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Fang S, Ding D. The relationship between stressful life events and school engagement for junior high school students in China: A serial mediation model. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/01430343231155621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between stressful life events (SLE) and school engagement and to determine if there are some likely mediating variables between them. A sample of 1517 Chinese junior high school students (51.5% female) completed the adolescent self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-student (UWES-s), cognitive fusion questionnaire (CFQ), and positive psychological capital questionnaire (PPQ). The model was calculated using the PROCESS macro in SPSS. The serial mediator model revealed a significant negative effect of SLE on school engagement through psychological flexibility and psychological capital (effect = −.08, 95% CI [−.10, −.06]). There was also a direct mediating effect through psychological capital (effect = −.17, 95% CI [−.21, −.13]). The results of the present study may help to clarify mechanisms that might explain the association between SLE and school engagement. Future research on improving school engagement should consider the critical roles of psychological flexibility and psychological capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghu Fang
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Dongyan Ding
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Sampson L, Cabral HJ, Rosellini AJ, Gradus JL, Cohen GH, Fink DS, King AP, Liberzon I, Galea S. Stressful life events and trajectories of depression symptoms in a U.S. military cohort. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11026. [PMID: 35773360 PMCID: PMC9246834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder that may comprise distinct, underlying symptom patterns over time. Associations between stressful life events throughout the civilian lifecourse-including during childhood-and adult depression have been documented in many populations, but are less commonly assessed in military samples. We identified different trajectories of depression symptoms across four years in a military cohort using latent class growth analysis, and investigated the relationship between these trajectories and two domains of civilian life experiences: childhood adversity (e.g., being mistreated during childhood) and more proximal stressful experiences (e.g., divorce). A four-group depression model was identified, including a symptom-free group (62%), an increasing symptom group (13%), a decreasing symptom group (16%), and a "chronic" symptom group (9%). Compared to the symptom-free group, soldiers with childhood adversity were more likely to be in the chronic depression, decreasing, and increasing symptom groups. Time-varying adult stressors had the largest effect on depression symptoms for the increasing symptom group compared to other groups, particularly in the last two years of follow-up. This study indicates the importance of considering events from throughout the lifecourse-not only those from deployment-when studying the mental health of servicemembers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sampson
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Howard J. Cabral
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Anthony J. Rosellini
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jaimie L. Gradus
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Gregory H. Cohen
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - David S. Fink
- grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Anthony P. King
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Developmental Trajectory of Depressive Symptoms in Chinese College Students: Latent Classes and Gender Effect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063508. [PMID: 35329200 PMCID: PMC8954229 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are prevalent in Chinese college students, but little is known about the heterogeneity in the developmental trajectory of depressive symptoms in China. This study examined heterogeneity in the development of depressive symptoms and examined the effect of gender on the developmental trajectories over a 14-month period among Chinese college students (N = 1163, mean age 20.18, 80.31% female). Three different trajectories, moderate-increasing, high-stable and low-stable, captured the heterogeneity in the development of depressive symptoms. Gender showed significant influence on class membership. Relative to the moderate-increasing class, males emerged as significantly more likely than females to be found in the low-stable class (odds ratio (OR) = 2.73, 95% CI = (1.21, 6.13), p = 0.015) and the high-stable class (OR = 5.10, 95% CI = (1.12, 23.18), p = 0.035). The results provide additional evidence for the conclusion that the trajectories of depressive symptoms are heterogeneous with Chinese samples. Moreover, cultural difference should be paid more attention to when examining the effect of gender and other predictors of the trajectories of depressive symptoms.
