1
|
Zhang MM, Dang M, Wu X, Ou L, Li M, Zhao CB, Wei PF, Dong TW, Li Y, Wu CJ. Da-Jian-Zhong decoction alleviates diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome via modulation of gut microbiota and Th17/Treg balance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118275. [PMID: 38729534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Da-Jian-Zhong decoction (DJZD) is a herbal formula clinically used for abdominal pain and diarrhea induced by spleen-Yang deficiency syndrome. Recently, treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) with DJZD has received increasing attention, but the underlying mechanism of action remains elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of DJZD on IBS-D rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS An IBS-D rats model was constructed using a two-factor superposition method of neonatal maternal separation and Senna folium aqueous extract lavage. Moreover, the effect of DJZD was evaluated based on the body weight, rectal temperature, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), and Bristol stool scale score (BSS). The factors that regulate the DJZD effects on IBS-D were estimated using whole microbial genome, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), flow cytometry, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses. RESULTS We found that DJZD alleviated the symptoms of IBS-D rats, with the low-dose (2.4 g/kg) as the better ones, as shown by the higher body weight and lower AWR score and BSS. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was obviously increased, and at the genus level, Lactobacillus and Parabacteroides were increased, while that of Firmicutes_bacterium_424 and Ruminococcus gnavus was decreased in DJZD group. Furthermore, the significantly enriched GO terms after treatment with DJZD mainly included the immune response, positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation, and positive regulation of interleukin-17 (IL-17) production. Importantly, flow cytometry analysis further revealed that the T helper cell type 17/regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) balance contributed to the DJZD-induced alleviation of IBS-D symptoms, as DJZD downregulated Th17/Treg ratio and Th17 cell-related cytokines IL-17 and IL-6 levels in the colon. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that DJZD has a good therapeutic effect on IBS-D rats, probably by maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota and regulating Th17/Treg balance and its related inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Ming Dang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Xu Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Li Ou
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Min Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Chong-Bo Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Pei-Feng Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Tai-Wei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, PR China.
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 61137, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu X, Guo S, Chen J, Song Y, Wu X, Liu F, Duan JA. Comparative pharmacokinetics of multi-components in normal and stomach cold syndrome rats after oral administration of Zingiberis Rhizoma - Jujubae Fructus herb pair and its single herb extracts by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1242:124193. [PMID: 38865851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The Zingiberis Rhizoma - Jujubae Fructus herb pair (ZJHP) is a classic herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine. The herb pair shows the effect of dispelling cold, harmonizing the middle and improving gastrointestinal function, and is widely used for patients with stomach cold syndrome (SCS), stomachache and anemofrigid cold. The gingerols, shogaols, flavonoids and triterpenic acids are the important bioactive ingredients of ZJHP. However, few pharmacokinetic studies have been investigated in vivo for the above compounds. To comprehend the kinetics of active components and promote their curative application, a fast and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous determination of 12 analytes in normal and SCS rats in this study. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, t1/2z, MRT0-t, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) in SCS model were significantly different from those in normal rats. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of rats given ZJHP were also varied from single herb oral administration, especially in model condition. These results indicated that the in vivo processes of the above analytes changed under pathological conditions and the compatibility of the herb pair could significantly influence the absorption of active components, which might provide an insight and further supports for the clinical application of ZJHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Xu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiangyan Chen
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuhan Song
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueli Wu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade and Commerce, Xianyang 710061, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elzeiny N, Sayed Shafei AE, Wagih S, Saad M, Sayed D, Salem EY, Wael M, Ellackany R, Matboli M. Phytochemicals in cervical cancer: an epigenetic overview. Epigenomics 2023; 15:941-959. [PMID: 37916277 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female malignancy worldwide and a complex disease that typically starts with HPV infection. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations are implicated in its development. The current cervical cancer therapies have unsatisfactory outcomes due to their serious adverse effects, necessitating the need for safe, effective preventive and therapeutic modalities. Phytochemicals have been addressed in cervical cancer prevention and treatment, and further understanding the epigenetics of cervical cancer pathogenesis is critical to investigate new preventive and therapeutic modalities. Addressing the epigenetic mechanisms of potential phytochemicals will provide an overview of their use individually or in combination. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the epigenetic effects of the phytochemicals addressed in cervical cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Elzeiny
- Departement of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ayman El Sayed Shafei
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherin Wagih
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Saad
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Sayed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa Y Salem
- Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Wael
- Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rawan Ellackany
- Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Departement of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen C, Chen X, Mo Q, Liu J, Yao X, Di X, Qin Z, He L, Yao Z. Cytochrome P450 metabolism studies of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, and [10]-gingerol by liver microsomes of humans and different species combined with expressed CYP enzymes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5804-5812. [PMID: 36816071 PMCID: PMC9933181 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06184h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gingerols, mainly [6]-gingerol (6G), [8]-gingerol (8G), and [10]-gingerol (10G), are the functional and specific pungent phytochemicals in ginger. However, poor oral bioavailability limits their applications owing to extensive metabolism. The present study aims to characterize the cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic characteristics of 6G, 8G, and 10G by using pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), different animal liver microsomes, and the expressed CYP enzymes. It is shown that NADPH-dependent oxidation and hydrogenation metabolisms of gingerols are the main metabolic types in HLM. With the increase of the carbon chain, the polarity of gingerols decreases and the formation of hydrogenated metabolites is more efficient (CLint: 1.41 μL min-1 mg-1 for 6G, 7.79 μL min-1 mg-1 for 8G and 14.11 μL min-1 mg-1 for 10G), indicating that the phase I metabolism of gingerols by HLM varied with the chemical structure of the substrate. The phase I metabolism of gingerols revealed considerable species variations, and compared to HLM, novel metabolites such as (3S,5S)-gingerdiols and demethylated metabolites are generated in some animal liver microsomes. The primary enzymes involved in the oxidized and demethylated metabolism of these gingerols are CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, but their affinities for gingerols are not the same. CYP2D6 and CYP2B6 contributed significantly to the formation of (3R,5S)-[8]-gingerdiol and (3R,5S)-[10]-gingerdiol, respectively; however, the enzyme responsible for the production of (3R,5S)-[6]-gingerediol is yet to be identified. Some metabolites in microsomes cannot be detected by the 12 investigated CYP enzymes, which may be related to the combined effects of multiple enzymes in microsomes, the different affinity of mixed liver microsomes and CYP enzymes, gene polymorphisms, etc. Overall, this work provides a deeper knowledge of the influence of CYP metabolism on the gingerols, as well as the mode of action and the possibility for drug-herbal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xintong Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Qingmei Mo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University103 Wenhua RoadShenyang 110016China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University103 Wenhua RoadShenyang 110016China
