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Reichenberger J, Arend AK, Blechert J. Daily stress and emotions in relation to fear of negative and positive evaluation. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 107:102932. [PMID: 39332066 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Fear of negative (FNE) and positive (FPE) evaluation constitute distinct components of social anxiety and relate to altered affectivity. It is unclear whether individuals with strong FNE/FPE overreact to social stressors only or to more unspecific ones as well. The present set of three studies (n = 109 and n = 97 healthy individuals in study 1/2, n = 49 patients with social anxiety disorder in study 3) assessed whether reactivity to various daily stressors and non-specific momentary stress/emotions assessed through ecological momentary assessment depend on individuals' level of FPE/FNE. Almost all relationships with FPE/FNE were explained by depressive symptoms, except for a unique association of FNE with reactivity to stressors from the distant social network. Relationships of FNE with momentary global stress and emotions were mixed, but again explained by depressive symptoms. More depressive symptoms were associated with higher stress, negative affect, and most stressor types as well as lower positive affect in all studies. These results show that for social stressors from the distant social network, FNE has explanatory power. They further document the role of depressive affect for reactivity to a wide range of everyday stressors and question the need for specific instruments assessing FPE/FNE unless stressors are explicitly social-evaluative in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichenberger
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
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2
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Rassaby M, Spaulding IG, Taylor CT. Fear of positive evaluation and social affiliation in social anxiety disorder and major depression. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 107:102931. [PMID: 39340974 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is posited as a core feature of social anxiety disorder (SAD); however, little is known about its role in interpersonal functioning. We examined relationships between FPE and responses to a standardized social affiliation paradigm designed to facilitate positive social connection with an unacquainted conversation partner (trained confederate). The sample included adults with SAD (N = 52), major depressive disorder (MDD; N = 23), comorbid SAD and MDD (N = 36), and non-psychiatric controls (N = 33). Participants completed measures assessing FPE, affect, safety behaviors, and desire for future interaction. Confederates and observers rated participant behavior and their own desire for future interaction. FPE was most elevated in the SAD and comorbid groups, followed by the MDD group, and then non-psychiatric controls. In the full sample, FPE was associated with greater self-reported anxiety and safety behavior use, lower self-reported positive affect and desire for future interaction, lower observer-rated desire for future interaction and approach behaviors, and greater observer-rated anxious behaviors. Within-group correlations revealed that associations were weaker in the SAD only and comorbid groups (cf. control and MDD only groups); however, post-hoc moderation analyses indicated that the relationships between FPE and the outcomes of interest largely held across varying levels of social anxiety and depression severity. Findings underscore the potential role of FPE as a transdiagnostic factor relevant to understanding interpersonal functioning in social anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rassaby
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, USA
| | - Isabella G Spaulding
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, USA
| | - Charles T Taylor
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, USA; University of California San Diego, USA.
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Lange WG, Howell AN, Weeks JW. Cross-cultural validation of the BFOE model: Best practices and future directions for psychometric evaluation of the Fear of positive evaluation scale - Insights from a Dutch translation. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 107:102929. [PMID: 39326352 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The Bivalent Fear of Evaluation (BFOE) model suggests that Social Anxiety Disorder is not only characterized by fear of negative evaluation (FNE), but also fear of positive evaluation (FPE). While FNE has been firmly established, research of the latter is accumulating. To evaluate the role of the BFOE Model, and particularly FPE, validated measures such as the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale (FPES) are pivotal. Yet, validation of psychometric properties is often at stake or neglected when translating a scale to other languages. This hampers cross-cultural evaluation of questionnaires and related concepts considerably, including the BFOE Model. To illustrate, a freely available, but not validated Dutch version of the FPES was completed, along with other measures by 354 community participants from the Netherlands and Belgium in an online study. The Dutch FPES showed excellent convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, it explained additional variance in social anxiety above and beyond FNE. These results as well as those from the factor analyses were highly comparable with those deriving from evaluations of the original English version. In conclusion, the Dutch FPES showed excellent psychometric properties and is fit for further exploring consistency or differences in the BFOE model across cultures. Based on this case, practice guidelines for international use and validation of measures are discussed, and recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Gero Lange
- Behavioural Science Institute, Program of Experimental Psychopathology & Treatment, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ashley N Howell
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 540 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA.
| | - Justin W Weeks
- Anxiety Subspecialty Treatment (AnxST) Program, Nebraska Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA.
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Azoulay R, Gilboa-Schechtman E. CyberStatus: Responses to status manipulation and fears of positive and negative evaluations. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 103:102845. [PMID: 38447231 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE), which play distinct and central roles in social anxiety (SA), are postulated to reflect conflicting forces in hierarchal group contexts. Yet, experimental studies testing these assumptions are scarce. We examined the impact of status positions on FPE, FNE, and SA using a novel manipulation, CyberStatus. Participants (N = 557) provided self-descriptive statements before being randomly assigned to high, intermediate, or low-status conditions. Next, they reported their emotions, status, and belongingness-related cognitions and adjusted their self-presentation. FPE was more strongly linked to self-presentation modifications in the high- compared to intermediate-status conditions and positively associated with perceived status in the low vs. intermediate conditions. Furthermore, FPE and SA were more linked to belongingness in low vs. intermediate status conditions while FNE demonstrated the reversed pattern. These findings support and expand the evolutionary perspective on evaluation fears and emphasize the importance of assessing the linkage between status and belongingness systems in SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Azoulay
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
| | - Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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Racz SJ, Qasmieh N, De Los Reyes A. Bivalent fears of evaluation: A developmentally-informed, multi-informant, and multi-modal examination of associations with safety behaviors. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 103:102846. [PMID: 38422594 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Fears of negative (FNE) and positive (FPE) evaluation and safety behaviors feature prominently in cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety. However, we have a poor understanding of their associations, particularly given evidence that they both vary in form and function. This study aimed to identify the factor structure of safety behaviors and explore their differential associations with FNE and FPE. We addressed these aims across samples that varied in developmental stage, informant, and assessment modality. We collected self-reported data from college students (n = 349; Mage = 19.42) and adolescent-parent dyads (n = 134; Mage_adolescents = 14.49, Mage_parents = 45.01); parents also completed an ecologically-valid evaluation task. We confirmed a two-factor structure of safety behaviors (i.e., avoidance and impression management) that fit the data well for college students, adolescents, and parents' self-report, but not for parents' report about adolescents. Associations between avoidance and impression management and FNE/FPE were significant within-informants but not between-informants. For parents, in-the-moment arousal following receipt of negative, but not positive, feedback was associated with avoidance and impression management. Findings have implications for integrated measurement of FNE, FPE, and safety behaviors, as well as treatments that target social anxiety through each of these domains.
