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Berger NJA, Best R, Best AW, Lane AM, Millet GY, Barwood M, Marcora S, Wilson P, Bearden S. Limits of Ultra: Towards an Interdisciplinary Understanding of Ultra-Endurance Running Performance. Sports Med 2024; 54:73-93. [PMID: 37751076 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance running (UER) poses extreme mental and physical challenges that present many barriers to completion, let alone performance. Despite these challenges, participation in UER events continues to increase. With the relative paucity of research into UER training and racing compared with traditional endurance running distance (e.g., marathon), it follows that there are sizable improvements still to be made in UER if the limitations of the sport are sufficiently understood. The purpose of this review is to summarise our current understanding of the major limitations in UER. We begin with an evolutionary perspective that provides the critical background for understanding how our capacities, abilities and limitations have come to be. Although we show that humans display evolutionary adaptations that may bestow an advantage for covering large distances on a daily basis, these often far exceed the levels of our ancestors, which exposes relative limitations. From that framework, we explore the physiological and psychological systems required for running UER events. In each system, the factors that limit performance are highlighted and some guidance for practitioners and future research are shared. Examined systems include thermoregulation, oxygen delivery and utilisation, running economy and biomechanics, fatigue, the digestive system, nutritional and psychological strategies. We show that minimising the cost of running, damage to lower limb tissue and muscle fatigability may become crucial in UER events. Maintaining a sustainable core body temperature is critical to performance, and an even pacing strategy, strategic heat acclimation and individually calculated hydration all contribute to sustained performance. Gastrointestinal issues affect almost every UER participant and can be due to a variety of factors. We present nutritional strategies for different event lengths and types, such as personalised and evidence-based approaches for varying types of carbohydrate, protein and fat intake in fluid or solid form, and how to avoid flavour fatigue. Psychology plays a vital role in UER performance, and we highlight the need to be able to cope with complex situations, and that specific long and short-term goal setting improves performance. Fatigue in UER is multi-factorial, both physical and mental, and the perceived effort or level of fatigue have a major impact on the ability to continue at a given pace. Understanding the complex interplay of these limitations will help prepare UER competitors for the different scenarios they are likely to face. Therefore, this review takes an interdisciplinary approach to synthesising and illuminating limitations in UER performance to assist practitioners and scientists in making informed decisions in practice and applicable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J A Berger
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
| | - Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew W Best
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Lane
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Martin Barwood
- Department of Sport, Health and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University Horsforth, Leeds, UK
| | - Samuele Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Shawn Bearden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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Hazzaa WA, Hottenrott L, Kamal MA, Mattes K. The Influence of General and Local Muscle Fatigue on Kinematics and Plantar Pressure Distribution during Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:241. [PMID: 38133108 PMCID: PMC10747919 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue has the potential to alter how impact forces are absorbed during running, heightening the risk of injury. Conflicting findings exist regarding alterations in both kinematics and plantar pressure. Thus, this systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the impact of general and localized muscle fatigue on kinematics and plantar pressure distribution during running. Initial searches were executed on 30 November 2021 and updated on 29 April 2023, encompassing PubMed, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science without imposing any restrictions on publication dates or employing additional filters. Our PECOS criteria included cross-sectional studies on healthy adults during their treadmill running to mainly evaluate local muscle fatigue, plantar pressure distribution, biomechanics of running (kinematics, kinetics, and EMG results), and temporospatial parameters. The literature search identified 6626 records, with 4626 studies removed for titles and abstract screening. Two hundred and one articles were selected for full-text screening, and 20 studies were included in qualitative data synthesis. The pooled analysis showed a non-significant decrease in maximum pressure under the right forefoot's metatarsus, which was more than the left rearfoot after local muscle fatigue at a velocity of 15 km/h (p-values = 0.48 and 0.62). The results were homogeneous and showed that local muscle fatigue did not significantly affect the right forefoot's stride frequency and length (p-values = 0.75 and 0.38). Strength training for the foot muscles, mainly focusing on the dorsiflexors, is recommended to prevent running-related injuries. Utilizing a standardized knee and ankle joint muscle fatigue assessment protocol is advised. Future experiments should focus on various shoes for running and varying foot strike patterns for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaaeldin Aly Hazzaa
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Training Science, Helwan University, Giza 11795, Egypt
| | - Laura Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
| | | | - Klaus Mattes
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
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Genitrini M, Fritz J, Stöggl T, Schwameder H. Performance Level Affects Full Body Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters in Trail Running-A Field Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:188. [PMID: 37888515 PMCID: PMC10611210 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trail running is an emerging discipline with few studies performed in ecological conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate if and how biomechanics differ between more proficient (MP) and less proficient (LP) trail runners. Twenty participants (10 F) were recruited for a 9.1 km trail running time trial wearing inertial sensors. The MP athletes group was composed of the fastest five men and the fastest five women. Group differences in spatiotemporal parameters and leg stiffness were tested with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Group differences in joint angles were tested with statistic parametric mapping. The finish time was 51.1 ± 6.3 min for the MP athletes and 60.0 ± 5.5 min for the LP athletes (p < 0.05). Uphill sections: The MP athletes expressed a tendency to higher speed that was not significant (p > 0.05), achieved by combining higher step frequency and higher step length. They showed a tendency to shorter contact time, lower duty factor and longer flight time that was not significant (p > 0.05) as well as significantly lower knee flexion during the stance phase (p < 0.05). Downhill sections: The MP athletes achieved significantly higher speed (p < 0.05) through higher step length only. They showed significantly higher knee and hip flexion during the swing phase as well as higher trunk rotation and shoulder flexion during the stance phase (p < 0.05). No differences were found with respect to leg stiffness in the uphill or downhill sections (p > 0.05). In the uphill sections, the results suggest lower energy absorption and more favorable net mechanical work at the knee joint for the MP athletes. In the downhill sections, the results suggest that the more efficient motion of the swing leg in the MP athletes could increase momentum in the forward direction and full body center of mass' velocity at toe off, thus optimizing the propulsion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Genitrini
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Stöggl
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, 5303 Thalgau, Austria
| | - Hermann Schwameder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
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Patoz A, Blokker T, Pedrani N, Spicher R, Borrani F, Malatesta D. Biomechanical adaptations during exhaustive runs at 90 to 120% of peak aerobic speed. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8236. [PMID: 37217664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine how running biomechanics (spatiotemporal and kinetic variables) adapt with exhaustion during treadmill runs at 90, 100, 110, and 120% of the peak aerobic speed (PS) of a maximal incremental aerobic test. Thirteen male runners performed a maximal incremental aerobic test on an instrumented treadmill to determine their PS. Biomechanical variables were evaluated at the start, mid, and end of each run until volitional exhaustion. The change of running biomechanics with fatigue was similar among the four tested speeds. Duty factor and contact and propulsion times increased with exhaustion (P ≤ 0.004; F ≥ 10.32) while flight time decreased (P = 0.02; F = 6.67) and stride frequency stayed unchanged (P = 0.97; F = 0.00). A decrease in vertical and propulsive peak forces were obtained with exhaustion (P ≤ 0.002; F ≥ 11.52). There was no change in the impact peak with exhaustion (P = 0.41; F = 1.05). For runners showing impact peaks, the number of impact peaks increased (P ≤ 0.04; [Formula: see text] ≥ 6.40) together with the vertical loading rate (P = 0.005; F = 9.61). No changes in total, external, and internal positive mechanical work was reported with exhaustion (P ≥ 0.12; F ≤ 2.32). Results suggest a tendency towards a "smoother" vertical and horizontal running pattern with exhaustion. A smoother running pattern refers to the development of protective adjustments, leading to a reduction of the load applied to the musculoskeletal system at each running step. This transition seemed continuous between the start and end of the running trials and could be adopted by the runners to decrease the muscle force level during the propulsion phase. Despite these changes with exhaustion, there were no changes in either gesture speed (no alteration of stride frequency) or positive mechanical work, advocating that runners unconsciously organize themselves to maintain a constant whole-body mechanical work output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Blokker
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Pedrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Spicher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sabater-Pastor F, Faricier R, Metra M, Murias JM, Brownstein CG, Millet GY. Changes in Cost of Locomotion Are Higher after Endurance Cycling Than Running When Matched for Intensity and Duration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:389-397. [PMID: 36251372 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cost of locomotion (C L ) has been shown to increase after endurance running and cycling bouts. The main purpose of this study was to compare, in the same participants, the effect of both modalities on C L when matched for relative intensity and duration. METHODS Seventeen recreational athletes performed two incremental tests in running and cycling to determine the first ventilatory threshold then two 3-h bouts of exercise at 105% of threshold, with gas exchange measurements taken for 10 min at the start, middle and end of the 3 h to calculate C L . Neuromuscular fatigue during isometric knee extensor contractions and force-velocity profile on a cycle ergometer were assessed before and immediately after the 3-h trials. RESULTS C L significantly increased at mid (+3.7%, P = 0.006) and end (+7.4%, P < 0.001) of exercise for cycling compared with start, whereas it did not change with time for running. Cardio-respiratory and metabolic variables changed similarly for cycling and running, therefore not explaining the time-course differences in C L between modalities. Changes in C L during cycling correlated significantly with loss of maximal force extrapolated from the force-velocity profile ( r = 0.637, P = 0.006) and changes in cadence ( r = 0.784, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The type of locomotion influences the effects of exercise on energy cost because 3 h of exercise at the same relative intensity caused a significant increase of cycling C L , and no changes in running C L . The changes in C L in cycling are likely due, at least in part, to fatigue in the locomotor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Faricier
