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Meshkat S, Edalatkhah M, Di Luciano C, Martin J, Kaur G, Hee Lee G, Park H, Torres A, Mazalek A, Kapralos B, Dubrowski A, Bhat V. Virtual Reality and Stress Management: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e64573. [PMID: 39144853 PMCID: PMC11323791 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Amidst the growing prevalence of chronic stress and its potential negative impacts on mental health, this review explores the use of virtual reality (VR) as a stress management solution, aiming to assess its viability and effectiveness in this context. A comprehensive search was conducted on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase from inception until February 2024. Eligible studies were primary research papers that focused on the use of VR as an intervention to mitigate psychological stress and/or distress. We included studies where the assessment of stress levels primarily relied on self-report measures. A total of 50 studies involving 2885 participants were included in our systematic review. VR-based interventions varied across studies, implementing tools such as cognitive behavioural therapy, exposure therapy, mindfulness and relaxation, repetition tasks, and psychoeducation. The reviewed studies yielded mixed results; however, a strong indication was present in highlighting the promising potential of VR-based interventions. Many studies observed a decrease in psychiatric symptoms in participants and reported increased quality of life. Various studies also found VR to be a valuable tool in promoting stress reduction and relaxation. VR was proven useful in exposing participants to stressors in a safe, controlled way. These potential benefits appear to come with no risk of harm to the participants. Although the findings are heterogenous, there is sufficient evidence supporting the use of VR for stress management across a range of contexts and populations. Overall, VR appears to be a generally low-risk, feasible intervention for those struggling with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Meshkat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, CAN
| | | | | | - Josh Martin
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, CAN
| | - Gursharanjit Kaur
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, CAN
| | - Gyu Hee Lee
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, CAN
| | - Haley Park
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, CAN
| | - Andrei Torres
- maxSIMhealth Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Toronto, CAN
| | - Ali Mazalek
- Synaesthetic Media Lab, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, CAN
| | - Bill Kapralos
- maxSIMhealth Group, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
| | | | - Venkat Bhat
- Psychiatry, University of Toronto/St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, CAN
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Neumann I, Andreatta M, Pauli P, Käthner I. Social support of virtual characters reduces pain perception. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:806-820. [PMID: 38088523 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial factors, such as social support, can reduce pain. Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful tool to decrease pain, but social factors in VR-based pain analgesia have rarely been studied. Specifically, it is unclear whether social support by virtual characters can reduce pain and whether the perceived control behind virtual characters (agency) and varying degrees of social cues impact pain perception. METHODS Healthy participants (N = 97) received heat pain stimulation while undergoing four within-subject conditions in immersive VR: (1) virtual character with a low number of social cues (virtual figure) provided verbal support, (2) virtual character with a high number of social cues (virtual human) provided verbal support, (3) no social support (hearing neutral words), (4) no social support. Perceived agency of the virtual characters served as between-subjects factor. Participants in the avatar group were led to believe that another participant controlled the virtual characters. Participants in the agent group were told they interacted with a computer. However, in both conditions, virtual characters were computer-controlled. Pain ratings, psychophysiological measurements and presence ratings were recorded. RESULTS Virtual social support decreased pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings but had no impact on electrodermal activity nor heart rate. A virtual character with a high number of social cues led to lower pain unpleasantness and higher feelings of presence. Agency had no significant impact. CONCLUSIONS Virtual characters providing social support can reduce pain independent of perceived agency. A more human visual appearance can have beneficial effects on social pain modulation by virtual characters. SIGNIFICANCE Social influences are important factors in pain modulation. The current study demonstrated analgesic effects through verbal support provided by virtual characters and investigated modulating factors. A more human appearance of a virtual character resulted in a higher reduction of pain unpleasantness. Importantly, agency of the virtual characters had no impact. Given the increasing use of digital health interventions, the findings suggest a positive impact of virtual characters for digital pain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Neumann
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Andreatta
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Pauli
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - I Käthner