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Shin J, Rodebaugh TL. The role of fear of evaluation in group perception. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 100:102791. [PMID: 37924612 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with interpersonal impairment. One possible reason for this dysfunction is that people with SAD evaluate others differently on dimensions of warmth and dominance compared to individuals without the disorder. In the current study, we examined whether two core constructs of SAD, fear of negative evaluation and fear of positive evaluation, affect the judgments that people make about groups based on warmth and dominance. We also investigated whether racial similarity (i.e., whether someone is the same race as those they're interacting with) and ethnic identity (i.e., one's sense of belonging to a particular social group) played a role in the types of evaluations people made. We created vignettes about groups varying in warmth and dominance, as well as photos varying in racial makeup. We presented photo-vignette pairs to participants and asked them to rate their desire to interact with the groups depicted in the photo-vignette. Participants in general reported greater desire to interact with warmer and less dominant groups. People with higher fear of negative evaluation reported higher desire for interaction with warmer groups, and those with higher fear of positive evaluation reported higher desire to interact with less dominant groups. We did not find any support for our hypothesis that people with stronger ethnic identity would show greater desire to interact with groups that were more similar to their race. Implications for treatment and directions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, USA.
| | - Thomas L Rodebaugh
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, USA
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Liang Y, Wang Q, Chen J, Zhang Y, Li S, Xiong M, Ren P. Profiles and Transitions of Loneliness and Depressive Symptoms among Migrant Children: Predictive Role of Bullying Victimization. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2606-2619. [PMID: 37642780 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although loneliness and depressive symptoms are particularly prominent among migrant children and often occur simultaneously, little is known about the co-occurring and transitional nature of loneliness and depressive symptoms among migrant children, and the role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions. This study examined the profiles and transitions of loneliness and depressive symptoms among migrant children using latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis, as well as how bullying victimization predicted their profile memberships and transitions. A total of 692 migrant children (55.3% males, Mage = 9.41, SD = 0.55, range = 8 to 12 years old at T1) participated in both two waves of the study over six months. The results indicated that low profile (59.2%), moderate profile (22.0%), moderately high profile (14.3%), and high profile (4.5%) were identified at Time 1; low profile (69.4%), predominantly loneliness profile (16.8%), predominantly depressive symptoms profile (6.5%), and high profile (7.3%) were identified at Time 2. Migrant children in at-risk profiles displayed varying degrees of transition. Migrant children experiencing more bullying victimization were more likely to belong or transition to at-risk profiles. The findings highlight the importance of subgroup differences considerations in understanding the co-occurring and transitional nature of loneliness and depressive symptoms, as well as the predictive role of bullying victimization, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Quanquan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Simeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mingling Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Olino TM, Birk SL, Case JAC, Weeks J. An Initial examination of fear of negative and positive evaluation in youth. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 100:102784. [PMID: 37839197 PMCID: PMC10842223 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and fear of positive evaluation (FPE) are both core features of social anxiety. The majority of research with these constructs has been done with older adolescents and adults, with only one previous study examining FNE and FPE in childhood. However, this previous work relied exclusively on parent-report of youth FNE and FPE. Here, we examined the factor structure of FNE and FPE using youth self-reports. Moreover, we examined the associations with dimensions of internalizing and externalizing problems. We found that two-factor structure of FNE and FPE was a marginal fit to the data. Exploratory models identified three items that showed significant cross-loadings on non-target factors. Overall, we found that FNE was associated with dimensions of internalizing problems reported by youth and their mothers. FPE was associated with internalizing problems reported by youth, but not parents. Associations between FNE and clinical outcomes were stronger than those for FPE. This study demonstrates promise of FNE and FPE in youth and highlights important directions for future research.
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Macovei CM, Bumbuc Ș, Martinescu-Bădălan F. The role of personality traits in mediating the relation between fear of negative evaluation and social interaction anxiety. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1268052. [PMID: 37928579 PMCID: PMC10621049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1268052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social interaction anxiety and fear of negative evaluation have many maladaptive outcomes and, in order to counteract their effects, it is essential to identify those psychological or social factors that make people vulnerable to them. One of these factors is the individual's personality structure: some personality traits increase the individuals' vulnerability to symptoms of social anxiety, while others protect them. Methods The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of HEXACO personality traits in mediating the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety, in a sample of 352 cadets from the Land Forces Academy of Sibiu. The relationships between these concepts were analysed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in several hypothetical models, two of which were ultimately validated. Results In the first model, the fear of negative evaluation has an indirect effect on social interaction anxiety through the mediation of extraversion, conscientiousness, and altruism, separately. Furthermore, extraversion, conscientiousness, and altruism play a serial mediating role in the association between the fear of negative evaluation and social interaction anxiety. In the second model, the fear of negative evaluation has an indirect effect on social interaction anxiety through the mediation of social boldness, liveliness, and organization, separately, but not through altruism. Social boldness, liveliness, and organization played a serial mediating role in the relationship between the two constructs, while altruism moderated the relationship between liveliness, organization, and social interaction anxiety. Discussion Analysing the relationship between the individuals' personality traits, social anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation facilitated the identification of ways to cultivate desirable behaviours in social environments typified by compliance, discipline, uniformity, and rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crenguța Mihaela Macovei
- Department of Applied Social Sciences and Humanities, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania
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Eres R, Lim MH, Bates G. Loneliness and social anxiety in young adults: The moderating and mediating roles of emotion dysregulation, depression and social isolation risk. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:793-810. [PMID: 37096794 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying loneliness, social anxiety, depression and emotion dysregulation, as well as how these relationships differ based on social isolation risk. DESIGN We employed an online survey study to measure variables cross-sectionally. METHODS A total of 1239 (77.2% Female, Mage = 21.52, SD = 2.32) participants completed measures of loneliness, social isolation risk, social anxiety, depression and emotion dysregulation. A moderated serial mediation model was conducted to determine whether emotion dysregulation and depression jointly mediate the relationship between loneliness and social anxiety and to determine whether these relationships are moderated by risk of social isolation. RESULTS Loneliness was found to predict social anxiety and was mediated by emotion dysregulation and depression both independently and combined. Participants with a low risk of social isolation were found to be protected against poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS Our studies replicate previous findings showing a relationship between loneliness and social anxiety. We also extend current knowledge to show the importance of social contact for protecting against elevated levels of social anxiety and depression. Overall, we provide empirical evidence for the role of social connection in managing mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eres
