. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108679. [PMID: 33248947 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and molecular pathways involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are reviewed, as well as what is known about mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to heart disease and the progression to steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. We focused our discussion on the role of the antioxidant gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its nuclear coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC1-α) in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function and potential therapeutic benefit for cardiac disease, NAFLD as well as the pharmacological effect they have on the chronic inflammatory state of obesity. The result is increased mitochondrial function and the conversion of white adipocyte tissue to beige adipose tissue ("browning of white adipose tissue") that leads to an improvement in signaling pathways and overall liver function. Improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function is essential to preventing the progression of hepatic steatosis to NASH and cirrhosis as well as preventing cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sasson
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Eva Kristoferson
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Rogerio Batista
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John A McClung
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Nader G Abraham
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Stephen J Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA; New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, 11215, USA.
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The Future of Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: Any GMT Cocktail Variety? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217950. [PMID: 33114756 PMCID: PMC7663133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cardiac reprogramming has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to treat and regenerate injured hearts through the direct conversion of fibroblasts into cardiac cells. Most studies have focused on the reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs). The first study in which this technology was described, showed that at least a combination of three transcription factors, GATA4, MEF2C and TBX5 (GMT cocktail), was required for the reprogramming into iCMs in vitro using mouse cells. However, this was later demonstrated to be insufficient for the reprogramming of human cells and additional factors were required. Thereafter, most studies have focused on implementing reprogramming efficiency and obtaining fully reprogrammed and functional iCMs, by the incorporation of other transcription factors, microRNAs or small molecules to the original GMT cocktail. In this respect, great advances have been made in recent years. However, there is still no consensus on which of these GMT-based varieties is best, and robust and highly reproducible protocols are still urgently required, especially in the case of human cells. On the other hand, apart from CMs, other cells such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells to form new blood vessels will be fundamental for the correct reconstruction of damaged cardiac tissue. With this aim, several studies have centered on the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) able to give rise to all myocardial cell lineages. Especially interesting are reports in which multipotent and highly expandable mouse iCPCs have been obtained, suggesting that clinically relevant amounts of these cells could be created. However, as of yet, this has not been achieved with human iCPCs, and exactly what stage of maturity is appropriate for a cell therapy product remains an open question. Nonetheless, the major concern in regenerative medicine is the poor retention, survival, and engraftment of transplanted cells in the cardiac tissue. To circumvent this issue, several cell pre-conditioning approaches are currently being explored. As an alternative to cell injection, in vivo reprogramming may face fewer barriers for its translation to the clinic. This approach has achieved better results in terms of efficiency and iCMs maturity in mouse models, indicating that the heart environment can favor this process. In this context, in recent years some studies have focused on the development of safer delivery systems such as Sendai virus, Adenovirus, chemical cocktails or nanoparticles. This article provides an in-depth review of the in vitro and in vivo cardiac reprograming technology used in mouse and human cells to obtain iCMs and iCPCs, and discusses what challenges still lie ahead and what hurdles are to be overcome before results from this field can be transferred to the clinical settings.