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Kowalec K, Salter A, Fitzgerald KC, Patel M, Han J, Lu Y, Bolton JM, Hitchon C, Bernstein CN, Patten S, Graff LA, Marriott JJ, Marrie RA. Depressive symptom trajectories and polygenic risk scores in individuals with an immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 77:21-28. [PMID: 35461162 PMCID: PMC9724746 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop group-based trajectories of depressive symptoms in immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) to understand their evolution and identify any associated factors, with the overall goal of identifying those at highest risk of higher depressive symptom burden. METHOD 922 participants had an IMID or anxiety/depression. The PHQ-9 was administered at four visits, and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and body mass index (BMI) were generated. Group-based trajectory modelling of PHQ-9 scores estimated distinct trajectories. Regression tested whether specific factors were associated with the trajectories. Mediation analyses assessed whether IMID mediated the association between BMI PRS and trajectories. RESULTS Three trajectories were identified. Regression demonstrated those in Group 3 ('high symptoms') had significantly higher PRS for the three traits, compared to Group 1 ('minimal symptoms') (OR: 1.34-1.66, P < 0.01). Stratified analyses in the IMID subgroup revealed an increased effect for BMI PRS in Group 3 (OR: 2.31, P < 0.001), in contrast, BMI PRS was no longer associated in the non-IMID sample. No significant indirect effect of BMI PRS on depressive symptoms trajectories was identified via IMID. CONCLUSIONS A significant association between polygenicity and PHQ-9 trajectories supports a role for genetic inheritance in the variability in depressive symptoms in IMID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarina Kowalec
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Amber Salter
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Mitulkumar Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Auroral Imaging Group, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - James M. Bolton
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada,Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carol Hitchon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada,Department of Rheumatology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Scott Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Graff
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - James J. Marriott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada,Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
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Westphal M, Wall M, Corbeil T, Keller DI, Brodmann-Maeder M, Ehlert U, Exadaktylos A, Bingisser R, Kleim B. Mindfulness predicts less depression, anxiety, and social impairment in emergency care personnel: A longitudinal study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260208. [PMID: 34910763 PMCID: PMC8673595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical personnel working in emergency rooms (ER) are at increased risk of mental health problems and suicidality. There is increasing evidence that mindfulness-based interventions can improve burnout and other mental health outcomes in health care providers. In contrast, few longitudinal prospective studies have examined protective functions of dispositional mindfulness in this population. The objective of this study was to examine whether mindfulness prospectively predicts anxiety, depression, and social impairment in a sample of emergency care professionals. The authors administered online surveys to ER personnel prior to work in ER, and at 3 and 6 months follow up. Participants were 190 ER personnel (73% residents, 16% medical students, 11% nurses). Linear mixed effects regression was used to model longitudinal 3-month and 6-month follow up of depression, anxiety, and social impairment. Predictors included time-varying contemporaneous work stressors, perceived social support at work and life events, and baseline dispositional mindfulness, demographics, and workplace characteristics. Mindfulness indexed when starting ER work predicted less depression, anxiety, and social impairment 6 months later. Mindfulness remained a strong predictor of mental health outcomes after controlling for time-varying stressful events in emergency care, negative life events, and social support at work. Mindfulness moderated the adverse impact of poor social support at work on depression. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study to show that mindfulness prospectively and robustly predicts anxiety, depression, and social impairment. Results support the role of mindfulness as a potential resilience factor in at-risk health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Westphal
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, Pleasantville, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Corbeil
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dagmar I. Keller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Brodmann-Maeder
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital—University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Bingisser
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wojciechowski T. Presentation of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adulthood: Development of Depression Mediates the Effect of Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Violence. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:283-290. [PMID: 33346599 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Past research has linked the development of borderline personality disorder to earlier exposure to violence. However, the causal link by which this relationship exists has not yet been fully identified. The present study sought to examine how exposure to violence predicted heterogeneity in the development of depressive systems and results in the arousal of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adulthood. The Pathways to Desistance data were used in the analyses. This data set consisted of the responses of 1354 juvenile offenders followed across 7 years. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify latent trajectories of depressive symptoms. Ordinary least squares regression was used to model covariate effects on borderline personality disorder symptoms in adulthood. Results indicated that a three-group depression trajectory model best fit the data. Direct victimization early in life was associated with increased borderline personality disorder symptoms in adulthood. When trajectory group assignment was accounted for in the model, the relationship between direct victimization and borderline personality disorder symptoms was attenuated by around 30%. Implications are discussed.