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Mélanie Metra
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, CANADA
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
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Tan GCW, Zheng K, Cheong WK, Byrne C, Iversen JN, Lee JKW. Small changes in thermal conditions hinder marathon running performance in the tropics. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:373-388. [PMID: 36339089 PMCID: PMC9629073 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2086777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined marathon performance of the same group of runners in relation to small changes in dry bulb temperature (Tdb) and wet bulb temperature (Twb) across 3 consecutive y, and investigated whether performance was poorer during an evening marathon compared with morning marathons. Marathon results were obtained from the 2017, 2018, and 2019 Standard Chartered Singapore Marathons. Tdb, Twb, Td, relative humidity, and absolute humidity were gathered for each marathon. K-means clustering and linear regressions were performed on 610 runners who participated in all three marathons. Analysis of the 610 runners’ marathon performance was contrasted with Tdb and Twb. Linear regressions were also performed on 190 runners filtered by percentile, yielding similar results. For clusters with similar Tdb from all runners K-means clustering, an increase in mean Twb by 1.5°C coincided with an increase in finishing time by 559 s (9.3 min) (p < 0.033). Twb hinders marathon performance more than Tdb, with each percentage rise in Tdb and Twb resulting in an increase in net time by 7.6% and 39.1%, respectively (p < 0.025). Male and female runners’ response to Tdb and Twb changes were similar (overlap in 95% confidence intervals for the respective regression coefficients). In conclusion, small variations in environmental parameters affected marathon performance, with Twb impairing marathon performance more than Tdb. Marathon performance was likely better in the morning than evening, possibly due to time of day differences, along with unfavorable Tdb that superseded training effects and the effects of lower Twb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C. W. Tan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kaiyuan Zheng
- Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee K. Cheong
- Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Byrne
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jan N. Iversen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K. W. Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Trama R, Blache Y, Hintzy F, Rossi J, Millet GY, Hautier C. Does Neuromuscular Fatigue Generated by Trail Running Modify Foot-Ground Impact and Soft Tissue Vibrations? Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35730761 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2093649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of a preceding mountain ultramarathon on the impact between the foot and the ground and the resulting soft tissue vibrations (STV). Two sessions of measurements were performed on 52 trail runners, before and just after mountain trail running races of various distances (from 40 to 171 km). Triaxial accelerometers were used to quantify the foot--ground impact (FGI) and STV of both gastrocnemius medialis (GAS) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during level treadmill running at 10 km·h-1. A continuous wavelet transform was used to analyze the acceleration signals in the time-frequency domain, and the maps of coefficients as well as the frequency and damping properties of STV were computed. Fatigue was assessed from isometric maximal voluntary contraction force loss of knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) after each race. Statistical nonParametric Mapping and linear mixed models were used to compare the means between the data obtained before and after the races. FGI amplitude and GAS STV were not modified after the race, while VL STV amplitude, frequency and damping significantly decreased whatever the running distance. A significant force loss was observed for the PF (26 ± 14%) and KE (27 ± 16%), but this was not correlated to the changes observed in STV. These results might reveal a protection mechanism of the muscles, indicating that biomechanical and/or physiological adaptations may occur in mountain ultramarathons to limit STV and muscle damage of knee extensors.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04025138..
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Trama
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoann Blache
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédérique Hintzy
- Univ. Lyon, USMB, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, EA 7424, F-73376, Le-Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jérémy Rossi
- Univ. Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ. Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
| | - Christophe Hautier
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL-Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Lloria-Varella J, Besson T, Varesco G, Espeit L, Kennouche D, Delattre N, Millet GY, Morio C, Rossi J. Running pattern changes after a 38-km trail running race: does shoe fatigue play a role? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2086302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Lloria-Varella
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thibault Besson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giorgio Varesco
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Djahid Kennouche
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Cedric Morio
- Movement Sciences Department, SportsLab, Lille, France
| | - Jeremy Rossi
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Vagenas G. Uncertainty analysis for stride-time-derived modelling of lower limb stiffness: applying Taylor series expansion for error propagation on Monte-Carlo simulated data. Sports Biomech 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35164663 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2022185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of uncertainty is valuable mainly in correctly appraising measured effects. In lower limb stiffness, which affects injury risk and athletic performance, uncertainty is often related to vertical (Kvert) and leg (Kleg) stiffness. Imprecisions in measurements of body mass (M), leg length (L), contact (tc) and flight (tf) time propagate through the calculations, augment stiffness uncertainty and inflate relevant effects. This study estimated the limits of this uncertainty as probable (Eprob) and upper bound (Eupper) errors by applying Taylor series expansion on Monte-Carlo simulated data. Eprob and Eupper were 1285 ± 221 N/m (3.9 ± 0.2%) and 1441 ± 248 N/m (4.4 ± 0.3%) in Kvert, and 222 ± 61 N/m (2.1 ± 0.1%) and 375 ± 109 N/m (3.6 ± 0.3%) in Kleg, respectively. To avoid the complexities of full Taylor series expansion, Eprob was predicted (R2 ≈ 1) more simply as 0.89Eupper in Kvert and 11 + 0.56Eupper in Kleg. These uncertainties reflect mostly errors in tc and tf, and uncertainty in Fmax, at kinematic sampling of 300 Hz and running at 4-5 m/s. With slower sampling or faster running these uncertainties rise, and their impact on similar lower limb stiffness effects could be substantial. Applying Taylor series expansion for error propagation on Monte-Carlo simulated data is valid for uncertainty analysis in any multivariable functional relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vagenas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Injury Incidence and Pattern in Elite Young Male and Female Trail Runners. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the injury incidence in young trail runners according to the body region, type, mode of onset, and moment of occurrence, both in total and detailed by sex. Thirty-five male and sixteen female young elite trail runners, aged between 15 and 22 years, completed a questionnaire regarding the injury incidence in the last 2 years. Comparison of the proportions of the injury incidence within groups (all, male, and female runners) and between groups (male vs. female runners) was computed using z and Fisher’s exact tests. Results showed that most of the injuries in male runners occurred in ankle (54.3%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.520). New injuries were the most common type in male (60.0%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.829) and female runners (52.0%; p = 0.005; ES = 0.585). Acute sudden onset (55.7%; p = 0.002; ES = 0.722) and repetitive sudden onset injuries (48.0%; p = 0.002; ES = 0.141) were the most frequent in male and female athletes, respectively. Joint sprains (48.6%; p < 0.001; 0.464) were the most reported injuries in male runners. Comparative analysis between sexes showed that exacerbation injuries were higher in females (24.0%) than in male runners (8.6%), with p = 0.046 (ES = 0.205). However, female runners reported less incidence by acute sudden onset injuries (32.0%) than male runners (55.7%), with p = 0.042 (ES = 0.209). Young trail runners showed a specific injury profile due to the distinctive characteristics of the mountain terrain compared to the athletic modalities.
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11
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Zhang X, Wang W, Chen G, Ji A, Song Y. Effects of standing and walking on plantar pressure distribution in recreational runners before and after long-distance running. J Biomech 2021; 129:110779. [PMID: 34607282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With marathon-running grew in popularity, the effect of long-distance running on plantar pressure has been more attractive. It has been proposed that long-distance running influences the deviation in the center of pressure (COP) during standing and the changes to plantar pressure during walking. The objective of this study was to observe the effects on the COP motion amplitude of static standing and the plantar pressure distribution of walking after long-distance running. The influence of a 10-km run on changes to plantar pressure was assessed during standing and walking. Plantar pressure was measured before and immediately after running. In the study, seven males and five females participated in barefoot tests of static standing and dynamic walking. In the static standing tests, COP was measured under the following four ordered conditions: (1) bipedal, eyes open, standing; (2) bipedal, eyes closed, standing; (3) unipedal, eyes open, standing and (4) unipedal, eyes closed, standing. Under each condition, the data was collected while a stable standing posture for 10 s. In the dynamic walking tests, the contact duration and plantar pressure were recorded. The standing tests results revealed no significant differences between males and females while slight differences before vs. after running. Running for a single time had no effect on COP deviation during standing. The walking tests results revealed an initial landing on the lateral heel. After landing on the lateral heel, the females quickly transferred to the medial heel. The movement of the pressure to the medial heel was slower in males than females. After running, the pressure of females was more inward, while that of males was more outward under the metatarsal zones in the propulsion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Zhang
- Lab of Locomotion Bioinspiration and Intelligent Robots, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China; Olympic College, Communication University of China Nanjing, Nanjing, China; Department of Sports Health Sciences, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Lab of Locomotion Bioinspiration and Intelligent Robots, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangming Chen
- Lab of Locomotion Bioinspiration and Intelligent Robots, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihong Ji
- Lab of Locomotion Bioinspiration and Intelligent Robots, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yawei Song
- Department of Sports Health Sciences, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China.