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Owenier C, Hesse J, Alter C, Ding Z, Marzoq A, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Schrader J. Novel technique for the simultaneous isolation of cardiac fibroblasts and epicardial stromal cells from the infarcted murine heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1047-1058. [PMID: 31504244 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to activation of cardiac fibroblasts (aCFs) and at the same time induces the formation of epicardium-derived cells at the heart surface. To discriminate between the two cell populations, we elaborated a fast and efficient protocol for the simultaneous isolation and characterization of aCFs and epicardial stromal cells (EpiSCs) from the infarcted mouse heart. METHODS AND RESULTS For the isolation of aCFs and EpiSCs, infarcted hearts (50 min ischaemia/reperfusion) were digested by perfusion with a collagenase-containing medium for only 8 min, while EpiSCs were enzymatically removed from the outside by applying mild shear forces via a motor driven device. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from unstressed hearts served as control. Viability of isolated cells was >90%. Purity of EpiSCs was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and qPCR of various mesenchymal markers including Wilms-tumor-protein-1. Microarray analysis of CFs, aCFs, and EpiSCs on day 5 post-MI revealed a unique gene expression pattern in the EpiSC fraction, which was enriched for epithelial markers and epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related genes. Compared to aCFs, 336 significantly altered gene entities were identified in the EpiSC fraction. qPCR analysis showed high expression of Serpinb2, Cxcl13, Adora2b, and Il10 in EpiSCs relative to CFs and aCFs. Furthermore, microarray data identified Ddah1 and Cemip to be highly up-regulated in aCFs compared to CFs. Immunostaining of the infarcted heart revealed a unique distribution of Dermokine, Aquaporin-1, Cytokeratin, Lipocalin2, and Periostin within the epicardial cell layer. CONCLUSIONS We describe the simultaneous isolation of viable, purified fractions of aCFs and EpiSCs from the infarcted mouse heart. In this study, several differentially expressed markers for aCFs and EpiSCs were identified, underlining the importance of cell separation to study heterogeneity of stromal cells in the healing process after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Owenier
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Hesse
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alter
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aseel Marzoq
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biologisch-Medizinisches-Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biologisch-Medizinisches-Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Institut für Molekulare Kardiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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36
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Shokoples BG, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. P2X7 Receptors: An Untapped Target for the Management of Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:186-199. [PMID: 32998520 PMCID: PMC7752223 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development of several diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Adequate strategies to target inflammation in cardiovascular disease are in their infancy and remain an avenue of great interest. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is a ubiquitously expressed receptor that predominately mediates inflammation and cellular death. P2X7 is a ligand-gated cation channel that is activated in response to high concentrations of extracellular ATP, triggering the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 (nuclear oligomerization domain like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines IL (interleukin)-1β and IL-18. Increased P2X7 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 concentrations have been implicated in the development of many cardiovascular conditions including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and heart failure. P2X7 receptor KO (knockout) mice exhibit a significant attenuation of the inflammatory response, which corresponds with reduced disease severity. P2X7 antagonism blunts blood pressure elevation in hypertension and progression of atherosclerosis in animal models. IL-1β and IL-18 inhibition has shown efficacy in clinical trials reducing major adverse cardiac events, including myocardial infarction, and heart failure. With several P2X7 antagonists available with proven safety margins, P2X7 antagonism could represent an untapped potential for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G. Shokoples
- Vascular and Hypertension Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (B.G.S., P.P., E.L.S.), Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Paradis
- Vascular and Hypertension Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (B.G.S., P.P., E.L.S.), Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ernesto L. Schiffrin
- Vascular and Hypertension Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (B.G.S., P.P., E.L.S.), Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine (E.L.S.), Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Ruiz-Villalba A, Romero JP, Hernández SC, Vilas-Zornoza A, Fortelny N, Castro-Labrador L, San Martin-Uriz P, Lorenzo-Vivas E, García-Olloqui P, Palacio M, Gavira JJ, Bastarrika G, Janssens S, Wu M, Iglesias E, Abizanda G, de Morentin XM, Lasaga M, Planell N, Bock C, Alignani D, Medal G, Prudovsky I, Jin YR, Ryzhov S, Yin H, Pelacho B, Gomez-Cabrero D, Lindner V, Lara-Astiaso D, Prósper F. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals a Crucial Role for CTHRC1 (Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1) Cardiac Fibroblasts After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2020; 142:1831-1847. [PMID: 32972203 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) have a central role in the ventricular remodeling process associated with different types of fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that fibroblasts do not respond homogeneously to heart injury. Because of the limited set of bona fide fibroblast markers, a proper characterization of fibroblast population heterogeneity in response to cardiac damage is lacking. The purpose of this study was to define CF heterogeneity during ventricular remodeling and the underlying mechanisms that regulate CF function. METHODS Collagen1α1-GFP (green fluorescent protein)-positive CFs were characterized after myocardial infarction (MI) by single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing, and functional assays. Swine and patient samples were studied using bulk RNA sequencing. RESULTS We identified and characterized a unique CF subpopulation that emerges after MI in mice. These activated fibroblasts exhibit a clear profibrotic signature, express high levels of Cthrc1 (collagen triple helix repeat containing 1), and localize into the scar. Noncanonical transforming growth factor-β signaling and different transcription factors including SOX9 are important regulators mediating their response to cardiac injury. Absence of CTHRC1 results in pronounced lethality attributable to ventricular rupture. A population of CFs with a similar transcriptome was identified in a swine model of MI and in heart tissue from patients with MI and dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS We report CF heterogeneity and their dynamics during the course of MI and redefine the CFs that respond to cardiac injury and participate in myocardial remodeling. Our study identifies CTHRC1 as a novel regulator of the healing scar process and a target for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.).,Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA) Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Spain (A.R.-V.).,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain (A.R.-V.)