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Asdaq SMB, Alajlan SA, Mohzari Y, Asad M, Alamer A, Alrashed AA, Nayeem N, Nagaraja S. COVID-19 and Psychological Health of Female Saudi Arabian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040542. [PMID: 33316891 PMCID: PMC7763354 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented on physical and mental health. This study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 event on mental health among Saudi Arabian females of Riyadh by a cross-sectional study design. The samples of the study were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling methods. The questionnaire is composed of items related to sociodemographic profile, general mental status, negative attitude scale, impact of event (COVID-19 pandemic) scale (R) and negative health impact. The data obtained were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. Out of the 797 samples (34.58 ± 12.89 years), 457 (57.34%) belonged to an age group of ≥25 years. The average BMI of the participants was 26.73 (kg/m2). Significantly (p = 0.000), a large proportion of the participants were overweight and unemployed. Age group (>25 years) have more odds for abnormal mental status (OR; 1.592), development of negative attitudes (OR; 1.986), the intense impact of COVID-19 events (OR; 1.444) and susceptibility to attain negative health impacts (OR; 1.574). High body weight is another risk factor for altered mental status, negative attitude and developing impact of COVID-19 quickly. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic was directly associated with stress (53%), anxiety (63%) and depression (44%) in our sample population. There is an urgent need for psychological counseling for the distressed population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yahya Mohzari
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical Pharmacy Section, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Asad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Alamer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Alrashed
- Pharmaceutical Service Department, Main Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naira Nayeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Northern Border University, Arar 73214, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru 560 035, Karnataka, India
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Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Low assets and financial stressors associated with higher depression during COVID-19 in a nationally representative sample of US adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 75:jech-2020-215213. [PMID: 33277339 PMCID: PMC7722349 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 and related containment policies have caused or heightened financial stressors for many in the USA. We assessed the relation between assets, financial stressors and probable depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Between 31 March 2020 and 13 April 2020, we surveyed a probability-based, nationally representative sample of US adults ages 18 and older using the COVID-19 and Life stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (n=1441). We calculated the prevalence of probable depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (cut-off ≥10) and exposure to financial stressors by financial, physical and social assets categories (household income, household savings, home ownership, educational attainment and marital status). We estimated adjusted ORs and predicted probabilities of probable depression across assets categories and COVID-19 financial stressor exposure groups. RESULTS We found that (1) 40% of US adults experienced COVID-19-related financial stressors during this time period; (2) low assets (OR: 3.0, 95% CI 2.1 to 4.2) and COVID-19 financial stressor exposure (OR: 2.8, 95% CI 2.1 to 3.9) were each associated with higher odds of probable depression; and (3) among persons with low assets and high COVID-19 financial stressors, 42.7% had probable depression; and among persons with high assets and low COVID-19 financial stressors, 11.1% had probable depression. Persons with high assets and high COVID-19 financial stressors had a similar prevalence of probable depression (33.5%) as persons with low assets and low COVID-19 financial stressors (33.5%). The more assets a person had, the lower the level of probable depression. CONCLUSION Populations with low assets are bearing a greater burden of mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Ettman
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Salma M Abdalla
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory H Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick M Vivier
- Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2019686. [PMID: 32876685 PMCID: PMC7489837 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1271] [Impact Index Per Article: 317.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the policies to contain it have been a near ubiquitous exposure in the US with unknown effects on depression symptoms. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among US adults during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This nationally representative survey study used 2 population-based surveys of US adults aged 18 or older. During COVID-19, estimates were derived from the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study, conducted from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Before COVID-19 estimates were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2017 to 2018. Data were analyzed from April 15 to 20, 2020. EXPOSURES The COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes associated with the measures to mitigate it. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Depression symptoms, defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 10 or higher. Categories of depression symptoms were defined as none (score, 0-4), mild (score, 5-9), moderate (score, 10-14), moderately severe (score, 15-19), and severe (score, ≥20). RESULTS A total of 1470 participants completed the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (completion rate, 64.3%), and after removing those with missing data, the final during-COVID-19 sample included 1441 participants (619 participants [43.0%] aged 18-39 years; 723 [50.2%] men; 933 [64.7%] non-Hispanic White). The pre-COVID-19 sample included 5065 participants (1704 participants [37.8%] aged 18-39 years; 2588 [51.4%] women; 1790 [62.9%] non-Hispanic White). Depression symptom prevalence was higher in every category during COVID-19 compared with before (mild: 24.6% [95% CI, 21.8%-27.7%] vs 16.2% [95% CI, 15.1%-17.4%]; moderate: 14.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-17.4%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%]; moderately severe: 7.9% [95% CI, 6.3%-9.8%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, 1.6%-2.8%]; severe: 5.1% [95% CI, 3.8%-6.9%] vs 0.7% [95% CI, 0.5%-0.9%]). Higher risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with having lower income (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.26-4.43]), having less than $5000 in savings (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.02-2.26]), and exposure to more stressors (odds ratio, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.95-4.77]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that prevalence of depression symptoms in the US was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with lower social resources, lower economic resources, and greater exposure to stressors (eg, job loss) reported a greater burden of depression symptoms. Post-COVID-19 plans should account for the probable increase in mental illness to come, particularly among at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K. Ettman