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle H Lim
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen Bates
- Department of Psychological Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Yilmaz G, Yildirim EA, Tabakcı AS. Comparison of Social-Evaluative Anxiety and Theory of Mind Functions in Social Anxiety Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Healthy Controls. Psychopathology 2023; 56:440-452. [PMID: 37062284 DOI: 10.1159/000529880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the similarities in poor social competence and clinical manifestations of poor social behavior, no study has compared the theory of mind performance between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and schizophrenia, considering the effect of social-evaluative anxiety and neurocognitive functions. In our study, we aimed to compare the theory of mind functions and social-evaluative anxiety between patients with SAD and schizophrenia and healthy controls and to examine the relationship between the theory of mind, neurocognitive skills, and social-evaluative anxiety. METHODS Thirty-four consecutive patients with schizophrenia, 29 patients with SAD, and 30 controls matched by age, education level, and sex were enrolled in the study. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, Beck Depression Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Theory of Mind measures (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Hinting Task, Faux Pas Test), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Short Form, and neuropsychological tests were administered to all participants. RESULTS A greater significant deterioration in theory of mind and neurocognitive functions was found in patients with schizophrenia compared to those with SAD and healthy controls. Social evaluation anxiety was highest in patients with SAD. Although social-evaluative anxiety was associated with the theory of mind function in schizophrenia, only fear of positive evaluation was associated with SAD. In all groups, neither theory of mind nor neurocognitive ability measures were correlated with social anxiety levels and related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The impaired theory of mind functioning detected in our study is more prominent in the schizophrenia group and largely independent of anxiety in schizophrenia and SAD. Although social evaluation anxiety, as a transdiagnostic concept, seems to be independent of theory of mind function in general, fear of positive evaluation seems to be associated with hinting in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Yilmaz
- Private Practice, Psychiatry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ejder Akgun Yildirim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Sencer Tabakcı
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Peker M, Akkuş K. Fear of positive evaluation differentially predicts social anxiety: a six-month longitudinal panel study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37359644 PMCID: PMC10066961 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether (a) fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and fear of positive evaluation (FPE) prospectively predict the other, (b) FPE predicts social anxiety controlling for FNE, and (c) FPE predicts social anxiety symptoms but not general anxiety and depression. Data were collected from a student sample at two time points over six months. The cross-lagged structural equation modeling results revealed that FNE and FPE do not prospectively predict the other, FPE positively predicts social anxiety symptoms controlling for FNE, and FPE does not significantly predict general anxiety or depression. These results confirmed that FNE and FPE are distinctively related to social anxiety. Moreover, the study findings indicated that FPE may be a factor unique to social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Peker
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Koray Akkuş
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Kırca B, Saruhan V, Aydoğdu BN, Avcu A. Mediation effect of cognitive flexibility between fear of negative evaluation and interaction anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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14
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Song S, Zhao S, Jiang T, Li S, Zhang M, Ren W, Zheng Y, Ge R. Positive attention bias in high socially anxious individuals: Evidence from an ERP study. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:300-308. [PMID: 36162660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Bivalent Fear of Evaluation (BFEO) model posits that the fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is a core feature of social anxiety. As such, high socially anxious individuals may show attention bias when faced with positive stimuli. However, most of the previous studies focused on the negative attention bias of social anxiety, and less on the attention bias of positive stimuli. Meanwhile, the effect of stimulus presentation time on the attention bias pattern was unclear. In order to investigate this question, we used a dot-probe paradigm with facial expressions (happy, fearful, angry, neutral) presented for 100 ms and 500 ms. The ERP results showed: (1) For high socially anxious group, happy faces elicited a larger N1 for valid than for invalid cued probes, whereas for healthy control group, angry faces elicited a larger N1 for valid than for invalid cued probes. (2) When valid cues following happy faces presented for 500 ms, the N1 amplitude was larger than that of invalid cues. However, when valid cues following angry and fear faces presented for 100 ms, the N1 amplitude was larger than that of invalid cues. The results showed difficulty in attention disengagement of high socially anxious individuals from positive stimuli, as reflected by N1, illustrating the positive attention bias in social anxiety. These results prove that FPE may contribute to maintaining social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutao Song
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China; School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| | - Shimeng Zhao
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments
| | - Mingxian Zhang
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; Center for Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangang Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yuanjie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Ruiyang Ge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
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Zhu JY, Plamondon A, Goldstein AL, Snorrason I, Katz J, Björgvinsson T. Dynamics of daily positive and negative affect and relations to anxiety and depression symptoms in a transdiagnostic clinical sample. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39:932-943. [PMID: 36372960 DOI: 10.1002/da.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite interest in transdiagnostic dimensional approaches to psychopathology, little is known about the dynamic interplay of affecting and internalizing symptoms that cut across diverse mental health disorders. We examined within-person reciprocal effects of negative and positive affect (NA, PA) and symptoms (depression and anxiety), and their between-person associations with affective dynamics (i.e., affect inertia). METHODS Individuals currently receiving treatment for psychological disorders (N = 776) completed daily assessments of affect and symptoms across 14 treatment days (average). We used dynamic structural equation modeling to examine daily affect-symptom dynamics. RESULTS Within-person results indicated NA-symptom reciprocal effects; PA only predicted subsequent depression symptoms. After accounting for changes in mean symptoms and affect over time, NA-anxiety and PA-depression relations remained particularly robust. Between-person correlations indicated NA inertia was positively associated with NA-symptom effects; PA inertia was negatively associated with PA-symptoms effects. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that transdiagnostic affective treatment approaches may be more useful for reducing internalizing symptoms by decreasing NA compared to increasing PA. Individual differences in resistance to shifting out of affective states (i.e., high NA vs. PA inertia) may be a useful marker for developing tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Zhu
- Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André Plamondon
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abby L Goldstein
- Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivar Snorrason
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jasmin Katz
- Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Rahamim O, Azoulay R, Keshet H, Shahar G, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Apprehensions and Aspirations in Social Anxiety and Depression. Int J Cogn Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Mai X. Fear of negative evaluation modulates the processing of social evaluative feedback with different valence and contexts. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4927-4938. [PMID: 36190437 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) is a susceptible and maintaining factor of social anxiety disorders. However, the question, how people process negative evaluation is influenced by individual differences in FNE, is poorly understood. To clarify the habitual processing characteristics of individuals with different levels of FNE, electroencephalography was recorded when two groups of participants with high FNE (hFNE) and low FNE (lFNE) performed a social evaluation perception task in which the feedback context/source (human vs. a computer) and valence (thumb-up/like vs. thumb-down/dislike) were manipulated. We found effects of feedback source and valence on N1, P2, and P3, which reflect early attention, integrated perception, and elaborative processing, respectively, as well as general reward effects on reward positivity (RewP) across contexts. Importantly, compared to the lFNE group, the hFNE group showed larger midfrontal N1 and theta oscillation in response to negative feedback indicating dislike (vs. like), and also showed larger P3. These findings suggest that individuals with hFNE are more attentional vigilance to negative (vs. positive) social feedback, implying that individuals with different levels of FNE assign different implicit threat values to social-evaluation threat stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinling Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.,Laboratory of Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.,Interdisciplinary Platform of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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18
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Zhao W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Song X, Zhang Z, Xu L, Zhou F, Kendrick KM. Depression mediates the association between insula-frontal functional connectivity and social interaction anxiety. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4266-4273. [PMID: 35596617 PMCID: PMC9435016 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High rates of comorbidity between depression and anxiety are frequently observed. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between depression and social interaction anxiety using a dimensional approach. The current study aimed to explore the associations between depression and social interaction anxiety with a multivariate approach in a comparably large dataset (n = 194, 95 males). All participants completed a structural and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan and self-report measures of depression via Beck's Depression Inventory II and social interaction anxiety by social interaction anxiety scale. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) results first identified grey matter volumes of insula were positively correlated with depression dimension scores. Next, whole brain seed-to-voxel analyses were conducted using a VBM-identified insula as a seed region to examine associations between depression/social anxiety and functional connectivity. The results suggested that a significant positive effect of depression/social anxiety was found on the connectivity between insula and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Moreover, variations in depression meditated the association between insula-dlPFC connectivity and social interaction anxiety. Overall, the results indicate that individual differences in depression relate more to insula-dlPFC coupling compared to social interaction anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science InstituteMOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science InstituteMOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Institute of Brain and Psychological SciencesSichuan Normal UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinwei Song
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science InstituteMOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Zhao Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science InstituteMOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological SciencesSichuan Normal UniversityChengduChina
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of PsychologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and PersonalityMinistry of EducationChina
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science InstituteMOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
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19
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Gray ZJ, Shields GS, Sichko S, Bui TQ, Vinograd M, Olvera-Alvarez HA, Slavich GM. Neural and peripheral markers of reward during positive social evaluation are associated with less clinician-rated depression symptom severity in adolescence. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 11:100149. [PMID: 35856064 PMCID: PMC9287766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although blunted sensitivity to reward is thought to play a key role in promoting risk for depression, most research on this topic has utilized monetary reward paradigms and focused on currently depressed adults. To address this issue, we analyzed neural reward and β-endorphin data from the Psychobiology of Stress and Adolescent Depression (PSY SAD) Study, which recruited a well-characterized sample of adolescent girls at high vs. low risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) (N = 52, M age = 14.90, SD = 1.35) based on their mothers' lifetime history of MDD. As hypothesized, greater striatal activity while receiving positive (vs. neutral) social evaluation was associated with lower depression symptom severity as independently assessed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). This association was present for girls at high but not low risk for MDD, suggesting that this neural response may represent a pre-clinical marker of risk for depression. Consistent with these results, higher post-social evaluation levels of a peripheral marker of reward sensitivity, β-endorphin, were related to lower clinician-rated depression symptom severity. Together, these results indicate that neural and peripheral markers of responsivity to social reward are both related to depression severity, which may have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach J. Gray
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Grant S. Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Stassja Sichko
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Q. Bui
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meghan Vinograd
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Two-Factor Structure of Social-Evaluative Fear in Children: Distinguishing Fear of Positive and Negative Evaluation in Social Anxiety. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lin M, Wen X, Qian M, He D, Zlomuzica A. Self-focused attention vs. negative attentional bias during public speech task in socially anxious individuals. Behav Res Ther 2020; 136:103766. [PMID: 33253981 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced self-focused attention (SFA) and negative attentional bias (NAB) towards social cues are characteristic hallmarks of social anxiety. It is essential to investigate these two attentional phenomena under socially relevant situations using comparable stimuli. In the present study, individuals with high social anxiety (HSA, n = 32) and low social anxiety (LSA, n = 29) were compared according to their attention toward self-related stimuli and toward positive, neutral, and negative feedback related stimuli. Video stimuli of moving indicators of self-anxiety-status and positive, neutral, and negative feedback from an audience were presented during an impromptu speech task (high anxiety condition) and a re-watching phase (low anxiety condition). Eye movements in response to the different stimuli served as readouts for attentional preference. An interaction effect suggested that the HSA group directed more attention to self-related stimuli relative to other stimuli and the LSA group only during the high anxiety condition. The LSA group exhibited a general attentional preference toward positive feedback, especially during the low anxiety condition. Meanwhile, only the total duration of fixation on positive feedback negatively correlated with subjective anxiety rating. Our results point to increased SFA rather than NAB in HSA individuals under social threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China; Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xu Wen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China; Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Mingyi Qian
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongjun He
- Sichuan Research Center of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, 610500, Chengdu, China.
