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Zhang X, Liu X, Zhou M, Hu Y, Yuan J. PacBio full-length sequencing integrated with RNA-seq reveals the molecular mechanism of waterlogging and its recovery in Paeonia ostii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1030584. [PMID: 36407600 PMCID: PMC9669713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia ostii, a widely cultivated tree peony species in China, is a resourceful plant with medicinal, ornamental and oil value. However, fleshy roots lead to a low tolerance to waterlogging in P. ostii. In this study, P. ostii roots were sequenced using a hybrid approach combining single-molecule real-time and next-generation sequencing platforms to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the response to this sequentially waterlogging stress, the normal growth, waterlogging treatment (WT), and waterlogging recovery treatment (WRT). Our results indicated that the strategy of P. ostii, in response to WT, was a hypoxic resting syndrome, wherein the glycolysis and fermentation processes were accelerated to maintain energy levels and the tricarboxylic acid cycle was inhibited. P. ostii enhanced waterlogging tolerance by reducing the uptake of nitrate and water from the soil. Moreover, transcription factors, such as AP2/EREBP, WRKY, MYB, and NAC, played essential roles in response to WT and WRT. They were all induced in response to the WT condition, while the decreasing expression levels were observed under the WRT condition. Our results contribute to understanding the defense mechanisms against waterlogging stress in P. ostii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Zhou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
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2
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Processing and Compatibility of Corydalis yanhusuo: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:1271953. [PMID: 35003289 PMCID: PMC8739176 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1271953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Processed and polyherbal formulations (compatibility) are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, processing and compatibility may alter the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines, and therefore, evaluating the herbal medicines changes after processing and compatibility is important for their safety. Since Corydalis yanhusuo (Y.H.Chou & Chun C.Hsu) W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su & C.Y.Wu (Family: Papaveraceae and Genera: Corydalis), a traditional medicinal plant in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries, has been used for treating a wide range of medical conditions, it is an ideal representative of studying the effects of processing and compatibility on efficacy and toxicity. In this paper, information was obtained by searching electronic databases, classic books, PhD and MSc dissertations, local conference papers, and unpublished materials prior to July 2021. We provide a summary of the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, quality control, and safety of C. yanhusuo under various processing or compatibility conditions. Based on our findings, vinegar processing is probably the best C. yanhusuo processing method, which could increase the absorption rate of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and brain tissues and alleviate mice muscle tremors and liver damage caused by C. yanhusuo. These results indicate that processing and compatibility can reduce toxicity and increase the efficacy of C. yanhusuo. The information provides an expanded understanding of the efficacy and toxicity mechanisms of TCM compounds, which is valuable for industrial production quality control and future drug research.
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Maki KC, Dicklin MR, Kirkpatrick CF. Saturated fats and cardiovascular health: Current evidence and controversies. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:765-772. [PMID: 34649831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A diet high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) is a suspected contributor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, in large part because of an effect to raise the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration. Most dietary guidance from health authorities advocates limiting intake of SFA, particularly for people with clinical ASCVD, dyslipidemia, or diabetes mellitus. However, recent reviews have highlighted controversies regarding SFA intake and cardiovascular health. This brief editorial commentary includes a discussion of the evidence regarding SFA intake and cardiovascular health, outlines gaps in the available evidence, and proposes tentative conclusions based on what is known today about SFA consumption and ASCVD risk. Results from observational studies demonstrate that dietary patterns with lower average intakes of SFA are associated with favorable cardiovascular outcomes. Additionally, although the number of randomized controlled trials testing the effects of reducing SFA intake on ASCVD outcomes is limited, the available evidence supports the view that replacing SFA with unsaturated fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, may reduce ASCVD risk. Beyond raising LDL-C and atherogenic lipoprotein particle concentrations, higher intakes of SFA may influence pathways affecting inflammation, cardiac rhythm, hemostasis, apolipoprotein CIII production, and high-density lipoprotein function. However, the impacts of these effects on ASCVD risk remain uncertain. In the authors' view, the totality of the evidence supports the current recommendation to limit SFA intake to <10% of total daily energy for the general healthy population and further (e.g., to 5-6% of total daily energy) for patients with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Maki
- Indiana University, Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, 1025 East 7th Street, Suite 111, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Midwest Biomedical Research, 211 East Lake Street, Suite 3, Addison, IL 60101, USA.
| | - Mary R Dicklin
- Midwest Biomedical Research, 211 East Lake Street, Suite 3, Addison, IL 60101, USA.
| | - Carol F Kirkpatrick
- Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.
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Bai ZZ, Tang JM, Ni J, Zheng TT, Zhou Y, Sun DY, Li GN, Liu P, Niu LX, Zhang YL. Comprehensive metabolite profile of multi-bioactive extract from tree peony (Paeonia ostii and Paeonia rockii) fruits based on MS/MS molecular networking. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110609. [PMID: 34507753 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tree peony seed, traditionally used for edible oil production, is rich in α-linolenic acid. However, little attention is given to the fruit by-products during seed oil production. The present work aimed to comprehensively investigate the phytochemical constituents and multiple biological activities of different parts of tree peony fruits harvested from Paeonia ostii and Paeonia rockii. 130 metabolites were rapidly identified through UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS on the basis of MS/MS molecular networking. Metabolite quantification was performed through the targeted approach of HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS. Eight chemical markers were screened via principal component analysis (PCA) for distinguishing species and tissues. Interestingly, two dominant compounds, paeoniflorin and trans-resveratrol, are specially localized in seed kernel and seed coat, respectively. Unexpectedly, the extracts of fruit pod and seed coat showed significantly stronger antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-neuroinflammatory activities than seed kernel from both P. ostii and P. rockii. Our work demonstrated that tree peony fruit is promising natural source of bioactive components and provided its potential utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Zhen Bai
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jun-Man Tang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Ni
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zheng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dao-Yang Sun
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Pu Liu
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Li-Xin Niu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yan-Long Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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The Effects of Prunus spinosa L. Flower Extracts, Model Polyphenols and Phenolic Metabolites on Oxidative/Nitrative Modifications of Human Plasma Components with Particular Emphasis on Fibrinogen In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040581. [PMID: 33918684 PMCID: PMC8069707 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative post-translational modifications of fibrinogen (a multifunctional blood plasma protein essential for hemostasis) are associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Prunus spinosa flower is a herbal medicine used in an adjuvant treatment of CVDs and rich in polyphenolic antioxidants. In the present study, phytochemically standardized P. spinosa flower extracts, their primary native polyphenols and potential phenolic metabolites were evaluated in vitro for their protective effects on fibrinogen (isolated and in the human plasma matrix) using a panel of complementary methods (SDS-PAGE, western blot, C-ELISA, fluorometry, FRAP, TBARS). The results revealed that the tested analytes at in vivo relevant levels (1–5 µg/mL) considerably reduced the structural changes in the fibrinogen molecule under the oxidative stress conditions induced by peroxynitrite. In particular, they diminished the oxidation and/or nitration of amino acid residues, including tyrosine and tryptophan, as well as the formation of high molecular weight aggregates. The decrease in the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine was about 13.5–33.0% and 58.3–97.1% at 1 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively. The study indicated that low molecular weight polyphenols were crucial for the protective activity of the extracts toward fibrinogen and other human plasma components. The investigated model compounds effectively protected total plasma proteins and lipids against oxidative damage (by reducing the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and normalizing/enhancing the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plasma). The work provides insight into the role of native and metabolized polyphenols as contributory factors to the systemic activity of blackthorn flower extracts within the circulatory system.
