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Pihlaja S, Jääskeläinen E, Heikkilä L, Hintsanen M. Associations of lipids in adolescence and adulthood with self- and other-directed compassion in adulthood. Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39013837 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Self- and other-directed compassion have been linked with better mental and physical health but research on factors contributing to their development is scarce. Previous studies indicate a possible causal relationship of lipids with personality and socioemotional functioning. As an extension to earlier research, in the present study we examine whether lipids assessed in adolescence and adulthood are associated with self-compassion and other-directed compassion in adulthood. The study utilizes data on lipids from two follow-ups in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 at ages 15-16 and 33-35. In the latter follow-up also self-compassion and other-directed compassion were assessed with the self-compassion scale - short form and the subscale for compassion in the dispositional positive emotions scale, respectively. The sample for the cross-sectional associations of lipids in adulthood with the compassion variables in adulthood includes 1,459 participants, whereas the sample for the longitudinal associations of lipids in adolescence and the compassion variables in adulthood consists of 1,509 participants. The associations were examined with hierarchical linear regression (lipids as continuous variables) and univariate general linear model (lipids as categorical variables). The results suggest that in women, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in adolescence is associated with high empathic concern (a component of other-directed compassion) in adulthood. The results show further that, in women, an HDL cholesterol level above 1.2 mmol/L in adulthood is associated with high other-directed compassion and empathic concern in adulthood. The present study provides tentative evidence that biological factors such as lipids might play a role in the development of empathic concern and other-directed compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pihlaja
- Research Center of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Heikkilä
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Research Center of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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MahmoudianDehkordi S, Ahmed AT, Bhattacharyya S, Han X, Baillie RA, Arnold M, Skime MK, John-Williams LS, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, Louie G, Riva-Posse P, Craighead WE, McDonald W, Krishnan R, Rush AJ, Frye MA, Dunlop BW, Weinshilboum RM, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Alterations in acylcarnitines, amines, and lipids inform about the mechanism of action of citalopram/escitalopram in major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:153. [PMID: 33654056 PMCID: PMC7925685 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), yet their mechanisms of action are not fully understood and their therapeutic benefit varies among individuals. We used a targeted metabolomics approach utilizing a panel of 180 metabolites to gain insights into mechanisms of action and response to citalopram/escitalopram. Plasma samples from 136 participants with MDD enrolled into the Mayo Pharmacogenomics Research Network Antidepressant Medication Pharmacogenomic Study (PGRN-AMPS) were profiled at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. After treatment, we saw increased levels of short-chain acylcarnitines and decreased levels of medium-chain and long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting an SSRI effect on β-oxidation and mitochondrial function. Amines-including arginine, proline, and methionine sulfoxide-were upregulated while serotonin and sarcosine were downregulated, suggesting an SSRI effect on urea cycle, one-carbon metabolism, and serotonin uptake. Eighteen lipids within the phosphatidylcholine (PC aa and ae) classes were upregulated. Changes in several lipid and amine levels correlated with changes in 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores (HRSD17). Differences in metabolic profiles at baseline and post-treatment were noted between participants who remitted (HRSD17 ≤ 7) and those who gained no meaningful benefits (<30% reduction in HRSD17). Remitters exhibited (a) higher baseline levels of C3, C5, alpha-aminoadipic acid, sarcosine, and serotonin; and (b) higher week-8 levels of PC aa C34:1, PC aa C34:2, PC aa C36:2, and PC aa C36:4. These findings suggest that mitochondrial energetics-including acylcarnitine metabolism, transport, and its link to β-oxidation-and lipid membrane remodeling may play roles in SSRI treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak MahmoudianDehkordi
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ahmed T. Ahmed
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- grid.252381.f0000 0001 2169 5989Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | | | - Matthias Arnold
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michelle K. Skime
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Lisa St. John-Williams