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Salma M. Abdalla
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory H. Cohen
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Laura Sampson
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick M. Vivier
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Woodhead E, Cronkite R, Finlay A, Wong J, Haverfield M, Timko C. The role of depression course on life functioning and coping outcomes from baseline through 23-year follow-up. J Ment Health 2020; 31:348-356. [PMID: 32667276 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1793127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have examined how depressed patients' baseline characteristics predict depression course, still needed are studies of how depression course is associated with modifiable long-term outcomes. AIMS This study examined six outcomes of three groups representing distinct depression courses (low baseline severity, rapid decline; moderate baseline severity, rapid decline; and high baseline severity, slow decline): medical functioning, coping patterns, family functioning, social functioning, employment, and work functioning. METHOD Adults with depression at baseline (N = 382; 56% women) were followed for 23 years on self-reported outcomes (79% response rate). Data from the baseline assessment and follow-ups (1, 4, 10, and 23 years) were used in a longitudinal analysis to examine associations between depression course and outcomes. RESULTS All depression course groups declined on medical and social functioning and employment over follow-up. The high- and moderate-severity depression course groups reported poorer coping patterns than the low-severity group. The high-severity depression course group reported poorer family functioning than the moderate-severity group, and had the poorest work functioning outcome, followed by the moderate-severity and then the low-severity groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a high- or moderate-severity depression course may benefit from treatment that manages coping patterns and improves family and work functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Woodhead
- Psychology Department, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Cronkite
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Center for Health Policy/Center on Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Finlay
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jessie Wong
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Center for Health Policy/Center on Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie Haverfield
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Center for Health Policy/Center on Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Edelman EJ, Li Y, Barry D, Braden JB, Crystal S, Kerns RD, Gaither JR, Gordon KS, Manhapra A, Merlin JS, Moore BA, Oldfield BJ, Park LS, Rentsch CT, Skanderson M, Williams EC, Justice AC, Tate JP, Becker WC, Marshall BD. Trajectories of Self-Reported Opioid Use Among Patients With HIV Engaged in Care: Results From a National Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 84:26-36. [PMID: 32267658 PMCID: PMC7147724 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No prior studies have characterized long-term patterns of opioid use regardless of source or reason for use among patients with HIV (PWH). We sought to identify trajectories of self-reported opioid use and their correlates among a national sample of PWH engaged in care. SETTING Veterans Aging Cohort Study, a prospective cohort including PWH receiving care at 8 US Veterans Health Administration (VA) sites. METHODS Between 2002 and 2018, we assessed past year opioid use frequency based on self-reported "prescription painkillers" and/or heroin use at baseline and follow-up. We used group-based trajectory models to identify opioid use trajectories and multinomial logistic regression to determine baseline factors independently associated with escalating opioid use compared to stable, infrequent use. RESULTS Among 3702 PWH, we identified 4 opioid use trajectories: (1) no lifetime use (25%); (2) stable, infrequent use (58%); (3) escalating use (7%); and (4) de-escalating use (11%). In bivariate analysis, anxiety; pain interference; prescribed opioids, benzodiazepines and gabapentinoids; and marijuana use were associated with escalating opioid group membership compared to stable, infrequent use. In multivariable analysis, illness severity, pain interference, receipt of prescribed benzodiazepine medications, and marijuana use were associated with escalating opioid group membership compared to stable, infrequent use. CONCLUSION Among PWH engaged in VA care, 1 in 15 reported escalating opioid use. Future research is needed to understand the impact of psychoactive medications and marijuana use on opioid use and whether enhanced uptake of evidence-based treatment of pain and psychiatric symptoms can prevent escalating use among PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jennifer Edelman
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Yu Li
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | | | - Jennifer Brennan Braden
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Valley Medical Center Psychiatry and Counseling, Behavioral Health Integration Program
| | - Stephen Crystal
- Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Health, Rutgers University, Rutgers, NJ
| | - Robert D. Kerns
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | | | - Kirsha S. Gordon
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Ajay Manhapra
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | | | - Brent A. Moore
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Christopher T. Rentsch
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Emily C. Williams
- VA Puget Sound Health Services Research and Development and Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy C. Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Janet P. Tate
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - William C. Becker
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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12
