1
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Barata IS, Rueff J, Kranendonk M, Esteves F. Pleiotropy of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 in Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:575-603. [PMID: 38804287 PMCID: PMC11130977 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is one of few proteins that have been recently described as direct modulators of the activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)s. These enzymes form a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that metabolize a wide variety of physiological, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological compounds. Modulation of CYP activity impacts the detoxification of xenobiotics as well as endogenous pathways such as steroid and fatty acid metabolism, thus playing a central role in homeostasis. This review is focused on nine main topics that include the most relevant aspects of past and current PGRMC1 research, focusing on its role in CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Firstly, a general overview of the main aspects of xenobiotic metabolism is presented (I), followed by an overview of the role of the CYP enzymatic complex (IIa), a section on human disorders associated with defects in CYP enzyme complex activity (IIb), and a brief account of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5)'s effect on CYP activity (IIc). Subsequently, we present a background overview of the history of the molecular characterization of PGRMC1 (III), regarding its structure, expression, and intracellular location (IIIa), and its heme-binding capability and dimerization (IIIb). The next section reflects the different effects PGRMC1 may have on CYP activity (IV), presenting a description of studies on the direct effects on CYP activity (IVa), and a summary of pathways in which PGRMC1's involvement may indirectly affect CYP activity (IVb). The last section of the review is focused on the current challenges of research on the effect of PGRMC1 on CYP activity (V), presenting some future perspectives of research in the field (VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Barata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Esteves
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
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2
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Badve P, Meier KK. Defining Requirements for Heme Binding in PGRMC1 and Identifying Key Elements that Influence Protein Dimerization. Biochemistry 2024; 63:926-938. [PMID: 38489495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) binds heme via a surface-exposed site and displays some structural resemblance to cytochrome b5 despite their different functions. In the case of PGRMC1, it is the protein interaction with drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s and the epidermal growth factor receptor that has garnered the most attention. These interactions are thought to result in a compromised ability to metabolize common chemotherapy agents and to enhance cancer cell proliferation. X-ray crystallography and immunoprecipitation data have suggested that heme-mediated PGRMC1 dimers are important for facilitating these interactions. However, more recent studies have called into question the requirement of heme binding for PGRMC1 dimerization. Our study employs spectroscopic and computational methods to probe and define heme binding and its impact on PGRMC1 dimerization. Fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopies confirm heme binding to apo-PGRMC1 and were used to demonstrate the stabilizing effect of heme on the wild-type protein. We also utilized variants (C129S and Y113F) to precisely define the contributions of disulfide bonds and direct heme coordination to PGRMC1 dimerization. Understanding the key factors involved in these processes has important implications for downstream protein-protein interactions that may influence the metabolism of chemotherapeutic agents. This work opens avenues for deeper exploration into the physiological significance of the truncated-PGRMC1 model and developing design principles for potential therapeutics to target PGRMC1 dimerization and downstream interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Badve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Katlyn K Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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3
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Dunaway LS, Loeb SA, Petrillo S, Tolosano E, Isakson BE. Heme metabolism in nonerythroid cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107132. [PMID: 38432636 PMCID: PMC10988061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing prosthetic group necessary for the function of several proteins termed "hemoproteins." Erythrocytes contain most of the body's heme in the form of hemoglobin and contain high concentrations of free heme. In nonerythroid cells, where cytosolic heme concentrations are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower, heme plays an essential and often overlooked role in a variety of cellular processes. Indeed, hemoproteins are found in almost every subcellular compartment and are integral in cellular operations such as oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Growing evidence reveals the participation of heme in dynamic processes such as circadian rhythms, NO signaling, and the modulation of enzyme activity. This dynamic view of heme biology uncovers exciting possibilities as to how hemoproteins may participate in a range of physiologic systems. Here, we discuss how heme is regulated at the level of its synthesis, availability, redox state, transport, and degradation and highlight the implications for cellular function and whole organism physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Dunaway
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Skylar A Loeb
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Deptartment Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Deptartment Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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4