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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Casarez RL, Johnson CM, Soares JC, Meyer TD. Use of a virtual environment to promote self-management and lifestyle changes in persons with bipolar disorder. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2024; 49:73-82. [PMID: 38734458 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-management and lifestyle interventions are a key factor in treatment outcomes for persons with bipolar disorder (BD). A virtual environment (VE), due to it's ability to provide flexibility of involvement in its platform, may be an alternative to face-to-face treatment to provide support for self-management. The purpose of this study is to explore how a VE, developed for chronic illness self-management, may be modified to promote self-management and lifestyle changes in those with BD. METHOD This study used a qualitative description design with focus groups. Data were collected via minimally structured interviews and analyzed using thematic content analysis. A total of seven focus groups were conducted, and the sample consisted of 30 adults with BD. Age range was 21-77 years with 21 females, seven males, and two non-binary individuals. RESULTS Five themes emerged from the findings: Self-management and lifestyle interventions with regards to (1) mental health; (2) holistic health; (3) role of peers; (4) involvement of the family; (5) technological aspects of the VE. CONCLUSIONS Focus group participants suggested that the VE may be an efficacious way to enhance self-management and promote lifestyle interventions in those with BD. Research is needed to adapt such platforms to the need of the patients and examine its' effect on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Casarez
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Cizik School of Nursing, USA; Department of Graduate Studies, 6901 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Constance M Johnson
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Cizik School of Nursing, USA; Department of Research, 6901 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jair C Soares
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Thomas D Meyer
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Cahuas A, Marenus MW, Kumaravel V, Murray A, Friedman K, Ottensoser H, Chen W. Perceived social support and COVID-19 impact on quality of life in college students: an observational study. Ann Med 2023; 55:136-145. [PMID: 36519501 PMCID: PMC9762801 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2154943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were to assess the current status of perceived social support and COVID-19 impact on quality of life, to investigate the association of perceived social support with the COVID-19 impact on quality of life, and to examine differences in perceived social support between better and worse COVID-19 impact on quality of life for the total sample and by gender. METHODS Participants included 1296 university students (399 male, 871 female, 22 transgender, non-binary, or other) with a mean age of 21.5 (SD = 2.6 years) from a large public university in the Midwest region of the US. Students voluntarily completed two questionnaires and demographic information via Qualtrics based on a cross-sectional study design. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a 12-item survey used to assess an individual's perception of social support from significant others, friends, and family. The COVID-19-Impact on Quality of Life scale (COVID-19 QoL) is a 6-item scale used to assess the impact of COVID-19 on quality of life. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, independent t-tests, and ANCOVA. RESULTS Multiple linear regression showed that perceived social support from family was a significant predictor of COVID-19 QoL (F = 35.154, p < .01) for the total sample. Further, t-test demonstrated significant differences between males and females on perceived social support (t = -2.184, p < .05) as well as COVID-19 QoL (t = -5.542, p < .01). Results of ANCOVA demonstrated a significant group effect on perceived social support for both males (F = 10.054, p < .01, η2 = .025) and females (F = 5.978, p < .05, η2 = 0.007), indicating that the better quality of life group scored higher on perceived social support than low quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Social support from family may act as a key buffer for quality of life during the fall semester of 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in college students. With social interactions restricted during COVID-19, maintained access to social support is highly important.KEY MESSAGESSocial support is a crucial contributing factor to the impact of COVID-19 on quality of life, and support from social relationships may buffer these challenging and unpredictable times.The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the quality of life of males and females differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cahuas
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Varun Kumaravel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andy Murray
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn Friedman
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haley Ottensoser
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weiyun Chen
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Pauw LS. Support provision in a digitalized world: The consequences of social sharing across different communication channels. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 52:101597. [PMID: 37329648 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
People tend to share their emotional experiences with others, with sharing increasingly done online. This raises questions about the quality of computer-mediated vs. face-to-face sharing. The present review (1) outlines conditions for sharing to improve emotional and relational well-being, (2) discusses when computer-mediated sharing with other people may (not) be conducive to these conditions, and (3) reviews recent research on the effectiveness of computer-mediated sharing with humans and virtual agents. It is concluded that the emotional and relational consequences of sharing are dependent on the responsiveness of the listener, regardless of the communication channel. Differences exist, however, in the extent to which channels are conducive to various forms of responding, with implications for speakers' emotional and relational well-being.