| | - Armin Zlomuzica
- Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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22
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Danneel S, Geukens F, Maes M, Bastin M, Bijttebier P, Colpin H, Verschueren K, Goossens L. Loneliness, Social Anxiety Symptoms, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Longitudinal Distinctiveness and Correlated Change. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:2246-2264. [PMID: 32918664 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loneliness, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms are internalizing problems that are highly intertwined and often co-occur during adolescence. This overlap and co-occurrence raises the question whether three different labels are used for the same underlying phenomenon. The present study adopts a comprehensive approach to this issue by investigating the development of the three phenomena simultaneously. Specifically, this study aimed to investigate (1) the developmental trend for all three internalizing problems separately, (2) whether they are best described by a single developmental trend, (3) how they co-develop across adolescence, and (4) gender differences in this co-development. The analyses were run in three three-wave longitudinal samples of adolescents with one-year intervals in order to verify the robustness of the findings. Sample 1 (roughly ages 15, 16, and 17) comprised 549 adolescents (63% girls), and Samples 2 and 3 (roughly ages 13, 14, and 15) comprised 811 adolescents (46% girls) and 1101 adolescents (52% girls), respectively. Latent growth curve modeling for the three phenomena separately showed either small increases or stable patterns. A comparison of a Multiple Indicator Latent Growth Model (MILGM) with a Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling (PPLGCM) showed that the three internalizing problems followed unique, but related, developmental trends across adolescence. The intercepts of the three phenomena were positively correlated with one another in all samples and increases in loneliness were associated consistently with increases in social anxiety symptoms. Only in Sample 3 evidence was found for a similar association between loneliness and depressive symptoms and between social anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms. Except for differences in initial levels, gender differences in the development of the three problems were limited. Overall, the results of the present study clearly indicate that the three internalizing problems are longitudinally distinct from one another, but co-develop across adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Danneel
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flore Geukens
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Maes
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Margot Bastin
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Colpin
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karine Verschueren
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Goossens
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Fredrick JW, Luebbe AM. Fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety: A systematic review of trait-based findings. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:157-168. [PMID: 32090737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fear of negative evaluation (FNE) has long been recognized as a core cognitive bias in social anxiety, fear of positive evaluation (FPE) has received considerable attention over the past several years. The literature would benefit from a synthesis of the current state of the research in order to contribute to our understanding of FPE. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted in order to address several questions: (a) Is self-reported FPE distinct from self-reported FNE? (b) Is self-reported FPE related to social anxiety symptomatology? and (c) Is self-reported FPE uniquely related to social anxiety symptomatology when accounting for self-reported FNE? Inclusion criteria included studies published in English, testing FPE and FNE with trait-based measures, and testing social anxiety with either self-report or diagnostic interviews. RESULTS There were 33 studies identified in this review that provided convincing empirical support for each of these questions across community and clinical samples of adolescents, undergraduates, and adults. LIMITATIONS The systematic review did not have access to null results, present meta-analytic results, or include studies that evaluated FPE or social anxiety with experimental designs. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the systematic review support updated theoritical models of social anxiety and highlight the importance of assessing and treating FPE in clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Fredrick
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States.
| | - Aaron M Luebbe
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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24
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Birk SL, Horenstein A, Weeks J, Olino T, Heimberg R, Goldin PR, Gross JJ. Neural responses to social evaluation: The role of fear of positive and negative evaluation. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 67:102114. [PMID: 31445390 PMCID: PMC6759361 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the core features of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the persistent fear of being evaluated. Fear of evaluation includes fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and fear of positive evaluation (FPE). Few studies have examined the relationship between self-reported FNE and FPE and neural responses to simulated negative and positive social evaluation. In the current study, 56 participants, 35 with SAD and 21 healthy controls, completed questionnaires to assess dimensions of social anxiety including FNE and FPE, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants also completed a social evaluation task, which involved viewing people delivering criticism and praise, and a control task, which involved counting asterisks, during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Although whole-brain analyses did not reveal significant associations between self-reported constructs and neural responses to social evaluation, region of interest analyses for the sample as a whole revealed that both FNE and social anxiety symptoms were associated with greater neural responses to both criticism and praise in emotion-processing brain regions, including the amygdala and anterior insula. There were no significant associations between FPE or depressive symptoms and neural responses to criticism or praise for the sample as a whole. Future research should examine the relationship between FNE, FPE, and neural responses to self-referent social evaluation in an unselected sample to assess a full range of fear of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Weeks
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, United States
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25
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Morsink S, Sonuga-Barke E, Van der Oord S, Van Dessel J, Lemiere J, Danckaerts M. Measuring individual differences in task-related motivation in children and adolescents: Development and validation of a new self-report measure. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2019; 28:e1787. [PMID: 31309646 PMCID: PMC7649958 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Task characteristics can alter motivation. Understanding how individuals respond to these characteristics is important in understanding how to adapt tasks to increase engagement of individuals with mental health problems. We describe the development of a self-report questionnaire quantifying individual differences in task-related motivation-The Child and Adolescent Motivational Profile (CHAMP). We explore the association with externalizing/internalizing problems. METHODS A 64-item prototype scale was designed to measure how children and adolescents perceive the motivational significance of a range of task characteristics (n = 688; age range: 8-16 years). Parents completed the "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire" measuring externalizing and internalizing problems (Van Widenfelt, Goedhart, Treffers & Goodman, 2003). RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis identified eight distinct task characteristics that affected motivation: (a) requiring focus, (b) predictable, (c) marked/graded, (d) rewarded, (e) socially evaluated, (f) cognitively challenging, (g) competitive, and (h) collaborative. A 32-item scale based on these factors was constructed. Internal consistency of each factor was high (Cronbach's alpha: .79-.91), and test-retest reliability was acceptable (SBC = .43-.65). Externalizing and internalizing problems were associated with a distinct motivational profile. CONCLUSION These results highlight the multidimensional nature of children and adolescents' task-related motivation for tasks and the differential links to internalizing and externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Morsink
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Saskia Van der Oord
- Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jurgen Lemiere