| | - Zifei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
| | - Liangliang He
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China .,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li W, Sun Y, Cao H, Wang S, Meng J. A network pharmacology integrated pharmacokinetics strategy to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of absorbed components from crude and processed Zingiberis Rhizoma on deficiency-cold and hemorrhagic syndrome. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115754. [PMID: 36195301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR) and Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata (ZRC), as two forms of ginger-based herbal drugs used in China for at least 2000 years, have been recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and applied for specific indications in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to explore the underlying therapeutic and processing mechanism of the absorbed components of ZR and ZRC on deficiency-cold and hemorrhagic syndrome (DCHS) using network pharmacological technique combined with pharmacokinetics strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a rapid and sensitive approach was conceived to simultaneously determine the seven components (zingiberone, 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, diacetyl-6-gingerol and 10-gingerol) in rat serum by HPLC-DAD-MS. The network pharmacological technique was employed to evaluate the effect of the absorbed components of ZR and ZRC on DCHS. Also, the vitro experiments were carried out to validate the functions of the seven compounds on coagulation and other major haematological effects. RESULTS The values of intra-assay and inter-assay precision were determined to be less than 7.44%, with an accuracy value ranging from 83.64% to 107.99%. Analysis of rat plasma revealed that the extraction recoveries and matrix effects of the seven analytes were >85.76%. The method for validation following oral administration of ZR and ZRC to rats was proved to be a success in the pharmacokinetic study of the seven ingredients. Pharmacokinetics showed that ZR processing could enhance the absorption and utilization of 6-shogaol, 6-paradol and diacetyl-6-gingerol, meanwhile reduce the absorption of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol. Through the pathway enrichment analysis, it was found that the significant biological process of ZR and ZRC on DCHS was primarily associated with complement, coagulation cascades and platelet activation pathways. The vitro experiments indicated that zingiberone, 6-paradol and diacetyl-6-gingerol had a hemostatic effect by upregulating the expression of one or more targets such as TNF-α, FⅩa, FⅫ, FⅧ, ICAM-1, vWF and ITGB3. While 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol played a critical role in promoting blood circulation by increasing the expression of TM and/or PORC, and/or reducing the expression of ITGB3. CONCLUSION In brief, network pharmacological technique in combination with pharmacokinetics strategy provided an applicable method for pharmacological mechanism study of ZR and ZRC, which, also, could be used as reference for quality control of the two drugs. In a broader sense, this combined strategy might even be valuable in uncovering the therapeutic and processing mechanism of Chinese herbs on a systematic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Universities in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shurui Liu
- Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Wangjun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Universities in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Universities in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shumei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Universities in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiang Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Universities in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yücel Ç, Karatoprak GŞ, Açıkara ÖB, Akkol EK, Barak TH, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Aschner M, Shirooie S. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential of gingerols and their nanoformulations. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902551. [PMID: 36133811 PMCID: PMC9483099 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is one of the most popular spices worldwide, known since ancient times, and used both as a spice and a medicinal plant. The phenolic compounds found in ginger are predominantly gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. Gingerols are the major phenolic compounds found in fresh ginger and contain mainly 6-gingerol as well as 4-, 5-, 8-, 10-, and 12-gingerols. Gingerols possess a wide array of bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anticancer, among others. Regarding the different array of biological activities and published data on the mechanisms underlying its action, the complex interaction between three key events, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunity, appears to contribute to a plethora of pharmacological activities of this compound. Among these, the immunomodulatory properties of these compounds, which attract attention due to their effects on the immune system, have been the focus of many studies. Gingerols can alleviate inflammation given their ability to inhibit the activation of protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, causing a decrease in proinflammatory and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, given their low bioavailability, it is necessary to develop new and more effective strategies for treatment with gingerols. In order to overcome this problem, recent studies have addressed new drug delivery systems containing gingerols. In this review, the immunomodulatory activities of gingerol and its underlying mechanisms of action combined with the contributions of developed nanodrug delivery systems to this activity will be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Yücel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | | | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Esra Küpeli Akkol, ; Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez,
| | - Timur Hakan Barak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Esra Küpeli Akkol, ; Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez,
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Park Avenue Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, DiMango E, Zhu Y, Saroya TK, Emala CW, Sang S. Pharmacokinetics of Gingerols, Shogaols, and Their Metabolites in Asthma Patients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9674-9683. [PMID: 35916113 PMCID: PMC9654594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol are the most abundant gingerols and shogaols in ginger root and have been shown to reduce the asthmatic phenotype in murine models of asthma. Several studies have described the pharmacokinetics of gingerols and shogaols in humans following the oral ingestion of ginger, while little was known about the metabolism of these components in humans, particularly in patients with asthma. In this study, a dietary supplement of 1.0 g of ginger root extract was administered to asthma patients twice daily for 56 days and serum samples were drawn at 0.5-8 h on days 0, 28, and 56. The metabolic profiles of gingerols and shogaols in human plasma and the kinetic changes of gingerols, shogaols, and their metabolites in asthma patients collected on the three different visits were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Ketone reduction was the major metabolic pathway of both gingerols and shogaols. Gingerdiols were identified as the major metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols. M11 and M9 were identified as the double-bond reduction and both the double-bond and ketone reduction metabolites of 6-shogaol, respectively. Cysteine conjugation was another major metabolic pathway of 6-shogaol in asthma patients, and two cysteine-conjugated 6-shogaol, M1 and M2, were identified as the major metabolites of 6-shogaol. Furthermore, gingerols, shogaols, and their metabolites were quantitated in the human serum collected at different time points during each of the three visits using a very sensitive high-resolution LC-MS method. The results showed that one-third of 6-gingerol was metabolized to produce its reduction metabolites, 6-gingerdiols, and more than 90% of 6-shogaol was metabolized to its phase I and cysteine-conjugated metabolites, suggesting the importance of considering the contribution of these metabolites to the bioavailability and health beneficial effects of gingerols and shogaols. All gingerols, shogaols, and their metabolites reached their peak concentrations in less than 2 h, and their half-lives (t1/2) were from 0.6 to 2.4 h. Furthermore, long-term treatment of ginger supplements, especially after 56 days of treatment, increases the absorption of ginger compounds and their metabolites in asthma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Emily DiMango