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Wedel AV, Patterson JG, Lee DN, Stevens EM, Wagener TL, Keller-Hamilton B. E-Cigarette Use among Sexual Minoritized Women and Nonbinary People Assigned Female at Birth: Assessing the Roles of Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Social Support. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1102-1109. [PMID: 37199173 PMCID: PMC10247437 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2212056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Young adult sexual minoritized women (SMW) are at disproportionate risk for e-cigarette use, which may in part be due to excess minority stress imposed by discrimination exposure. While discrimination exposure is associated with risk for combustible tobacco/nicotine use among SMW, similar associations have yet to be tested with e-cigarettes. Moreover, it is unknown if discrimination-related risk may be mitigated by protective factors such as social support. This study examined concurrent associations of discrimination, perceived stress, and social support with past 30-day e-cigarette use in a sample of young adult SMW during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: N = 501 SMW and nonbinary people assigned female at birth (AFAB) aged 18-30 completed an online survey. A series of logistic regressions examined associations of discrimination, perceived stress, and four forms of social support received during the COVID-19 pandemic with past-30-day e-cigarette use. Results: Among SMW, greater perceived stress (OR = 1.10, p = .03), but not discrimination exposure, was associated with e-cigarette use. Associations of discrimination with e-cigarette use were nonsignificant when most forms of social support (emotional, material/financial, and virtual) were accounted for. Associations of perceived stress with e-cigarette use were strongest among those who needed but did not receive material support. Conclusions: Perceived stress, but not discrimination exposure, was associated with risk for e-cigarette use among young SMW during the COVID-19 pandemic. Effects of nonspecific stress may be compounded by insufficient material/financial support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia V. Wedel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Joanne G. Patterson
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Donghee N. Lee
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise M. Stevens
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Deady M, Collins D, Gayed A, Harvey SB, Bryant R. The development of a smartphone app to enhance post-traumatic stress disorder treatment in high-risk workers. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231155680. [PMID: 36845080 PMCID: PMC9950612 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231155680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent in certain populations. However, evidence indicates that many individuals do not respond to treatment. Digital supports hold promise for increasing service provision and engagement but there is a lack of evidence on blended care options and still less research guiding the development of such tools. This study details the development and overarching framework used to build a smartphone app to support PTSD treatment. Methods The app was developed in line with the Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share (IDEAS) framework for the development of digital health interventions and involved clinicians (n=3), frontline worker clients (n=5) and trauma-exposed frontline workers (n=19). Integrated iterative rounds of testing were conducted via in-depth interviews, surveys, prototype testing and workshops, alongside app and content development. Results Clinicians and frontline workers both expressed a clear preference for the app to augment but not replace face-to-face therapy, with the aim of increasing between-session support, and facilitating homework completion. Content was adapted for app delivery from manualised therapy (trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Prototype versions of the app were well received, with both clinicians and clients reporting the app was easy to use, understandable, appropriate and highly recommendable. System Usability Scale (SUS) scores were on average in the excellent range (82/100). Conclusions This is one of the first studies to document the development of a blended care app designed specifically to augment clinical care for PTSD, and the first within a frontline worker population. Through a systematic framework with active end user consultation, a highly usable app was built to undergo subsequent evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Deady
- Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mark Deady, Black Dog Institute, Faculty of
Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Hospital Rd, Sydney, NSW
2031 Australia.
| | - Daniel Collins
- Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimee Gayed
- Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel B Harvey
- Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Neumann I, Käthner I, Gromer D, Pauli P. Impact of perceived social support on pain perception in virtual reality. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Kothgassner OD, Reichmann A, Bock MM. Virtual Reality Interventions for Mental Health. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 65:371-387. [PMID: 37106223 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is a growing field in psychological research and therapy. While there is strong evidence for the efficacy of exposure therapy in VR (VRET) to treat anxiety disorders, new opportunities for using VR to treat mental health disorders are emerging. In this chapter, we first describe the value of VRET for the treatment of several anxiety disorders. Next, we introduce some recent developments in research using VR investigating schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, and eating disorders. This includes therapeutic strategies beyond VRET, including avatar-based therapies or those combining VR with biofeedback approaches. Although VR offers many convincing advantages, contraindications in treatment must be considered when implementing VR-supported therapy in clinical practice. Finally, we provide an outlook for future research, highlighting the integration of augmented reality and automation processes in VR environments to create more efficient and tailored therapeutic tools. Further, future treatments will benefit from the gamification approach, which integrates elements of computer games and narratives that promote patients' motivation and enables methods to reduce drop-outs during psychological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald D Kothgassner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adelais Reichmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mercedes M Bock
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Social Psychiatric Services Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jimenez OJB, Trajera SM, Ching GS. Providing End-of-Life Care to COVID-19 Patients: The Lived Experiences of ICU Nurses in the Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12953. [PMID: 36232252 PMCID: PMC9566295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the midst of COVID-19, radical change in the work environment further exacerbated the detrimental effects of critical illness in the intensive care unit (ICU). This may be heightened if the patient experiences a lamentable end-of-life experience due to inadequate end-of-life care (EoLC). Anchoring on the theory of bureaucratic caring and the peaceful end-of-life theory, insights can be gained into the motivations and behaviors that support the delivery of palliative care during COVID-19. With this having been having said, the objective of this study was to use a narrative approach to examine the lived experience of 12 nurses who provided EoLC in the COVID-19 ward of several hospitals in the Western Philippines. Participants' narratives were transcribed, translated and analyzed. Among the themes that have emerged are: establishing a peaceful journey to death, holistic caring for the end of life, venturing into risky encounters in the call of duty, staying close amidst the reshaped work environment, and preparing the family life after a loved one's departure. The study identified the importance of assisting patients on their journey to a peaceful death, but this journey was also accompanied by a sense of self-preservation and safety for colleagues and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- O-Jay B. Jimenez