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Kris-Etherton PM, Stewart PW, Ginsberg HN, Tracy RP, Lefevre M, Elmer PJ, Berglund L, Ershow AG, Pearson TA, Ramakrishnan R, Holleran SF, Dennis BH, Champagne CM, Karmally W. The Type and Amount of Dietary Fat Affect Plasma Factor VIIc, Fibrinogen, and PAI-1 in Healthy Individuals and Individuals at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk: 2 Randomized Controlled Trials. J Nutr 2020; 150:2089-2100. [PMID: 32492148 PMCID: PMC7398773 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor VIIc, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and are modulated, in part, by fat type and amount. OBJECTIVE We evaluated fat type and amount on the primary outcomes: factor VIIc, fibrinogen, and PAI-1. METHODS In the Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity (DELTA) Trial, 2 controlled crossover feeding studies evaluated substituting carbohydrate or MUFAs for SFAs. Study 1: healthy participants (n = 103) were provided with (8 wk) an average American diet [AAD; designed to provide 37% of energy (%E) as fat, 16% SFA], a Step 1 diet (30%E fat, 9% SFA), and a diet low in SFA (Low-Sat; 26%E fat, 5% SFA). Study 2: participants (n = 85) at risk for CVD and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) were provided with (7 wk) an AAD, a step 1 diet, and a high-MUFA diet (designed to provide 37%E fat, 8% SFA, 22% MUFA). RESULTS Study 1: compared with AAD, the Step 1 and Low-Sat diets decreased mean factor VIIc by 1.8% and 2.6% (overall P = 0.0001), increased mean fibrinogen by 1.2% and 2.8% (P = 0.0141), and increased mean square root PAI-1 by 0.0% and 6.0% (P = 0.0037), respectively. Study 2: compared with AAD, the Step 1 and high-MUFA diets decreased mean factor VIIc by 4.1% and 3.2% (overall P < 0.0001), increased mean fibrinogen by 3.9% and 1.5% (P = 0.0083), and increased mean square-root PAI-1 by 2.0% and 5.8% (P = 0.1319), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Replacing SFA with carbohydrate decreased factor VIIc and increased fibrinogen in healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals and also increased PAI-1 in healthy subjects. Replacing SFA with MUFA decreased factor VIIc and increased fibrinogen but less than carbohydrate. Our results indicate an uncertain effect of replacing SFA with carbohydrate or MUFA on cardiometabolic risk because of small changes in hemostatic factors and directionally different responses to decreasing SFA. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000538?term=NCT00000538&rank=1 as NCT00000538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Address correspondence to PMK-E (e-mail: )
| | - Paul W Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Irving Center for Clinical Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Colchester Research Facility, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Michael Lefevre
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA,Present address for ML: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 9815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-9815
| | - Patricia J Elmer
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Present address for PJE: Portland, OR
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Medicine, Irving Center for Clinical Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Present address for LB: Clinical and Translational Science Center, UC-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Abby G Ershow
- Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Present address for AGE: Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas A Pearson
- The Mary Imogene Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY, USA,School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA,Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA,Present address for TAP: Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Irving Center for Clinical Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen F Holleran
- Department of Medicine, Irving Center for Clinical Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara H Dennis
- Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Present address for BHD: Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Catherine M Champagne
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wahida Karmally
- Department of Medicine, Irving Center for Clinical Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - for the DELTA Investigators
GinsbergHenryMDPrincipal Investigator12RamakrishnanRajasekharDSc12KarmallyWahidaDrPH RD, CDE12BerglundLarsMD, PhD12SiddiquiMalihaMS, RD12ChenNiem-TzuMS12HolleranSteveBS12JohnsonColleenRD12HolemanRoberta12ChirgwinKaren12StennettKellye12GangaLencey12TowolawaiTajsudeenMBA12MyersMinnieBS12NgaiColleenBS12FontenezNelsonBS12JonesJeffBS12RodriguezCarmen12UsecheNorma12LefevreMichaelPhD13RoheimPaul SMDCo-Principal Investigators13
Deceased RyanDonnaMD13MostMarlenePhD, RD13ChampagneCatherinePhD, RD13WilliamsonDonaldPhD13TulleyRichardPhD13BrockRickyRN13BodinDeonneBS, MT13KennedyBettyMPA13BarkateMichelleMS, RD13FoustElizabethBS13YorkDeshoinBS13Kris-EthertonPennyPhD, RDPrincipal Investigator14JonnalagaddaSatyaPhD14DerrJanicePhD14Farhat-WoodAbirMS14MustadVikkiePhD14MeakerKateMS14MillsEdwardPhD14TilleyMary-AnnMS, RD14Smiciklas-WrightHelenPhD14Sigman-GrantMadeleinePhD, RD14YuShaomeiMS, PhD14GuinardJean-XavierPhD14SechevichPamelaMS14ReddyC ChannaPhD14MastroAndrea MPhD14CooperAllen DMD14ElmerPatriciaPhDPrincipal Investigator15FolsomAaronMD15Van HeelNancyMS, RD15WoldChristineRD15FritzKayMA, RD15SlavinJoannePhD15JacobsDavidPhD15DennisBarbaraPhDFirst Principal Investigator16StewartPaulPhDSecond Principal Investigator16DavisCPhD16HoskingJamesPhD16AndersonNancyMSPH16BlackwellSusanBS16MartinLynnMS16BryanHopeMS16StewartW BrianBS16AbolafiaJeffreyMA16FoleyMalachyBS16ZienConroyBA16LeuSzu-YunMS16YoungbloodMarstonMPH16GoodwinThomasMAT16MilesMonica16WehbieJennifer16PearsonThomasMD, PhD17ReedRobertaPhD17TracyRussellPhD18CornellElaineBS18StewartKentPhD19PhillipsKatherinePhD19McGeeBernestinePhD, RD20WilliamsBrendaBS20BeecherGaryPhD21HoldenJoanneMS21DavisCarolBS21ErshowAbbyScD22GordonDavidMD, PhD22ProschanMichaelPhD22RifkindBasilMD, FRCP22Deceased
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Barroso FG, Sánchez-Muros MJ, Rincón MÁ, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Fabrikov D, Morote E, Guil-Guerrero JL. Production of n-3-rich insects by bioaccumulation of fishery waste. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Reprint of "Postprandial lipemia and fecal fat excretion in rats is affected by the calcium content and type of milk fat present in Cheddar-type cheeses". Food Res Int 2019; 118:65-71. [PMID: 30898354 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of calcium on the bioavailability of milk lipids from a cheese matrix using a rat model. Cheddar-type cheeses were manufactured with one of three types of anhydrous milk fat, control, olein or stearin, and salted with or without CaCl2. The cheeses were fed to rats and postprandial lipemia was monitored. Feces were analyzed to quantify fatty acids excreted as calcium soaps. Higher calcium concentration in cheese caused a higher and faster triacylglycerol peak in blood, except for cheeses containing stearin. Furthermore, calcium soaps were more abundant in feces when the ingested cheese had been enriched with calcium and when the cheese was prepared with stearin. Increased lipid excretion was attributable to the affinity of saturated long-chain fatty acids for calcium. Results showed that lipid bioaccessibility can be regulated by calcium present in Cheddar cheese. This study highlights the nutritional interaction between calcium and lipids present in the dairy matrix and confirms its physiological repercussions on fatty acid bioavailability.