| | - Juan P Romero
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory (J.P.R., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., D.L.-A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Silvia C Hernández
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Amaia Vilas-Zornoza
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory (J.P.R., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., D.L.-A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (N.F., C.B.)
| | - Laura Castro-Labrador
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory (J.P.R., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., D.L.-A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Patxi San Martin-Uriz
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory (J.P.R., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., D.L.-A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Erika Lorenzo-Vivas
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory (J.P.R., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., D.L.-A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Paula García-Olloqui
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Marcel Palacio
- Department of Cardiology (M.P., J.J.G.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Gavira
- Department of Cardiology (M.P., J.J.G.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gorka Bastarrika
- Department of Radiology (G.B.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Cardiology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.J., M.W.)
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Clinical Cardiology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.J., M.W.)
| | - Elena Iglesias
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Gloria Abizanda
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Xabier Martinez de Morentin
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit (TransBio), NavarraBiomed, Pamplona, Spain (X.M.d.M., M.L., N.P., D.G.-C.)
| | - Miren Lasaga
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit (TransBio), NavarraBiomed, Pamplona, Spain (X.M.d.M., M.L., N.P., D.G.-C.)
| | - Nuria Planell
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit (TransBio), NavarraBiomed, Pamplona, Spain (X.M.d.M., M.L., N.P., D.G.-C.)
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (N.F., C.B.).,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (C.B.)
| | - Diego Alignani
- Flow Cytometry Unit (D.A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain (D.A.)
| | - Gema Medal
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (I.P., Y.-R.J., S.R., H.Y., V.L.)
| | - Yong-Ri Jin
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (I.P., Y.-R.J., S.R., H.Y., V.L.)
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (I.P., Y.-R.J., S.R., H.Y., V.L.)
| | - Haifeng Yin
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (I.P., Y.-R.J., S.R., H.Y., V.L.)
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.).,Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy (B.P., F.P.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit (TransBio), NavarraBiomed, Pamplona, Spain (X.M.d.M., M.L., N.P., D.G.-C.)
| | - Volkhard Lindner
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (I.P., Y.-R.J., S.R., H.Y., V.L.)
| | - David Lara-Astiaso
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory (J.P.R., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., D.L.-A.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.)