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care), Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Tarnjot K Saroya
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care), Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027-6902, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhai M, Gong D, Gao Q, Zhang H, Sun G. Evaluating the spectrum-effect profiling and pharmacokinetics of Tieshuang Anshen Prescription with better sedative-hypnotic effect based on Fe 2+ than Hg 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111923. [PMID: 34328091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Zhusha Anshen Pill (ZSASP) is a commonly used traditional prescription for insomnia, the safety of cinnabar in the formula has always been controversial since its initial application in medical fields. Here, we developed a new prescription, Tieshuang Anshen Prescription (TSASP), by improving ZSASP with Fe2+ instead of Hg2+. Besides, TSASP was further optimized by establishing and testing the HPLC fingerprint and its sedative-hypnotic effect of formulas with different compatibility ratios and performing correlation spectrum analysis. The safety of TSASP was also evaluated by HE staining of liver and kidney. In addition, a validated and robust UHPLC-MS/MS method was established to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, ligustilide, catalpol, loganin, liquiritin and liquiritigenin after oral administration of TSASP. Our study originally provides a new non-toxic prescription, TSASP, with better sedative-hypnotic effect in comparison with ZSASP, revealing that Fe2+ could replace Hg2+ to eliminate its toxicity and play a sedative role. Meanwhile, we believe that our pharmacokinetics results may contribute valuable reference to both TSASP's specific mechanism of action and its further clinical efficacy and effectiveness research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manhuayun Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Dandan Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Qiannan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quality Assessment of Insamyangpye Decoction by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Multiple Reaction Monitoring. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insamyangpye decoction (ISYPD) is an oriental herbal prescription used in Korea to treat lung-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ISYPD is a complex prescription consisting of 13 herbal medicines, and ISYPD sample was obtained by adding 50 L of distilled water to a mixture (5 kg) of 13 herbal medicines, extracting at 100 °C for 2 h using an electric extractor, and freeze-drying. In this study, an accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was developed and verified for quality assessment of ISYPD using 10 marker components: mulberroside A (1), amygdalin (2), liquiritin apioside (3), naringin (4), poncirin (5), platycodin D (6), ginsenoside Rb1 (7), glycyrrhizin (8), saikosaponin A (9), and schizandrin (10). These marker compounds were separated using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) maintained at 30 °C with a mobile phase elution gradient of acetonitrile in distilled water, both containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid. Marker components were quantified using the LC–MS/MS MRM method developed and validated, and found at 0.09–7.47 mg/g.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zivarpour P, Nikkhah E, Maleki Dana P, Asemi Z, Hallajzadeh J. Molecular and biological functions of gingerol as a natural effective therapeutic drug for cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:43. [PMID: 33706784 PMCID: PMC7953815 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common and important gynecological cancers, which has a global concern with an increasing number of patients and mortality rates. Today, most women in the world who suffer from cervical cancer are developing advanced stages of the disease. Smoking and even exposure to secondhand smoke, infections caused by the human papillomavirus, immune system dysfunction and high-risk individual-social behaviors are among the most important predisposing factors for this type of cancer. In addition, papilloma virus infection plays a more prominent role in cervical cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy or radical hysterectomy, and radiotherapy are effective treatments for this condition, the side effects of these methods endanger a person's quality of life and cause other problems in other parts of the body. Studies show that herbal medicines, including taxol, camptothecin and combretastatins, have been shown to be effective in treating cervical cancer. Ginger (Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae) is one of the plants with valuable compounds such as gingerols, paradols and shogoals, which is a rich source of antioxidants, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Numerous studies have reported the therapeutic effects of this plant through various pathways in cervical cancer. In this article, we look at the signaling mechanisms and pathways in which ginger is used to treat cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Zivarpour
- Department of Biological sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elhameh Nikkhah
- Medicinal Plants Research Cent Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Amir M, Alam MA, Almakhamel MZ, Ali A, Ahmad A, Ashraf K. Ischemic brain treated with 6-gingerol loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion via intranasal delivery and their comparative pharmacokinetic effect in brain. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Simultaneous Quantification of Eleven Phytochemical Constituents in Traditional Korean Medicine, Sogunjung Decoction. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sogunjung decoction (SGJD) is a traditional herbal formula that has been used to treat constipation and improve the constitution of infirm children in Korea. In this study, simultaneous quantification of gallic acid (1), magnoflorine (2), albiflorin (3), paeoniflorin (4), liquiritin apioside (5), liquiritin (6), liquiritigenin (7), coumarin (8), cinnamaldehyde (9), benzoylpaeoniflorin (10), and glycyrrhizin (11) was conducted using fast and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS) multiple-reaction monitoring to develop a quality-control protocol for the SGJD. A Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used for the chromatographic separation of the 11 marker compounds in the SGJD using two mobile phases (5 mM ammonium acetate in distilled water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid, and acetonitrile). The MS parameters for a simultaneous analysis were capillary voltage (3.0 kV), source temperature (150 °C), desolvation temperature (500 °C), desolvation gas flow (700 L/h), and cone gas flow (50 L/h). The developed LC–MS method was validated by the evaluation of linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, recovery and precision. By using the developed and validated assay, the 11 marker components in the SGJD were detected in amounts of 0.01–51.83 mg/g.
Collapse
|
13
|
Phytochemical Analysis of Twelve Marker Analytes in Sogunjung-tang Using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sogunjung-tang (SGJT) is a traditional herbal prescription that has been used in Korea for the treatment of abdominal pain since ancient times. In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 marker analytes (gallic acid (GA), albiflorin (ALB), paeoniflorin (PAE), liquiritin apioside (LIAP), liquiritin (PIQ), benzoic acid (BA), coumarin (COU), liquiritigenin (LIQG), cinnamic acid (CINA), benzoylpaeoniflorin (BPAE), cinnamaldehyde (CINAD), and glycyrrhizinic acid (GLYA)) for quality evaluation of SGJT was developed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with a photodiode array detector. A Waters SunFire reverse-phased C18 column was used for the chromatographic separation of the 12 marker analytes in SGJT using a two-mobile phases system consisting of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The developed analytical method was validated by assessment of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and precision. Using the developed and validated HPLC method, the 12 marker analytes were determined to be present in 0.10–32.83 mg/g in SGJT.