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Sabapathy M, Tan F, Al Hussein S, Jaafar H, Brocherie F, Racinais S, Ihsan M. Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:155-162. [PMID: 34746835 PMCID: PMC8562196 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of heat pre-conditioning on the recovery of muscle torque, microvascular function, movement economy and stride mechanics following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty male participants were equally assigned to a control (CON) and an experimental group (HEAT), and performed a 30-min downhill run (DHR) to elicit EIMD. HEAT group received three consecutive days of heat exposure (45.1 ± 3.2 min of hot water immersion at 42 °C) prior to DHR. Microvascular function (near-infrared spectroscopy), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee extensors, as well as two treadmill-based steady-state runs performed below (SSR-1) and above (SSR-2) the first ventilatory threshold were assessed prior to DHR and repeated for four consecutive days post-DHR (D1-POST to D4-POST). The decline in MVC torque following EIMD was attenuated in HEAT compared with CON at D1-POST (p = 0.037), D3-POST (p = 0.002) and D4-POST (p = 0.022). Muscle soreness increased in both CON and HEAT, but was significantly attenuated in HEAT compared with CON at D2-POST (p = 0.024) and D3-POST (p = 0.013). Microvascular function decreased in CON from D1-POST to D3-POST (p = 0.009 to 0.018), and was lower compared with HEAT throughout D1-POST to D3-POST (p = 0.003 to 0.017). Pre-heat treatment decreased the magnitude of strength loss and muscle soreness, as well as attenuated the decline in microvascular function following EIMD. Heat treatment appears a promising pre-conditioning strategy when embarking on intensified training periods or competition. Three days of heat pre-conditioning decreases the extent of strength loss, soreness and microvascular function after EIMD. Pre heat treatment might be a promising preconditioning tool prior to intensified training periods or competition. Heat tretament may positively impact activities of daily living, training quality and adherence to training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Sabapathy
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Frankie Tan
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shadiq Al Hussein
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haiyum Jaafar
- Football Science and Medicine, Football Association of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Corresponding author. Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore. 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore.
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Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Davis S, Fox A, Bonacci J, Davis F. Mechanics, energetics and implementation of grounded running technique: a narrative review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 6:e000963. [PMID: 34422290 PMCID: PMC8323463 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grounded running predominantly differs from traditional aerial running by having alternating single and double stance with no flight phase. Approximately, 16% of runners in an open marathon and 33% of recreational runners in a 5 km running event adopted a grounded running technique. Grounded running typically occurs at a speed range of 2–3 m·s−1, is characterised by a larger duty factor, reduced vertical leg stiffness, lower vertical oscillation of the centre of mass (COM) and greater impact attenuation than aerial running. Grounded running typically induces an acute increase in metabolic cost, likely due to the larger duty factor. The increased duty factor may translate to a more stable locomotion. The reduced vertical oscillation of COM, attenuated impact shock, and potential for improved postural stability may make grounded running a preferred form of physical exercise in people new to running or with low loading capacities (eg, novice overweight/obese, elderly runners, rehabilitating athletes). Grounded running as a less impactful, but metabolically more challenging form, could benefit these runners to optimise their cardio-metabolic health, while at the same time minimise running-related injury risk. This review discusses the mechanical demands and energetics of grounded running along with recommendations and suggestions to implement this technique in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Davis
- Biomedical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aaron Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Fiddy Davis
- Centre for Sports Science, Medicine and Research, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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15
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El Osta L, El Helou A, Hatem HA, El Osta N. Injury patterns among national-level athletes in Lebanon: a retrospective study. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:641-658. [PMID: 34037504 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:This study aims to assess the annual prevalence, associated factors, and characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders among Lebanese national-level athletes.Methods: Lebanese athletes aged 18 and over and who competed in a top-level national championship during an entire athletics season were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected through questionnaire assessing self-reported injury during the past year. Injury, dependent variable of the study, was defined as a musculoskeletal condition that made the athlete partially or completely abstains from training or competition for a 1-week minimum injury period.Results: Among the 250 eligible athletes, 210 (84.0%) (25.5±6.7 years) completed the questionnaire. The 1-year retrospective injury prevalence was 51.9% (95% confidence interval, 45.1%-58.7%). Injured athletes reported 150 injuries: 128 (85.3%) affected the lower extremities, and 111 (74.0%) occurred during training. The most common type was muscle cramps/spasm (n=53; 35.3%); and overuse (n=121; 80.7%) was the predominant cause. Athletes who mainly practiced endurance disciplines (-p-value=0.042), who participated in international athletics championships (-p-value=0.047), and who were taking chronic medications (-p-value=0.049) had more injuries in the past year.Conclusion: These findings may help inform potential injury prevention programs, which should target injuries affecting the lower extremities, and consider the factors associated with injury risk among Lebanese athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana El Osta
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdo El Helou
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Habib Aimé Hatem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada El Osta
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Equipe D'accueil EA 4847, Centre De Recherche En Odontologie Clinique (CROC), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire De Recherche Cranio-Faciale, Unité De Santé Orale, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
Elite middle distance runners present as a unique population in which to explore biomechanical phenomena in relation to running speed, as their training and racing spans a broad spectrum of paces. However, there have been no comprehensive investigations of running mechanics across speeds within this population. Here, we used the spring-mass model of running to explore global mechanical behavior across speeds in these runners. Ten elite-level 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 3:37.3 ± 3.6 s; mile: 3:54.6 ± 3.9 s) and ten highly trained 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 4:07.6 ± 3.7 s; mile: 4:27.4 ± 4.1 s) ran on a treadmill at 10 speeds where temporal measures were recorded. Spatiotemporal and spring-mass characteristics and their corresponding variation were calculated within and across speeds. All spatiotemporal measures changed with speed in both groups, but the changes were less substantial in the elites. The elite runners ran with greater approximated vertical forces (+ 0.16 BW) and steeper impact angles (+ 3.1°) across speeds. Moreover, the elites ran with greater leg and vertical stiffnesses (+ 2.1 kN/m and + 3.6 kN/m) across speeds. Neither group changed leg stiffness with increasing speeds, but both groups increased vertical stiffness (1.6 kN/m per km/h), and the elite runners more so (further + 0.4 kN/m per km/h). The elite runners also demonstrated lower variability in their spatiotemporal behavior across speeds. Together, these findings suggested that elite middle distance runners may have distinct global mechanical patterns across running speeds, where they behave as stiffer, less variable spring-mass systems compared to highly trained, but sub-elite counterparts.