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Stanton AL, Wiley JF, Krull JL, Crespi CM, Weihs KL. Cancer-related coping processes as predictors of depressive symptoms, trajectories, and episodes. J Consult Clin Psychol 2018; 86:820-830. [PMID: 30265041 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although numerous studies address the relationships of depression with coping processes directed toward approaching or avoiding stressful experiences, the large majority are cross-sectional in design, assess coping processes at only one timepoint, or solely include prediction of the linear slope of depressive symptoms. In this research, coping processes were investigated as predictors of depressive symptoms, symptom trajectory classes (consistently high, recovery, consistently low), and major depressive episodes (MDEs) over 12 months in the cancer context. METHOD Women (N = 460) within 4 months of breast cancer diagnosis completed assessments of cancer-related coping processes, depressive symptoms, and MDEs at 7 points across 1 year. RESULTS Beyond sociodemographic and medical variables, coping through cancer-related avoidance an average of 2 months after diagnosis was associated with likelihood of being in the high depressive symptom trajectory class and occurrence of a MDE during the year. Less decline in avoidant coping over time also predicted poor outcomes. In contrast, high initial engagement in approach-oriented coping, as well as increases in coping through emotional expression and acceptance, were associated with lower depressive symptoms across assessments and higher likelihood of being in the recovery or low trajectory class. CONCLUSIONS Greater engagement in cancer-related avoidant coping was associated with all three indicators of depression, and greater approach-oriented coping was related to more favorable outcomes (except MDE). Sustained or increasing coping through emotional expression or acceptance predicted recovery from initially high depressive symptoms. Approach- and avoidance-oriented coping processes constitute malleable targets for preventive and ameliorative approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine M Crespi
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
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Persistent Depressive Symptoms in a Population With High Levels of Occupational Stress: Trajectories Offer Insights Into Both Chronicity and Resilience. J Psychiatr Pract 2018; 24:399-409. [PMID: 30395547 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Religious participation and spirituality are linked to good mental health. However, clergy may experience more depression than is observed in the general population, which may be due in part to high job strain. The objectives of this study were to identify distinct longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms in clergy and to identify variables associated with each course. The sample was 1172 clergy who were followed for up to 66 months. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), which was administered approximately every 6 months. Latent class trajectory analysis was conducted for group identification, and a 3-class trajectory model fit the data best. Class 1 (38% of the sample) had minimal or no depressive symptoms over time, class 2 (47%) had chronic mild symptoms, and class 3 (15%) had persistent moderate/severe symptoms. Occupational distress was significantly associated with trajectory class. The odds of being in either the chronic mild or the persistent moderate/severe depressive symptom class were significantly higher for those who were female, for those with fair/poor self-rated health, for those with more perceived financial or occupational stress, for those with lower levels of perceived emotional support, and/or for those with lower levels of spiritual well-being. The class exhibiting resilience to depressive symptoms had higher levels of perceived support and spiritual well-being as well as lower levels of perceived financial and occupational stress. A substantial percentage of clergy, and possibly people in similar helping occupations, may experience significant levels of depressive symptoms that do not remit over time. These individuals may benefit from treatments that address work-related coping.
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Morgan PC, Durtschi JA, Kimmes JG. Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction associated with Shifts in Dyadic Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in German Couples across Four Years. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2018; 44:655-670. [PMID: 29267995 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a pervasive mental health concern; thus, it is important to identify modifiable factors associated with reducing depressive symptoms across time. Using 1,876 heterosexual couples assessed annually across 4 years from the Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (Pairfam) study, time-varying covariate growth models tested if sexual and relationship satisfaction were linked with shifts in trajectories of depressive symptoms across time. For both men and women, higher sexual and relationship satisfaction scores were significantly associated with decreasing their own depressive symptom trajectories, but only relationship satisfaction was linked with their partners' depressive symptom trajectories. Potential clinical implications include the treatment of depressive symptoms by making changes across time in their own relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction.
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15
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Heinz AJ, Meffert BN, Halvorson MA, Blonigen D, Timko C, Cronkite R. Employment characteristics, work environment, and the course of depression over 23 years: Does employment help foster resilience? Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:861-867. [PMID: 29878482 PMCID: PMC6123281 DOI: 10.1002/da.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the leading cause of disability and represents a significant challenge to stable employment and professional success. Importantly, employment may also operate as a protective factor against more chronic courses of depression as it can function as a form of behavioral activation and scaffold recovery by facilitating community integration. The current study examined work-related characteristics as protective or risk factors for subsequent long-term depression trajectories. METHODS Relations between employment characteristics and lifetime course of depression were examined among 424 adults in the community who entered treatment for depression. The sample was followed for 23 years with assessments at 1, 4, 10, and 23 years post baseline. At baseline, participants were asked about employment history and status along with work-related events and aspects of their work environments. Depression was measured at each assessment, and three different life course trajectories of depression were identified. RESULTS Employment at baseline was associated with lower levels of depression at baseline and less severe life courses of depression. Among employed participants, higher occupational prestige, a more supportive work environment (greater involvement, cohesion, and perceived support), and lower work stress (less pressure and more control, role clarity, and autonomy) may protect against more severe, intractable depression over time and may have bolstered functioning. CONCLUSIONS Findings have potential to be harnessed for clinical translation to better inform vocational rehabilitation counseling and human resources programs. Specifically, clinician assessment of work setting can guide patient decision making about how to reduce vulnerability to depression and foster resilience via employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne J. Heinz