Collapse
|
14
|
Simultaneous Quantification of Eight Marker Components in Traditional Herbal Formula, Haepyoyijin-Tang Using HPLC–PDA. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Haepyoyijin-tang (HPYJT) is a traditional herbal prescription that is composed of 12 medicinal herbs. Although HPYJT is frequently used in patients with asthma in Korea, no quality assessment protocols have been developed. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry on the eight main components (mulberroside A, amygalin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, narirutin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, and glycyrrhizinic acid) to establish a quality control protocol for HPYJT. The simultaneous analysis method developed was satisfactorily validated with respect to linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and precision. This analytical method thus provides an efficient approach for the evaluation of HPYJT quality.
Collapse
|
15
|
Simultaneous Determination of 12 Marker Components in Yeonkyopaedok-san Using HPLC–PDA and LC–MS/MS. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Yeonkyopaedok-san is a traditional Korean medicine used in the early treatment of boils. In the present study, its 12 marker components for quality control were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The investigated 12 marker components of Yeonkyopaedok-san were as follows: 3-caffeoylquinic acid, cimifugin 7-glucoside, liquiritin apioside, ferulic acid, narirutin, 5-O-methylvisammioside, naringin, neohesperidin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, arctigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, and 6-gingerol. The analytical column used for the separation of the 12 marker analytes in Yeonkyopaedok-san was a Waters SunFire C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm). The two mobile phases used were 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. In the UPLC–MS/MS analysis, all components were separated using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm). The two mobile phases used were 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. The coefficient of determination of the calibration curves in both analysis systems showed good linearity (>0.99). The amounts of the 12 marker components in Yeonkyopaedok-san determined using HPLC–photodiode array detection and UPLC–MS/MS analyses were found to be 0.14–9.00 mg/g and 2.35–853.11 μg/g, respectively.
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-Rawaf HA, Gabr SA, Alghadir AH. Molecular Changes in Diabetic Wound Healing following Administration of Vitamin D and Ginger Supplements: Biochemical and Molecular Experimental Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:4352470. [PMID: 31428171 PMCID: PMC6679851 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4352470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating micro-RNAs are differentially expressed in various tissues and could be considered as potential regulatory biomarkers for T2DM and related complications, such as chronic wounds. AIM In the current study, we investigated whether ginger extract enriched with [6]-gingerol-fractions either alone or in combination with vitamin D accelerates diabetic wound healing and explores underlying molecular changes in the expression of miRNA and their predicted role in diabetic wound healing. METHODS Diabetic wounded mice were treated with [6]-gingerol-fractions (GF) (25 mg/kg of body weight) either alone or in combination with vitamin D (100 ng/kg per day) for two weeks. Circulating miRNA profile, fibrogenesis markers, hydroxyproline (HPX), fibronectin (FN), and collagen deposition, diabetic control variables, FBS, HbA1c, C-peptide, and insulin, and wound closure rate and histomorphometric analyses were, respectively, measured at days 3, 6, 9, and 15 by RT-PCR and immunoassay analysis. RESULTS Treatment of diabetic wounds with GF and vitamin D showed significant improvement in wound healing as measured by higher expression levels of HPX, FN, collagen, accelerated wound closure, complete epithelialization, and scar formation in short periods (11-13 days, (P < 0.01). On a molecular level, three circulating miRNAs, miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-15a, were identified in diabetic and nondiabetic skin wounds by PCR analysis. Lower expression in miR-155 levels and higher expression of miR-146a and miR-15a levels were observed in diabetic skin wounds following treatment with gingerols fractions and vitamin D for 15 days. The data showed that miRNAs, miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-15a, correlated positively with the expression levels of HPX, FN, and collagen and negatively with FBS, HbA1c, C-peptide, and insulin in diabetic wounds following treatment with GF and /or vitamin D, respectively. CONCLUSION Treatment with gingerols fractions (GF) and vitamin D for two weeks significantly improves delayed diabetic wound healing. The data showed that vitamin D and gingerol activate vascularization, fibrin deposition (HPX, FN, and collagen), and myofibroblasts in such manner to synthesize new tissues and help in the scar formation. Accordingly, three miRNAs, miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-15, as molecular targets, were identified and significantly evaluated in wound healing process. It showed significant association with fibrin deposition, vascularization, and reepithelialization process following treatment with GF and vitamin D. It proposed having anti-inflammatory action and promoting new tissue formation via vascularization process during the wound healing. Therefore, it is very interesting to consider miRNAs as molecular targets for evaluating the efficiency of nondrug therapy in the regulation of wound healing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel A. Al-Rawaf
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A. Gabr
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H. Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li LL, Cui Y, Guo XH, Ma K, Tian P, Feng J, Wang JM. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Gingerols and Shogaols from Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Rats by UPLC⁻Q-Exactive⁻HRMS. Molecules 2019; 24:E512. [PMID: 30708987 PMCID: PMC6384666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingerols and shogaols are recognized as active ingredients in ginger and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. The preclinical pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution investigations of gingerols and shogaols in rats remain less explored, especially for the simultaneous analysis of multi-components. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, selective, and reliable method using an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Q-Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-Q-Exactive⁻HRMS) was established and validated for simultaneous determination of eight compounds, including 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol, 8-shogaol, 10-gingerol, 10-shogaol, Zingerone, and 6-isodehydrogingenone in plasma and tissues of rats. The analytes were separated on a Syncronis C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) using a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min at 30 °C. The method was linear for each ingredient over the investigated range with all correlation coefficients greater than 0.9910. The lowest Lower Limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions (Relative Standard Deviation, RSD%) were less than 12.2% and the accuracy (relative error, RE%) ranged from -8.7% to 8.7%. Extraction recovery was 91.4⁻107.4% and the matrix effect was 86.3⁻113.4%. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of eight components after oral administration of ginger extract to rats. These results provide useful information about the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the multi-component bioactive ingredients of ginger in rats and will contribute to clinical practice and the evaluation of the safety of a Chinese herbal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ying Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xing-Han Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Kai Ma
- Henan Province Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ping Tian
- Henan Province Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
SUMIDA Y, KIMURA M, YORIE T, SOESHIMA N, KAWABATA K, INAGAKI M, NISHI H. Simultaneous Separation of Active Ingredients Contained in Ginger (Shokyo), Processed Ginger (Kankyo) and Magnolia Bark (Koboku) by Reversed-Phase HPLC with Core-Shell Type Columns: Application to Kampo Products and Food Analysis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miho KIMURA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Arablou T, Aryaeian N. The effect of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) as an ancient medicinal plant on improving blood lipids. J Herb Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