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UPC KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UPC KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Martucci LL, Amar M, Chaussenot R, Benet G, Bauer O, de Zélicourt A, Nosjean A, Launay JM, Callebert J, Sebrié C, Galione A, Edeline JM, de la Porte S, Fossier P, Granon S, Vaillend C, Cancela JM. A multiscale analysis in CD38 -/- mice unveils major prefrontal cortex dysfunctions. FASEB J 2019; 33:5823-5835. [PMID: 30844310 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800489r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by early onset of behavioral and cognitive alterations. Low plasma levels of oxytocin (OT) have also been found in ASD patients; recently, a critical role for the enzyme CD38 in the regulation of OT release was demonstrated. CD38 is important in regulating several Ca2+-dependent pathways, but beyond its role in regulating OT secretion, it is not known whether a deficit in CD38 expression leads to functional modifications of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a structure involved in social behavior. Here, we report that CD38-/- male mice show an abnormal cortex development, an excitation-inhibition balance shifted toward a higher excitation, and impaired synaptic plasticity in the PFC such as those observed in various mouse models of ASD. We also show that a lack of CD38 alters social behavior and emotional responses. Finally, examining neuromodulators known to control behavioral flexibility, we found elevated monoamine levels in the PFC of CD38-/- adult mice. Overall, our study unveiled major changes in PFC physiologic mechanisms and provides new evidence that the CD38-/- mouse could be a relevant model to study pathophysiological brain mechanisms of mental disorders such as ASD.-Martucci, L. L., Amar, M., Chaussenot, R., Benet, G., Bauer, O., de Zélicourt, A., Nosjean, A., Launay, J.-M., Callebert, J., Sebrié, C., Galione, A., Edeline, J.-M., de la Porte, S., Fossier, P., Granon, S., Vaillend, C., Cancela, J.-M., A multiscale analysis in CD38-/- mice unveils major prefrontal cortex dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora L Martucci
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France.,INSERM Unité 1179, Handicap Neuromusculaire: Physiologie, Biothérapie et Pharmacologie Appliquées, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Muriel Amar
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Remi Chaussenot
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Gabriel Benet
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Oscar Bauer
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France.,Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3571, Gènes, Synapses et Cognition, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Antoine de Zélicourt
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France.,INSERM Unité 1179, Handicap Neuromusculaire: Physiologie, Biothérapie et Pharmacologie Appliquées, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Anne Nosjean
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Sebrié
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multimodalité (IR4M) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8081, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Edeline
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Sabine de la Porte
- INSERM Unité 1179, Handicap Neuromusculaire: Physiologie, Biothérapie et Pharmacologie Appliquées, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Philippe Fossier
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Cyrille Vaillend
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - José-Manuel Cancela
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9197, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
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Reichenberger J, Blechert J. Malaise with praise: A narrative review of 10 years of research on the concept of Fear of Positive Evaluation in social anxiety. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:1228-1238. [PMID: 30144225 PMCID: PMC6519229 DOI: 10.1002/da.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety is characterized by a fear of being negatively evaluated by others (i.e., Fear of Negative Evaluation [FNE]). In 2008, Weeks, Heimberg, and Rodebaugh proposed Fear of Positive Evaluation (FPE) as a second cognitive component in social anxiety. The article presents an overview of FPE, its psycho-evolutionary theoretical foundation and assessment by the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale as well as relevant psychometric research on demographic characteristics. The relationship of FPE with a wide range of established dimensions from clinical, personality, and social psychology (i.e., self-esteem, perfectionism, or quality of life) will be reviewed. The role of FPE for psychological comorbidities such as other anxiety disorders, depression, eating, and substance use disorders as well as for treatment of social anxiety will be discussed. Future research might address questions of causality of FPE relative to related constructs, further data on psychometric properties, as well as on its independence from FNE in longitudinal studies. In sum, FPE seems to be a valid and reliable construct that explains cognitions, emotions, and behavior related to social anxiety at subclinical and clinical levels and therefore enriches the psychometric repertoire in the fields of social psychology, personality, and clinical psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichenberger
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:618-623. [PMID: 28982630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For many individuals, excessive smartphone use interferes with everyday life. In the present study, we recruited a non-clinical sample of 296 participants for a cross-sectional survey of problematic smartphone use, social and non-social smartphone use, and psychopathology-related constructs including negative affect, fear of negative and positive evaluation, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results demonstrated that FoMO was most strongly related to both problematic smartphone use and social smartphone use relative to negative affect and fears of negative and positive evaluation, and these relations held when controlling for age and gender. Furthermore, FoMO (cross-sectionally) mediated relations between both fear of negative and positive evaluation with both problematic and social smartphone use. Theoretical implications are considered with regard to developing problematic smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin W Weeks
- Department of Psychology, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. http://www.jon-elhai.com
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29
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Reichenberger J, Smyth JM, Blechert J. Fear of evaluation unpacked: day-to-day correlates of fear of negative and positive evaluation. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2017; 31:159-174. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1396826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichenberger
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Joshua M. Smyth
- Departments of Biobehavioral Health and Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jens Blechert
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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30
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Cohen JN, Taylor Dryman M, Morrison AS, Gilbert KE, Heimberg RG, Gruber J. Positive and Negative Affect as Links Between Social Anxiety and Depression: Predicting Concurrent and Prospective Mood Symptoms in Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders. Behav Ther 2017; 48:820-833. [PMID: 29029678 PMCID: PMC6028186 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression is associated with increased functional impairment and a more severe course of illness. Social anxiety disorder is unique among the anxiety disorders in sharing an affective profile with depression, characterized by low levels of positive affect (PA) and high levels of negative affect (NA). Yet it remains unclear how this shared affective profile contributes to the covariation of social anxiety and depressive symptoms. We examined whether self-reported PA and NA accounted for unique variance in the association between social anxiety and depressive symptoms across three groups (individuals with remitted bipolar disorder, type I [BD; n = 32], individuals with remitted major depressive disorder [MDD; n = 31], and nonpsychiatric controls [n = 30]) at baseline and follow-ups of 6 and 12 months. Low levels of PA, but not NA, accounted for unique variance in both concurrent and prospective associations between social anxiety and depression in the BD group; in contrast, high levels of NA, but not PA, accounted for unique variance in concurrent and prospective associations between social anxiety and depression in the MDD group. Limitations include that social anxiety and PA/NA were assessed concurrently and all measurement was self-report. Few individuals with MDD/BD met current diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder. There was some attrition at follow-up assessments. Results suggest that affective mechanisms may contribute to the high rates of co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression in both MDD and BD. Implications of the differential role of PA and NA in the relationship between social anxiety and depression in MDD and BD and considerations for treatment are discussed.