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Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ramachandran AA, Artigues A, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Translocation of Adenosine A2B Receptor to Mitochondria Influences Cytochrome P450 2E1 Activity after Acetaminophen Overdose. LIVERS 2024; 4:15-30. [PMID: 39007013 PMCID: PMC11245301 DOI: 10.3390/livers4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is a member of a family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which has a low affinity for adenosine and is now implicated in several pathophysiological conditions. We have demonstrated the beneficial effects of A2BAR activation in enhancing recovery after acute liver injury induced by an acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. While receptor trafficking within the cell is recognized to play a role in GPCR signaling, its role in the mediation of A2BAR effects in the context of APAP-induced liver injury is not well understood. This was investigated here, where C57BL/6J mice were subjected to an APAP overdose (300 mg/kg), and the temporal course of A2BAR intracellular localization was examined. The impact of A2BAR activation or inhibition on trafficking was examined by utilizing the A2BAR agonist BAY 60-6583 or antagonist PSB 603. The modulation of A2BAR trafficking via APAP-induced cell signaling was explored by using 4-methylpyrazole (4MP), an inhibitor of Cyp2E1 and JNK activation. Our results indicate that APAP overdose induced the translocation of A2BAR to mitochondria, which was prevented via 4MP treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that A2BAR is localized on the mitochondrial outer membrane and interacts with progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). While the activation of A2BAR enhanced mitochondrial localization, its inhibition decreased PGRMC1 mitochondria levels and blunted mitochondrial Cyp2E1 activity. Thus, our data reveal a hitherto unrecognized consequence of A2BAR trafficking to mitochondria and its interaction with PGRMC1, which regulates mitochondrial Cyp2E1 activity and modulates APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S. Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Abhay A. Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Antonio Artigues
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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5
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Zhou L, Montalvo AD, Collins JM, Wang D. Quantitative analysis of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase transcriptome in human tissues. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01154. [PMID: 37983911 PMCID: PMC10659769 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II drug metabolizing enzymes that play important roles in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substrates. The 22 human UGTs belong to four families (UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8) and differ in their expression, substrate specificity, UDP-sugar preference, and physiological functions. Differential expression/activity of the UGTs contributes to interperson variability in drug responses and toxicity, hormone homeostasis, and disease/cancer risks. However, in normal tissues, the tissue-specific expression profiles and transcriptional regulation of the UGTs are still not fully understood. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome of 22 UGTs in 54 human tissues/regions using RNAseq data from GTEx. We then validated the findings in the liver and small intestine samples using real-time PCR. Our results showed large interindividual variability across tissues in the expression of each UGT and the overall composition of UGT pools, consisting of different UGTs and their splice isoforms. Our results also revealed coexpression of the UGTs, Cytochrome P450s, and many transcription factors in the liver, suggesting potential coregulation or functional coordination. Our results provide the groundwork for future studies to detail further the regulation of the expression and activity of the UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zhou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for PharmacogenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Abelardo D. Montalvo
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for PharmacogenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Joseph M. Collins
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for PharmacogenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Danxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for PharmacogenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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6
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Van Wynendaele M, Thieffry C, Samain L, Pierreux CE, Tyteca D, Marbaix E, Henriet P. Effects of estradiol, progesterone or cAMP on expression of PGRMC1 and progesterone receptor in a xenograft model of human endometrium and in endometrial cell culture. Steroids 2023; 198:109284. [PMID: 37487815 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol and progesterone are key regulators of the menstrual cycle. In the human endometrium, progesterone induces morphological changes required for blastocyst implantation. Dysregulated response to progesterone can lead to endometrial pathologies including uterine bleeding and endometriosis. Besides the canonical nuclear progesterone receptor (encoded by the PGR gene), alternative response pathways include Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1), suspected to be involved in pathogenesis of endometrial diseases. We previously reported the spatiotemporal profile of PGRMC1 expression in the human endometrium along the menstrual cycle, highlighting progressive increase and decrease during the proliferative and secretory phases, respectively. Here we directly addressed its regulation by estradiol and progesterone, with systematic comparison with regulation of PGR expression. We found a direct correlation between expression of both genes during the proliferative and secretory phases in the cycling endometrium, but not during the menstrual phase. In a xenograft model mimicking the cycle phases, estradiol significantly increased and progesterone significantly decreased PGR expression but changes were not significant for PGRMC1. Finally, we did not find any significant effect of the ovarian steroids on expression of PGR or PGRMC1 in primary culture of endometrial stromal cells, except for a small increase in PGR expression by estradiol. Altogether, our experiments do not allow a major advance in our understanding of the mechanisms of cyclic variation of PGRMC1 expression, in particular regarding potential regulation by the ovarian steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Van Wynendaele
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Thieffry
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucie Samain
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe E Pierreux
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Pathology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Henriet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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7