20
|
Wang P, Wang R, Zhu Y, Sang S. Interindividual Variability in Metabolism of [6]-Shogaol by Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9618-9625. [PMID: 29019244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
[6]-Shogaol (6S), one of the major bioactive components in dry ginger, is attracting considerable attention because of its wide spectrum of biological activities, but its metabolic fate is still not fully understood. In the present study, the microbial metabolism of 6S was examined for the first time in in vitro batch fecal fermentation system and in mice. Two major microbial metabolites were detected and identified as 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M9) and 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M11). Our results indicated that reductions of the double bond and the ketone group are the major metabolic pathways of 6S by the human gut microbiota. We also observed the interindividual variability in the metabolism of M11 to M9 by human gut microbiota. In addition, we demonstrated that the glucuronidated form of 6S and its metabolites could be rapidly deconjugated by human gut microbiota and in mice, which can be regarded as a reactive process taking place in the intestinal tract. To our knowledge, this is the first report involving the identification of the microbial metabolites of 6S in an in vitro fermentation system, and the first demonstration of the critical role of gut microbiota in producing the bioactive free form of 6S and its metabolites in the intestinal tract in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus , Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Ronghui Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus , Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus , Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus , Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang F, Thakur K, Hu F, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Cross-talk between 10-gingerol and its anti-cancerous potential: a recent update. Food Funct 2017; 8:2635-2649. [PMID: 28745358 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Since time immortal, ginger, as an ancient herb, has been used throughout the world in foods and beverages due to its typical strong and pungent flavor. Besides its use as a spice, it also serves as an excellent source of several bioactive phenolics, including nonvolatile pungent compounds, such as gingerols, paradols, shogaols, and gingerones. Gingerols constitute key ingredients in fresh ginger, with the most abundant being 6-gingerol (6-G), 8-gingerol (8-G), and 10-gingerol (10-G). Many studies have investigated the various valuable pharmacological properties of these ingredients and experimentally verified the mechanistic aspects of their health effects; however, to date, most research on the anti-cancerous activities of gingerols have focused largely on 6-G. Thus, the present article deals with the number of recent studies that have indicated and highlighted the role of 10-G with respect to its cancer prevention attributes in particular and its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and gastrointestinal tract protective potential in general. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all the experimentally validated health benefits of 10-G for nutraceutical applications. The various findings have warranted the further investigation of 10-G and its possible use in various cancer treatments as well as its promising role as a chemo-preventive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang P, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Sang S. Glucuronidation and its impact on the bioactivity of [6]-shogaol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; North Carolina Research Campus; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; North Carolina Research Campus; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; North Carolina Research Campus; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; North Carolina Research Campus; Kannapolis NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schoenknecht C, Andersen G, Schieberle P. A novel method for the quantitation of gingerol glucuronides in human plasma or urine based on stable isotope dilution assays. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:1-9. [PMID: 27700987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bio-active compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), the gingerols, are gaining considerable attention due to their numerous beneficial health effects. In order to elucidate the physiological relevance of the ascribed effects their bioavailability has to be determined taking their metabolization into account. To quantitate in vivo generated [6]-, [8]- and [10]-gingerol glucuronides in human plasma and urine after ginger tea consumption, a simultaneous and direct liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method based on stable isotope dilution assays was established and validated. The respective references as well as the isotopically labeled substances were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR. Selective isolation of gingerol glucuronides from human plasma and urine by a mixed-phase anion-exchange SPE method led to recovery rates between 80.8 and 98.2%. LC-MS/MS analyses in selected reaction monitoring modus enabled a highly sensitive quantitation of gingerol glucuronides with LoQs between 3.9-9.8nmol/L in plasma and 39.3-161.1nmol/L in urine. The method precision in plasma and urine varied in the range±15%, whereas the intra-day accuracy in plasma and urine showed values between 78 and 122%. The developed method was then applied to a pilot study in which two volunteers consumed one liter ginger tea. Pharmacokinetic parameters like the maximum concentration (cmax), the time to reach cmax (tmax), area under the curve (AUC), elimination rate constant (kel) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were calculated from the concentration-time curve of each gingerol glucuronide. The obtained results will enable more detailed investigation of gingerol glucuronides as bioactives in their physiologically relevant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schoenknecht
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Andersen
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Park SY, Jung MY. UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS for the Quantification of Eight Major Gingerols and Shogaols in Ginger Products: Effects of Ionization Polarity and Mobile Phase Modifier on the Sensitivity. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C2457-C2465. [PMID: 27589022 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated an improved ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the fast separation and quantification of 8 major gingerols and shogaols (4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-gingerols, and 6-, 8-, and 10-shogaols) in gingerol products. The ionization polarity and mobile phase modifier greatly affected the mass ion profiles and sensitivity of the analytes. A mobile phase modifier of 0.05 mM ammonium formate dramatically decreased the sodium adduct ions and greatly increased the protonated ions of the gingerols and shogaols. Positive ion UHPLC-MS/MS with the ammonium formate in mobile phase showed greatly higher (4.5- to 15.7-fold) sensitivities than negative ion UHPLC. The positive ion UHPLC-MS/MS method showed excellent linearities (r2 > 0.999), low limits of detection (LOD = 2.5 to 8.2 pg), high accuracy and precision, and no considerable matrix effect. Baseline separation of the 8 target compounds was achieved in 1 min by the UHPLC with a short C18 core-shell column. The method was successfully applied to analyze the compounds in fresh and dried powdered gingers, and dietary supplements. The total contents of the major compounds in the fresh gingers, dried powdered gingers, and dietary supplements were in the range of 1114 to 1478, 4380 to 11324, and 2915 to 29998 mg/kg, respectively. There was about 10-fold variation of the content in the dietary supplements with the commercial brands. This represents the 1st report on the ionization polarity and mobile phase modifier on the sensitivity of gingerols and shogaols in LC-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the established method provided great improvement in chromatographic separation of the target gingerols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Park
- Dept. of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk Univ, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Yhung Jung