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17
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Meyer F, Falbriard M, Mariani B, Aminian K, Millet GP. Continuous Analysis of Marathon Running Using Inertial Sensors: Hitting Two Walls? Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1182-1190. [PMID: 33975367 DOI: 10.1055/a-1432-2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marathon running involves complex mechanisms that cannot be measured with objective metrics or laboratory equipment. The emergence of wearable sensors introduced new opportunities, allowing the continuous recording of relevant parameters. The present study aimed to assess the evolution of stride-by-stride spatio-temporal parameters, stiffness, and foot strike angle during a marathon and determine possible abrupt changes in running patterns. Twelve recreational runners were equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System watch, and two inertial measurement units clamped on each foot during a marathon race. Data were split into eight 5-km sections and only level parts were analyzed. We observed gradual increases in contact time and duty factor as well as decreases in flight time, swing time, stride length, speed, maximal vertical force and stiffness during the race. Surprisingly, the average foot strike angle decreased during the race, but each participant maintained a rearfoot strike until the end. Two abrupt changes were also detected around km 25 and km 35. These two breaks are possibly due to the alteration of the stretch-shortening cycle combined with physiological limits. This study highlights new measurable phenomena that can only be analyzed through continuous monitoring of runners over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Meyer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of informatikk, University of Oslo, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement (LMAM), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement (LMAM), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Willer J, Allen SJ, Burden RJ, Folland JP. Neuromechanics of Middle-Distance Running Fatigue: A Key Role of the Plantarflexors? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2119-2130. [PMID: 33935231 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the changes in lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation during a high-intensity run to fatigue (HIRF). METHODS Eighteen male and female competitive middle-distance runners performed a HIRF on an instrumented treadmill at a constant but unsustainable middle-distance speed (~3 min) based on a preceding maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) test. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected and compared between the start, 33%, 67%, and the end of the HIRF. In addition, the activation of eight lower limb muscles of each leg was measured with surface EMG (sEMG). RESULTS Time to exhaustion was 181 ± 42 s. By the end of the HIRF (i.e., vs the start), ground contact time increased (+4.0%), whereas flight time (-3.2%), peak vertical ground reaction force (-6.1%), and vertical impulse (-4.1%) decreased (all P < 0.05), and joint angles at initial contact became more (dorsi)flexed (ankle, +1.9°; knee, +2.1°; hip, +3.6°; all P < 0.05). During stance, by the end of the HIRF: peak ankle plantarflexion moment decreased by 0.4 N·m·kg-1 (-9.0%), whereas peak knee extension moment increased by 0.24 N·m·kg-1 (+10.3%); similarly, positive ankle plantarflexion work decreased by 0.19 J·kg-1 (-13.9%), whereas positive knee extension work increased by 0.09 J·kg-1 (+33.3%; both P < 0.05) with no change in positive hip extension work. Hip extensor surface EMG amplitude increased during the late swing phase (+20.9-37.3%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Running at a constant middle-distance pace led primarily to the fatigue of the plantarflexors with a compensatory increase in positive work done at the knee. Improving the fatigue resistance of the plantarflexors might be beneficial for middle-distance running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam J Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Richard J Burden
- English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
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19
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Howe CCF, Swann N, Spendiff O, Kosciuk A, Pummell EKL, Moir HJ. Performance determinants, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during a treadmill ultramarathon. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1759-1771. [PMID: 33704547 PMCID: PMC8144128 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during an 80.5 km treadmill ultramarathon and establish which key predictive variables best determine ultramarathon performance. Methods Twelve participants (9 male and 3 female, age 34 ± 7 years, and maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max) 60.4 ± 5.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed an 80.5 km time trial on a motorised treadmill in the fastest possible time. Metabolic variables: oxygen consumption (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2), carbon dioxide production (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙CO2) and pulmonary ventilation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E) were measured via indirect calorimetry every 16.1 km at a controlled speed of 8 km·h−1 and used to calculate respiratory exchange ratio (RER), the energy cost of running (Cr) and fractional utilisation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max (F). Spatiotemporal gait parameters: stride length (SL) and cadence (SPM) were calculated via tri-axial accelerometery. Results Trial completion time was 09:00:18 ± 01:14:07 (hh:mm:ss). There were significant increases in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2, Cr, F, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E and heart rate (HR) (p < 0.01); a significant decrease in RER (p < 0.01) and no change in SL and SPM (p > 0.05) across the measured timepoints. F and Cr accounted for 61% of the variance in elapsed finish time (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R_{{{\text{adj}}}}^{{2}}$$\end{document}Radj2 = 0.607, p < 0.01). Conclusion A treadmill ultramarathon elicits significant changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters. With F and Cr explaining 61% of variance in finish time. Therefore, those able to maintain a higher F, while adopting strategies to minimise an increase in Cr may be best placed to maximise ultramarathon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C F Howe
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Nicola Swann
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Owen Spendiff
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Anna Kosciuk
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Elizabeth K L Pummell
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
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20
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Nardello F, Venturini N, Skroce K, Tarperi C, Schena F. Kinematic and mechanical changes during a long half-marathon race: males and females at uphill/downhill slopes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:350-358. [PMID: 32936571 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the running kinematics and the spring mass model mechanics over an entire half-marathon race in male and female athletes on different slopes (-7%, 0% and +7%). METHODS 59 recreational runners (39 males and 20 females) participated in this study. Their running steps at own best self-selected speed were video recorded during a half-marathon (i.e. in ecological conditions): the kinematic variables (i.e. running speed, stride length and frequency, contact and flight time) were calculated, as well as the spring-mass characteristics (i.e. leg and vertical stiffness) of their running steps. RESULTS Males were able to run with greater speeds and lengths compared to females (P<0.001) but with lower flight times (P<0.05), and they reached higher values of both leg and vertical stiffness (P<0.001). During downhill running, step lengths were larger compared to the level and the uphill (+6%) whereas frequencies slightly decreased (-2%), and aerial times were the greatest ones (+17%). During uphill running, contact times were slightly higher compared to other conditions (+3%), and leg stiffness reached the lowest values (-8%). CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that there are important alterations in running steps in function of sex and surface slope. Importantly, the response to fatigue (i.e. alterations with the covered distance) does not alter these sex differences and is therefore independent of the sloped conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardello
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy -
| | - Nicola Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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21
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Jeker D, Falbriard M, Vernillo G, Meyer F, Savoldelli A, Degache F, Schena F, Aminian K, Millet GP. Changes in spatio-temporal gait parameters and vertical speed during an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1339-1345. [PMID: 31914356 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1712480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of altitude and distance on uphill vertical speed (VS) and the main spatio-temporal gait parameters during an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. The VS, stride height (SH) and stride frequency (SF) of 27 runners were measured with an inertial sensor at the shank for two different altitude ranges (low 1300-2000 m vs high 2400-3200 m) of 10 mountains passes distributed over a 220 km course. There was a significant interaction (F(4,52) = 4.04, p < 0.01) for the effect of altitude and distance on VS. During the first passes, the mean VS was faster at lower altitudes, but this difference disappeared at a quarter of the race length, suggesting that neuromuscular fatigue influenced the uphill velocity to a larger extent than the oxygen delivery. The average VS, SH and SF were 547 ± 135 m/h, 0.23 ± 0.05 m and 0.66 ± 0.09 Hz. The individual VS change for each uphill portions was more strongly correlated with the changes in SH (r = 0.80, P < 0.001, n = 321) than SF (r = 0.43, P < 0.001, n = 321). This suggests a large effect of the knee extensors strength loss on the diminution of VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jeker
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Francis Degache
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Science and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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da Rosa RG, Oliveira HBD, Ardigò LP, Gomeñuka NA, Fischer G, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Running Stride Length And Rate Are Changed And Mechanical Efficiency Is Preserved After Cycling In Middle-Level Triathletes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18422. [PMID: 31804565 PMCID: PMC6895242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cycling impairs the subsequent metabolic cost and performance of running in some triathletes, the consequences on mechanical efficiency (Eff) and kinetic and potential energy fluctuations of the body center of mass are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of previous cycling on the cost-of-transport, Eff, mechanical energy fluctuations (Wtot), spring stiffness (Kleg and Kvert) and spatiotemporal parameters. Fourteen middle-level triathletes (mean ± SD: maximal oxygen uptake, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{{\rm{V}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max = 65.3 ± 2.7 ml.kg−1.min−1, age = 30 ± 5 years, practice time = 6.8 ± 3.0 years) performed four tests. Two maximal oxygen uptake tests on a cycle ergometer and treadmill, and two submaximal 20-minute running tests (14 km.h−1) with (prior-cycling) and without (control) a previous submaximal 30-minute cycling test. No differences were observed between the control and post-cycling groups in Eff or Wtot. The Eff remains unchanged between conditions. On the other hand, the Kvert (20.2 vs 24.4 kN.m−1) and Kleg (7.1 vs 8.2 kN.m−1, p < 0.05) were lower and the cost-of-transport was higher (p = 0.018, 3.71 vs 3.31 J.kg−1.m−1) when running was preceded by cycling. Significantly higher stride frequency (p < 0.05, 1.46 vs 1.43 Hz) and lower stride length (p < 0.05, 2.60 vs 2.65 m) were observed in the running after cycling condition in comparison with control condition. Mechanical adjustments were needed to maintain the Eff, even resulting in an impaired metabolic cost after cycling performed at moderate intensity. These findings are compatible with the concept that specific adjustments in spatiotemporal parameters preserve the Eff when running is preceded by cycling in middle-level triathletes, though the cost-of-transport increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Natalia Andrea Gomeñuka
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Fischer
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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23
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Simple method for measuring center of mass work during field running. J Biomech 2019; 97:109369. [PMID: 31685220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to propose and validate a new simple method for calculation of center of mass work during field running, in order to avoid the use of costly and inconvenient measurement devices. This method relies on spring-mass model and measurements of average horizontal velocity, and contact and flight times during running. Ten male, recreational subjects ran on a dynamometer treadmill at different velocities ranging from 2.22 to 4.44 m·s-1 during 4 min 30 s for each velocity. Twenty consecutive steps were analyzed after 3 min 30 s. The potential (Wpot), forward kinetic (Wkinf) and the total center of mass (Wext) work data obtained with this new method were compared with the reference data calculated from ground reaction force measurements. Wext, Wpot and Wkinf values calculated with the proposed method were respectively +3.39 ± 0.77% higher, -4.14 ± 0.72% lower and +7.34 ± 1.08% higher than values obtained by the reference method. Furthermore, significant linear regressions close to the identity line were obtained between the reference and the proposed method values of works (r = 0.99, p < 0.05 for Wext; r = 0.98, p < 0.05 for Wpot; r = 0.98, p < 0.05 for Wkinf). It was concluded that this new method could provide a good estimate of center of mass work in field running thanks to a few simple mechanical parameters.