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31
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Fayazi M, Hasani J. Structural relations between brain-behavioral systems, social anxiety, depression and internet addiction: With regard to revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Effects of Oxytocin and Vasopressin on Preferential Brain Responses to Negative Social Feedback. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1409-1419. [PMID: 27796303 PMCID: PMC5436111 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receiving negative social feedback can be detrimental to emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being, and fear of negative social feedback is a prominent feature of mental illnesses that involve social anxiety. A large body of evidence has implicated the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin in the modulation of human neural activity underlying social cognition, including negative emotion processing; however, the influence of oxytocin and vasopressin on neural activity elicited during negative social evaluation remains unknown. Here 21 healthy men underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design to determine how intranasally administered oxytocin and vasopressin modulated neural activity when receiving negative feedback on task performance from a study investigator. We found that under placebo, a preferential response to negative social feedback compared with positive social feedback was evoked in brain regions putatively involved in theory of mind (temporoparietal junction), pain processing (anterior insula and supplementary motor area), and identification of emotionally important visual cues in social perception (right fusiform). These activations weakened with oxytocin and vasopressin administration such that neural responses to receiving negative social feedback were not significantly greater than positive social feedback. Our results show effects of both oxytocin and vasopressin on the brain network involved in negative social feedback, informing the possible use of a pharmacological approach targeting these regions in multiple disorders with impairments in social information processing.
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Rodebaugh TL, Levinson CA, Langer JK, Weeks JW, Heimberg RG, Brown PJ, Menatti AR, Schneier FR, Blanco C, Liebowitz MR. The structure of vulnerabilities for social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:297-301. [PMID: 28199950 PMCID: PMC5346047 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder symptoms are generally proposed to be related to broad temperamental vulnerabilities (e.g., a low level of approach and high level of avoidance temperament), specific psychological vulnerabilities (e.g., fears of negative and positive evaluation), and additional disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder). However, existing tests of such a model have either not considered depressive symptoms or relied on samples of undergraduates. We examined these and related questions via a latent variable model in a large dataset (N=2253) that combined participants across a variety of studies. The model had adequate fit in the whole sample, and good fit in a subsample in which more participants completed the depression measure. The model indicated that low level of approach and high level of avoidance temperament contributed to fears of evaluation and social anxiety symptoms, and that fears of evaluation additionally contributed independently to social anxiety symptoms. The relationship between social anxiety and depressive symptoms was entirely accounted for by these vulnerabilities: Depressive symptoms were only predicted by avoidance temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia K Langer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin W Weeks
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Franklin R Schneier
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Jordan DG, Winer ES, Salem T, Kilgore J. Longitudinal evaluation of anhedonia as a mediator of fear of positive evaluation and other depressive symptoms. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:1437-1447. [PMID: 28278732 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1289895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is experiencing dread during real or potential praise. FPE is associated with social anxiety, but its relation to depressive symptoms is unclear. Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression related to symptoms of anxiety in cross-sectional research. The current study investigated the indirect effect of FPE on depressive symptoms via anhedonia over time. One-hundred ninety-six participants completed three waves of questionnaires over a total timespan of approximately four months via Amazon's Mechanical Turk, including measures of FPE, depressive symptoms, and anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia. Findings indicated that anticipatory anhedonia at Time 2 mediated the relationship between FPE at Time 1 and depressive symptoms at Time 3. Consummatory anhedonia, however, did not. Each model was contextualised by accounting for prospective covarying relationships, such as depressive symptoms predicting the same symptoms at later waves. The constellation of findings is considered within a reward devaluation framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gage Jordan
- a Department of Psychology , Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - E Samuel Winer
- a Department of Psychology , Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - Taban Salem
- a Department of Psychology , Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - Jenna Kilgore
- a Department of Psychology , Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS , USA
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35
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Reichenberger J, Wiggert N, Agroskin D, Wilhelm FH, Blechert J. No praise, please: Depressive symptoms, reactivity to positive social interaction, and fear of positive evaluation. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:186-194. [PMID: 27575634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure. Resulting alterations in emotional reactivity have been explained by three different accounts: 'positive attenuation', 'negative potentiation', and 'emotion context insensitivity'. Despite the importance of depression-related emotional alteration in social interactions, research with naturalistic interpersonal stimuli is scarce and underlying mechanisms largely unknown. METHODS Hence, the present study examined subjective emotional reactivity to brief negative, positive, and neutral social-evaluative videos as a function of depressive symptoms in an adult sample (N = 84). Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE), often conceptualized as cognitive components of social anxiety, were examined as possible mediators. RESULTS Results revealed that more depression symptoms were related to diminished pleasantness responses to both positive and neutral videos. When considering all three video conditions simultaneously, only responses to positive videos remained significantly related to depression scores, supporting the 'positive attenuation' account. Moreover, FPE was found to uniquely mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and pleasantness responses to positive videos. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that emotional reactivity to positive interpersonal stimuli is relevant for theoretical and clinical considerations of depression. This research underlines the importance of FPE not only for understanding social anxiety but also depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichenberger
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Nicole Wiggert
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dmitrij Agroskin
- Division of Social Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) is a recognised diagnostic feature of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Recently, the role of fear of positive evaluation (FPE) as a factor contributing to SAD has been a focus of research: there is evidence that FPE is associated with measures of social anxiety independent of measures of FNE and that measures of FPE may be sensitive to interventions for SAD. The present study examined the relationships between FPE, FNE and measures of social anxiety and depression in a sample assessed as suitable for group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for social anxiety (n = 35), and the responsiveness of measures of FPE and FNE to standard group CBT for social anxiety in a subset of this group (n = 20). Measures of FNE and FPE were positively associated with each other and with measures of social interaction anxiety, general social anxiety concerns, and depression. However, the relationship between the FPE measure and measures of general social anxiety concerns and depression was not significant when FNE was statistically controlled. This is consistent with the view that FPE is specifically related to social interaction anxiety. In this sample, a measure of FPE was reduced in a sample receiving standard group CBT for social anxiety compared to a waitlisted group. The implications of these findings for the conceptualisation of SAD and for the delivery of interventions for those with SAD are considered.