- Dept. of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School, College of Food Science, Woosuk Univ, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk Province, 55338, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schoenknecht C, Andersen G, Schmidts I, Schieberle P. Quantitation of Gingerols in Human Plasma by Newly Developed Stable Isotope Dilution Assays and Assessment of Their Immunomodulatory Potential. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2269-79. [PMID: 26939769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a pilot study with two volunteers, the main pungent and bioactive ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) compounds, the gingerols, were quantitated in human plasma after ginger tea consumption using a newly established HPLC-MS/MS(ESI) method on the basis of stable isotope dilution assays. Limits of quantitation for [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols were determined as 7.6, 3.1, and 4.0 nmol/L, respectively. The highest plasma concentrations of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols (42.0, 5.3, and 4.8 nmol/L, respectively) were reached 30-60 min after ginger tea intake. Incubation of activated human T lymphocytes with gingerols increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration as well as the IFN-γ secretion by about 20-30%. This gingerol-induced increase of IFN-γ secretion could be blocked by the specific TRPV1 antagonist SB-366791. The results of the present study point to an interaction of gingerols with TRPV1 in activated T lymphocytes leading to an augmentation of IFN-γ secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schoenknecht
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Andersen
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Schmidts
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang CZ, Qi LW, Yuan CS. Cancer Chemoprevention Effects of Ginger and its Active Constituents: Potential for New Drug Discovery. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:1351-63. [PMID: 26477795 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginger is a commonly used spice and herbal medicine worldwide. Besides its extensive use as a condiment, ginger has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the management of various medical conditions. In recent years, ginger has received wide attention due to its observed antiemetic and anticancer activities. This paper reviews the potential role of ginger and its active constituents in cancer chemoprevention. The phytochemistry, bioactivity, and molecular targets of ginger constituents, especially 6-shogaol, are discussed. The content of 6-shogaol is very low in fresh ginger, but significantly higher after steaming. With reported anti-cancer activities, 6-shogaol can be served as a lead compound for new drug discovery. The lead compound derivative synthesis, bioactivity evaluation, and computational docking provide a promising opportunity to identify novel anticancer compounds originating from ginger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- * Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- * Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, USA
- ‡ State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS 210009, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- * Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, USA
- † Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A. Optimization protocol for the extraction of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and improving antioxidant and anticancer activity using response surface methodology. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:258. [PMID: 26223685 PMCID: PMC4520084 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis and extraction of plant matrices are important processes for the development, modernization, and quality control of herbal formulations. Response surface methodology is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques that are used to optimize the range of variables in various experimental processes to reduce the number of experimental runs, cost , and time, compared to other methods. METHODS Response surface methodology was applied for optimizing reflux extraction conditions for achieving high 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol contents, and high antioxidant activity in Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade . The two-factor central composite design was employed to determine the effects of two independent variables, namely extraction temperature (X1: 50-80 °C) and time (X2: 2-4 h), on the properties of the extracts. The 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol contents were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the rhizome extracts was determined by means of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. Anticancer activity of optimized extracts against HeLa cancer cell lines was measured using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. RESULTS Increasing the extraction temperature and time induced significant response of the variables. The optimum extraction condition for all responses was at 76.9 °C for 3.4 h. Under the optimum condition, the corresponding predicted response values for 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and the antioxidant activity were 2.89 mg/g DW, 1.85 mg/g DW, and 84.3%, respectively. 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol were extracted under optimized condition to check the viability of the models. The values were 2.92 and 1.88 mg/g DW, and 84.0% for 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and the antioxidant activity respectively. The experimental values agreed with those predicted, thus indicating suitability of the models employed and the success of RSM in optimizing the extraction condition. With optimizing of reflux extraction anticancer activity of extracts against HeLa cancer cells enhanced about 16.8%. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) value of optimized and unoptimized extract was found at concentration of 20.9 and 38.4 μg/mL respectively. Optimized extract showed more distinct anticancer activities against HeLa cancer cells in a concentration of 40 μg/mL (P < 0.01) without toxicity to normal cells. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the pharmaceutical quality of ginger could be improved significantly by optimizing of extraction process using response surface methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hawa Z E Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kamal YKTK, Singh M, Ahmad S, Alam P, Salam S. Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of 6-gingerol in polyherbal formulations. J Anal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-015-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Among different systems medicine practiced worldwide, Unani medicine is the classical one and still commonly practiced in India and abroad for centuries. As it is widely used by a majority of population, it is necessary to come up with a systematic approach to develop well-designed methodologies for the quality control of different polyherbal formulations which are used for treatment of various diseases in this system of medicine.
Methods
A reverse phase stability indicating HPLC method was developed for the determination of 6-gingerol in polyherbal formulations. Separation of 6-gingerol was achieved on reverse phase C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) column with a mobile phase containing methanol: 0.05% orthophosphoric acid in water (60:40, v/v) at 280 nm using UV-visible detector. The flow rate was kept as 1 mL/min. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD, and LOQ, and statistical analysis proved method was accurate, precise, and robust.
Results
The linear regression analysis data showed a good linear relationship (r
2 = 0.9989 ± 0.0010) for 6-gingerol in the concentration range of 0.5 μg to 500 μg/mL. This proved the method can be employed for the determination 6-gingerol even in nanogram levels. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits were found to be 0.05 μg and 0.18 μg/mL, respectively. Satisfactory recovery results were observed from the herbal compound formulations (98.5 to 101%). Intra- and inter-day precisions of the method were found convincing, with relative standard deviation (%RSD) values in the range of 0.5 to 1.9%. Forced degradation studies of 6-gingerol was also carried out under different stress conditions which showed that the drug is stable in acidic and basic conditions whereas unstable against dry heat.
Conclusions
Hence, newly validated HPLC method can be used for the quality control and standardization of different herbal formulations which contain Zingiber officianalis as one of the ingredients.