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Celada P, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Delgado-Pando G, Raposo R, Jiménez-Colmenero F, Garcimartín A, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Coagulation, Thrombogenesis, and Insulin Resistance Markers in Increased-Cardiovascular-Risk Subjects Consuming Improved-Fat Meat Products. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:334-341. [PMID: 30681939 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1513345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is prevalent in high-meat-product consumers. The effect of consuming lipid-improved pâtés/frankfurters on plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, thromboxane A2 (as TXB2), prostacyclin I2 (as 6-keto-PGF1α), activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin, and insulin-resistance/sensitivity markers in volunteers at high CVD risk was studied. SUBJECTS/METHODS Eighteen male volunteers enrolled in a blind crossover-controlled study consumed improved products during three 4-week periods: reduced fat (RF), n-3-enriched-RF (n-3RF), and normal fat (NF), separated by 4-week washouts. RESULTS Fibrinogen and 6-keto-PG1α decreased (p < 0.05) following the RF period; LDL-cholesterol, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGF1α decreased (p < 0.05) after the n-3RF-period, while LDL-cholesterol, fibrinogen, TXB2, insulin, and Homostatic Model Assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) increased (at least p < 0.05) and QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) decreased (p < 0.05) during the NF period. The rates of changes of fibrinogen, TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α, and HOMA-IR differ between groups (repeated-measures test p < 0.05). Fibrinogen, insulin, and HOMA-IR differed significantly (p < 0.05) between RF and n-3RF period versus NF period, while that of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α differed between n-3RF and NF periods (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The consumption of n-3RF meat products, followed by RF ones, partially reduced thrombogenesis, coagulation, and insulin-resistance markers. Thus, the inclusion of lipid-improved pâtés/frankfurters might be recommended into dietary strategies in at-CVD-risk volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Celada
- a Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos. Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense. Madrid, Spain e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
| | - Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- b Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Gonzalo Delgado-Pando
- b Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rafaela Raposo
- c Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Alba Garcimartín
- d Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- a Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos. Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense. Madrid, Spain e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid , 28040 , Spain
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10
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Petri MH, Thul S, Andonova T, Lindquist-Liljeqvist M, Jin H, Skenteris NT, Arnardottir H, Maegdefessel L, Caidahl K, Perretti M, Roy J, Bäck M. Resolution of Inflammation Through the Lipoxin and ALX/FPR2 Receptor Pathway Protects Against Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:719-727. [PMID: 30623131 PMCID: PMC6314955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Specialized lipid mediators transduce the resolution of inflammation by means of the ALX/FPR2. Human AAA exhibited decreased ALX/FPR2 expression. Genetic disruption of the murine ALX/FPR2 ortholog exacerbated AAA and increased inflammation. The ALX/FPR2 agonist ATL induced pro-resolving signaling in bone marrow-derived murine cells. Pro-resolving signaling by means of the ALX/FPR2 receptor may decrease the progression of AAA.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a progressive aortic dilation that may lead to rupture, which is usually lethal. This study identifies the state of failure in the resolution of inflammation by means of decreased expression of the pro-resolving receptor A lipoxin/formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2) in the adventitia of human AAA lesions. Mimicking this condition by genetic deletion of the murine ALX/FPR2 ortholog in hyperlipidemic mice exacerbated the aortic dilation induced by angiotensin II infusion, associated with decreased vascular collagen and increased inflammation. The authors also identified key roles of lipoxin formation through 12/15-lipoxygenase and neutrophil p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In conclusion, this study established pro-resolving signaling by means of the ALX/FPR2 receptor in aneurysms and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H Petri
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silke Thul
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teodora Andonova
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hong Jin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Zhang XX, Zhang G, Jin M, Niu LX, Zhang YL. Variation in Phenolic Content, Profile, and Antioxidant Activity of Seeds among Different Paeonia ostii Cultivated Populations in China. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800093. [PMID: 29603905 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenolic profiles of seeds from fifteen Paeonia ostii cultivated populations in China and identify their relationship with antioxidant activities and associated environmental factors. Thirteen individual phenolic compounds were quantitatively determined by HPLC, and (+)-catechin was the most abundant phenolic compound in the seeds. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics were the most effective antioxidant compound class by evaluating DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power. Latitude and annual rainfall had significant effects on the contents of many phenolic compounds, and elevation was only significantly correlated with gallic acid content. Within fifteen P. ostii cultivated populations, the seeds of Tongling population exhibited the highest phenolic contents and strongest antioxidant activities. These results suggest that Tongling population has a relatively high utilization value and a potential for sources of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Min Jin
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Long Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
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12
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Ayala-Bribiesca E, Turgeon SL, Pilon G, Marette A, Britten M. Postprandial lipemia and fecal fat excretion in rats is affected by the calcium content and type of milk fat present in Cheddar-type cheeses. Food Res Int 2018; 107:589-595. [PMID: 29580523 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of calcium on the bioavailability of milk lipids from a cheese matrix using a rat model. Cheddar-type cheeses were manufactured with one of three types of anhydrous milk fat, control, olein or stearin, and salted with or without CaCl2. The cheeses were fed to rats and postprandial lipemia was monitored. Feces were analyzed to quantify fatty acids excreted as calcium soaps. Higher calcium concentration in cheese caused a higher and faster triacylglycerol peak in blood, except for cheeses containing stearin. Furthermore, calcium soaps were more abundant in feces when the ingested cheese had been enriched with calcium and when the cheese was prepared with stearin. Increased lipid excretion was attributable to the affinity of saturated long-chain fatty acids for calcium. Results showed that lipid bioaccessibility can be regulated by calcium present in Cheddar cheese. This study highlights the nutritional interaction between calcium and lipids present in the dairy matrix and confirms its physiological repercussions on fatty acid bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ayala-Bribiesca
- STELA Research Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, G1V 0A6 Quebec City, QC, Canada; Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, J2S 8E3 Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie L Turgeon
- STELA Research Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, G1V 0A6 Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- STELA Research Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, G1V 0A6 Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre - Université Laval, 2725 Sainte-Foy, G1V 4G5 Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - André Marette
- STELA Research Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, G1V 0A6 Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre - Université Laval, 2725 Sainte-Foy, G1V 4G5 Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Britten
- Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, J2S 8E3 Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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13
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Determination of the phenolic content, profile, and antioxidant activity of seeds from nine tree peony ( Paeonia section Moutan DC.) species native to China. Food Res Int 2017; 97:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Fang B, Zhang M, Ren FZ, Zhou XD. Lifelong diet including common unsaturated fatty acids extends the lifespan and affects oxidation in
Caenorhabditis elegans
consistently with hormesis model. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- Academy of State Administration of GrainBeijingP. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food Science and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Fa Zheng Ren
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiao Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingP. R. China
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15