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - M. Arthur Moseley
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - J. Will Thompson
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Gregory Louie
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA
| | - Patricio Riva-Posse
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - W. Edward Craighead
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - William McDonald
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ranga Krishnan
- grid.262743.60000000107058297Department of Psychiatry, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. John Rush
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Permian Basin, TX USA
| | - Mark A. Frye
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Boadie W. Dunlop
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Richard M. Weinshilboum
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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3
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe behavioural issues such as impulsive action and suicide have since long been associated with low levels of cholesterol. While it is known that cholesterol plays a role in neural development and hence low levels of serum lipids could have long-term effects on behaviour, no longitudinal studies showed the association of serum lipids levels with impulsivity. We aimed to examine the prognostic properties of serum lipid levels during childhood and adolescence on measures of impulsivity during early adulthood in a representative birth cohort sample. METHODS We have investigated whether serum lipid levels measured at 9, 15, 18 and 25 years of age have an association with impulsivity in 25 years old young adults. This analysis was based on data of the birth cohort representative samples of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (original n = 1238). Impulsivity was self-reported with the Adaptive and Maladaptive Impulsivity Scale. RESULTS Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol measured in boys aged 9, 15 and 18 years predicted disinhibition and thoughtlessness in 25-year-old young adults. High scores of disinhibition were associated with low total and LDL cholesterol levels in males but, while less consistently, with high total and LDL cholesterol levels in females. Cross-sectional analysis did not result in systematic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Serum lipid levels could have an impact on the development of Maladaptive Impulsivity starting from an early age. This effect of cholesterol continues throughout adolescence into young adulthood.
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Abstract
There is now overwhelming evidence to support lowering LDL-c (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Statins are a class of drugs frequently prescribed to lower cholesterol. However, in spite of their wide-spread use, discontinuation and nonadherence remains a major gap in both the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The major reason for statin discontinuation is because of the development of statin-associated muscle symptoms, but a range of other statin-induced side effects also exist. Although the mechanisms behind these side effects have not been fully elucidated, there is an urgent need to identify those at increased risk of developing side effects as well as provide alternative treatment strategies. In this article, we review the mechanisms and clinical importance of statin toxicity and focus on the evaluation and management of statin-associated muscle symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Ward
- From the School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (N.C.W.).,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (N.C.W., G.F.W.)
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (N.C.W., G.F.W.).,Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia (G.F.W.)
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (R.H.E.)
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Taravatmanesh S, Parsa N, Trevisan M, Zaheri PM. The Association Between Low Serum Cholesterol and Non-Cardiovascular Mortality among Italian Males and Females: A Nine- Year Prospective Cohort Ctudy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1361-1368. [PMID: 31127892 PMCID: PMC6857883 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.5.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No study to date provides evidence suggesting that lower cholesterol is associated with excess death in non-cardiovascular disease (NCVD). This study aimed to determine the association between low cholesterol level and NCVD mortality. Methods: A nine-year cohort study was conducted on 3,079 male and 26,005 female Italians aged 20-69 years old. The Cox proportional hazard models implied a hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval for association. Results: Among males, there were significant inverse associations between the lowest cholesterol decile (< 160mg/dl) hazard ratio and all-cause deaths and non-cardiovascular deaths, 1.50 (1.19-1.89) and 2.06 (1.54-2.74), respectively. Among females, there was a significant inverse association of lowest and fourth cholesterol deciles, 1.53 (1.01-2.34); 1.52 (1.06-2.18) hazard ratio for all-cause deaths and risk for non-cardiovascular deaths in the same deciles 1.52 (0.91-2.50); 1.78 (1.16-2.71), respectively. Remarkably, in depth analysis for NCVD, found significant inverse associations hazard of cholesterol <160 mg/dl for cancer, non-cancer liver dysfunction (NCLD), other non-cancer-non- CVD in males and only NCLD death was significant in females. Conclusion: Among males, there were significant inverse hazard associations between the lowest cholesterol decile and all-cause and non-CVD deaths . Among females, there were significant inverse hazard associations of lowest and fourth cholesterol decile for all-cause and also risk first and fourth deciles for non-CVD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Taravatmanesh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nader Parsa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Maurizio Trevisan
- City College of New York (“CCNY”), Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs, Dean of Medical School, New York, United States
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Abstract
Although a large number of studies have shown the associations of high plasma lipid profile levels with cancer, few studies demonstrate the association between low serum cholesterol (<160 mg/dl) and risk for cancer mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the association of low serum cholesterol level as a risk factor for mortality in cancer. The prospective cohort studies were conducted on 19 of 52 cohort studies including 30 179 male and 26 005 female participants who were followed up for 9 years. Cox proportion hazard model was applied to analyze these data. The associations are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The statistical package for the social sciences software was used for analysis. The multivariate analysis results showed risk associations with low serum cholesterol for the first decile among male participants (cancer: HR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.06-2.18; noncancer liver dysfunction: HR=10.73, 95% CI: 3.74-30.18) and female participants (cancer: HR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.52-2.05; noncancer liver dysfunction: HR=25.8, 95% CI: 3.09-217.70). Furthermore, in the second decile, this association among male patients (noncancer liver dysfunction: HR=3.73, 95% CI: 1.16-11.95) had a statistically significant result. For the remaining deciles in both sexes, cancer and noncancer liver dysfunction has some risk or protective association, although not significant. Findings of this study indicated an inverse association between low serum cholesterol and cancer and noncancer liver dysfunction mortality.
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Examining prescriber perceptions of statin therapy and the potential implications these perceptions may have on guideline adherence. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 33:290-296. [PMID: 29794564 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Not all psychiatric inpatients who are candidates for statin therapy are prescribed statin medication. It is unclear whether this is because of prescriber guideline uncertainty or purposeful avoidance because of other reasons. This study aims to determine prescribers' perceptions of recent cholesterol treatment guidelines, and whether their prescribing may be influenced by recent, potentially oversimplified headlines in the media.
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8
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Serum lipidomic analysis for the discovery of biomarkers for major depressive disorder in drug-free patients. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:174-182. [PMID: 29719272 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomic analysis can be used to efficiently identify hundreds of lipid molecular species in biological materials and has been recently established as an important tool for biomarker discovery in various neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study, quantitative targeted serum lipidomic profiling was performed on female subjects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Global lipid profiling of pooled serum samples from 10 patients currently with MDD (cMDD), 10 patients with remitted MDD (rMDD), and 10 healthy controls revealed 37 differentially regulated lipids (DRLs). DRLs were further verified using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) in each of the 25 samples from the three groups of independent cohorts. Using multivariate analysis and MRM data we identified serum biomarker panels of discriminatory lipids that differentiated between pairs of groups: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)(16:1), triglycerides (TG)(44:0), and TG(54:8) distinguished cMDD from controls with 76% accuracy; lysophosphatidylcholines(16:1), TG(44:0), TG(46:0), and TG(50:1) distinguished between cMDD and rMDD at 65% accuracy; and LPA(16:1), TG(52:6), TG(54:8), and TG(58:10) distinguished between rMDD and controls with 60% accuracy. Our lipidomic analysis identified peripheral lipid signatures of MDD, which thereby provides providing important biomarker candidates for MDD.