- Graduate School, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines
- Faculty, College of Nursing, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines
- ICU Nurse, Bacolod Adventist Medical Center, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines
| | - Sheilla M. Trajera
- Faculty, BSN, MN, and PhD Programs in Nursing, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines
| | - Gregory S. Ching
- Faculty, Graduate Institute of Educational Leadership and Development, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health, and Information Technology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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Loh XM, Lee VH, Leong LY. A Multi-Dimensional Nomological Network of Mobile Payment Continuance. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08874417.2022.2125102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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12
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Jia Y, Liu T, Yang Y. The relationship between real-life social support and Internet addiction among the elderly in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:981307. [PMID: 36091503 PMCID: PMC9459314 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.981307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction among the elderly is a novel issue in many countries. However, extant research about excessive use of the Internet is focusing on adolescents and younger adults. There are few studies to explore the topic of the elderly's Internet addiction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between real-life social support and Internet addiction among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article adopted a self-reported questionnaire via internet links to collect data. A total of 303 valid samples about Internet addiction for the elderly were obtained in China. The results suggested that real-life social support is significantly and negatively related to Internet addiction among the aged. Moreover, the findings revealed that real-life social support could mitigate Internet addiction by increasing the levels of hopefulness and decreasing the feeling of loneliness. We expect that this study can enrich the understanding of the problematic Internet usage within older populations. Finally, the contributions, practical significance, and limitations of this study were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- School of Journalism and Communication, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyuan Liu
- School of Sociology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Sociology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Vaingankar JA, van Dam RM, Samari E, Chang S, Seow E, Chua YC, Luo N, Verma S, Subramaniam M. Social Media-Driven Routes to Positive Mental Health Among Youth: Qualitative Enquiry and Concept Mapping Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2022; 5:e32758. [PMID: 35254285 PMCID: PMC8933808 DOI: 10.2196/32758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media influence almost every aspect of our lives by facilitating instant many-to-many communication and self-expression. Recent research suggests strong negative and positive impacts of social media exposure on youth mental health; however, there has been more emphasis on harmful relationships. OBJECTIVE Given the limited research on the benefits of social media for mental health, this qualitative study explored the lived experiences of youth to understand how social media use can contribute to positive mental health among youth. METHODS Using an interpretivist epistemological approach, 25 semistructured interviews and 11 focus group discussions were conducted with male and female youth of different ethnicities (aged 15 to 24 years) residing in Singapore, who were recruited through purposive sampling from the community. We conducted inductive thematic analysis and concept mapping to address the research aims. RESULTS We found that youth engaged in a wide range of activities on social media from connecting with family and friends to participating in global movements, and these served as avenues for building positive mental health. Based on participants' narratives, our analysis suggested that positive mental health among youth could be influenced by 3 features of social media consumption (connection with friends and their global community, engagement with social media content, and the value of social media as an outlet for expression). Through these, pathways leading to the following 5 positive mental health components were identified: (1) positive relationships and social capital, (2) self-concept, (3) coping, (4) happiness, and (5) other relevant aspects of mental health (for example, positivity and personal growth). CONCLUSIONS The study results highlight the integral role of social media in the lives of today's youth and indicate that they can offer opportunities for positive influence, personal expression, and social support, thus contributing to positive mental health among youth. The findings of our research can be applied to optimize engagement with youth through social media and enhance the digital modes of mental health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ellaisha Samari
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sherilyn Chang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esmond Seow
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Chian Chua
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nan Luo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swapna Verma
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Quimby KR, Murphy MM, Harewood H, Howitt C, Hambleton I, Jeyaseelan SM, Greaves N, Sobers N. Adaptation of a community-based type-2 diabetes mellitus remission intervention during COVID-19: empowering persons living with diabetes to take control. Implement Sci Commun 2022; 3:5. [PMID: 35074020 PMCID: PMC8785024 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-022-00255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Barbados Diabetes Remission Study-2 reported that a low-calorie diet for weight loss and diabetes remission implemented within the community and supported by trained community health advocates was both an acceptable implementation strategy and a clinically effective intervention. This study aimed to examine the adaptability of the face-to-face protocol into an online modality.
Methods
The Iterative Decision-making for Evaluation of Adaptations (IDEA) framework guides researchers in examining the necessity of the adaptation and the preservation of core intervention elements during the adaptation process. Adaptation outcomes were documented using the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-Based Implementation Strategies (FRAME-IS). Implementation outcome was determined by fidelity to core elements. Intervention effectiveness was determined from the analysis of clinical data.