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24
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Vermand S, Duc S, Ferrari F, Garsin O, Vermand M, Joly P. Changes in foot measurements, plantar pressure and postural position during a mountain ultra-marathon race. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Vernillo G, Aguiar M, Savoldelli A, Martinez A, Giandolini M, Horvais N, Edwards WB, Millet GY. Regular changes in foot strike pattern during prolonged downhill running do not influence neuromuscular, energetics, or biomechanical parameters. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:495-504. [PMID: 31311427 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1645212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has suggested that a high variability in foot strike pattern during downhill running is associated with lower neuromuscular fatigue of the plantar flexors (PF). Given the popularity of trail running, we designed an intervention study to investigate whether a strategy with regular changes in foot strike pattern during downhill running could reduce the extent of fatigue on neuromuscular, energetics and biomechanical parameters as well as increase an uphill time-to-exhaustion trial (TTE) performance. Fourteen experienced trail runners completed two interventional conditions (separated by 15 days) in a pseudo-randomised and counter-balanced order that consisted of 2.5-h of treadmill graded running with (switch condition) or without (control condition) a change between fore- and rear-foot strike pattern every 30 s during the downhill sections. Pre and Post, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess PF central and peripheral fatigue. Energy cost of running was assessed using an indirect calorimetry system and biomechanical gait parameters were acquired with an instrumented treadmill. TTE was performed after both the graded running conditions. There were not significant condition × time interactions (p ≥ .085) for any of the variables considered, and TTE was not different between the two conditions (p = .755). A deliberate strategy to alternate between foot strike patterns did not reduce the extent of fatigue during prolonged graded running. We suggest that it is not the ability to switch between foot strike patterns that minimises fatigue; rather the ability to adapt foot strike pattern to the terrain and therefore a better running technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matheus Aguiar
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre for Sport, Mountain and Health, Università degli Studi di Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Aaron Martinez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Horvais
- Salomon SAS, Innovation and Sport Science Lab, Annecy, France
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), UJM-Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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26
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Andrade RM, Figueira Júnior AJ, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. PREDICTION OF 100 METERS SPRINT PERFORMANCE BASED ON FIELD TEST. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192504210690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The 100-meter dash (100 m) event holds particular appeal. Coaches and researchers seek to understand the determinants of performance in this task. Although information has been produced over the years, it is not fully applied by coaches who generally assess the success of employed training methods through objective field tests, such as 60 m dash test performance. Objective: Investigate 100 m performance based on 60 m performance. Methods: Two hundred and forty six men and 153 women divided into two subgroups were evaluated for estimation (Fvalidation; n=123 and Mvalidation; n=204) and validation of predictive models (Fcross-validation; n=30 and Mcross-validation; n=42) for 100 m dash performance (time take to cover 100 m). Partial time was measured based on the 100 m distance marked previously every 10 meters from the starting line on both sides of the track. The predictive models were based on the interval in the 60 meters with a time interval of 10-10 m. Results: Magnitude of correlation was very high. High coefficients of determination and differences of no statistical significance (p <.001) were found between the criteria and predicted values. The predictive equations presented constant error values below 0.001s; total absolute error of 0.12s; 0.10s for Mvalidation and Fvalidation, respectively, and 1.13% and 0.85% of total relative error for Mvalidation and Fvalidation, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed an increase in the level of concordance between the criteria and predicted values of Fvalidation and Mvalidation. Similar responses were found when the proposed models were applied to Fcross-validation and Mcross-validation. Conclusion: The estimation models were able to accurately predict 100 m performance based on 60 m performance. Level of evidence: II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Maciel Andrade
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Vernillo G, Doucende G, Cassirame J, Mourot L. Energetically optimal stride frequency is maintained with fatigue in trained ultramarathon runners. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1054-1058. [PMID: 31029549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES At a given running speed, humans naturally endeavor to achieve an optimal stride frequency that minimizes metabolic cost. Research has suggested that runners select this near optimal stride frequency in some process of self-optimization even during fatiguing tasks up to 1-h of high-intensity running. Here, we studied whether runners demonstrate a similar self-optimizing capability after an ultramarathon of 6 h. DESIGN Controlled pre-post study. METHOD We collected temporal stride kinematics and metabolic data in nine (experimental group) male runners before and after 6 h of running and in six (control group) male ultramarathon runners who did not run, but stayed awake and performed normal, daily physical activities avoiding strenuous exercises over the 6-h period. For each participant, preferred and optimal stride frequencies were measured, where stride frequency was systematically varied above and below PSF (±4% and ±8%). RESULTS Preferred and optimal stride frequencies across time and group showed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.276). Furthermore, neither the overall relationship between metabolic cost and stride frequency, nor the energetically optimal stride frequency changed substantially after several hours of running. CONCLUSIONS Similar dynamics of stride frequency adjustments in the experimental group occurred as those found in a non-fatigued state. This suggests that after an ultramarathon of 6 h, runners were still able to optimize their gait, and automatically adjust it in order to converge on the energetically optimal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude (LEPSA), France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Santé et Société, Exercise and Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France; Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia
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28
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Burns GT, Zendler JM, Zernicke RF. Step frequency patterns of elite ultramarathon runners during a 100-km road race. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:462-468. [PMID: 30543498 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00374.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Step frequency (SF) in running has received substantial interest from researchers, coaches, therapists, and runners. It has been widely studied in controlled settings, but no published study has measured it continuously in elite-level competition. The present study used wrist-based accelerometers in consumer-grade watches to monitor SF and SF variability of competitors in the 2016 100-km World Championship road race. Using linear mixed-model regression, SF and SF variability were assessed across the race. The average SF (steps-per-minute) of competitors ( n = 20) was 182.0 spm (range: 155.4-203.1 spm). Race fluctuations in SF were influenced only by the speed the competitors were running, with faster speeds being associated with greater SF (5.6 spm/m·s-1, P < 0.001). Independently of this speed relation, SF did not significantly change over the course of the race. SF was further linked to the runner's stature (-123.1 spm/m, P = 0.01) but not significantly related to sex, weight, age, or years of experience. The SF coefficient-of-variation was inversely associated with running speed and distance covered, with runners demonstrating decreasing variability both at faster speeds and as the race progressed. Together, these results add ecological evidence to observations of a speed dependency of SF in a highly trained, elite population of runners and suggest that in road race conditions, SF changes only with speed and not fatigue. Furthermore, it presents evidence that the variability of an elite runner's SF is linked to both speed and fatigue but not to any other characteristics of the runner. The current findings are important for runners, clinicians, and coaches as they seek to monitor or manipulate SF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Stride frequency (SF; or the synonymous "cadence") has become a popular point of monitoring and manipulation in runners. Advances in wearable technology have enabled continuous monitoring of SF. This study is the first to examine SF and SF variability patterns throughout an entire road race in elite ultramarathon runners. This adds ecological, normative data to the field's understanding of SF and demonstrates how it relates to running speed, fatigue, and individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Burns
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica M Zendler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronald F Zernicke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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29
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Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM, Orizio C, Fairweather MM, Ditroilo M. Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties by Radial Displacement: The Case for Tensiomyography. Sports Med 2019; 48:1607-1620. [PMID: 29605838 PMCID: PMC5999145 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle operates as a near-constant volume system; as such muscle shortening during contraction is transversely linked to radial deformation. Therefore, to assess contractile properties of skeletal muscle, radial displacement can be evoked and measured. Mechanomyography measures muscle radial displacement and during the last 20 years, tensiomyography has become the most commonly used and widely reported technique among the various methodologies of mechanomyography. Tensiomyography has been demonstrated to reliably measure peak radial displacement during evoked muscle twitch, as well as muscle twitch speed. A number of parameters can be extracted from the tensiomyography displacement/time curve and the most commonly used and reliable appear to be peak radial displacement and contraction time. The latter has been described as a valid non-invasive means of characterising skeletal muscle, based on fibre-type composition. Over recent years, applications of tensiomyography measurement within sport and exercise have appeared, with applications relating to injury, recovery and performance. Within the present review, we evaluate the perceived strengths and weaknesses of tensiomyography with regard to its efficacy within applied sports medicine settings. We also highlight future tensiomyography areas that require further investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to critically examine the existing evidence surrounding tensiomyography as a tool within the field of sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
| | - Claudio Orizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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30