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Weeks JW, Menatti AR, Howell AN. Psychometric evaluation of the Concerns of Social Reprisal Scale: Further explicating the roots of fear of positive evaluation. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 36:33-43. [PMID: 26414155 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) has been proposed to be an important feature of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and to be rooted, at least partly, in concerns of social reprisal due to positive impressions. In order to formally test this hypothesis, the Concerns of Social Reprisal Scale (CSRS) was developed. The purpose of the present series of studies was to examine the psychometric profile of the CSRS across several independent samples including: a large (n=981) undergraduate sample; a clinical sample of individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (n=27), and a demographically-matched subsample of healthy control participants (n=24). The factorial validity, internal consistency, and construct validity of the CSRS were examined. Results across both studies provided support for the psychometric profile of the CSRS. The implications of concerns of social reprisal for the assessment of social anxiety symptoms, theoretical models of fear of evaluation and SAD, and their potential clinical utility with regard to treating SAD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Weeks
- Center for Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Andrew R Menatti
- Center for Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ashley N Howell
- Center for Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Abstract
Cognitive models assume that social anxiety is associated with and maintained by biased information processing, leading to change in attention allocation, which can be measured by examining eye movement. However, little is known about the distribution of attention among positive, neutral and negative stimuli during a social task and the relative importance of positive versus negative biases in social anxiety. In this study, eye movement, subjective state anxiety and psychophysiology of individuals with high trait social anxiety (HSA) and low trait social anxiety (LSA) were measured during a speech task with a pre-recorded audience. The HSA group showed longer total fixation on negative stimuli and shorter total fixation on positive stimuli compared to the LSA group. We observed that the LSA group shifted attention away from negative stimuli, whereas the HSA group showed no differential attention allocation. The total duration of fixation on negative stimuli predicted subjective anxiety ratings. These results point to a negative bias as well as a lack of a positive bias in HSA individuals during social threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Lin
- a Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mingyi Qian
- a Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Shelley Kind
- b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Hongyu Yu
- c Department of Education , Minzu University of China , Beijing , P.R. China
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Examining the Relationships Among Social Anxiety, Fears of Evaluation, and Interpretation Bias. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Fear of Negative Evaluation as a Mediator of the Relation between Academic Stress, Anxiety and Depression in a Sample of Ghanaian College Students. PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0971333614564747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the mediator effects of the fear of negative evaluation (FNE) on the relation between academic stress and psychological symptoms in a sample of Ghanaian college students (N = 431). A multi-step structural equation modelling (SEM) procedure was used to test the specified mediator model and several fit indices were calculated to assess how well the model fit the data. In addition, path coefficients were calculated to determine whether mediation had been established. The results indicated that the specified model produced a good fit to the data. Moreover, the findings revealed that FNE partially mediated the relation between academic stress and the psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression. Implications for the study’s findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented.
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41
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Weeks JW. Replication and extension of a hierarchical model of social anxiety and depression: fear of positive evaluation as a key unique factor in social anxiety. Cogn Behav Ther 2014; 44:103-16. [PMID: 25530031 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2014.990050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Wang, Hsu, Chiu, and Liang (2012, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 215-224) recently proposed a hierarchical model of social interaction anxiety and depression to account for both the commonalities and distinctions between these conditions. In the present paper, this model was extended to more broadly encompass the symptoms of social anxiety disorder, and replicated in a large unselected, undergraduate sample (n = 585). Structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical regression analyses were employed. Negative affect and positive affect were conceptualized as general factors shared by social anxiety and depression; fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and disqualification of positive social outcomes were operationalized as specific factors, and fear of positive evaluation (FPE) was operationalized as a factor unique to social anxiety. This extended hierarchical model explicates structural relationships among these factors, in which the higher-level, general factors (i.e., high negative affect and low positive affect) represent vulnerability markers of both social anxiety and depression, and the lower-level factors (i.e., FNE, disqualification of positive social outcomes, and FPE) are the dimensions of specific cognitive features. Results from SEM and hierarchical regression analyses converged in support of the extended model. FPE is further supported as a key symptom that differentiates social anxiety from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Weeks
- a Department of Psychology , Ohio University , Athens , OH 45701 , USA
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42
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Teale Sapach MJN, Carleton RN, Mulvogue MK, Weeks JW, Heimberg RG. Cognitive Constructs and Social Anxiety Disorder: Beyond Fearing Negative Evaluation. Cogn Behav Ther 2014; 44:63-73. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2014.961539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), or the repeated assessment of individuals' behaviors and experiences over time, is a methodologically advantageous approach to the study of psychological constructs. Recently, advances in computer technology have allowed for EMA research to be conducted in a more convenient, automated, and secure manner by administering surveys on participants' telephones and storing the results directly to a central server. The present article introduces TelEMA, an easy-to-use, low-cost telephone assessment platform for clinical and research applications. A single server running TelEMA can be shared among many experimenters, studies, and participants simultaneously. TelEMA routes telephone calls and text messages through a third-party service, so experimenters may conduct studies with no up-front cost or technical expertise. TelEMA provides a secure Web interface for experimenters or clinicians to design studies, enroll participants, monitor compliance, and collate response data from anywhere. Participants complete surveys using their own telephones. Surveys may contain keypress or voice recording questions, and the timing and content of each survey may be randomized and customized. A pilot study was conducted in which individuals used the TelEMA system to complete four randomly timed surveys per day for one week; the surveys assessed state affect and social anxiety. Results indicated that participants found TelEMA easy to use and secure, and compliance rates were on par with other EMA methods using mobile devices. Overall, TelEMA is a practical and robust system that enables fast and inexpensive deployment of EMAs.
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