- National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA,Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Brienna N. Meffert
- National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Max A. Halvorson
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Blonigen
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Cronkite
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA,Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Folke F, Hursti T, Kanter JW, Arinell H, Tungström S, Söderberg P, Ekselius L. Exploring the relationship between activities and emotional experience using a diary in a mental health inpatient setting. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2018; 27:276-286. [PMID: 28220616 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mental health inpatient milieus have repeatedly been found to be associated with passivity, social disengagement, and low levels of interaction with staff. However, little is known about patients' experiences related to different ward activities. In the present study, we aimed to study the reports of activities and associated experiences of patients admitted to acute psychiatric inpatient wards. Disengaged, inactive, and solitary activities were hypothesized to be associated with less reward and more distress than their counterparts. We also aimed to investigate if such activities predicted distress, and if they were associated with clinical severity. Participants (n = 102) recorded their activities along with concurrent ratings of reward and distress in a structured 1-day diary, and nurses provided clinical severity ratings. On average, 3.74 of the 11 hours assessed (34%) were spent doing nothing, only 0.88 hours (8%) were spent with staff, and most of the time was spent in solitude. Doing nothing, being alone, and passivity were associated with the greatest levels of distress and lowest levels of reward, whereas informal socializing demonstrated the opposite pattern. Distress was not predicted by activity or reward when adjusting for baseline distress. Clinical severity was not associated with the amount of time spent alone or the experience of reward during activity. In conclusion, the risk for passivity and social disengagement during admission prevails. This activity pattern could have detrimental emotional consequences and warrants action, but more studies are needed to determine if activity actually precedes emotional experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Folke
- Centre for Clinical Research, Dalarna, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Landstinget Dalarna, Falun, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Hursti
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonathan W Kanter
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hans Arinell
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per Söderberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Landstinget Dalarna, Falun, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ekselius
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kwon E, Kim B, Lee H, Park S. Heterogeneous Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Late Middle Age: Critical Period, Accumulation, and Social Mobility Life Course Perspectives. J Aging Health 2017; 30:1011-1041. [PMID: 28553816 DOI: 10.1177/0898264317704540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated patterns of depressive symptoms and whether socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course affects these trajectories using the critical period, accumulation, and social mobility models. METHOD This study uses data from 8,532 adults, age 51 to 64, collected over 12 years from the Health and Retirement Study (observations = 25,887). A latent class analysis was performed to examine distinct depressive symptom trajectories; life course models were studied with multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Four heterogeneous latent classes were identified for depression: Declining, Low, Increasing, and High and Increasing. The High and Increasing group was associated with a disadvantaged childhood SES, accumulated exposure to socioeconomic risks, and persistent SES disadvantage supporting the three life course models. DISCUSSION There was evidence of distinct profiles of depressive symptoms in late middle age and of interrelated life course mechanisms underlying the influences of childhood SES on later life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - BoRin Kim
- 2 University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
| | | | - Sojung Park
- 4 Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Using patient self-reports to study heterogeneity of treatment effects in major depressive disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2017; 26:22-36. [PMID: 26810628 PMCID: PMC5125904 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796016000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Clinicians need guidance to address the heterogeneity of treatment responses of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). While prediction schemes based on symptom clustering and biomarkers have so far not yielded results of sufficient strength to inform clinical decision-making, prediction schemes based on big data predictive analytic models might be more practically useful. METHOD We review evidence suggesting that prediction equations based on symptoms and other easily-assessed clinical features found in previous research to predict MDD treatment outcomes might provide a foundation for developing predictive analytic clinical decision support models that could help clinicians select optimal (personalised) MDD treatments. These methods could also be useful in targeting patient subsamples for more expensive biomarker assessments. RESULTS Approximately two dozen baseline variables obtained from medical records or patient reports have been found repeatedly in MDD treatment trials to predict overall treatment outcomes (i.e., intervention v. control) or differential treatment outcomes (i.e., intervention A v. intervention B). Similar evidence has been found in observational studies of MDD persistence-severity. However, no treatment studies have yet attempted to develop treatment outcome equations using the full set of these predictors. Promising preliminary empirical results coupled with recent developments in statistical methodology suggest that models could be developed to provide useful clinical decision support in personalised treatment selection. These tools could also provide a strong foundation to increase statistical power in focused studies of biomarkers and MDD heterogeneity of treatment response in subsequent controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS Coordinated efforts are needed to develop a protocol for systematically collecting information about established predictors of heterogeneity of MDD treatment response in large observational treatment studies, applying and refining these models in subsequent pragmatic trials, carrying out pooled secondary analyses to extract the maximum amount of information from these coordinated studies, and using this information to focus future discovery efforts in the segment of the patient population in which continued uncertainty about treatment response exists.