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Program of Regenerative Medicine (A.R.-V., S.C.H., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., G.M., B.P., F.P.), Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain (A.R.-V., J.P.R., S.C.H., A.V.-Z., L.C.-L., P.S.M.-U., E.L.-V., P.G.-O., E.I., G.A., D.A., B.P., D.L.-A., F.P.).,Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy (B.P., F.P.), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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38
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Tawara I, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C in cardiac disease: a sophisticated controller of inflammation, repair, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C781-C796. [PMID: 32845719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00353.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein classified as a matricellular protein that is generally upregulated at high levels during physiological and pathological tissue remodeling and is involved in important biological signaling pathways. In the heart, TNC is transiently expressed at several important steps during embryonic development and is sparsely detected in normal adult heart but is re-expressed in a spatiotemporally restricted manner under pathological conditions associated with inflammation, such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive cardiac fibrosis, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Kawasaki disease. Despite its characteristic and spatiotemporally restricted expression, TNC knockout mice develop a grossly normal phenotype. However, various disease models using TNC null mice combined with in vitro experiments have revealed many important functions for TNC and multiple molecular cascades that control cellular responses in inflammation, tissue repair, and even myocardial regeneration. TNC has context-dependent diverse functions and, thus, may exert both harmful and beneficial effects in damaged hearts. However, TNC appears to deteriorate adverse ventricular remodeling by proinflammatory and profibrotic effects in most cases. Its specific expression also makes TNC a feasible diagnostic biomarker and target for molecular imaging to assess inflammation in the heart. Several preclinical studies have shown the utility of TNC as a biomarker for assessing the prognosis of patients and selecting appropriate therapy, particularly for inflammatory heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Isao Tawara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Japan
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39
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Vazir A, Fox K, Westaby J, Evans MJ, Westaby S. Can we remove scar and fibrosis from adult human myocardium? Eur Heart J 2020; 40:960-966. [PMID: 30203057 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological processes leading to heart failure are characterized by the formation of fibrosis and scar, yet the dynamics of scar production and removal are incompletely understood. Spontaneous disappearance of myocardial collagen is reported in infancy but doubted in adulthood where scar volume constitutes a better prognostic indicator than the conventional parameters of ventricular function. Whilst certain drugs are known to attenuate myocardial fibrosis evidence is emerging that stem cell therapy also has the potential to reduce scar size and improve myocardial viability. Both animal studies and clinical trials support the concept that, as in infancy, cellular processes can be triggered to remove collagen and regenerate injured myocardium. The molecular mechanisms likely involve anti-fibrotic cytokines growth factors and matrix-metalloproteinases. Autologous cardiac, bone-marrow and adipose tissue derived stem cells have each shown efficacy. Specific immune privileged mesenchymal stem cells and genetically modified immunomodulatory progenitor cells may in turn provide an allogenic source for the paracrine effects. Thus autologous and allogenic cells both have the potential through paracrine action to reduce scar volume, boost angiogenesis and improve ventricular morphology. The potential benefit of myocardial cell therapy for routine treatment of heart failure is an area that requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vazir
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and ICMS, Royal Brompton Hospital, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
| | - Kim Fox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and ICMS, Royal Brompton Hospital, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
| | - Joseph Westaby
- Department of Pathology, St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Martin J Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen Westaby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and ICMS, Royal Brompton Hospital, Dovehouse Street, London, UK.,Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, UK
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40
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Toor IS, Rückerl D, Mair I, Ainsworth R, Meloni M, Spiroski AM, Benezech C, Felton JM, Thomson A, Caporali A, Keeble T, Tang KH, Rossi AG, Newby DE, Allen JE, Gray GA. Eosinophil Deficiency Promotes Aberrant Repair and Adverse Remodeling Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:665-681. [PMID: 32760855 PMCID: PMC7393409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction of both patients and mice, there was a decline in blood eosinophil count, with activated eosinophils recruited to the infarct zone. Eosinophil deficiency resulted in attenuated anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization, enhanced myocardial inflammation, increased scar size, and deterioration of myocardial structure and function. Adverse cardiac remodeling in the setting of eosinophil deficiency was prevented by interleukin-4 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal S. Toor
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Iris Mair
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Ainsworth
- Division of Pathology, Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Meloni
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ana-Mishel Spiroski
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile Benezech
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M. Felton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Thomson
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Caporali
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Keeble
- Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon and Thurrock Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kare H. Tang
- Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon and Thurrock Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Newby
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian A. Gray
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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41
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Huang S, Chen B, Humeres C, Alex L, Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. The role of Smad2 and Smad3 in regulating homeostatic functions of fibroblasts in vitro and in adult mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118703. [PMID: 32179057 PMCID: PMC7261645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The heart contains an abundant fibroblast population that may play a role in homeostasis, by maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) network, by regulating electrical impulse conduction, and by supporting survival and function of cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. Despite an explosion in our understanding of the role of fibroblasts in cardiac injury, the homeostatic functions of resident fibroblasts in adult hearts remain understudied. TGF-β-mediated signaling through the receptor-activated Smads, Smad2 and Smad3 critically regulates fibroblast function. We hypothesized that baseline expression of Smad2/3 in fibroblasts may play an important role in cardiac homeostasis. Smad2 and Smad3 were constitutively expressed in normal mouse hearts and in cardiac fibroblasts. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, Smad2 and Smad3 played distinct roles in regulation of baseline ECM gene synthesis. Smad3 knockdown attenuated collagen I, collagen IV and fibronectin mRNA synthesis and reduced expression of the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Smad2 knockdown on the other hand attenuated expression of collagen V mRNA and reduced synthesis of fibronectin, periostin and versican. In vivo, inducible fibroblast-specific Smad2 knockout mice and fibroblast-specific Smad3 knockout mice had normal heart rate, preserved cardiac geometry, ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and normal myocardial structure. Fibroblast-specific Smad3, but not Smad2 loss modestly but significantly reduced collagen content. Our findings suggest that fibroblast-specific Smad3, but not Smad2, may play a role in regulation of baseline collagen synthesis in adult hearts. However, at least short term, these changes do not have any impact on homeostatic cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Huang
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Bijun Chen
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Linda Alex
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America.