Collapse
|
29
|
Qi LW, Zhang Z, Zhang CF, Anderson S, Liu Q, Yuan CS, Wang CZ. Anti-Colon Cancer Effects of 6-Shogaol Through G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest by p53/p21-cdc2/cdc25A Crosstalk. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:743-56. [PMID: 26119958 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemopreventive agents can be identified from botanicals. Recently, there has been strong support for the potential of 6-shogaol, a natural compound from dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale), in cancer chemoprevention. However, whether 6-shogaol inhibits the growth of colorectal tumors in vivo remains unknown, and the underlying anticancer mechanisms have not been well characterized. In this work, we observed that 6-shogaol (15 mg/kg) significantly inhibited colorectal tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. We show that 6-shogaol inhibited HCT-116 and SW-480 cell proliferation with IC50 of 7.5 and 10 μM, respectively. Growth of HCT-116 cells was arrested at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, primarily mediated by the up-regulation of p53, the CDK inhibitor p21(waf1/cip1) and GADD45α, and by the down-regulation of cdc2 and cdc25A. Using p53(-/-) and p53(+/+) HCT-116 cells, we confirmed that p53/p21 was the main pathway that contributed to the G2/M cell cycle arrest by 6-shogaol. 6-Shogaol induced apoptosis, mainly through the mitochondrial pathway, and the bcl-2 family might act as a key regulator. Our results demonstrated that 6-shogaol induces cancer cell death by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. 6-Shogaol could be an active natural product in colon cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JS 210009, China.,Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JS 210009, China
| | - Samantha Anderson
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JS 210009, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu R, Heiss EH, Sider N, Schinkovitz A, Gröblacher B, Guo D, Bucar F, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. Identification and characterization of [6]-shogaol from ginger as inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:843-52. [PMID: 25631547 PMCID: PMC4573514 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, making the identification of new counteracting agents and their mechanisms of action relevant. Ginger and its constituents have been reported to improve cardiovascular health, but no studies exist addressing a potential interference with VSMC proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS The dichloromethane extract of ginger inhibited VSMC proliferation when monitored by resazurin metabolic conversion (IC50 = 2.5 μg/mL). The examination of major constituents from ginger yielded [6]-shogaol as the most active compound (IC50 = 2.7 μM). In the tested concentration range [6]-shogaol did not exhibit cytotoxicity toward VSMC and did not interfere with endothelial cell proliferation. [6]-shogaol inhibited DNA synthesis and induced accumulation of the VSMC in the G0 /G1 cell-cycle phase accompanied with activation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/HO-1 pathway. Since [6]-shogaol lost its antiproliferative activity in the presence of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX, HO-1 induction appears to contribute to the antiproliferative effect. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time inhibitory potential of ginger constituents on VSMC proliferation. The presented data suggest that [6]-shogaol exerts its antiproliferative effect through accumulation of cells in the G0 /G1 cell-cycle phase associated with activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxia Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wu Z, Liu H, Wu B. Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:583-96. [PMID: 25496264 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the reaction kinetics for regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols (i.e. 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol) by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, and to identify the main UGT enzymes involved in regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols. METHODS The rates of glucuronidation were determined by incubating the gingerols with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid-supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by fitting an appropriate model to the data. Activity correlation analyses were performed to identify the main UGT enzymes contributing to hepatic metabolism of gingerols. KEY FINDINGS Glucuronidation at the 4'-OH group was much more favoured than that at 5-OH. The degree of position preference was compound-dependent; the catalytic efficiency ratios of 4'-O- to 5-O-glucuronidation were 9.1, 19.7 and 2.9 for 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol, respectively. UGT1A8 (an intestinal enzyme), UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 were the enzymes showing the highest activity towards gingerols. Formation of 5-O-glucuronide was mainly catalysed by UGT1A9. UGT2B7 was the only enzyme that generated glucuronides at both 4'-OH and 5-OH sites, although a strong position preference was observed with 4'-OH (≥80.2%). Further, activity correlation analyses indicated that UGT2B7 and UGT1A9 were primarily responsible for 4'-O-glucuronidation and 5-O-glucuronidation of gingerols in the liver, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Gingerols were metabolized by multiple hepatic and gastrointestinal UGT enzymes. Also, UGT1A9 and 2B7 were the main contributors to regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhufeng Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mehta P, Shah R, Lohidasan S, Mahadik KR. Pharmacokinetic profile of phytoconstituent(s) isolated from medicinal plants-A comprehensive review. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:207-27. [PMID: 26587392 PMCID: PMC4624361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine, the backbone of traditional medicine, has played an important role in human health and welfare for a long period. Traditional therapeutic approaches of regional significance are found in Africa, South and Central America, China, India, Tibet, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands. The considerable scientific significance and commercial potential of traditional medicines have resulted in increased international attention and global market demands for herbal medicines, especially Chinese herbal medicines. Herbal medicines currently are the primary form of health care for the poor in the developing countries, and also are widely used as a supplement or substitute for conventional drugs in developed countries. These traditional medicines have a pivotal role in the treatment of various ailments and more than 50% of drugs used in Western pharmacopoeia are isolated from herbs or derived from modifications of chemicals found in plants. Herbal medicines usually contain a complex mixture of various bioactive molecules, which make its standardization complicated, and there is little information about all compounds responsible for pharmacological activity. Several research papers have been published that claim pharmacological activity of herbal medicines but few are discussing the role of the exact phytoconstituent. Understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of such phytoconstituents is essential. Although there are research papers that deal with pharmacokinetic properties of phytoconstituents, there are a number of phytoconstituents yet to be explored for their kinetic properties. This article reviews the pharmacokinetic profile of 50 different therapeutically effective traditional medicinal plants from the year 2003 onward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Mehta
- Department of Quality Assurance, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishi Shah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Maharashtra, India
| | - K R Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen H, Fu J, Chen H, Hu Y, Soroka DN, Prigge J, Schmidt EE, Yan F, Major MB, Chen X, Sang S. Ginger compound [6]-shogaol and its cysteine-conjugated metabolite (M2) activate Nrf2 in colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1575-85. [PMID: 25148906 PMCID: PMC4176387 DOI: 10.1021/tx500211x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified Nrf2 as a molecular target of [6]-shogaol (6S), a bioactive compound isolated from ginger, in colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Following 6S treatment of HCT-116 cells, the intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio was initially diminished but was then elevated above the basal level. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlated inversely with the GSH/GSSG ratio. Further analysis using gene microarray showed that 6S upregulated the expression of Nrf2 target genes (AKR1B10, FTL, GGTLA4, and HMOX1) in HCT-116 cells. Western blotting confirmed upregulation, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein followed by Keap1 decrease and upregulation of Nrf2 target genes (AKR1B10, FTL, GGTLA4, HMOX1, and MT1) and glutathione synthesis genes (GCLC and GCLM). Pretreatment of cells with a specific inhibitor of p38 (SB202190), PI3K (LY294002), or MEK1 (PD098059) attenuated these effects of 6S. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found that 6S modified multiple cysteine residues of Keap1 protein. In vivo 6S treatment induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and significantly upregulated the expression of MT1, HMOX1, and GCLC in the colon of wild-type mice but not Nrf2(-/-) mice. Similar to 6S, a cysteine-conjugated metabolite of 6S (M2), which was previously found to be a carrier of 6S in vitro and in vivo, also activated Nrf2. Our data demonstrated that 6S and its cysteine-conjugated metabolite M2 activate Nrf2 in colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo through Keap1-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center