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Nguyen NT, Jaramillo-Martinez V, Mathew M, Suresh VV, Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V. Sigma Receptors: Novel Regulators of Iron/Heme Homeostasis and Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14672. [PMID: 37834119 PMCID: PMC10572259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma receptors are non-opiate/non-phencyclidine receptors that bind progesterone and/or heme and also several unrelated xenobiotics/chemicals. They reside in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleus. Until recently, the biology/pharmacology of these proteins focused primarily on their role in neuronal functions in the brain/retina. However, there have been recent developments in the field with the discovery of unexpected roles for these proteins in iron/heme homeostasis. Sigma receptor 1 (S1R) regulates the oxidative stress-related transcription factor NRF2 and protects against ferroptosis, an iron-induced cell death process. Sigma receptor 2 (S2R), which is structurally unrelated to S1R, complexes with progesterone receptor membrane components PGRMC1 and PGRMC2. S2R, PGRMC1, and PGRMC2, either independently or as protein-protein complexes, elicit a multitude of effects with a profound influence on iron/heme homeostasis. This includes the regulation of the secretion of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, the modulation of the activity of mitochondrial ferrochelatase, which catalyzes iron incorporation into protoporphyrin IX to form heme, chaperoning heme to specific hemoproteins thereby influencing their biological activity and stability, and protection against ferroptosis. Consequently, S1R, S2R, PGRMC1, and PGRMC2 potentiate disease progression in hemochromatosis and cancer. These new discoveries usher this intriguing group of non-traditional progesterone receptors into an unchartered territory in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (N.T.N.); (V.J.-M.); (M.M.); (V.V.S.); (S.S.); (Y.D.B.)
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8
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Asady B, Sampels V, Romano JD, Levitskaya J, Lige B, Khare P, Le A, Coppens I. Function and regulation of a steroidogenic CYP450 enzyme in the mitochondrion of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011566. [PMID: 37651449 PMCID: PMC10499268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii must import essential nutrients from the host cell into the parasitophorous vacuole. We previously reported that the parasite scavenges cholesterol from host endocytic organelles for incorporation into membranes and storage as cholesteryl esters in lipid droplets. In this study, we have investigated whether Toxoplasma utilizes cholesterol as a precursor for the synthesis of metabolites, such as steroids. In mammalian cells, steroidogenesis occurs in mitochondria and involves membrane-bound type I cytochrome P450 oxidases that are activated through interaction with heme-binding proteins containing a cytochrome b5 domain, such as members of the membrane-associated progesterone receptor (MAPR) family. Our LC-MS targeted lipidomics detect selective classes of hormone steroids in Toxoplasma, with a predominance for anti-inflammatory hydroxypregnenolone species, deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. The genome of Toxoplasma contains homologs encoding a single type I CYP450 enzyme (we named TgCYP450mt) and a single MAPR (we named TgMAPR). We showed that TgMAPR is a hemoprotein with conserved residues in a heme-binding cytochrome b5 domain. Both TgCYP450 and TgMAPR localize to the mitochondrion and show interactions in in situ proximity ligation assays. Genetic ablation of cyp450mt is not tolerated by Toxoplasma; we therefore engineered a conditional knockout strain and showed that iΔTgCYP450mt parasites exhibit growth impairment in cultured cells. Parasite strains deficient for mapr could be generated; however, ΔTgMAPR parasites suffer from poor global fitness, loss of plasma membrane integrity, aberrant mitochondrial cristae, and an abnormally long S-phase in their cell cycle. Compared to wild-type parasites, iΔTgCYP450mt and ΔTgMAPR lost virulence in mice and metabolomics studies reveal that both mutants have reduced levels of steroids. These observations point to a steroidogenic pathway operational in the mitochondrion of a protozoan that involves an evolutionary conserved TgCYP450mt enzyme and its binding partner TgMAPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beejan Asady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vera Sampels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bao Lige
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pratik Khare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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9
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Zhou M, Kong B, Zhang X, Xiao K, Lu J, Li W, Li M, Li Z, Ji W, Hou J, Xu T. A proximity labeling strategy enables proteomic analysis of inter-organelle membrane contacts. iScience 2023; 26:107159. [PMID: 37485370 PMCID: PMC10362359 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-organelle membrane contacts are highly dynamic and act as central hubs for many biological processes, but the protein compositions remain largely unknown due to the lack of efficient tools. Here, we developed BiFCPL to analyze the contact proteome in living cells by a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)-based proximity labeling (PL) strategy. BiFCPL was applied to study mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) and mitochondria-lipid droplet (LD) contacts. We identified 403 highly confident MERC proteins, including many transiently resident proteins and potential tethers. Moreover, we demonstrated that mitochondria-LD contacts are sensitive to nutrient status. A comparative proteomic analysis revealed that 60 proteins are up- or downregulated at contact sites under metabolic challenge. We verified that SQLE, an enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, accumulates at mitochondria-LD contact sites probably to utilize local ATP for cholesterol synthesis. This work provides an efficient method to identify key proteins at inter-organelle membrane contacts in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoge Zhou
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bingjie Kong
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weixing Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Li
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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10