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42
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Sampaio-Pinto V, Ruiz-Villalba A, Nascimento DS, Pérez-Pomares JM. Bone marrow contribution to the heart from development to adulthood. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:16-26. [PMID: 32591270 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac chamber walls contain large numbers of non-contractile interstitial cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and significant populations of blood lineage-derived cells. Blood cells first colonize heart tissues a few days before birth, although their recruitment from the bloodstream to the cardiac interstitium is continuous and extends throughout adult life. The bone marrow, as the major hematopoietic site of adult individuals, is in charge of renewing all circulating cell types, and it therefore plays a pivotal role in the incorporation of blood cells to the heart. Bone marrow-derived cells are instrumental to tissue homeostasis in the steady-state heart, and are major effectors in cardiac disease progression. This review will provide a comprehensive approach to bone marrow-derived blood cell functions in the heart, and discuss aspects related to hot topics in the cardiovascular field like cell-based heart regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Sampaio-Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diana S Nascimento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain.
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43
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Differential Gender-Dependent Patterns of Cardiac Fibrosis and Fibroblast Phenotypes in Aging Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8282157. [PMID: 32566103 PMCID: PMC7267867 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8282157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by physiological changes within the heart leading to fibrosis and dysfunction even in individuals without underlying pathologies. Gender has been shown to influence the characteristics of cardiac aging; however, gender-dependent cardiac fibrosis occurring with age remains largely not elucidated. Thus, broadening our understanding of this phenomenon proves necessary in order to develop novel anti-fibrotic strategies in the elderly. In this study, we aim to characterize cardiac fibrosis and cardiac fibroblast (CF) populations in aged male and female mice. Echocardiography revealed eccentric hypertrophy with left ventricular dilatation in the aged male versus concentric hypertrophy with left posterior wall thickening in the female, with preserved cardiac function in both groups. Reactive fibrosis was evidenced in the myocardium and epicardium of the aged female mice hearts whereas perivascular and replacement ones where present in the male heart. Collagen I was predominant in the aged male heart whereas collagen III was the main component in the female heart. CFs in the aged male heart were mainly recruited from resident PDGFRα+ populations but not derived from epicardium as evidenced by the absence of epicardial progenitor transcription factors Tcf21, Tbx18 and Wt1. Our results present a paradigm for gender-dependent cardiac fibrosis and the origins of CFs with age. This sets forth to revisit cardiac anti-fibrotic management according to the gender in the elderly and to explore novel therapeutic targets.