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Millet GY, Martin V, Temesi J. The role of the nervous system in neuromuscular fatigue induced by ultra-endurance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1151-1157. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance events are not a recent development but they have only become very popular in the last 2 decades, particularly ultramarathons run on trails. The present paper reviews the role of the central nervous system in neuromuscular fatigue induced by ultra-endurance exercise. Large decreases in voluntary activation are systematically found in ultra-endurance running but are attenuated in ultra-endurance cycling for comparable intensity and duration. This indirectly suggests that afferent feedback, rather than neurobiological changes within the central nervous system, is determinant in the amount of central fatigue produced. Whether this is due to inhibition from type III and IV afferent fibres induced by inflammation, disfacilitation of Ia afferent fibers owing to repeated muscle stretching or other mechanisms still needs to be determined. Sleep deprivation per se does not seem to play a significant role in central fatigue although it still affects performance by elevating ratings of perceived exertion. The kinetics of central fatigue and recovery, the influence of muscle group (knee extensors vs plantar flexors) on central deficit as well as the limitations related to studies on central fatigue in ultra-endurance exercise are also discussed in the present article. To date, no study has quantified the contribution of spinal modulations to central fatigue in ultra-endurance events. Future investigations utilizing spinal stimulation (i.e., thoracic stimulation) must be conducted to assess the role of changes in motoneuronal excitability on the observed central fatigue. Recovery after ultra-endurance events and the effect of sex on neuromuscular fatigue must also be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vincent Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John Temesi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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31
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Martens G, Deflandre D, Schwartz C, Dardenne N, Bury T. Reproducibility of the Evolution of Stride Biomechanics During Exhaustive Runs. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:57-69. [PMID: 30429899 PMCID: PMC6231343 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Running biomechanics and its evolution that occurs over intensive trials are widely studied, but few studies have focused on the reproducibility of stride evolution in these runs. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of changes in eight biomechanical variables during exhaustive runs, using three-dimensional analysis. Ten male athletes (age: 23 ± 4 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 57.5 ± 4.4 ml02·min-1·kg-1; maximal aerobic speed: 19.3 ± 0.8 km·h-1) performed a maximal treadmill test. Between 3 to 10 days later, they started a series of three time-to-exhaustion trials at 90% of the individual maximal aerobic speed, seven days apart. During these trials eight biomechanical variables were recorded over a 20-s period every 4 min until exhaustion. The evolution of a variable over a trial was represented as the slope of the linear regression of these variables over time. Reproducibility was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients and variability was quantified as standard error of measurement. Changes in five variables (swing duration, stride frequency, step length, centre of gravity vertical and lateral amplitude) showed moderate to good reproducibility (0.48 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.72), while changes in stance duration, reactivity and foot orientation showed poor reproducibility (-0.71 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.04). Fatigue-induced changes in stride biomechanics do not follow a reproducible course across the board; however, several variables do show satisfactory stability: swing duration, stride frequency, step length and centre of gravity shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research & Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorian Deflandre
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Schwartz
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis - LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadia Dardenne
- Public Health Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Bury
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse injuries are multifactorial resulting from cumulative loading. Therefore, clear differences between normal and at-risk individuals may not be present for individual risk factors. Using a holistic measure that incorporates many of the identified risk factors, focusing on multiple joint movement patterns may give better insight into overuse injuries. Lower body stiffness may provide such a measure. OBJECTIVE To identify how risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries influence measures of lower body stiffness. METHODS SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PubMed were searched for Achilles tendon injury risk factors related to vertical, leg and joint stiffness in running athletes. RESULTS Increased braking force and low surface stiffness, which were clearly associated with increased risk of Achilles tendon injuries, were also found to be associated with increased lower body stiffness. High arches and increased vertical and propulsive forces were protective for Achilles tendon injuries and were also associated with increased lower body stiffness. Risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries that had unclear associations were also investigated with the evidence trending towards an increase in leg stiffness and a decrease in ankle stiffness being detrimental to Achilles tendon health. CONCLUSION Few studies have investigated the link between lower body stiffness and Achilles injury. High stiffness is potentially associated with risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries although some of the evidence is controversial. Prospective injury studies are needed to confirm this relationship. Large amounts of high-intensity or high-speed work or running on soft surfaces such as sand may increase Achilles injury risk. Coaches and clinicians working with athletes with new or reoccurring injuries should consider training practices of the athlete and recommend reducing speed or sand running if loading is deemed to be excessive.
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Thompson MA. Physiological and Biomechanical Mechanisms of Distance Specific Human Running Performance. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:293-300. [PMID: 28859414 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Running events range from 60-m sprints to ultra-marathons covering 100 miles or more, which presents an interesting diversity in terms of the parameters for successful performance. Here, we review the physiological and biomechanical variations underlying elite human running performance in sprint to ultramarathon distances. Maximal running speeds observed in sprint disciplines are achieved by high vertical ground reaction forces applied over short contact times. To create this high force output, sprint events rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism, as well as a high number and large cross-sectional area of type II fibers in the leg muscles. Middle distance running performance is characterized by intermediates of biomechanical and physiological parameters, with the possibility of unique combinations of each leading to high-level performance. The relatively fast velocities in mid-distance events require a high mechanical power output, though ground reaction forces are less than in sprinting. Elite mid-distance runners exhibit local muscle adaptations that, along with a large anaerobic capacity, provide the ability to generate a high power output. Aerobic capacity starts to become an important aspect of performance in middle distance events, especially as distance increases. In distance running events, V˙O2max is an important determinant of performance, but is relatively homogeneous in elite runners. V˙O2 and velocity at lactate threshold have been shown to be superior predictors of elite distance running performance. Ultramarathons are relatively new running events, as such, less is known about physiological and biomechanical parameters that underlie ultra-marathon performance. However, it is clear that performance in these events is related to aerobic capacity, fuel utilization, and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Thompson
- Exercise Science Department, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA
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Kim HK, Mirjalili SA, Fernandez J. Gait kinetics, kinematics, spatiotemporal and foot plantar pressure alteration in response to long-distance running: Systematic review. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 57:342-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Savoldelli A, Fornasiero A, Trabucchi P, Limonta E, La Torre A, Degache F, Pellegrini B, Millet GP, Vernillo G, Schena F. The Energetics during the World's Most Challenging Mountain Ultra-Marathon-A Case Study at the Tor des Geants®. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1003. [PMID: 29259560 PMCID: PMC5723401 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To provide insights into the energy requirements as well as the physiological adaptations of an experienced 50-year-old ultra-marathon male athlete during the world's most challenging mountain ultra-marathon (MUM). Methods: The international race supporting the study was the Tor des Geants®, characterized by 330 km with +24,000 m D+ to be covered within 150 h. Before the MUM, we assessed the peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) by means of an incremental graded running test. During the MUM we monitored six ascents (once per race day) with a portable gas analyzer, a GPS and a finger pulse oximeter. We then calculated the net metabolic cost per unit of distance (C), the vertical metabolic cost (Cvert) and the mechanical efficiency of locomotion (Effmech) throughout the six uphills monitored. We further monitored the distance covered, speed, altimetry and D+ from the GPS data as well as the pulse oxygen saturation with the finger pulse oximeter. Results: Subject's V˙O2peak was 48.1 mL·kg−1·min−1. Throughout the six uphills investigated the mean exercise intensity was 57.3 ± 6.0% V˙O2peak and 68.0 ± 8.7% HRpeak. C, Cvert and Effmech were 11.4 ± 1.9 J·kg−1·m−1, 57.9 ± 15.2 J·kg−1·mvert−1, and 17.7 ± 4.8%, respectively. The exercise intensity, as well as C, Cvert, and Effmech did not consistently increase during the MUM. Conclusions: For the first time, we described the feasibility of assessing the energy requirements as well as the physiological adaptations of a MUM in ecologically valid environment settings. The present case study shows that, despite the distance performed during the MUM, our participant did not experience a metabolic fatigue state. This is likely due to improvements in locomotor efficiency as the race progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Savoldelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fornasiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Pietro Trabucchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francis Degache
- Department of Health Research, University of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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Da Ponte A, Giovanelli N, Antonutto G, Nigris D, Curcio F, Cortese P, Lazzer S. Changes in cardiac and muscle biomarkers following an uphill-only marathon. Res Sports Med 2017; 26:100-111. [PMID: 29058466 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1393750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in cardiac troponin I levels (cTnI) and the main biomarkers of skeletal muscle damage after an uphill-only marathon, along with its relationship with athletes' physiological parameters. Twenty-two runners participated in the "Supermaratona dell'Etna" (43 km, 0-2850 m AMSL). Before and immediately after the race, body mass and hydration status were measured together with blood sampling. At the end of the race, mean cTnI increased significantly in all athletes (mean +900%), and in 52% of them the cTnI values were over the normal range. Mean creatinine and cortisol increased significantly (by 30.5% and 291.4%), while C-reactive protein levels did not change significantly. Then, an uphill-only marathon showed a significant increase in cardiac and skeletal muscle blood biomarkers of injury, and cTnI levels were not significantly correlated with age, body mass index, V̇O2max, training status, ultra-endurance training experience, race time and blood parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Da Ponte