Results
We decided that an adaptation was needed as COVID-19 control measures prohibited in-person interactions. The core elements—i.e. 12-week intervention duration, daily 840-kcal allowance, and weekly monitoring of weight and blood glucose—could be preserved during the adaptation process. Adaptations were made to the following: (1) the context in which data were collected—participants self-measured at home instead of following the original implementation strategy which involved being measured by community health advocates (CHA) at a community site; (2) the context in which data were entered—participants posted their measurements to a mobile application site which was accessible by CHAs. As with the original protocol, CHAs then entered the measurements into an online database; (3) the formulation of the low-calorie diet—participants substituted the liquid formulation for a solid meal plan of equivalent caloric content. There was non-inferiority in fidelity to attendance with the online format (97.5% visit rate), as compared to the face-to-face modality (95% visit rate). One participant deviated from the calorie allowances citing difficulty in estimating non-exact portion sizes and financial difficulty in procuring meals. Weight change ranged from − 14.3 to 0.4 kg over the 12-week period, and all group members achieved induction of diabetes remission as determined by a FBG of < 7mmol/l and an A1C of < 6.5%.
Conclusion
The results suggest that this adapted online protocol—which includes changes to both the implementation strategy and the evidence-based practice—is clinically effective whilst maintaining fidelity to key elements. Utilization of the IDEA and FRAME-IS adaptation frameworks add scientific rigour to the research.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.govNCT03536377. Registered on 24 May 2018
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15
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Kothgassner OD, Goreis A, Bauda I, Ziegenaus A, Glenk LM, Felnhofer A. Virtual reality biofeedback interventions for treating anxiety : A systematic review, meta-analysis and future perspective. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2022; 134:49-59. [PMID: 34989862 PMCID: PMC8825383 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Virtual reality (VR)-based biofeedback is a relatively new intervention and is increasingly being used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. This is the first research synthesis regarding effects and efficacy of this novel mode of treatment. Method We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the VR biofeedback literature on treating anxiety symptoms. The MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible pre-post comparisons and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We used self-reported anxiety, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) as primary outcome measures. Results A total of 7 studies with 191 participants reported VR biofeedback interventions. Of these studies 5 were RCTs, with 103 participants receiving VR biofeedback and 99 control participants (either 2D biofeedback or waiting list controls). We found that VR biofeedback significantly lowers self-reported anxiety (g = −0.28) and HR (g = −0.45), but not HRV. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in outcomes between VR biofeedback and 2D biofeedback but a significant reduction in HR in the VR biofeedback group compared with the waiting list (g = −0.52). Conclusion While the first findings are optimistic, more controlled studies with a wider variety of samples are needed to bring this field forward. Particularly, children and adolescents may profit from the combination of gamification elements, VR, and biofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald D Kothgassner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Bauda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amelie Ziegenaus
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa M Glenk
- Comparative Medicine, the interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Felnhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Qi Y, Bruch D, Krop P, Herrmann MJ, Latoschik ME, Deckert J, Hein G. Social buffering of human fear is shaped by gender, social concern, and the presence of real vs virtual agents. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:641. [PMID: 34930923 PMCID: PMC8688413 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a partner can attenuate physiological fear responses, a phenomenon known as social buffering. However, not all individuals are equally sociable. Here we investigated whether social buffering of fear is shaped by sensitivity to social anxiety (social concern) and whether these effects are different in females and males. We collected skin conductance responses (SCRs) and affect ratings of female and male participants when they experienced aversive and neutral sounds alone (alone treatment) or in the presence of an unknown person of the same gender (social treatment). Individual differences in social concern were assessed based on a well-established questionnaire. Our results showed that social concern had a stronger effect on social buffering in females than in males. The lower females scored on social concern, the stronger the SCRs reduction in the social compared to the alone treatment. The effect of social concern on social buffering of fear in females disappeared if participants were paired with a virtual agent instead of a real person. Together, these results showed that social buffering of human fear is shaped by gender and social concern. In females, the presence of virtual agents can buffer fear, irrespective of individual differences in social concern. These findings specify factors that shape the social modulation of human fear, and thus might be relevant for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qi
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, University of Wurzburg, 97080, Wurzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Dorothée Bruch
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, University of Wurzburg, 97080, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Krop
- Human-Computer Interaction, University of Wurzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, University of Wurzburg, 97080, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Marc E Latoschik
- Human-Computer Interaction, University of Wurzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, University of Wurzburg, 97080, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Grit Hein
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, University of Wurzburg, 97080, Wurzburg, Germany.