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Wang L, Chen Q, Ma R, Zhang B, Yang P, Cao T, Jiao S, Chen H, Lin C, Cai H. Insight into mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by clozapine-induced inhibition of PGRMC1 in PC12 cells. Toxicology 2023; 491:153515. [PMID: 37087062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine is usually considered as the last resort for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). However, it shows limited efficacy in cognition improvement. Moreover, the metabolic side effects induced by clozapine can aggravate cognitive impairment, which is closely related to its neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying clozapine's neurotoxicity remain largely elusive. In this study, PC12 cells were simultaneously treated with different concentrations (0μM, 10μM, 20μM, 40μM and 80μM) of clozapine and AG205 which functions as a blocking reagent of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). In addition, we examined the effect of PGRMC1 in clozapine-induced neurotoxicity through overexpressing or downregulating PGRMC1. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis indicated that clozapine and AG205 inhibited the binding of endogenous progesterone to PGRMC1. The results showed that high concentration of clozapine and AG205 induced a significant increase in cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, all of which were worsened as concentration increases, while overexpression of PGRMC1 reverted the above toxic effect of clozapine on PC12 cells. Furthermore, clozapine and AG205 also downregulated the expression of PGRMC1, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and mitofusin2 (Mfn2). Interestingly, overexpression of PGRMC1 could revert these effects. Our data suggest that overexpression of PGRMC1 in PC12 cells prevents and restores clozapine-induced oxidative and mitochondrial damage. We propose PGRMC1 activation as a promising therapeutic strategy for clozapine-induced neurotoxicity to facilitate the relief of neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, 427# Furong Road, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shimeng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chenquan Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Hunan, China.
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11
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Obi CD, Dailey HA, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wohlschlegel JA, Medlock AE. Proteomic Analysis of Ferrochelatase Interactome in Erythroid and Non-Erythroid Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:577. [PMID: 36836934 PMCID: PMC9958551 DOI: 10.3390/life13020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor for multiple cellular processes in most organisms. In developing erythroid cells, the demand for heme synthesis is high, but is significantly lower in non-erythroid cells. While the biosynthesis of heme in metazoans is well understood, the tissue-specific regulation of the pathway is less explored. To better understand this, we analyzed the mitochondrial heme metabolon in erythroid and non-erythroid cell lines from the perspective of ferrochelatase (FECH), the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Affinity purification of FLAG-tagged-FECH, together with mass spectrometric analysis, was carried out to identify putative protein partners in human and murine cell lines. Proteins involved in the heme biosynthetic process and mitochondrial organization were identified as the core components of the FECH interactome. Interestingly, in non-erythroid cell lines, the FECH interactome is highly enriched with proteins associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Overall, our study shows that the mitochondrial heme metabolon in erythroid and non-erythroid cells has similarities and differences, and suggests new roles for the mitochondrial heme metabolon and heme in regulating metabolic flux and key cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike David Obi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Harry A. Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James A. Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy E. Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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12
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McGuire MR, Espenshade PJ. PGRMC1: An enigmatic heme-binding protein. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108326. [PMID: 36463977 PMCID: PMC9839567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) is a heme-binding protein that has been implicated in a wide range of cell and tissue functions, including cytochromes P450 activity, heme homeostasis, cancer, female reproduction, and protein quality control. Despite an extensive body of literature, a relative lack of mechanistic insight means that how PGRMC1 functions in these different aspects of biology is largely unknown. This review provides an overview of the PGRMC1 literature, highlighting what information is rigorously supported by experimental evidence and where additional investigation is warranted. The central role of PGRMC1 in supporting cytochrome P450 activity is discussed at length. Building on existing models of PGRMC1 function, a speculative model is proposed using the reviewed literature in which PGRMC1 functions as a heme chaperone to shuttle heme from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrion to other subcellular compartments. By spotlighting knowledge gaps, this review will motivate investigators to better understand this enigmatic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith R McGuire
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Espenshade
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Physiology 107B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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13
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Wendler A, Wehling M. Many or too many progesterone membrane receptors? Clinical implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:850-868. [PMID: 36384863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several receptors for nongenomically initiated actions of progesterone (P4) exist, namely membrane-associated P4 receptors (MAPRs), membrane progestin receptors (mPRs), receptors for neurosteroids [GABAA receptor (GABAAR), NMDA receptor, sigma-1 and -2 receptors (S1R/S2R)], the classical genomic P4 receptor (PGR), and α/β hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2). Two drugs related to this field have been approved: brexanolone (Zulresso™) for the treatment of postpartum depression, and ganaxolone (Ztalmy™) for the treatment of CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Both are derivatives of P4 and target the GABAAR. Several other indications are in clinical testing. CT1812 (Elayta™) is also being tested for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Phase 2 clinical trials, targeting the P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1)/S2R complex. In this Review, we highlight emerging knowledge on the mechanisms of nongenomically initiated actions of P4 and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wendler
- Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Wehling
- Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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14
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Zhao S, Hughes AL, Espenshade PJ. Fission yeast Dap1 heme iron-coordinating residue Y83 is required for cytochromes P450 function. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000631. [PMID: 36090151 PMCID: PMC9449707 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fission yeast Dap1 is a heme binding protein required for cytochromes P450 activity. Here, we tested whether Dap1 axial coordination of heme iron is required for its role in the function of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, Erg5 and Erg11. Two different dap1 mutants predicted to alter iron coordination failed to rescue growth on cobalt chloride containing medium which requires Erg5 and Erg11. In addition, deletion of dap1 + did not affect expression of Erg5 or Erg11. PGRMC1, a mammalian Dap1 homolog, does not require heme binding to bind and stabilize cytochromes P450. These experiments highlight important functional differences between these conserved proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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15
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Velázquez Hernández DM, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Camacho-Arroyo I. The role of progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) in the endometrium. Steroids 2022; 184:109040. [PMID: 35526781 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PGRMC is a non-classical receptor that mediates the non-genomic responses to progesterone and is distributed in different subcellular compartments. PGRMC belongs to the membrane-associated progesterone receptor (MAPR) family. Two PGRMC subtypes (PGRMC1 and PGRMC2) have been characterized, and both are expressed in the human endometrium. PGRMC expression is differentially regulated during the menstrual cycle in the human endometrium. Although PGRMC1 is predominantly expressed in the proliferative phase and PGRMC2 in the secretory phase, this expression changes in pathologies such as endometriosis, in which PGRMC2 expression considerably decreases, promoting progesterone resistance. In endometrial cancer, PGRMC1 is overexpressed, its activation induces tumors growth, and confers chemoresistance in the presence of progesterone. Thus, PGRMCs play a key role in progesterone actions in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Maria Velázquez Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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16
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Kiening M, Lange N. A Recap of Heme Metabolism towards Understanding Protoporphyrin IX Selectivity in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147974. [PMID: 35887311 PMCID: PMC9324066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles of mammalian cells, often emphasized for their function in energy production, iron metabolism and apoptosis as well as heme synthesis. The heme is an iron-loaded porphyrin behaving as a prosthetic group by its interactions with a wide variety of proteins. These complexes are termed hemoproteins and are usually vital to the whole cell comportment, such as the proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin or cytochromes, but also enzymes such as catalase and peroxidases. The building block of porphyrins is the 5-aminolevulinic acid, whose exogenous administration is able to stimulate the entire heme biosynthesis route. In neoplastic cells, this methodology repeatedly demonstrated an accumulation of the ultimate heme precursor, the fluorescent protoporphyrin IX photosensitizer, rather than in healthy tissues. While manifold players have been proposed, numerous discrepancies between research studies still dispute the mechanisms underlying this selective phenomenon that yet requires intensive investigations. In particular, we wonder what are the respective involvements of enzymes and transporters in protoporphyrin IX accretion. Is this mainly due to a boost in protoporphyrin IX anabolism along with a drop of its catabolism, or are its transporters deregulated? Additionally, can we truly expect to find a universal model to explain this selectivity? In this report, we aim to provide our peers with an overview of the currently known mitochondrial heme metabolism and approaches that could explain, at least partly, the mechanism of protoporphyrin IX selectivity towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Lange
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-33-35; Fax: +41-22-379-65-67
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17
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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18
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Yien YY, Perfetto M. Regulation of Heme Synthesis by Mitochondrial Homeostasis Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895521. [PMID: 35832791 PMCID: PMC9272004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme plays a central role in diverse, life-essential processes that range from ubiquitous, housekeeping pathways such as respiration, to highly cell-specific ones such as oxygen transport by hemoglobin. The regulation of heme synthesis and its utilization is highly regulated and cell-specific. In this review, we have attempted to describe how the heme synthesis machinery is regulated by mitochondrial homeostasis as a means of coupling heme synthesis to its utilization and to the metabolic requirements of the cell. We have focused on discussing the regulation of mitochondrial heme synthesis enzymes by housekeeping proteins, transport of heme intermediates, and regulation of heme synthesis by macromolecular complex formation and mitochondrial metabolism. Recently discovered mechanisms are discussed in the context of the model organisms in which they were identified, while more established work is discussed in light of technological advancements.