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Production, Purification and Stability Studies on Nattokinase: A Therapeutic Protein Extracted from Mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMSS Isolated from Bovine Milk. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Zavala-Hernández C, Hernández-Zamora E, Martínez-Murillo C, Majluf-Cruz A, Vela-Ojeda J, García-Chávez J, Reyes-Maldonado E. Risk Factors for Thrombosis Development in Mexican Patients. Ann Vasc Surg 2015; 29:1625-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Diet and haemostasis — A comprehensive overview. Blood Rev 2015; 29:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Nwachukwu ID, Devassy JG, Aluko RE, Jones PJ. Cholesterol-lowering properties of oat β-glucan and the promotion of cardiovascular health: did Health Canada make the right call? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:535-42. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, Health Canada approved a heath claim acknowledging the link between increased oats (Avena sativa)-soluble fibre consumption and a reduction in total serum cholesterol levels. The approval also recognized the relationship between decreased total blood cholesterol concentration and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. The functional food ingredient believed to be responsible for the hypocholesterolemic property of oats is β-glucan, a highly viscous, soluble fibre composed of d-glucose monomers linked by a combination of β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds. Found mainly in the endosperm cell wall of oats, β-glucan is thought to reduce total serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by forming a viscous mass in the small intestine thus limiting intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol as well as the re-absorption of bile acids. Given the evolution of research information with time as a result of the continual, rapid generation of new research data by laboratories around the world, it became imperative to examine the compatibility of the conclusion reached by Health Canada on the basis of the body of evidence contained in the initial petition submitted in January 2007, with newer post-2006 data. After careful evaluation, this work concludes on the basis of new research information that a dose of 3 g/day oat β-glucan consumed as part of a diet “free of saturated fatty acids” or “low in saturated fatty acids” could help to promote cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi D. Nwachukwu
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jessay G. Devassy
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter J.H. Jones
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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19
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Abstract
The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets, leading to a blood clot. This process is protective, as it prevents excessive blood loss following injury (normal hemostasis). Unfortunately, the blood clotting system can also lead to unwanted blood clots inside blood vessels (pathologic thrombosis), which is a leading cause of disability and death in the developed world. There are two main mechanisms for triggering the blood clotting, termed the tissue factor pathway and the contact pathway. Only one of these pathways (the tissue factor pathway) functions in normal hemostasis. Both pathways, however, are thought to contribute to thrombosis. An emerging concept is that the contact pathway functions in host pathogen defenses. This review focuses on how the initiation phase of the blood clotting cascade is regulated in both pathways, with a discussion of the contributions of these pathways to hemostasis versus thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Smith
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL , USA
| | - Richard J Travers
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL , USA
| | - James H Morrissey
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL , USA
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20
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Ning C, Jiang Y, Meng J, Zhou C, Tao J. Herbaceous peony seed oil: A rich source of unsaturated fatty acids and γ-tocopherol. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Jiasong Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
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Heden T, Liu Y, Sims L, Whaley-Connell AT, Chockalingam A, Dellsperger KC, Kanaley JA. Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:123-9. [PMID: 23505176 PMCID: PMC3484202 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, and insulinemia between a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern in obese women. DESIGN AND METHODS In a counterbalanced order, eight obese women completed two, 12-h conditions in which they consumed 1,500 calories (14% protein, 21% fat, and 65% carbohydrate) either as three 500 calorie liquid meals every 4-h or six 250 calorie liquid meals every 2-h. Blood samples were taken every 30 min and analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase-1 activity, and insulin. RESULTS The TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during the three meal condition (321 ± 129 mg/dl · 12 h) was significantly lower (P = 0.04) compared with the six meal condition (481 ± 155 mg/dl · 12 h). The insulin iAUC during the three meal condition (5,549 ± 1,007 pmol/l · 12 h) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared with the six meal condition (4,230 ± 757 pmol/l(.) 12 h). Meal frequency had no influence on the other biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern differentially alters postprandial TAG and insulin concentrations but has no effect on postprandial cholesterol, oxidative stress, or antioxidant activity in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Heden
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lauren Sims
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Adam T. Whaley-Connell
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Anand Chockalingam
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kevin C. Dellsperger
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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22
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Brostow DP, Hirsch AT, Collins TC, Kurzer MS. The role of nutrition and body composition in peripheral arterial disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2012; 9:634-43. [PMID: 22922595 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been as extensively investigated as other cardiovascular diseases. However, the available data suggest that nutrition-based treatment strategies have the potential to reduce the cost-economic burden of PAD substantially. Abdominal obesity is associated with PAD and prospective and cross-sectional studies have shown that a low dietary intake of folate and reduced synthesis of vitamin D are associated with an increased risk of PAD and severe walking impairment in patients who have the disease. However, dietary patterns that are associated with decreased cardiovascular risk might protect against PAD. A small number of clinical trials have provided evidence that increased intakes of niacin and insoluble fiber might be associated with decreased levels of LDL cholesterol and thrombogenic biomarkers, as well as increased serum levels of HDL cholesterol in patients with PAD. However, little evidence that antioxidants, vitamins B(6) and B(12), or essential fatty acid supplements improve clinical outcomes in these patients exists. Overall, data on the effects of nutrition, body composition, and nutritional supplementation on the risk, progression, and prognosis of PAD are scarce. Further research into these areas is required to allow the development of evidence-based nutritional guidelines for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Brostow
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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23
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Meal Frequency Differentially Alters Postprandial Triacylglycerol and Insulin Concentrations in Obese Women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Vanden Heuvel JP. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:75-112. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Xu BB, Ba M, Xie LL, Tian ZH. [Screening of high-yield PUFAs Mortierella isabellina strain]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1147-52. [PMID: 21993290 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The original strain Mortierella isabellina As3.3410 was treated by microwave and ultraviolet. Mutated strains were screened by acetyl salicylic acid and low temperature (15°C). A high-yield strain named as A35-4 was successfully selected. The biomass of this strain was 17.9 g/L, oil content was 67.8%, oil production was 12.12 g/L, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content was 20.2%, and production of PUFAs was 2.46 g/L, which increased 32.6%, 49.8%, 98.69%, 14.0%, and 125.7% compared with the original A0 stain, respectively. The continuous slope transmission experiments confirmed that the strain had a good genetic stability. The study is beneficial for cloning high efficiency genes for PUFAs and producing PUFAs in this stain, and lays the ground work for creation of transgenic plants containing high levels of PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Bo Xu
- Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
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26
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Kochikuzhyil BM, Devi K, Fattepur SR. Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 42:142-5. [PMID: 20871763 PMCID: PMC2937313 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.66835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich dietary vegetable oils on the lipid profile, endogenous antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Type 2 diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin (90 mg/kg, i.p.) in neonatal rats. Twenty-eight-day-old normal (N) and diabetic (D) male Wistar rats were fed for 45 days with a fat-enriched special diet (10%) prepared with coconut oil (CO) - lauric acid-rich SFA, palm oil (PO) - palmitic acid-rich SFA and groundnut oil (GNO) - control (N and D). Lipid profile, endogenous antioxidant enzymes and oral glucose tolerance tests were monitored. RESULTS D rats fed with CO (D + CO) exhibited a significant decrease in the total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Besides, they also showed a trend toward improving antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance as compared to the D + GNO group, whereas D + PO treatment aggravated the dyslipidemic condition while causing a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase levels when compared to N rats fed with GNO (N + GNO). D + PO treatment also impaired the glucose tolerance when compared to N + GNO and D + GNO. CONCLUSION The type of FA in the dietary oil determines its deleterious or beneficial effects. Lauric acid present in CO may protect against diabetes-induced dyslipidemia.