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9
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Predictive validity and gender differences in a biopsychosocial model of violence risk assessment in acute psychiatry. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:270-280. [PMID: 29655971 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Current violence risk assessment methods seem to have reached an upper limit of accuracy. More comprehensive biopsychosocial models may improve on existing methods. Research on gender differences concerning risk factors of violence is scarce and inconclusive. In this prospective study from an acute psychiatric ward, all patients admitted from March 2012 to March 2013 were included. Predictive validity and potential gender differences in a biopsychosocial model of violence risk assessment consisting of a psychosocial checklist (Violence risk screening-10, V-RISK-10), a patient's self-report risk scale (SRS), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were examined in an inpatient (N = 348) and a 3-months follow-up (N = 101) sample. Overall increases in explained variances and predictive values were small and non-significant compared to V-RISK-10 alone. In the inpatient sample, HDL contributed significantly to the model for men but not for women. In the follow-up sample, SRS contributed significantly for the whole sample. Results indicated that the biopsychosocial model we tested partially improved accuracy of violence risk assessments in acute psychiatry and that gender differences may exist.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent findings on the association of cholesterol levels with impulsivity and violence. RECENT FINDINGS Several authors have recently highlighted the importance of confounding factors that mask the association between cholesterol and impulsivity or violent behaviour. In particular, demographic factors and presence of psychiatric disorders can play a role in the discrepancies present in literature. Men seem to be more sensitive to low cholesterol levels as the association between low cholesterol levels and aggression is found mostly in men. Cholesterol may play a role as a moderator of the serotonergic function and interact with associations between relevant gene variants and impulsivity. Lowering cholesterol levels with statins brings about several changes in the serotonergic system, nerve cell membrane microviscosity and behaviour, and needs to be done with precaution in susceptible individuals. Cholesterol levels could serve as a biological risk marker for violence and suicidal tendencies in psychiatric patients with depression and schizophrenia. SUMMARY Future studies should consider the potential nonlinearity in the association of cholesterol levels with impulsivity, and dependence of the association on gender, psychiatric condition, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Tomson-Johanson
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology
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11
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Relationship between Burnout and Body Mass Index in Senior and Middle Managers from the Mexican Manufacturing Industry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030541. [PMID: 29562619 PMCID: PMC5877086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research relates Burnout Syndrome (BS) with the Body Mass Index (BMI) among middle and senior managers of the Mexican manufacturing industry. Even though BS incidence is high in the Mexican industrial population, few systematic studies have explored BS and its relationship with other health problems, such as obesity. The goal of this research is to determine the relationship between BS and the BMI in employees with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. We present three structural equation models to relate BS and the BMI. The BMI ranges were determined according to the parameters (normal weight, overweight, and obesity) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The sample includes 361 employees that voluntarily answered a 31-item questionnaire. We measure the levels of BS using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and analyze anthropometric and sociodemographic data from the participants. Then, we determine the relationships between the variables through structural equation models and estimate the direct, indirect, and total effects in the three models, which show acceptable reliability. As main findings, the normal weight model has a larger explanatory power than the overweight and obesity models. The same research hypotheses were tested and the effects of BS on the BMI differ across the three models. Such results are presented by taking into account that obesity and overweight require additional factors, such as genetic factors and personal eating habits, to be better explained.
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12
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Eriksen BMS, Bjørkly S, Lockertsen Ø, Færden A, Roaldset JO. Low cholesterol level as a risk marker of inpatient and post-discharge violence in acute psychiatry - A prospective study with a focus on gender differences. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:1-7. [PMID: 28505467 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies indicate an association between low levels of serum cholesterol and aggressive behaviour, but prospective studies are scarce. In this naturalistic prospective inpatient and post-discharge study from an acute psychiatric ward, we investigated total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as risk markers of violence. From March 21, 2012, to March 20, 2013, 158 men and 204 women were included. TC and HDL were measured at admission. Violence was recorded during hospital stay and for the first 3 months post-discharge. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to estimate associations between low TC and low HDL and violence. Results showed that HDL level was significantly inversely associated with violence during hospital stay for all patients. For men, but not for women, HDL level was significantly inversely associated with violence the first 3 months post-discharge. Results indicate that low HDL is a risk marker for inpatient and post-discharge violence in acute psychiatry and also suggest gender differences in HDL as a risk marker for violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Magne S Eriksen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Acute Psychiatric Section, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stål Bjørkly