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Musliner KL, Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Eaton WW, Zandi PP, Mortensen PB. Heterogeneity in 10-Year Course Trajectories of Moderate to Severe Major Depressive Disorder: A Danish National Register-Based Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:346-53. [PMID: 26934026 PMCID: PMC6015228 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence suggests that long-term trajectories of major depressive disorder (MDD) are heterogeneous. The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR) provides a rare opportunity to examine patterns and correlates of long-term trajectories in a large sample of patients with moderate to severe MDD. OBJECTIVE To characterize patterns and correlates of 10-year course trajectories of MDD in the DPCRR. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cohort containing 11 640 individuals born in Denmark in 1955 or later with their first recorded MDD diagnosis in the DPCRR between 1995 and 2002 was established. Patients were followed for 10 years from the date of their initial MDD diagnosis. Data were obtained from Danish civil and psychiatric national registers in June 2013 and were analyzed from April 4, 2014, to December 17, 2015. Correlates of trajectory class membership were sex, characteristics of the first recorded MDD episode (ie, age, severity, inpatient treatment, and record of suicide attempt or self-harm), and psychiatric diagnoses in parents (ie, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, substance abuse, and anxiety or somatoform disorders). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The outcome variable was past-year contact at a psychiatric hospital with a main diagnosis of MDD during each of the 10 years following the initial MDD diagnosis. Trajectories were modeled using latent class growth analysis. RESULTS The sample included 11 640 individuals (7493 [64.4%] women) aged 18 to 48 years (mean [SD], 31.4 [7.3]) at their first recorded MDD diagnosis. Four trajectory classes were identified: brief contact (77.0%) (characterized by low probability of contact after 2 years); prolonged initial contact (12.8%) (characterized by high decreasing probability of contact during the first 5 years); later reentry (7.1%) (characterized by moderate probability of contact during the second 5 years); and persistent contact (3.1%) (characterized by high or moderate probability of contact throughout). Female sex (odds ratio [OR] range, 1.82-2.22), inpatient treatment (OR range, 1.40-1.50), and severity at first recorded MDD episode (OR range: moderate, 1.61-1.84; severe, 1.93-2.23; and psychotic, 2.73-3.07) were associated with more severe trajectories. Parental anxiety (OR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.10-1.63]) and depression (OR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.28-2.09]) were associated with the prolonged initial contact and later reentry classes, respectively. Parental schizophrenia was associated with the persistent contact class (OR range, 2.55-3.04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Most people treated for moderate to severe MDD in Danish psychiatric hospitals do not receive additional MDD treatment after 2 years; however, a minority receive specialty treatment for up to a decade. Observable heterogeneity in the course may be indicative of underlying etiologic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Musliner
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark2The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark3Department of Mental Health, The Johns
| | - Trine Munk-Olsen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark2The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Laursen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark2The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark2The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
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20
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Musliner KL, Munk-Olsen T, Eaton WW, Zandi PP. Heterogeneity in long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms: Patterns, predictors and outcomes. J Affect Disord 2016; 192:199-211. [PMID: 26745437 PMCID: PMC4761648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms vary greatly throughout the population, with some individuals experiencing few or no symptoms, some experiencing transient symptoms and others experiencing chronic depression. The goal of this paper is to review studies that examined heterogeneity in long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms and summarize the current knowledge regarding (a) the number and patterns of trajectories and (b) antecedents and outcomes associated with different trajectory patterns. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of literature in the Medline and PsychINFO databases. Articles were included if they (a) modeled trajectories of depressive symptoms, (b) used a group-based trajectory modeling approach, (c) followed participants for 5+ years and (d) had a sample size of at least 200. RESULTS We identified 25 studies from 24 separate cohorts. Most of the studies identified either 3 or 4 distinct trajectory classes. Trajectories varied in terms of severity (low, medium, high) and stability (stable, increasing, decreasing). In most studies, the majority of participants had consistently few or no depressive symptoms, but a notable minority (usually <10%) reported persistent symptoms. Predictors of trajectories with greater symptom burden included female gender, lower income/education and non-white race. Other predictors were specific to different populations (e.g. mothers, older adults). High symptom burden trajectories were associated with poor psychiatric and social outcomes. LIMITATIONS Comparisons between studies were qualitative. CONCLUSIONS Trajectories of depression symptoms in the general population are heterogeneous, with most individuals showing minimal symptoms but a notable minority experiencing chronic high symptom burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Musliner