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44
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Cell-based therapies for the treatment of myocardial infarction: lessons from cardiac regeneration and repair mechanisms in non-human vertebrates. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 24:133-142. [PMID: 30421074 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the cardiovascular condition with the highest impact on the Western population. In mammals (humans included), prolonged ischemia in the ventricular walls causes the death of cardiomyocytes (myocardial infarction, MI). The loss of myocardial mass is soon compensated by the formation of a reparative, non-contractile fibrotic scar that ultimately affects heart performance. Despite the enormous clinical relevance of MI, no effective therapy is available for the long-term treatment of this condition. Moreover, since the human heart is not able to undergo spontaneous regeneration, many researchers aim at designing cell-based therapies that allow for the substitution of dead cardiomyocytes by new, functional ones. So far, the majority of such strategies rely on the injection of different progenitor/stem cells to the infarcted heart. These cardiovascular progenitors, which are expected to differentiate into cardiomyocytes de novo, seldom give rise to new cardiac muscle. In this context, the most important challenge in the field is to fully disclose the molecular and cellular mechanisms that could promote active myocardial regeneration after cardiac damage. Accordingly, we suggest that such strategy should be inspired by the unique regenerative and reparative responses displayed by non-human animal models, from the restricted postnatal myocardial regeneration abilities of the murine heart to the full ventricular regeneration of some bony fishes (e.g., zebrafish). In this review article, we will discuss about current scientific approaches to study cardiac reparative and regenerative phenomena using animal models.
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45
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Arctigenin alleviates myocardial infarction injury through inhibition of the NFAT5-related inflammatory phenotype of cardiac macrophages/monocytes in mice. J Transl Med 2020; 100:527-541. [PMID: 31792391 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we screened potential natural compounds for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) and explored the underlying mechanisms. We built three machine learning models to screen the potential compounds. qPCR, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analyses were applied to analyze the pharmacological effects of the compounds on macrophages/monocytes in vivo and in vitro. Arctigenin (AG) was selected as a candidate, and echocardiography, Masson's trichrome staining, and TUNEL staining were utilized to detect the effect of AG on MI in vivo. Transcriptome analysis and subsequent bioinformatics analyses were performed to predict the target of the selected compound. Western blot and luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the target and mechanism of AG. The reversibility of the effects of AG were verified through overexpression of NFAT5. The results showed that AG can improve cardiac injury after MI by reducing infarct size, improving heart function, and inhibiting cardiac death. In addition, AG suppresses inflammatory macrophages/monocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro. Transcriptomic and biological experiments revealed that AG modulates macrophage polarization via the NFAT5-induced signaling pathway. Therefore, our data suggest that AG can improve MI by inhibiting the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages/monocytes through targeting of NFAT5.
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46
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure, a prevalent cause of mortality. Therefore, a majority of the existing information regarding cardiac fibroblasts is focused on their function and behavior after heart injury. Less is understood about the signaling and transcriptional networks required for the development and homeostatic roles of these cells. This review is devoted to describing our current understanding of cardiac fibroblast development. I detail cardiac fibroblast formation during embryogenesis including the discovery of a second embryonic origin for cardiac fibroblasts. Additional information is provided regarding the roles of the genes essential for cardiac fibroblast development. It should be noted that many questions remain regarding the cell-fate specification of these fibroblast progenitors, and it is hoped that this review will provide a basis for future studies regarding this topic.