- a Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b School of Sport Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Nicola Giovanelli
- a Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.,c School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Guglielmo Antonutto
- a Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.,c School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Daniele Nigris
- a Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | | | - Pietro Cortese
- d Department of Diagnostics Laboratory of Catania , Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale , Catania , Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- a Department of Medicine , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.,c School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
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Vercruyssen F, Tartaruga M, Horvais N, Brisswalter J. Effects of Footwear and Fatigue on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Trail Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1976-84. [PMID: 27183120 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of footwear and neuromuscular fatigue induced by short distance trail running (TR) on running economy (RE) and biomechanics in well-trained and traditionally shod runners. METHODS RE, vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg), as well as foot strike angle were measured from two 5-min treadmill running stages performed at a speed of 2.5 (with 10% grade, uphill running) and 2.77 m·s (level running) before and after an 18.4-km TR exercise (approximately 90% of maximal heart rate) in runners wearing minimalist shoes (MS), MS plus added mass (MSm), or traditional shoes (TS). Maximal voluntary contraction torque of knee extensors and perceived muscle pain were also evaluated before and after TR. RESULTS Maximal voluntary contraction values decreased after TR in all footwear conditions (P < 0.001), indicating the occurrence of neuromuscular fatigue. In the nonfatigued condition, runners exhibited a better RE only during level running in MS and MSm (i.e., combined effects of shoe mass and midsole geometry), in association with significant decreases in foot strike angle (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in RE was observed between shod conditions after TR during either uphill or level running. Decreases in both Kvert/Kleg and foot strike angle were more pronounced during running in MS and MSm (P < 0.05) compared with TS, whatever the period. Calf pain increased after TR when wearing MS and MSm compared with TS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated specific alterations in RE and biomechanics over time during the MS and MSm conditions compared with the TS condition. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the relationship between RE and footwear with fatigue in experienced minimally shod runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Vercruyssen
- 1Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis/Université de Toulon, Toulon, FRANCE; 2LABIER, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, BRAZIL; 3SALOMON SAS, Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Annecy, FRANCE; 4Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, FRANCE; and 5School of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, AUSTRALIA
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Kerhervé HA, Samozino P, Descombe F, Pinay M, Millet GY, Pasqualini M, Rupp T. Calf Compression Sleeves Change Biomechanics but Not Performance and Physiological Responses in Trail Running. Front Physiol 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 28496411 PMCID: PMC5406472 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether calf compression sleeves (CS) affects physiological and biomechanical parameters, exercise performance, and perceived sensations of muscle fatigue, pain and soreness during prolonged (~2 h 30 min) outdoor trail running. Methods: Fourteen healthy trained males took part in a randomized, cross-over study consisting in two identical 24-km trail running sessions (each including one bout of running at constant rate on moderately flat terrain, and one period of all-out running on hilly terrain) wearing either degressive CS (23 ± 2 mmHg) or control sleeves (CON, <4 mmHg). Running time, heart rate and muscle oxygenation of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (measured using portable near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored continuously. Muscle functional capabilities (power, stiffness) were determined using 20 s of maximal hopping before and after both sessions. Running biomechanics (kinematics, vertical and leg stiffness) were determined at 12 km·h−1 at the beginning, during, and at the end of both sessions. Exercise-induced Achilles tendon pain and delayed onset calf muscles soreness (DOMS) were assessed using visual analog scales. Results: Muscle oxygenation increased significantly in CS compared to CON at baseline and immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), without any difference in deoxygenation kinetics during the run, and without any significant change in run times. Wearing CS was associated with (i) higher aerial time and leg stiffness in running at constant rate, (ii) with lower ground contact time, higher leg stiffness, and higher vertical stiffness in all-out running, and (iii) with lower ground contact time in hopping. Significant DOMS were induced in both CS and CON (>6 on a 10-cm scale) with no difference between conditions. However, Achilles tendon pain was significantly lower after the trial in CS than CON (p < 0.05). Discussion: Calf compression did not modify muscle oxygenation during ~2 h 30 of trail running but significantly changed running biomechanics and lower limb muscle functional capabilities toward a more dynamic behavior compared to control session. However, wearing compression sleeves did not affect performance and exercise-induced DOMS, while it minimized Achilles tendon pain immediately after running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Kerhervé
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine CoastSippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| | | | - Matthieu Pinay
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
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Vernillo G, Savoldelli A, Skafidas S, Zignoli A, La Torre A, Pellegrini B, Giardini G, Trabucchi P, Millet GP, Schena F. An Extreme Mountain Ultra-Marathon Decreases the Cost of Uphill Walking and Running. Front Physiol 2016; 7:530. [PMID: 27877137 PMCID: PMC5100553 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of the world's most challenging mountain ultramarathon (MUM, 330 km, cumulative elevation gain of +24,000 m) on the energy cost and kinematics of different uphill gaits. Methods: Before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) the competition, 19 male athletes performed three submaximal 5-min treadmill exercise trials in a randomized order: walking at 5 km·h−1, +20%; running at 6 km·h−1, +15%; and running at 8 km·h−1, +10%. During the three trials, energy cost was assessed using an indirect calorimetry system and spatiotemporal gait parameters were acquired with a floor-level high-density photoelectric cells system. Results: The average time of the study participants to complete the MUM was 129 h 43 min 48 s (range: 107 h 29 min 24 s to 144 h 21 min 0 s). Energy costs in walking (−11.5 ± 5.5%, P < 0.001), as well as in the first (−7.2 ± 3.1%, P = 0.01) and second (−7.0 ± 3.9%, P = 0.02) running condition decreased between PRE and POST, with a reduction both in the heart rate (−11.3, −10.0, and −9.3%, respectively) and oxygen uptake only for the walking condition (−6.5%). No consistent and significant changes in the kinematics variables were detected (P-values from 0.10 to 0.96). Conclusion: Though fatigued after completing the MUM, the subjects were still able to maintain their uphill locomotion patterns noted at PRE. The decrease (improvement) in the energy costs was likely due to the prolonged and repetitive walking/running, reflecting a generic improvement in the mechanical efficiency of locomotion after ~130 h of uphill locomotion rather than constraints imposed by the activity on the musculoskeletal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, Canada
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Spyros Skafidas
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zignoli
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Neurological Division, Headache Regional Centre of Aosta Valley, Regional Hospital of Aosta Valley Aosta, Italy
| | - Pietro Trabucchi
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Schena
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
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Kerhervé HA, Cole-Hunter T, Wiegand AN, Solomon C. Pacing during an ultramarathon running event in hilly terrain. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2591. [PMID: 27812406 PMCID: PMC5088578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The dynamics of speed selection as a function of distance, or pacing, are used in recreational, competitive, and scientific research situations as an indirect measure of the psycho-physiological status of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine pacing on level, uphill and downhill sections of participants in a long (>80 km) ultramarathon performed on trails in hilly terrain. METHODS Fifteen ultramarathon runners competed in a 173 km event (five finished at 103 km) carrying a Global-Positioning System (GPS) device. Using the GPS data, we determined the speed, relative to average total speed, in level (LEV), uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) gradient categories as a function of total distance, as well as the correlation between overall performance and speed variability, speed loss, and total time stopped. RESULTS There were no significant differences in normality, variances or means in the relative speed in 173-km and 103-km participants. Relative speed decreased in LEV, UH and DH. The main component of speed loss occurred between 5% and 50% of the event distance in LEV, and between 5% and 95% in UH and DH. There were no significant correlations between overall performance and speed loss, the variability of speed, or total time stopped. CONCLUSIONS Positive pacing was observed at all gradients, with the main component of speed loss occurring earlier (mixed pacing) in LEV compared to UH and DH. A speed reserve (increased speed in the last section) was observed in LEV and UH. The decrease in speed and variability of speed were more important in LEV and DH than in UH. The absence of a significant correlation between overall performance and descriptors of pacing is novel and indicates that pacing in ultramarathons in trails and hilly terrain differs to other types of running events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Kerhervé
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
| | - Tom Cole-Hunter
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Aaron N Wiegand
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
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Reenalda J, Maartens E, Homan L, Buurke J(J. Continuous three dimensional analysis of running mechanics during a marathon by means of inertial magnetic measurement units to objectify changes in running mechanics. J Biomech 2016; 49:3362-3367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mazet A, Morin JB, Semay B, Philippot R, Edouard P. Modifications du pattern mécanique de course dans les suites d’une plastie du ligament croisé antérieur. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Giandolini M, Vernillo G, Samozino P, Horvais N, Edwards WB, Morin JB, Millet GY. Fatigue associated with prolonged graded running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1859-73. [PMID: 27456477 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scientific experiments on running mainly consider level running. However, the magnitude and etiology of fatigue depend on the exercise under consideration, particularly the predominant type of contraction, which differs between level, uphill, and downhill running. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively summarize the neurophysiological and biomechanical changes due to fatigue in graded running. When comparing prolonged hilly running (i.e., a combination of uphill and downhill running) to level running, it is found that (1) the general shape of the neuromuscular fatigue-exercise duration curve as well as the etiology of fatigue in knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles are similar and (2) the biomechanical consequences are also relatively comparable, suggesting that duration rather than elevation changes affects neuromuscular function and running patterns. However, 'pure' uphill or downhill running has several fatigue-related intrinsic features compared with the level running. Downhill running induces severe lower limb tissue damage, indirectly evidenced by massive increases in plasma creatine kinase/myoglobin concentration or inflammatory markers. In addition, low-frequency fatigue (i.e., excitation-contraction coupling failure) is systematically observed after downhill running, although it has also been found in high-intensity uphill running for different reasons. Indeed, low-frequency fatigue in downhill running is attributed to mechanical stress at the interface sarcoplasmic reticulum/T-tubule, while the inorganic phosphate accumulation probably plays a central role in intense uphill running. Other fatigue-related specificities of graded running such as strategies to minimize the deleterious effects of downhill running on muscle function, the difference of energy cost versus heat storage or muscle activity changes in downhill, level, and uphill running are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Giandolini