- Oslo University Hospital, Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo, Norway; Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Øyvind Lockertsen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Acute Psychiatric Section, Oslo, Norway; Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Færden
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Acute Psychiatric Section, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Olav Roaldset
- Oslo University Hospital, Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo, Norway; Ålesund Hospital, Møre & Romsdal Health Trust, Psychiatric Department, Ålesund, Norway; The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to describe systematically recent studies that show the importance of cholesterol in psychopathology. METHODS This study was a review. The following databases were searched for relevant published articles on human studies: MEDLINE, Web of Science, EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection (papers from January 2012 to March 2016). RESULTS Eighteen recent papers were selected, and thematic dimensions showing correlations between cholesterol and behavioral and psychopathological variables were depression, suicide, personality, and aggression. CONCLUSION This paper demonstrates that recent research corroborates the idea that cholesterol plays an important role in governing behavior and psychopathology in humans. Deepening the studies in this field could be a promising avenue for future research, with implications for treating people with behavior or mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Pereira
- Department of Psychology and Education, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
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14
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Hagenbeek FA, Kluft C, Hankemeier T, Bartels M, Draisma HHM, Middeldorp CM, Berger R, Noto A, Lussu M, Pool R, Fanos V, Boomsma DI. Discovery of biochemical biomarkers for aggression: A role for metabolomics in psychiatry. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:719-32. [PMID: 26913573 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human aggression encompasses a wide range of behaviors and is related to many psychiatric disorders. We introduce the different classification systems of aggression and related disorders as a basis for discussing biochemical biomarkers and then present an overview of studies in humans (published between 1990 and 2015) that reported statistically significant associations of biochemical biomarkers with aggression, DSM-IV disorders involving aggression, and their subtypes. The markers are of different types, including inflammation markers, neurotransmitters, lipoproteins, and hormones from various classes. Most studies focused on only a limited portfolio of biomarkers, frequently a specific class only. When integrating the data, it is clear that compounds from several biological pathways have been found to be associated with aggressive behavior, indicating complexity and the need for a broad approach. In the second part of the paper, using examples from the aggression literature and psychiatric metabolomics studies, we argue that a better understanding of aggression would benefit from a more holistic approach such as provided by metabolomics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Berger
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Noto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericultura Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Milena Lussu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,BBMRINL: Infrastructure for the Application of Metabolomics Technology in Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericultura Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Waltes R, Chiocchetti AG, Freitag CM. The neurobiological basis of human aggression: A review on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:650-75. [PMID: 26494515 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is an evolutionary conserved behavior present in most species including humans. Inadequate aggression can lead to long-term detrimental personal and societal effects. Here, we differentiate between proactive and reactive forms of aggression and review the genetic determinants of it. Heritability estimates of aggression in general vary between studies due to differing assessment instruments for aggressive behavior (AB) as well as age and gender of study participants. In addition, especially non-shared environmental factors shape AB. Current hypotheses suggest that environmental effects such as early life stress or chronic psychosocial risk factors (e.g., maltreatment) and variation in genes related to neuroendocrine, dopaminergic as well as serotonergic systems increase the risk to develop AB. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the genetics of human aggression based on twin studies, genetic association studies, animal models, and epigenetic analyses with the aim to differentiate between mechanisms associated with proactive or reactive aggression. We hypothesize that from a genetic perspective, the aminergic systems are likely to regulate both reactive and proactive aggression, whereas the endocrine pathways seem to be more involved in regulation of reactive aggression through modulation of impulsivity. Epigenetic studies on aggression have associated non-genetic risk factors with modifications of the stress response and the immune system. Finally, we point to the urgent need for further genome-wide analyses and the integration of genetic and epigenetic information to understand individual differences in reactive and proactive AB. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Waltes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas G Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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The effect of prolonged simvastatin application on serotonin uptake, membrane microviscosity and behavioral changes in the animal model. Physiol Behav 2016; 158:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhang Y, Cheng L, Chen Y, Yang GY, Liu J, Zeng L. Clinical predictor and circulating microRNA profile expression in patients with early onset post-stroke depression. J Affect Disord 2016; 193:51-8. [PMID: 26766035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the clinical factors and blood biomarker for predicting the early-onset post-stroke depression (PSD). METHODS 251 acute ischemic stroke patients were divided into PSD group and non-PSD group by Hamilton depression scale in 2 weeks after stroke. The clinical data, the severity, etiology and location of stroke were recorded. The analysis of inflammatory mediator, glycose and lipid metabolism was performed on the day of admission. The association between clinical factors and early onset PSD was studied by logistic regression analysis. In addition, the differentially expressed miRNAs in plasma between the two groups were screened by gene chip and the bio-information was further investigated by GO and KEEG analysis. RESULTS Among 251 patients, 45 (17.93%) were diagnosed as early onset PSD. NIHSS score (>3) and carotid stenosis were independent relative factors with early-onset PSD (OR 3.479 and 2.617, p=0.000 and 0.009, respectively). Moreover, lower LDL trended toward association with early onset PSD in minor stroke subgroup (p=0.084). MiRNA profile demonstrated 25 differential expressed circulating miRNAs with FC≥2 and P≤0.05 between the two groups. The target genes of these miRNAs were enriched in pathways of cancer and MAPK signaling. LIMITATIONS The sample of the study was small. The results should be further confirmed in large cohort patients. CONCLUSIONS Early onset PSD was more likely in patients with severe neurological deficits and carotid artery stenosis, also note the possible association between lower LDL and depression in minor stroke. Blood miRNAs may be served as a potential biomarker for PSD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Lili Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Persons JE, Robinson JG, Coryell WH, Payne ME, Fiedorowicz JG. Longitudinal study of low serum LDL cholesterol and depressive symptom onset in postmenopause. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:212-20. [PMID: 26930520 PMCID: PMC4906804 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.14m09505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and subsequent depressive symptoms onset in postmenopausal women. We secondarily assessed serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), total cholesterol, and triglycerides. METHOD This population-based prospective cohort study utilizes data from 24,216 women between 50 and 79 years of age who were participants of the Women's Health Initiative, which originally ran from 1993 to 2005 and has since incorporated 2 extension studies, with the most recent culminating in 2015. Fasting lipids were measured for all participants at baseline and for a subset through 6 years of follow-up. Depressive symptoms were characterized using the Burnam 8-item scale for depressive disorders (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression/Diagnostic Interview Schedule short form) at baseline and during follow-up, using a cut point of 0.06 to indicate presence of depressive symptoms. RESULTS The lowest quintile of LDL-c was associated with an increased risk of subsequent depressive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05-1.49, P = .01), and follow-up analyses demonstrated that the elevated risk appeared to be confined to the lowest decile (LDL-c < 100 mg/dL). Further, this elevated risk was moderated by lipid-lowering drug treatment. Elevated risk was demonstrated among those who reported no lipid-lowering medication use (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03-1.47, P = .02), but not among those reporting use (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.18-2.29, P = .50). CONCLUSIONS Among postmenopausal women, untreated serum LDL-c below 100 mg/dL was associated with an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. No excess risk was observed in those attaining LDL-c < 100 mg/dL with lipid-lowering therapy. These findings have important implications for risk assessment, treatment considerations, and mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Persons
- The University of Iowa, Department of Epidemiology, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA 52246
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Vilibić M, Jukić V, Pandžić-Sakoman M, Bilić P, Milošević M. Association between total serum cholesterol and depression, aggression, and suicidal ideations in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross-sectional study. Croat Med J 2015; 55:520-9. [PMID: 25358885 PMCID: PMC4228297 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the relationship between total serum cholesterol and levels of depression, aggression, and suicidal ideations in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) without psychiatric comorbidity. Methods A total of 203 male PTSD outpatients were assessed for the presence of depression, aggression, and suicidality using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17), Corrigan Agitated Behavior Scale (CABS), and Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), respectively, followed by plasma lipid parameters determination (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein [LDL]-cholesterol, and triglycerides). PTSD severity was assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV, Current