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17
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Johns H, Burrows EL, Rethnam V, Kramer S, Bernhardt J. "Can you hear me now?" Video conference coping strategies and experience during COVID-19 and beyond. Work 2021; 70:723-732. [PMID: 34719458 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During COVID-19 the workforce quickly adapted to using existing video-conferencing tools in order to work from home. OBJECTIVE To explore use and experience of remote video-facilitated work practices in response to COVID-19: termed 'COVID Response Zoom-style Interactions (CRAZI)'. METHODS A cross sectional study via a 66-item online survey for health and medical research and education sector workers. The survey included 8 sections: 1) pre-COVID video-conferencing meeting habits, 2) CRAZI meeting habits, 3) socialising, 4) CRAZI fashion, 5) behaviour standards, 6) family life, 7) future work, 8) participant demographics. Main outcomes were pre-COVID to CRAZI differences in frequency, length and type of video-based meetings, and video-conferencing experience. RESULTS 202 participants, mostly Australian (median age 36-45, IQR 26-55 years) completed the survey. Women-to-men ratio was 3 : 1, 44.6%had children. COVID-19 changed video-conferencing frequency and maximum meeting size. Most participants found CRAZI meetings tiring and hard. Casual clothes dominated dress code (71.1%), pets were commonly seen. "Can you hear me now" was a commonly heard phrase. Good and bad behaviour were described, with formal codes of CRAZI conduct missing (58.7%) or unknown (21.9%). 76.6%of participants observed a child interrupting a CRAZI meeting, parents were mostly female. Despite challenges, most participants (76.6%) favoured video-conferencing post-pandemic, but preference for continuing to work from home varied. CONCLUSIONS CRAZI work, while tiring, has fostered different work-practices that may continue beyond the pandemic. Working from home with children adds joy for others, but complexity for workers. Pets may help owners and co-workers cope with the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johns
- National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation andBrain Recovery, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville and AustinCampuses, Melbourne, Australia.,Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville and AustinCampuses, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Venesha Rethnam
- National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation andBrain Recovery, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville and AustinCampuses, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon Kramer
- National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation andBrain Recovery, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville and AustinCampuses, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie Bernhardt
- National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation andBrain Recovery, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville and AustinCampuses, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Martingano AJ, Persky S. Virtual reality expands the toolkit for conducting health psychology research. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021; 15. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Martingano
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
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19
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Bandinelli L, Ornell F, von Diemen L, Kessler FHP. The Sum of Fears in Cancer Patients Inside the Context of the COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:557834. [PMID: 33897477 PMCID: PMC8058213 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.557834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic resulting from COVID-19 has led to the collapse of the health system in dozens of countries. Parallel to clinical risk, the appearance or intensification of psychiatric symptoms has also been documented. The identification of groups at risk is essential for the establishment of preventive and therapeutic strategies. Cancer patients appear to be especially vulnerable both from a clinical and psychiatric perspective. Problems related to contamination and the cancer treatments themselves are intertwined, causing a sum of patients' fears to arise, which can cause mental effects. This study aims to review and investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of cancer patients and indicate possible support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Bandinelli
- Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ornell
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Queen's University Department of Psychiatry, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Yang X, Song B, Wu A, Mo PKH, Di J, Wang Q, Lau JTF, Wang L. Social, Cognitive, and eHealth Mechanisms of COVID-19-Related Lockdown and Mandatory Quarantine That Potentially Affect the Mental Health of Pregnant Women in China: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e24495. [PMID: 33302251 PMCID: PMC7836909 DOI: 10.2196/24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lockdown and mandatory quarantine measures have played crucial roles in the sharp decrease of the number of newly confirmed/suspected COVID-19 cases, concerns have been raised over the threat that these measures pose to mental health, especially the mental health of vulnerable groups, including pregnant women. Few empirical studies have assessed whether and how these control measures may affect mental health, and no study has investigated the prevalence and impacts of the use of eHealth resources among pregnant women during the COVID-19 outbreak. OBJECTIVE This study investigated (1) the effects of lockdown and mandatory quarantine on mental health problems (ie, anxiety and depressive symptoms), (2) the potential mediation effects of perceived social support and maladaptive cognition, and (3) the moderation effects of eHealth-related factors (ie, using social media to obtain health information and using prenatal care services during the COVID-19 pandemic) on pregnant women in China. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 19,515 pregnant women from all 34 Chinese provincial-level administrative regions from February 25 to March 10, 2020. RESULTS Of the 19,515 participants, 12,209 (62.6%) were subjected to lockdown in their areas of residence, 737 (3.8%) were subjected to mandatory quarantine, 8712 (44.6%) had probable mild to severe depression, 5696 (29.2%) had probable mild to severe anxiety, and 1442 (7.4%) had suicidal ideations. Only 640 (3.3%) participants reported that they used online prenatal care services during the outbreak. Significant sociodemographic/maternal factors of anxiety/depressive symptoms included age, education, occupation, the area of residence, gestational duration, the number of children born, complication during pregnancy, the means of using prenatal care services, and social media use for obtaining health information. Multiple indicators multiple causes modeling (χ214=495.21; P<.05; comparative fit index=.99; nonnormed fit index=.98; root mean square error of approximation=.04, 90% CI 0.038-0.045) showed that quarantine was directly and indirectly strongly associated with poor mental health through decreased perceived social support and increased maladaptive cognition (B=.04; β=.02, 95% CI 0.01-0.02; P=.001), while lockdown was indirectly associated with mental health through increased social support and maladaptive cognition among pregnant women (B=.03; β=.03, 95% CI 0.02-0.03; P=.001). Multigroup analyses revealed that the use of social media for obtaining health information and the means of using prenatal care services were significant moderators of the model paths. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide epidemiological evidence for the importance of integrating mental health care and eHealth into the planning and implementation of control measure policies. The observed social and cognitive mechanisms and moderators in this study are modifiable, and they can inform the design of evidence-based mental health promotion among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Song
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Anise Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao, Macao
| | - Phoenix K H Mo
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangli Di
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph T F Lau
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linhong Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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21
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Hu F, Wang H, Wang Q, Feng N, Chen J, Zhang T. Acrophobia Quantified by EEG Based on CNN Incorporating Granger Causality. Int J Neural Syst 2020; 31:2050069. [PMID: 33357152 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065720500690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to quantify acrophobia and provide safety advices for high-altitude workers. Considering that acrophobia is a fuzzy quantity that cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional detection methods, we propose a comprehensive solution to quantify acrophobia. Specifically, this study simulates a virtual reality environment called High-altitude Plank Walking Challenge, which provides a safe and controlled experimental environment for subjects. Besides, a method named Granger Causality Convolutional Neural Network (GCCNN) combining convolutional neural network and Granger causality functional brain network is proposed to analyze the subjects' noninvasive scalp EEG signals. Here, the GCCNN method is used to distinguish the subjects with severe acrophobia, moderate acrophobia, and no acrophobia in a three-class classification task or no acrophobia and acrophobia in a two-class classification task. Compared with the mainstream methods, the GCCNN method achieves better classification performance, with an accuracy of 98.74% for the two-class classification task (no acrophobia versus acrophobia) and of 98.47% for the three-class classification task (no acrophobia versus moderate acrophobia versus severe acrophobia). Consequently, our proposed GCCNN method can provide more accurate quantitative results than the comparative methods, making it to be more competitive in further practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fo Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoxiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Naishi Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Jichi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
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22
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Majeur D, Leclaire S, Raymond C, Léger PM, Juster RP, Lupien SJ. Mobile phone use in young adults who self-identify as being "Very stressed out" or "Zen": An exploratory study. Stress Health 2020; 36:606-614. [PMID: 32314862 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported a positive association between mobile phone use and psychological stress. However, the reasons why stressed out individuals use their cell phones more are not clear. To gain further insight on this relationship, we performed secondary analyses on a database of 87 healthy young adults aged 18-35 years who self-categorized themselves as being "Very stressed out" (N = 46) or "Zen" (N = 41). All participants were assessed for psychological stress, duration and nature (hedonistic vs. utilitarian) of mobile phone use, involvement with the mobile phone and levels of nomophobia. Results controlled for the exploratory nature of this study showed that although "Very stressed out" and "Zen" individuals used their mobile phone for the same amount of time and were equally involved with it, "Very stressed out" individuals reported a greater use of their mobile phone for hedonistic purposes and were more nomophobic than "Zen" individuals. The results of this exploratory study suggest that highly stressed out individuals might use hedonistic functions of their mobile phone as a tool to deal with stress, thus explaining why they present greater levels of nomophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danie Majeur
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Leclaire
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Raymond
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Robert Paul Juster
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia J Lupien
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Virtual and real-life ostracism and its impact on a subsequent acute stressor. Physiol Behav 2020; 228:113205. [PMID: 33058901 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While ostracism constitutes a social stressor with negative effects on physical and mental health, social inclusion seems to increase resilience. This may be true not only for face-to-face settings, but also for computer-mediated interactions. Hence, this study examined the differences between ostracism and social inclusion in real-life or Virtual Reality (VR) regarding self-reported stress, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular reactivity in a subsequent real-life socio-evaluative task. 84 females were randomly assigned to a 3 (agency: face-to-face/human controlled VR-avatar/computer VR-agent) x 2 (inclusion status: inclusion/exclusion) between-subject design using a Cyberball paradigm. Subsequently, they were exposed to a real-life Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Results indicate that the experience of ostracism constitutes a threat to fundamental social needs independent of agency. Excluded participants showed cardiovascular reactivity during TSST; also face-to-face and avatar excluded individuals had elevated salivary cortisol levels. Included participants reported more perceived social support during Cyberball and showed a blunted cortisol response to the TSST. These results suggest that face-to-face and avatar-related ostracism provokes responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Furthermore, they reveal that social inclusion may act as a stress-protector as it alters HPA- and SNS-related stress responsiveness to subsequent stressors.