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19
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Peluso JJ. Progesterone Signaling and Mammalian Ovarian Follicle Growth Mediated by Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component Family Members. Cells 2022; 11:1632. [PMID: 35626669 PMCID: PMC9139379 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How progesterone influences ovarian follicle growth is a difficult question to answer because ovarian cells synthesize progesterone and express not only the classic nuclear progesterone receptor but also members of the progestin and adipoQ receptor family and the progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) family. Which type of progestin receptor is expressed depends on the ovarian cell type as well as the stage of the estrous/menstrual cycle. Given the complex nature of the mammalian ovary, this review will focus on progesterone signaling that is transduced by PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 specifically as it relates to ovarian follicle growth. PGRMC1 was identified as a progesterone binding protein cloned from porcine liver in 1996 and detected in the mammalian ovary in 2005. Subsequent studies focused on PGRMC family members as regulators of granulosa cell proliferation and survival, two physiological processes required for follicle development. This review will present evidence that demonstrates a causal relationship between PGRMC family members and the promotion of ovarian follicle growth. The mechanisms through which PGRMC-dependent signaling regulates granulosa cell proliferation and viability will also be discussed in order to provide a more complete understanding of our current concept of how progesterone regulates ovarian follicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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20
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González AM, Venegas M, Barahona S, Gómez M, Gutiérrez MS, Sepúlveda D, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Damage response protein 1 (Dap1) functions in the synthesis of carotenoids and sterols in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100175. [PMID: 35120994 PMCID: PMC8953664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are heme-containing proteins involved in several cellular functions, including biosynthesis of steroidal hormones, detoxification of xenobiotic compounds, among others. Damage response protein 1 (Dap1) has been described as a positive regulator of P450s through protein-protein interactions in organisms such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Three P450s in the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous have thus far been characterized: Cyp51 and Cyp61, which are involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, and CrtS (astaxanthin synthase), which is involved in biosynthesis of the carotenoid astaxanthin. In this work, we describe the X. dendrorhous DAP1 gene, deletion of which affected yeast pigmentation by decreasing the astaxanthin fraction and increasing the β-carotene (a substrate of CrtS) fraction, which is consistent with the known role of CrtS. We found that the proportion of ergosterol was also decreased in the Δdap1 mutant. However, even though the fractions of the end products of these two pathways (the synthesis of carotenoids and sterols) were decreased in the Δdap1 mutant, the transcript levels of genes from the P450 systems involved were higher than those in the wild-type strain. We demonstrate that Dap1 coimmunoprecipitates with these three P450s, suggesting that Dap1 interacts with these three proteins. We propose that Dap1 regulates the synthesis of astaxanthin and ergosterol in X. dendrorhous, probably by regulating the P450s involved in both biosynthetic pathways at the protein level. This work suggests a new role for Dap1 in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-María González
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Soledad Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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The PGRMC1 Antagonist AG-205 Inhibits Synthesis of Galactosylceramide and Sulfatide. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123520. [PMID: 34944026 PMCID: PMC8700550 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide synthesis in the human renal cancer cell line SMKT-R3 was strongly inhibited in the presence of low µM concentrations of AG-205, a progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) antagonist. This was also the case in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase and cerebroside sulfotransferase, the two enzymes required for sulfatide synthesis. In CHO cells synthesizing galactosylceramide but not sulfatide, galactosylceramide was also strongly reduced, suggesting an effect at the level of galactolipid synthesis. Notably, AG-205 inhibited galactosylceramide synthesis to a similar extent in wild type CHO cells and cells that lack PGRMC1 and/or PGRMC2. In vitro enzyme activity assays showed that AG-205 is an inhibitor of UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase, but not cerebroside sulfotransferase. This study shows that PGRMC1 is only one of several targets of AG-205 and should be used with caution, especially in studies using cells synthesizing galactosylceramide and sulfatide.
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