and Lifetime Diagnostic Version (CAPS-DX) and the Clinical Global Impressions of Severity Scale (CGI-S), before which Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was administered to exclude psychiatric comorbidity and premorbidity. Results After adjustments for PTSD severity, age, body mass index, marital status, educational level, employment status, use of particular antidepressants, and other lipid parameters (LDL- and HDL- cholesterol and triglycerides), higher total cholesterol was significantly associated with lower odds for having higher suicidal ideation (SSI≥20) (odds ratio [OR] 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.23], clinically significant aggression (CABS≥22) (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.14-0.59), and at least moderate depressive symptoms (HAM-D17≥17) (OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.08-0.48). Association of total cholesterol and HAM-D17 scores was significantly moderated by the severity of PTSD symptoms (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our results indicate that higher total serum cholesterol is associated with lower scores on HAM-D17, CABS, and SSI in patients with chronic PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Vilibić
- Maja Vilibic, Vrapce University Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatrics, Bolnicka 32, 10 090 Zagreb, Croatia,
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HDL-cholesterol concentrations are inversely associated with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores during pregnancy: results from a Brazilian cohort study. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:181-8. [PMID: 25163727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum lipids have been associated with depression in the adult population; however, this association during pregnancy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum lipids and depressive symptom scores during pregnancy. A prospective cohort of 238 pregnant women was followed at the 5th-13th, 20th-26th and 30th-36th weeks of gestation. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Serum concentrations (mg/dL) of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL-c; HDL-c) were the main exposures. Marital status (married/single), physical activity (active or very active/low or very low active), unplanned pregnancy (no/yes), pre-pregnancy BMI (<25/≥ 25 kg/m(2)), generalized anxiety disorder (no/yes) and current suicidal ideation (no/yes) were considered as potential confounders. Analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models. The results showed that the EPDS mean score (95%CI) decreased with time during pregnancy trimesters [1st: 8.89 (95%CI = 8.28-9.51), 2nd: 7.32 (95%CI = 6.67-7.97) and 3rd: 7.08 (95%CI = 6.41-7.74)]. Suicidal ideation frequency at baseline was 18%. HDL-c concentrations were inversely associated with changes in EPDS score (β = -0.080, 95%CI = -0.157 to -0.002), while low or very low active women (β = 1.288, 95%CI = 0.630-1.946), with single marital status (β = 1.348, 95%CI = 0.163-2.534), unplanned pregnancy (β = 1.922, 95%CI = 0.714-3.131), generalized anxiety disorder (β = 2.139, 95%CI = 0.410-3.868) and current suicidal ideation (β = 1.927, 95%CI = 0.596-3.258) tended to have higher EPDS scores. No relationship was observed between other lipids and EPDS scores. HDL-c concentration was inversely associated with changes in depressive symptom scores during pregnancy after adjusting for socio-economic, demographic, behavioral, nutritional, biochemical and mental health disorders.
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Schwartz JA, Rowland MW, Beaver KM. A genetically informed test of cholesterol levels and self-control, depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and neuroticism. J Affect Disord 2014; 164:139-47. [PMID: 24856567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cholesterol levels have been found to be associated with a wide range of behavioral problems, including violent and criminal behavior, and a wide range of psychological problems including impulsivity, depression, and other internalizing problems. The casual mechanisms underlying these associations remain largely unknown, but genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of such associations as previous research has found significant genetic influence on cholesterol levels and various deleterious behavioral and psychological outcomes. The current study addressed this existing gap in the literature by performing a genetically sensitive test of the association between cholesterol levels and various outcomes including levels of self-control, depressive symptoms, anger expression, and neuroticism. METHODS DeFries-Fulker (DF) analysis was used to analyze data from 388 twin pairs nested within the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS). RESULTS The results of the genetically informed models revealed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were negatively and significantly associated with depressive symptoms, had a marginally significant effect on neuroticism, and a nonsignificant effect on both anger expression and self-control. LIMITATIONS The findings may not extrapolate to the larger population of American adults since the subsample of twins with cholesterol information may not be nationally representative. CONCLUSIONS Genetic influences play a significant role in the association between cholesterol levels and various deleterious outcomes and failing to control for these influences may result in model misspecification and may increase the probability of detecting a significant association when one does not actually exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Schwartz
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Lincoln, NE 68588-0561, USA.
| | - Meghan W Rowland
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1273, USA
| | - Kevin M Beaver
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1273, USA; Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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