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A diet rich in oat bran improves blood lipids and hemostatic factors, and reduces apparent energy digestibility in young healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:1053-8. [PMID: 21654701 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Oat bran shows cholesterol-lowering properties, but its effects on other cardiovascular risk markers are less frequently investigated. This study examined the effects of oat bran on blood lipids, hemostatic factors and energy utilization. SUBJECTS/METHODS A double-blind, randomized crossover study in 24 adults (age 25.2±2.7 years; body mass index: 24.9±2.9 kg/m2), who completed two 2-week dietary intervention periods: low-fiber diet (control) or an oat bran (control +102 g oat bran/day) diet. Fasting blood samples were drawn before and after each period, and 3-day fecal samples were collected during the last week of each period. RESULTS Total cholesterol decreased by 14% during the oat bran period compared with 4% during the control period (P<0.001). Non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased by 16% in the oat bran period compared with 3% in the control period (P<0.01), as did total triacylglycerol (21 vs 10%, P<0.05) and very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerol 33 vs 9%, P<0.01). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and factor VII (fVII) levels decreased more during consumption of oat bran compared with the control period (PAI-1: 30 vs 2.3%, P<0.01; fVII: 15 vs 7.6%, <0.001). Fecal volume and dry matter were greater when consuming the oat bran diet compared with the control (P<0.001), and energy excretion was increased by 37% (1014 vs 638 kJ/day, P<0.001); however, changes in body weight did not differ (oat bran:-0.3±0.5 kg; control: 0.0±0.7 kg). CONCLUSIONS Addition of oat bran (6 g soluble fiber/day) to a low-fiber diet lowered total and non-HDL cholesterol, as well as hemostatic factors, and may affect energy balance through reduced energy utilization.
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Seppänen-Laakso T, Laakso I, Lehtimäki T, Rontu R, Moilanen E, Solakivi T, Seppo L, Vanhanen H, Kiviranta K, Hiltunen R. Elevated plasma fibrinogen caused by inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake can be reduced by replacing fat with canola-type rapeseed oil. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 83:45-54. [PMID: 20206485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of canola-type rapeseed oil (RSO) on serum lipids, plasma fibrinogen, lipid oxidation and fatty acids were studied in three groups of subjects, two of which had not been consuming fish in their habitual diets. Forty-two volunteers (35 women, 7 men, 16-62 years) replaced fat with RSO for 6 weeks in a parallel design. The average cholesterol and fibrinogen concentrations were 5.0 mmol/l and 2.6 g/l, respectively. The intake of alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LLA) was doubled. Efficient competitive inhibition by alpha-LLA was seen as a decrease in long-chain (LC) n-6 PUFA at 3 weeks. Elevated fibrinogen (2.6-3.9 g/l) decreased by 0.95 g/l at 6 weeks. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in plasma phospholipids increased at low fibrinogen levels only. The associations and changes in plasma C18 and LC PUFA followed the competitive and metabolic principles of the body, and especially in the case of n-3 PUFA according to the recycling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Seppänen-Laakso
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Complex links between dietary lipids, endogenous endotoxins and metabolic inflammation. Biochimie 2010; 93:39-45. [PMID: 20433893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity are characterized by a subclinical inflammatory state that contributes to the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Recent reports also indicate that (i) there are alterations of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic diseases and (ii) absorption of endogenous endotoxins (namely lipopolysaccharides, LPS) can occur, particularly during the digestion of lipids. The aim of the present review is to highlight recently gained knowledge regarding the links between high fat diets, lipid digestion, intestinal microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia & inflammation.