- Salomon SAS, Amer Sports Innovation and Sport Sciences Laboratory, 74996, Annecy, France.,Inter-universitary Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,CeRiSM, Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-universitary Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- Salomon SAS, Amer Sports Innovation and Sport Sciences Laboratory, 74996, Annecy, France.,Inter-universitary Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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López Mangini F, Fábrica G. Mechanical stiffness: a global parameter associated to elite sprinters performance. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Giandolini M, Horvais N, Rossi J, Millet GY, Morin JB, Samozino P. Effects of the foot strike pattern on muscle activity and neuromuscular fatigue in downhill trail running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:809-819. [PMID: 27283465 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Minimizing musculo-skeletal damage and fatigue is considered paramount for performance in trail running. Our purposes were to investigate the effects of the foot strike pattern and its variability on (a) muscle activity during a downhill trail run and (b) immediate and delayed neuromuscular fatigue. Twenty-three runners performed a 6.5-km run (1264 m of negative elevation change). Electromyographic activity of lower-limb muscles was recorded continuously. Heel and metatarsal accelerations were recorded to identify the running technique. Peripheral and central fatigue was assessed in knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) at Pre-, Post-, and 2 days post downhill run (Post2d). Anterior patterns were associated with (a) higher gastrocnemius lateralis activity and lower tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis activity during the run and (b) larger decreases in KE high-frequency stimulus-evoked torque Post and larger decrements in KE MVC Post2d. High patterns variability during the run was associated with (a) smaller decreases in KE Db100 Post and MVC Post2d and (b) smaller decreases in PF MVC Post and Post2d. Anterior patterns increase the severity of KE peripheral fatigue. However, high foot strike pattern variability during the run reduced acute and delayed neuromuscular fatigue in KE and PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.,Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - N Horvais
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.,Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - J Rossi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - G Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - J-B Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (LAMHESS), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - P Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
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Giandolini M, Gimenez P, Temesi J, Arnal PJ, Martin V, Rupp T, Morin JB, Samozino P, Millet GY. Effect of the Fatigue Induced by a 110-km Ultramarathon on Tibial Impact Acceleration and Lower Leg Kinematics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151687. [PMID: 27031830 PMCID: PMC4816299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultramarathon runners are exposed to a high number of impact shocks and to severe neuromuscular fatigue. Runners may manage mechanical stress and muscle fatigue by changing their running kinematics. Our purposes were to study (i) the effects of a 110-km mountain ultramarathon (MUM) on tibial shock acceleration and lower limb kinematics, and (ii) whether kinematic changes are modulated according to the severity of neuromuscular fatigue. Twenty-three runners participated in the study. Pre- and post-MUM, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) central and peripheral fatigue, and a treadmill running bouts was completed during which step frequency, peak acceleration, median frequency and impact frequency content were measured from tibial acceleration, as well as foot-to-treadmill, tibia-to-treadmill, and ankle flexion angles at initial contact, and ankle range of motion using video analysis. Large neuromuscular fatigue, including peripheral changes and deficits in voluntary activation, was observed in KE and PF. MVC decrements of ~35% for KE and of ~28% for PF were noted. Among biomechanical variables, step frequency increased by ~2.7% and the ankle range of motion decreased by ~4.1% post-MUM. Runners adopting a non rearfoot strike pre-MUM adopted a less plantarflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM while those adopting a rearfoot strike pre-MUM tended to adopt a less dorsiflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM. Positive correlations were observed between percent changes in peripheral PF fatigue and the ankle range of motion. Peripheral PF fatigue was also significantly correlated to both percent changes in step frequency and the ankle angle at contact. This study suggests that in a fatigued state, ultratrail runners use compensatory/protective adjustments leading to a flatter foot landing and this is done in a fatigue dose-dependent manner. This strategy may aim at minimizing the overall load applied to the musculoskeletal system, including impact shock and muscle stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - John Temesi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pierrick J. Arnal
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Team, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA3533), Université Blaise Pascal Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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Kerhervé HA, Millet GY, Solomon C. The Dynamics of Speed Selection and Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145482. [PMID: 26691599 PMCID: PMC4687124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise intensity during ultramarathons (UM) is expected to be regulated as a result of the development of psycho-physiological strain and in anticipation of perceived difficulties (duration, topography). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of speed, heart rate and perceived exertion during a long trail UM in a mountainous setting. METHODS Fifteen participants were recruited from competitors in a 106 km trail mountain UM with a total elevation gain and loss of 5870 m. Speed and gradient, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (dissociated between the general [RPEGEN] and knee extensor fatigue [RPEKE] and collected using a voice recorder) were measured during the UM. Self-selected speed at three gradients (level, negative, positive), HR, RPEGEN and RPEKE were determined for each 10% section of total event duration (TED). RESULTS The participants completed the event in 18.3 ± 3.0 h, for a total calculated distance of 105.6 ± 1.8 km. Speed at all gradients decreased, and HR at all gradients significantly decreased from 10% to 70%, 80% and 90%, but not 100% of TED. RPEGEN and RPEKE increased throughout the event. Speed increased from 90% to 100% of TED at all gradients. Average speed was significantly correlated with total time stopped (r = -.772; p = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.15, -0.39) and the magnitude of speed loss (r = .540; p = .038; 95% CI = -1.04, -0.03), but not with the variability of speed (r = -.475; p = .073; 95% CI = -1.00, 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Participants in a mountain UM event combined positive pacing strategies (speed decreased until 70-90% of TED), an increased speed in the last 10% of the event, a decrease in HR at 70-90% of TED, and an increase in RPEGEN and RPEKE in the last 30% of the event. A greater speed loss and less total time stopped were the factors associated with increased total performance. These results could be explained by theoretical perspectives of a complex regulatory system modulating motor drive in anticipation of perceived difficulties such as elevation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Kerhervé
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne, France
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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Mann R, Malisoux L, Urhausen A, Statham A, Meijer K, Theisen D. The effect of shoe type and fatigue on strike index and spatiotemporal parameters of running. Gait Posture 2015; 42:91-5. [PMID: 25953506 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to observe differences in running style parameters and the stride-to-stride coefficient of variation and correlative patterns using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) between conventional and first-time minimalistic shoe use. We also aimed to study the effect of fatigue on these parameters. 26 recreational runners were tested using a pressure insole device on a treadmill whilst wearing conventional (CONV) and minimalistic (MIN) shoes. They then performed a prolonged running bout simulating a fatiguing training session, before being tested a second time in both shoe types. Average values of strike index (initial ground contact point on the footsole expressed as a percentage of total sole length) were not significantly different between CONV [25.7±14.6% (unfatigued), 23.1±11.1% (fatigued)] and MIN [28.9±19.1% (unfatigued), 26.7±17.6% (fatigued)] (p=0.501). The fatigued state also yielded a similar strike index compared to the unfatigued state (p=0.661). An overall trend in decreased inter-stride correlative patterns of strike index was observed in MIN compared to CONV (p=0.075). No differences in contact time, flight time, stride time, duty factor, stride length and stride frequency were found between shoe types. A trend in reduced flight time (p=0.078) and therefore increased duty factor (p=0.053) was observed due to fatigue. We conclude that in recreational runners, no meaningful, acute adaptation in running style occurs as a result of first-time MIN use. Similarly, runners were able to maintain their running style after a prolonged running bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mann
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 78, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew Statham
- ATO-gear, 20, Torenallee, 5617 BC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Giandolini M, Pavailler S, Samozino P, Morin JB, Horvais N. Foot strike pattern and impact continuous measurements during a trail running race: proof of concept in a world-class athlete. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2015.1026944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Sébastien Pavailler
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University of Nice Sofia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
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Vernillo G, Savoldelli A, Zignoli A, Skafidas S, Fornasiero A, La Torre A, Bortolan L, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Energy cost and kinematics of level, uphill and downhill running: fatigue-induced changes after a mountain ultramarathon. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1998-2005. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1022870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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