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24
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Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. Does virtual reality help to cut the Gordian knot between ecological validity and experimental control? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2020.1792790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oswald D. Kothgassner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Felnhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Johnshoy Q, Moroze E, Kaser I, Tanabe A, Adkisson C, Hutzley S, Cole C, Garces S, Stewart K, Campisi J. Social media use following exposure to an acute stressor facilitates recovery from the stress response. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:113012. [PMID: 32533973 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that social network use (e.g., Facebook) prior to exposure to an acute stressor can buffer the physiological response to that stressor. However, it is unclear if using social media after exposure to an acute stressor can modulate recovery following the stressor. In the current study, therefore, we examined if social media use might serve as an effective coping mechanism to help deal with exposure to a stressor. Heart rate, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol were compared in healthy college undergraduates (n = 23) before and after completion of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Following exposure to the TSST, subjects were selected to use social media, read quietly or given the choice to use social media or read quietly during a 15- minute recovery period. The TSST induced significant increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and salivary cortisol. Additional analyses revealed that subjects that used social media after termination of the acute stressor demonstrated a significantly facilitated hemodynamic and a trend for a more rapid endocrine recovery compared with subjects that read quietly during the recovery period. Although the majority (71%) of subjects given the choice of recovery modality chose to use social media, differences were not observed between groups selected to use social media and those given the choice to do so during the recovery period. These results suggest that sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery following stimulation by an acute stressor might be modulated by social media use in undergraduates. Collectively, these data provide further insight into the interaction between psychosocial stress, social media use and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Johnshoy
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Erin Moroze
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Isabella Kaser
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Aleina Tanabe
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Connor Adkisson
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | | | - Celeste Cole
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Sherlynn Garces
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Klaudia Stewart
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Jay Campisi
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221 USA.
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Lack of research on efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents : A systematic review. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT ÖSTERREICHISCHER NERVENÄRZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2020; 35:68-75. [PMID: 32372291 PMCID: PMC8245387 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-020-00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children and adolescents which may effectively be treated by several forms of exposure therapy. An emerging approach to exposure is virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), but a literature search synthesis focusing specifically on the use of VRET in children and adolescents is still lacking. This systematic review sets out to provide an overview concerning VRET for the treatment of anxiety disorders in this age group. Four published trials covering an overall sample of 100 participants between the ages of 8 and 16 years were found during a systematic literature search and were included in the current review. Results reveal that participants show clinical improvements regarding anxiety symptoms after VRET. Nevertheless, the high potential of virtual reality as a tool for treating children and adolescents with anxiety disorders is contrasted by a considerable lack of controlled trials. Despite the evidence of VRET in adult samples, there is a need for more research with younger cohorts in order to be able to support this promising field of application.
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Goreis A, Felnhofer A, Kafka JX, Probst T, Kothgassner OD. Efficacy of Self-Management Smartphone-Based Apps for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:3. [PMID: 32038153 PMCID: PMC6992648 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are prevalent in both civilian and military service members. As the number of smartphone-based applications (apps) grows rapidly in health care, apps are also increasingly used to help individuals with subthreshold PTSD or full PTSD. Yet, if the apps are self-managed, the feasibility and efficacy of such interventions are still rather unclear in these two populations with PTSD symptoms. Hence, the present meta-analysis set out to evaluate the effect of self-management smartphone-based apps on PTSD and depressive symptoms in populations with subthreshold PTSD or full PTSD. Studies were included if they conducted randomized controlled trials or pre-post comparisons. Six studies (n = 2 randomized controlled trials) were identified for meta-analysis. In pre-post comparisons, N = 209 participants were included in the analyses. In randomized controlled trials, N = 87 participants received smartphone-based self-management interventions and N = 82 participants were in waitlist control conditions. Meta-analysis for pre-post comparisons concluded an effect of g = 0.55 (p < 0.001) regarding the overall reduction in PTSD symptoms (n = 6) and g = 0.45 (p < 0.001) for reduction in depressive symptoms (n = 5). Yet, in randomized controlled trials, no significant difference was found between app-based treatment and waitlist control groups (g = 0.09, p = 0.574). The duration of the interventions did not significantly influence the results. Overall, despite positive pre-post effects, current results indicate that smartphone-apps for PTSD patients are not significantly more effective than waitlist control conditions. Nevertheless, a combined smartphone and standard therapy approach may be a fruitful field for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department for Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Felnhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Xenia Kafka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Probst
- Department for Psychotherapy and Biopsychosocial Health, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Oswald D Kothgassner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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