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47
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Flinn MA, Jeffery BE, O'Meara CC, Link BA. Yap is required for scar formation but not myocyte proliferation during heart regeneration in zebrafish. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:570-577. [PMID: 30295714 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The Hippo signalling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes during organ development and maintenance by modulating activity of the transcriptional cofactor Yap. Core components of this pathway are required for neonatal mouse heart regeneration, however, investigations to date have typically focused on expression and activity in cardiomyocytes. Due to the regenerative capacity of zebrafish and the fact that global loss of Yap is not fully embryonic lethal in zebrafish, we leveraged a yap null mutant to investigate the impact of constitutive Yap deletion during zebrafish heart regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS Following cryoinjury in adult hearts, myocyte proliferation was not decreased in yap mutants, contrary to expectations based on mouse data. Experiments in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) revealed that deletion of either Yap or Taz had a modest effect on heart growth, reducing gross organ size, while their combined deletion was synergistic; thus, Yap and Taz share some overlapping roles in zebrafish heart development. Surprisingly, adult yap mutants exhibited decreased collagen composition at 7 days post-injury, suggesting a critical role for Yap in scar formation during heart regeneration. siRNA-mediated Yap knockdown in primary rat (Rattus norvegicus) cardiac cells revealed a fibroblast-specific role for Yap in controlling the expression of cytoskeletal and myofibroblast activation genes, as well as pro-inflammatory cyto/chemokines. Corroborating these RNAseq data, we observed increased macrophage infiltration in the scars of yap mutants at 7 days post-injury. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Yap deletion has minimal effect on myocyte proliferation in adults, but significantly influences scar formation and immune cell infiltration during zebrafish heart regeneration. Collectively, these data suggest an unexpected role for Yap in matrix formation and macrophage recruitment during heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brooke E Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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48
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Nagaraju CK, Robinson EL, Abdesselem M, Trenson S, Dries E, Gilbert G, Janssens S, Van Cleemput J, Rega F, Meyns B, Roderick HL, Driesen RB, Sipido KR. Myofibroblast Phenotype and Reversibility of Fibrosis in Patients With End-Stage Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 73:2267-2282. [PMID: 31072570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial fibrosis is an important component of diastolic, and systolic, dysfunction in heart failure (HF) and depends on activation and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (MyoFb). Recent clinical evidence suggests that in late-stage HF, fibrosis is not reversible. OBJECTIVES The study aims to examine the degree of differentiation of cardiac MyoFb in end-stage HF and the potential for their phenotypic reversibility. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from the left ventricle of the explanted hearts of transplant recipients (ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy), and from nonused donor hearts. Fibroblasts were maintained in culture without passaging for 4 or 8 days (treatment studies). Phenotyping included functional testing, immunostaining, and expression studies for markers of differentiation. These data were complemented with immunohistology and expression studies in tissue samples. RESULTS Interstitial fibrosis with cross-linked collagen is prominent in HF hearts, with presence of activated MyoFbs. Tissue levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, lysyl oxidase, periostin, and osteopontin are elevated. Fibroblastic cells isolated from HF hearts are predominantly MyoFb, proliferative or nonproliferative, with mature α-smooth muscle actin stress fibers. HF MyoFb express high levels of profibrotic cytokines and the TGF-β1 pathway is activated. Inhibition of TGF-β1 receptor kinase in HF MyoFb promotes dedifferentiation of MyoFb with loss of α-smooth muscle actin and depolymerization of stress fibers, and reduces the expression of profibrotic genes and cytokines levels to non-HF levels. CONCLUSION MyoFb in end-stage HF have a variable degree of differentiation and retain the capacity to return to a less activated state, validating the potential for developing antifibrotic therapy targeting MyoFb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma L Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mouna Abdesselem
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Trenson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eef Dries
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Cleemput
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Meyns
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ronald B Driesen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin R Sipido
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological condition that occurs after injury and during aging. Currently, there are limited means to effectively reduce or reverse fibrosis. Key to identifying methods for curbing excess deposition of extracellular matrix is a better understanding of the cardiac fibroblast, the cell responsible for collagen production. In recent years, the diversity and functions of these enigmatic cells have been gradually revealed. In this review, I outline current approaches for identifying and classifying cardiac fibroblasts. An emphasis is placed on new insights into the heterogeneity of these cells as determined by lineage tracing and single-cell sequencing in development, adult, and disease states. These recent advances in our understanding of the fibroblast provide a platform for future development of novel therapeutics to combat cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA;
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50
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Pathophysiology, Current Clinical Management, and Potential Preventive Approaches. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8405370. [PMID: 32410868 PMCID: PMC7204323 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8405370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion syndrome is a complex entity where many inflammatory mediators play different roles, both to enhance myocardial infarction-derived damage and to heal injury. In such a setting, the establishment of an effective therapy to treat this condition has been elusive, perhaps because the experimental treatments have been conceived to block just one of the many pathogenic pathways of the disease, or because they thwart the tissue-repairing phase of the syndrome. Either way, we think that a discussion about the pathophysiology of the disease and the mechanisms of action of some drugs may shed some clarity on the topic.
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