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Trine Munk-Olsen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - William W Eaton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Association of Baseline Sleep Quality With Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Patients Undergoing Interferon Treatment. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:911-20. [PMID: 26407225 PMCID: PMC4757461 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some patients with hepatitis C starting interferon-α (IFN-α) therapy experience depression, although many patients do not develop depressive symptoms. We have found that poor sleep is associated with increased depressive symptoms on average. It is unknown whether this association holds generally or is driven by a specific, distinct subgroup. This investigation first determined whether patterns of change in depressive symptoms form clinically meaningful, distinct subgroups and then tested the extent to which sleep disturbances are associated with a less favorable depression trajectory. METHOD Group-based trajectory modeling was used on 124 patients with hepatitis C who started IFN-α therapy. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assessed pretreatment sleep, the Beck Depression Inventory minus the sleep question assessed depression over time, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV provided categorical diagnoses. RESULTS Three distinct subgroups were found, where each subgroup shared similar patterns of depressive symptoms over time. The groups were characterized as "nondepressed," "slow increase," and "rapid increase." The nondepressed subgroup (44.4%) experienced low depressive symptoms with little change over time. In comparison, all rapid increasers (11.3%) were diagnosed as having a mood disorder by 12 weeks of treatment. The PSQI was strongly associated with group membership, where the odds of developing a rapid increase was elevated 39% for every unit-score increase in the PSQI compared with individuals who remained nondepressed (odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-1.80, adjusted for depression at baseline). CONCLUSIONS Only a distinct subpopulation of people is notably vulnerable to a developing a rapid increase in depression symptoms during IFN-α therapy. This group may be identifiable by their markedly poor sleep before IFN-α therapy.
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Iglesias-Rios L, Harlow SD, Reed BD. Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with vulvodynia: evidence from the population-based woman to woman health study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 24:557-62. [PMID: 25950702 PMCID: PMC4628213 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological disorders may affect the pain experience of women with vulvodynia, but evidence remains limited. The present study aimed to describe the magnitude of the association of depression and posttraumautic stress disorder (PTSD) with the presence of vulvodynia in a nonclinical population from southeastern Michigan. METHODS Baseline data from 1,795 women participating in the Woman to Woman Health Study, a multiethnic population-based study, was used for this analysis. Validated screening questionnaires were conducted to assess vulvodynia, depression, and PTSD. Modified Poisson regression models with a robust variance estimation were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between vulvodynia status and two mental health conditions, depression and PTSD. RESULTS In the adjusted models, women who screened positive for depression had a 53% higher prevalence of having vulvodynia (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.10) compared with women who screened negative for depression. Women who screened positive for PTSD had more than a two-fold increase in the prevalence of having vulvodynia (PR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.07, 5.25) compared with women who screened negative for PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The increased prevalence of vulvodynia among those screening positive for depression or PTSD suggests that these disorders may contribute to the likelihood of reporting vulvodynia. Alternatively, vulvodynia, depression, and PTSD may have a common pathophysiological and risk profile. Prospective studies are needed to improve our understanding of the temporal relation between mental health conditions and vulvar pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Iglesias-Rios
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Siobán D. Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Barbara D. Reed
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Finlay AK, Oliva EM, Timko C, Moos RH, Cronkite R. Predictors of 30-year mortality in depressed and comparison samples. J Affect Disord 2014; 165:114-9. [PMID: 24882187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although higher rates of depression and lower rates of social behaviors (i.e., social support and activities) and physical activities are associated with mortality, the independent contribution of each of these factors needs examination. METHODS A prospective sample of 848 individuals (55% female) was used; half were clinically depressed at baseline; the other half comprised a comparison sample matched on census tract, gender, and marital status. Depressive symptoms, social behaviors, and physical activities were examined as time-varying predictors of mortality over a 30-year period using multiple imputation for missing data and Cox proportional hazards regression, controlling for demographic factors and health risk factors. RESULTS By the end of the study, 137 individuals from the depressed sample and 99 individuals from the comparison sample had died. Although the mortality rate is higher in the depressed sample, after controlling for demographic, health risk factors, social behaviors, and physical activity, there was no significant difference in mortality between the depressed and control samples. Among participants in the depressed sample, reduced participation in social activities was significantly associated with a higher risk of mortality. LIMITATIONS Frequency and intensity of activities were not assessed and all data except for mortality were self-report. CONCLUSIONS Promoting social engagement through activities may hold promise for delaying mortality among individuals who are depressed. Potential methods to promote social engagement and factors such as positive emotions that should be considered in future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Finlay
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Oliva
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, USA
| | - Christine Timko
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, USA; Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Rudolf H Moos
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, USA; Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Ruth Cronkite
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, USA; Department of Sociology, Stanford University, USA; Stanford University, Center for Primary Care Outcomes Research, USA
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