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30
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Rector RS, Linden MA, Zhang JQ, Warner SO, Altena TS, Smith BK, Ziogas GG, Liu Y, Thomas TR. Predicting postprandial lipemia in healthy adults and in at-risk individuals with components of the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2010; 11:663-71. [PMID: 19878381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether a single-point triglyceride (TG) concentration could estimate the 8-hour postprandial lipemic (PPL) response, men and women performed baseline PPL (n=188) and postexercise PPL (n=92) trials. Correlations were generated between TG concentrations at baseline and at various time points after a high-fat meal vs 8-hour area under the TG curve (TG-AUC) and peak TG level. Stepwise multiple regression and bootstrap simulations using TG level and additional predictor variables of sex, age, percentage of body fat, training status, and maximal oxygen consumption indicated that the 4-hour TG concentrations accounted for >90% of the variance in TG-AUC and peak TG responses during the PPL trials. Equations were confirmed by cross-validation in healthy as well as at-risk individuals with components of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Our data suggest that the 4-hour TG value is highly related to the total 8-hour PPL response and can be used for accurate estimation of PPL in a clinical or research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA
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Robinson JG, Ijioma N, Harris W. Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function in women. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 6:119-34. [PMID: 20088735 PMCID: PMC2826215 DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) could play an important role in maintaining cognitive function in aging individuals. The omega-3 FA docosahexaenoic acid is a major constituent of neuronal membranes and, along with the other long-chain omega-3 FAs from fish such as eicosapentaentoic acid, has been shown to have a wide variety of beneficial effects on neuronal functioning, inflammation, oxidation and cell death, as well as on the development of the characteristic pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Omega-3 FAs may prevent vascular dementia via salutary effects on lipids, inflammation, thrombosis and vascular function. Epidemiologic studies have generally supported a protective association between fish and omega-3 FA levels and cognitive decline. Some of the small, short-term, randomized trials of docosahexaenoic acid and/or eicosapentaentoic acid supplementation have found positive effects on some aspects of cognition in older adults who were cognitively intact or had mild cognitive impairment, although little effect was found in participants with Alzheimer's disease. Large, long-term trials in this area are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Robinson
- Lipid Research Clinic, 200 Hawkins Drive, SE 226 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Triacylglycerol structure and interesterification of palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats: an overview and implications for cardiovascular disease. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 22:3-17. [PMID: 19442321 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422409369267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The position of fatty acids in the TAG molecule (sn-1, sn-2 and sn-3) determines the physical properties of the fat, which affects its absorption, metabolism and distribution into tissues, which may have implications for the risk of CHD. The TAG structure of fats can be manipulated by the process of interesterification, which is of increasing commercial importance, as it can be used to change the physical characteristics of a fat without the generation of trans-fatty acids. Interesterified fats rich in long-chain SFA are commercially important, but few studies have investigated their health effects. Evidence from animal and human infant studies suggests that TAG structure and interesterification affect digestibility, atherogenicity and fasting lipid levels, with fats containing palmitic and stearic acid in the sn-2 position being better digested and considered to be more atherogenic. However, chronic studies in human adults suggest that TAG structure has no effect on digestibility or fasting lipids. The postprandial effects of fats with differing TAG structure are better characterised but the evidence is inconclusive; it is probable that differences in the physical characteristics of fats resulting from interesterification and changes in TAG structure are key determinants of the level of postprandial lipaemia, rather than the position of fatty acids in the TAG. The present review gives an overview of TAG structure and interesterified palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats, their physical properties and their acute and chronic effects in human adults in relation to CHD.
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Michalski MC. Specific molecular and colloidal structures of milk fat affecting lipolysis, absorption and postprandial lipemia. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hsia CH, Shen MC, Lin JS, Wen YK, Hwang KL, Cham TM, Yang NC. Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. Nutr Res 2009; 29:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Is liver fat detrimental to vessels?: intersections in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 115:1-12. [PMID: 19016656 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) encompasses the spectrum of fatty liver disease in insulin-resistant individuals who often display T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) and obesity. The present review highlights the pathophysiological basis and clinical evidence for a possible causal linkage between NAFLD and CVD (cardiovascular disease). The role of traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors in the pathophysiology of NAFLD is considered in the first part of the review, with the basic science shared by atherogenesis and hepatic steatogenesis discussed in depth in the second part. In conclusion, NAFLD is not an innocent bystander, but a major player in the development and progression of CVD. NAFLD and CVD also share similar molecular mechanisms and targeted treatment strategies. On the research side, studies should focus on interventions aimed at restoring energy homoeostasis in lipotoxic tissues and at improving hepatic (micro)vascular blood supply.
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Wagner EM, Jen KLC, Artiss JD, Remaley AT. Dietary alpha-cyclodextrin lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alters plasma fatty acid profile in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice on a high-fat diet. Metabolism 2008; 57:1046-51. [PMID: 18640380 PMCID: PMC2597477 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High dietary intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are some of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Alpha-cyclodextrin (a-CD) when given orally has been shown in rats to increase fecal saturated fat excretion and to reduce blood total cholesterol levels in obese hypertriglyceridemic subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, the effects of dietary a-CD on lipid metabolism in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were investigated. Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a "Western diet" (21% milk fat) with or without 2.1% of a-CD (10% of dietary fat content) for 14 weeks. At sacrifice, there was no difference in body weight; but significant decreases were observed in plasma cholesterol (15.3%), free cholesterol (20%), cholesterol esters (14%), and phospholipid (17.5%) levels in mice treated with alpha-CD compared with control mice. The decrease in total cholesterol was primarily in the proatherogenic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein fractions, with no significant change in the high-density lipoprotein fraction. Furthermore, alpha-CD improved the blood fatty acid profile, reducing the saturated fatty acids (4.5%) and trans-isomers (11%) while increasing (2.5%) unsaturated fatty acids. In summary, the addition of alpha-CD improved the lipid profile by lowering proatherogenic lipoproteins and trans-fatty acids and by decreasing the ratio of saturated and trans-fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids (-5.8%), thus suggesting that it may be useful as a dietary supplement for reducing cardiovascular disease.
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Crupkin M, Zambelli A. Detrimental Impact of Trans Fats on Human Health: Stearic Acid-Rich Fats as Possible Substitutes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2008; 7:271-279. [PMID: 33467800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence demonstrated the negative effect of trans fatty acid (TFA) intake on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, systemic inflammation, and hemostasis. As a consequence, different regulatory actions have been developed around the world, aiming to reduce human consumption of TFA. Replacement for TFA functionality requires incorporation of plastic and stable saturated fats; the present options are palm or fully hydrogenated oils. Palm oil has been described as responsible for negative biological effects on serum cholesterol levels and CVD risk. Different epidemiological and clinical studies recommend reduction of saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, mainly myristic and palmitic acids. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that stearic acid is a wholesome substitute for TFAs and other SFAs in food manufacturing. In this article, biological effects of stearic acid on human health are reviewed in comparison to TFAs, SFAs, and unsaturated fatty acids. Current revised understanding on dietary intake, digestion, and absorption is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Crupkin
- Author Crupkin is with Area Biomolecular y Area de Alimentos and author Zambelli is with Posgrado en Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. Nac. de Mar del Plata, CC 276, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce (7620), Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Direct inquiries to author Crupkin (E-mail: )
| | - Andres Zambelli
- Author Crupkin is with Area Biomolecular y Area de Alimentos and author Zambelli is with Posgrado en Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. Nac. de Mar del Plata, CC 276, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce (7620), Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Direct inquiries to author Crupkin (E-mail: )
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Turner R, McLean CH, Silvers KM. Are the health benefits of fish oils limited by products of oxidation? Nutr Res Rev 2007; 19:53-62. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr2006117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical trials have shown that fish oils reduce the risk of a variety of disorders including CVD. Despite this, results have been inconsistent. Fish oils are easily oxidised and some fish oils contain higher than recommended levels of oxidised products, but their effects have not been investigated. Recent evidence indicates that dietary oxidised fats can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This review summarises findings from cellular, animal and human trials that have examined the effects of oxidised lipids and their potential to affect health outcomes, and proposes that oxidised products in fish oils may attenuate their beneficial effects. More research is required to determine the magnitude of negative effects of fish oil on health outcomes in clinical trials.
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Nabeno Y, Fukuchi Y, Matsutani Y, Naito M. Influence of aging and menopause on postprandial lipoprotein responses in healthy adult women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14:142-50. [PMID: 17587766 DOI: 10.5551/jat.14.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the influence of menopause and age on postprandial lipoprotein responses in healthy adult women. METHOD Twenty-seven healthy young and middle-aged pre- and postmenopausal female volunteers aged 21-53 y were enrolled. They ingested OFTT cream(Jomo, Takasaki, Japan). Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for up to 6 h, and serum concentrations of lipoproteins were analyzed. RESULTS In the postprandial phase, serum triglycerides(TG), remnant-like particle(RLP)-TG(RLP-TG), RLP-cholesterol(RLP-C), and TG-rich lipoprotein-TG(TRL-TG)concentrations in all groups peaked after 2 h. After 4 h, the TG, RLP-C, RLP-TG and TRL-TG concentrations in the young women returned to the fasting concentrations. However, at 6 h, these parameters in the pre- and postmenopausal women had barely returned to the fasting concentrations. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that:(1)the magnitude of postprandial TG concentrations is dependent on age, but not on menopause;(2)clearance of remnant lipoproteins is delayed with age in pre- and postmenopausal women compared to young women, and(3)menopause is associated with an increase of RLP-C, but may not influence LDL particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nabeno
- Division of Nutrition and Health, School and Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan
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40
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Das UN. A defect in the activity of Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases may be a factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 76:251-68. [PMID: 17466497 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process. Dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and shear stress of blood flow, the risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis, are characterized by abnormalities in the metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs). Gene expression profiling studies revealed that at the sites of atheroslcerosis-prone regions, endothelial cells showed upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes as well as antioxidant genes, and endothelial cells themselves showed changes in cell shape and proliferation. Uncoupled respiration (UCP-1) precedes atherosclerosis at lesion-prone sites but not at the sites that are resistant to atherosclerosis. UCP-1 expression in aortic smooth muscle cells causes hypertension, enhanced superoxide anion production and decreased the availability of NO, suggesting that inefficient metabolism in blood vessels causes atherosclerosis without affecting cholesterol levels. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction triggers atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis-free aortae have abundant concentrations of the EFA-linoleate, whereas fatty streaks (an early stage of atherosclerosis) are deficient in EFAs. EFA deficiency promotes respiratory uncoupling and atherosclerosis. I propose that a defect in the activity of Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases decreases the formation of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-DGLA (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from dietary linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). This, in turn, leads to inadequate formation of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostacyclin (PGI2), PGI3, lipoxins (LXs), resolvins, neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), NO, and nitrolipids that have anti-inflammatory and platelet anti-aggregatory actions, inhibit leukocyte activation and augment wound healing and resolve inflammation and thus, lead to the initiation and progression atheroslcerosis. In view of this, it is suggested that Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases could serve as biological target(s) for the discovery and development of pharmaceuticals to treat atherosclerosis.
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Wang Z, Rowley K, Best J, McDermott R, Taylor M, O'Dea K. Hemostatic factors in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Metabolism 2007; 56:629-35. [PMID: 17445537 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemostatic processes are important in precipitating myocardial infarction and stroke. Elevated plasma fibrinogen is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but the results of previous studies on the association of plasma factor VIIc activity with CVD and diabetes have been inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to explore the association of plasma fibrinogen and factor VIIc to clinical characteristics and estimated coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Cross-sectional surveys of Australian Aboriginal people (n = 852) and Torres Strait Islanders (n = 276) aged 15 years and older were conducted from 1993 to 1995. Anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, fasting plasma fibrinogen, factor VIIc, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were measured. Levels of fibrinogen (mean, 95% confidence interval) for Aboriginal (3.52, 3.44-3.59 g/L) and Torres Strait Islander people (3.62, 3.49-3.75 g/L) were higher compared with previous reports from other populations. Factor VIIc (mean, 95% confidence interval) was especially high in Torres Strait Islanders (116%, 111%-122%) compared with Aboriginal people (99%, 97%-102%). Fibrinogen increased with age in both ethnic groups and sexes. Fibrinogen was independently associated with female sex, body mass index, renal dysfunction, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and diabetes, whereas the independent predictors for factor VIIc were Torres Strait Islander ethnicity, female sex, body mass index, renal dysfunction, and total cholesterol. Average fibrinogen levels were high (>3.5 mg/dL) even for people considered "below average risk of coronary heart disease" according to conventional risk factor levels. For Aboriginal women, levels of fibrinogen and factor VIIc were significantly higher for persons at high risk than those at below average risk. The data suggest that plasma fibrinogen and factor VIIc might be important factors mediating the elevated CVD in Australian Indigenous Peoples. These data may have implications for prevention and treatment of CVD in Australian Indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaimin Wang
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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McClaskey EM, Michalets EL. Subdural hematoma after a fall in an elderly patient taking high-dose omega-3 fatty acids with warfarin and aspirin: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27:152-60. [PMID: 17192169 DOI: 10.1592/phco.27.1.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The elderly population is at an increased risk for major bleeding, possibly due to increased sensitivity to anticoagulation, multiple comorbidities, and polypharmacy. Elderly patients receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy have an additional risk for bleeding. Omega-3 fatty acids, also known as fish oil, have been used for hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and other conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that consumption of fish oil concentrate, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA), results in cardiovascular benefits that include reductions in mortality, sudden death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and thrombotic stoke, as well as improvement in graft patency. The mechanism of action of n-3 PUFA is not completely understood, but a dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant effect has been proposed. Few data exist on whether or not fish oil can be used safely with other antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. We report the case of a patient who after a minor fall developed a subdural hematoma requiring craniotomy that likely was precipitated by concomitant use of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids 6 g/day with both aspirin and warfarin. These findings are important because of the wide availability of omega-3 fatty acids and the propensity for use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with cardiovascular disease who are already taking antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents. Judicious use of these combinations is advised, and pharmacists can play an important role in educating patients and other health care providers about the bleeding risks associated with combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M McClaskey
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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43
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Thomas TR, Liu Y, Linden MA, Rector RS. Interaction of exercise training andn-3 fatty acid supplementation on postprandial lipemia. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:473-80. [PMID: 17510682 DOI: 10.1139/h07-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of combining omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplementation and exercise training treatment on postprandial lipemia (PPL) has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of n-3 FA and exercise training in attenuating PPL after a high-fat meal. Previously sedentary, overweight, subjects (n = 22; 12 women, 10 men, BMI 26.6 ±0.7 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: n-3 FA supplementation alone (FO, n = 10) or n-3 FA supplementation plus exercise training (FO+ExTr, n = 12). Both groups consumed 4 g/d n-3 FA, and one group also exercise trained for 45 min/d, 5d/week of brisk walking and (or) jogging at 60% VO2 max. Before and after 4 weeks of treatment, subjects performed a baseline PPL and a PPL following a single session of exercise (ExPPL). PPL was assessed by triglyceride (TG) area under the curve (AUC) and peak TG response (TGpeak). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to compare results from treatments for baseline and exercise trials. FO alone reduced PPL and Ex PPL, and FO+ExTr attenuated the ExPPL response measured as total AUC and TGpeak. There was no significant main effect for group or group by time interaction for baseline PPL or ExPPL. Fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL2-C (i.e., subfraction 2) concentrations were significantly increased in the FO+ExTr group after the treatments. These results suggest that n-3 FA supplementation reduced PPL in sedentary subjects. Exercise training has no interference or additive effects with n-3 FA supplementation in attenuating PPL, but combined treatments may be additive in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom R Thomas
- Exercise Physiology Program, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 113 McKee Gymnasium, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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YANG LIFENG, SIRIAMORNPUN SIRITHON, LI DUO. POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID CONTENT OF EDIBLE INSECTS IN THAILAND. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2006.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids from both marine and plant sources have been shown to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease death. Although their beneficial cardiovascular effects are thought to be due to their antiarrhythmic properties, omega-3 fatty acids also have been shown to have a wide range of antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects in animal and human studies. Review of the findings of randomized, controlled trials published through August 2005 shows that omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin consistently lower elevated plasma triglyceride levels in a dose-dependent fashion, with greater efficacy at higher triglyceride levels. Smaller effects on lowering blood pressure, improving endothelial function, and increasing plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also found. No consistent effects on other lipid, hemostatic, inflammatory, glucose tolerance, or plaque stabilization parameters were found. Epidemiologic studies show more consistent reductions in the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke than do the clinical trials of increased omega-3 fatty acid intake, which suggests important confounding factors in observational studies. Ongoing clinical trials may clarify the non-antiarrhythmic benefits of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.
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46
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Abstract
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, play an important role in cardiovascular health and disease. Clinical trials provide substantial evidence to support current dietary recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease management. The cardioprotective benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be attributed to multiple physiological effects on lipids, blood pressure, vascular function, cardiac rhythms, platelet function, and inflammatory responses. The metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids, physiological effects, and clinical considerations with current dietary recommendations and sources of omega-3 fatty acids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite M Engler
- Dept. of Physiological Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
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47
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Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Carbajal A, Sarriá B, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Gómez-Gerique JA, Pilar Vaquero M. Sodium bicarbonated mineral water decreases postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women compared to a low mineral water. Br J Nutr 2005; 94:582-7. [PMID: 16197584 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of bicarbonated mineral waters on lipid metabolism and lipoprotein concentrations in man has scarcely been investigated. The present study aimed to investigate whether drinking sodium bicarbonated mineral water affects postprandial cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism in postmenopausal women. In a three-way, randomised, crossover study, eighteen healthy postmenopausal women consumed two sodium bicarbonated mineral waters (bicarbonated mineral water 1 and bicarbonated mineral water 2) and a low mineral water (500 ml of each) with a standard fat-rich meal (4552 kJ; 75.3 g fat). The bicarbonated waters were rich in sodium and bicarbonate and bicarbonated mineral water 1 contained 5.7 times more fluoride than bicarbonated mineral water 2. Fasting blood samples and postprandial blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 420 min after the end of the meal consumption. Cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined in serum and chylomicrons. A significant water consumption effect was observed in the total area under the curve (TAUC) of serum and chylomicron triacylglycerols (ANOVA, P=0.008 and P=0.027, respectively). TAUC of serum triacylglycerols for bicarbonated mineral water 2 was significantly lower compared to low mineral water (Bonferroni, P=0.039). Peak concentration of serum triacylglycerols showed a significant water effect (P=0.025). Changes in chylomicron cholesterol were not significantly affected by the type of water. Bicarbonated mineral waters 1 and 2 did not show any significant differences. Drinking sodium bicarbonate-rich mineral waters reduces postprandial lipaemia in healthy postmenopausal women compared to drinking a low mineral water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schoppen
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Nuernberg K, Nuernberg G, Ender K, Dannenberger D, Schabbel W, Grumbach S, Zupp W, Steinhart H. Effect of grassvs. concentrate feeding on the fatty acid profile of different fat depots in lambs. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200501141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Duttaroy AK. Postprandial activation of hemostatic factors: role of dietary fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:381-91. [PMID: 15919609 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intake of dietary fat is an important determinant of the plasma concentration of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and the degree of alimentary lipemia is reported to have effects on hemostatic status including platelet function. Although association between the amount of dietary fat intake, lipemic response and certain cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (VIIa and PAI-1) has been reported, the significance of the fatty acid composition of ingested fat for the postprandial lipid concentrations and the hemostatic factors is still unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between dietary fatty acids and emerging hemostatic CVD risk factors, although much of this evidence is incomplete or conflicting. In order to improve our knowledge in this area, sufficient sample size in future studies are required to take into account of the genetic variation (gene polymorphisms for VII, PAI-1), sex, physical activity, stage of life factors, and sufficient duration to account for adaptation for definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, POB 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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50
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Ibrahim A, Natarajan S. Substituting dietary linoleic acid with alpha-linolenic acid improves insulin sensitivity in sucrose fed rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1733:67-75. [PMID: 15801047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effect of substituting dietary linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) on sucrose-induced insulin resistance (IR). Wistar NIN male weanling rats were fed casein based diet containing 22 energy percent (en%) fat with approximately 6, 9 and 7 en% saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively for 3 months. IR was induced by replacing starch (ST) with sucrose (SU). Blends of groundnut, palmolein, and linseed oil in different proportions furnished the following levels of 18:3 n-3 (g/100 g diet) and 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 ratios respectively: ST-220 (0.014, 220), SU-220 (0.014, 220), SU-50 (0.06, 50), SU-10 (0.27, 10) and SU-2 (1.1, 2). The results showed IR in the sucrose fed group (SU-220) as evidenced by increase in fasting plasma insulin and area under the curve (AUC) of insulin in response to oral glucose load. In SU-220, the increase in adipocyte plasma membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was associated with a decrease in fluidity, insulin stimulated glucose transport, antilipolytic effect of insulin and increase in basal and norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. In SU-50, sucrose induced alterations in adipocyte lipolysis and antilipolysis were normalized. However, in SU-2, partial corrections in plasma insulin, AUC of insulin and adipocyte insulin stimulated glucose transport were observed. Further, plasma triglycerides and cholesterol decreased in SU-2. In diaphragm phospholipids, the observed dose dependent increase in long chain (LC) n-3 PUFA was associated with a decrease in LC-n-6 PUFA but insulin stimulated glucose transport increased only in SU-2. Thus, this study shows that the substitution of one-third of dietary 18:2 n-6 with 18:3 n-3 (SU-2) results in lowered blood lipid levels and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, possibly due to the resulting high LCn-3 PUFA levels in target tissues of insulin action. These findings suggest a role for 18:3 n-3 in the prevention of insulin resistant states. The current recommendation to increase 18:3 n-3 intake for reducing cardiovascular risk may also be beneficial for preventing IR in humans.
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