for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North
Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Junsheng Fu
- Center
for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North
Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Cancer
Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research
Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer
Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research
Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Dominique N. Soroka
- Center
for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North
Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Justin
R. Prigge
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Feng Yan
- Department
of Cell Biology and Physiology, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael B. Major
- Department
of Cell Biology and Physiology, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer
Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research
Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center
for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North
Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Du LY, Guo JM, Qian DW, Shang EX, Jiang S, Liu P, Su SL, Zhang F, Duan JA, Xu J, Zhao M. Simultaneous determination of seven active ingredients in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and application in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of scutellaria-coptis herb couple. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
Rodrigues FAP, Prata MMG, Oliveira ICM, Alves NTQ, Freitas REM, Monteiro HSA, Silva JA, Vieira PC, Viana DA, Libório AB, Havt A. Gingerol fraction from Zingiber officinale protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:1872-8. [PMID: 24395230 PMCID: PMC4023749 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02431-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is the main complication of gentamicin (GM) treatment. GM induces renal damage by overproduction of reactive oxygen species and inflammation in proximal tubular cells. Phenolic compounds from ginger, called gingerols, have been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated if oral treatment with an enriched solution of gingerols (GF) would promote a nephroprotective effect in an animal nephropathy model. The following six groups of male Wistar rats were studied: (i) control group (CT group); (ii) gingerol solution control group (GF group); (iii) gentamicin treatment group (GM group), receiving 100 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally (i.p.); and (iv to vi) gentamicin groups also receiving GF, at doses of 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, respectively (GM+GF groups). Animals from the GM group had a significant decrease in creatinine clearance and higher levels of urinary protein excretion. This was associated with markers of oxidative stress and nitric oxide production. Also, there were increases of the mRNA levels for proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-2, and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]). Histopathological findings of tubular degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration reinforced GM-induced nephrotoxicity. All these alterations were attenuated by previous oral treatment with GF. Animals from the GM+GF groups showed amelioration in renal function parameters and reduced lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress, in addition to an increment in the levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Gingerols also promoted significant reductions in mRNA transcription for TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ. These effects were dose dependent. These results demonstrate that GF promotes a nephroprotective effect on GM-mediated nephropathy by oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and renal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mara M. G. Prata
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Iris C. M. Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Natacha T. Q. Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Rosa E. M. Freitas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Helena S. A. Monteiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Jame's A. Silva
- Nucleus Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto-SE, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Viana
- Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Havt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu Q, Peng YB, Zhou P, Qi LW, Zhang M, Gao N, Liu EH, Li P. 6-Shogaol induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through a process involving caspase-mediated cleavage of eIF2α. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:135. [PMID: 24215632 PMCID: PMC4176122 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 6-Shogaol is a promising antitumor agent isolated from dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale). However, little is known about the efficacy of 6-shogaol on leukemia cells. Here we investigated the underlying mechanism of 6-shogaol induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods Three leukemia cell lines and primary leukemia cells were used to investigate the apoptosis effect of 6-shogaol. A shotgun approach based on label-free proteome with LC-CHIP Q-TOF MS/MS was employed to identify the cellular targets of 6-shogaol and the differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by bioinformatics protocols. Results The present study indicated that 6-shogaol selectively induced apoptosis in transformed and primary leukemia cells but not in normal cells. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), a key regulator in apoptosis signaling pathway, was significantly affected in both Jurkat and U937 proteome profiles. The docking results suggested that 6-shogaol might bind well to eIF2α at Ser51 of the N-terminal domain. Immunoblotting data indicated that 6-shogaol induced apoptosis through a process involving dephosphorylation of eIF2α and caspase activation–dependent cleavage of eIF2α. Furthermore, 6-shogaol markedly inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in U937 xenograft mouse model. Conclusion The potent anti-leukemia activity of 6-shogaol found both in vitro and in vivo in our study make this compound a potential anti-tumor agent for hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li M, Chen PZ, Yue QX, Li JQ, Chu RA, Zhang W, Wang H. Pungent ginger components modulates human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1237-42. [PMID: 23770984 PMCID: PMC4003154 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ginger rhizome is used worldwide as a spicy flavor agent. This study was designed to explore the potential effects of pungent ginger components, 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerol, on human cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of many prescription drugs. METHODS The activities of human CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were analyzed using Vivid P450 assay kits. The mRNA expression of CYP3A4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 was measured using quantitative real-time PCR assay. RESULTS All three gingerols potently inhibited CYP2C9 activity, exerted moderate inhibition on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, and weak inhibion on CYP2D6. 8-Gingerol was the most potent in inhibition of P450 enzymes with IC50 values of 6.8, 12.5, 8.7, and 42.7 μmol/L for CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6, respectively. By comparing the effects of gingerols on CYP3A4 with three different fluorescent substrate probes, it was demonstrated that the inhibition of gingerols on CYP3A4 had no substrate-dependence. In HepG2 cells, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol inhibited, but 6-gingerol induced mRNA expression of CYP3A4. CONCLUSION 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerol suppress human cytochrome P450 activity, while 8- and 10-gingerol inhibit CYP3A4 expression. The results may have an implication for the use of ginger or ginger products when combined with therapeutic drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pei-zhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing-xi Yue
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing-quan Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Rui-ai Chu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Summit, IL 60501, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alam P. Densitometric HPTLC analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinale extract and ginger-containing dietary supplements, teas and commercial creams. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:634-8; discussion 637-8. [PMID: 23905021 PMCID: PMC3703557 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a simple, accurate HPTLC method for the analysis of 8-gingerol and to determine the quantity of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinale extract and ginger-containing dietary supplements, teas and commercial creams. METHODS The analysis was performed on 10×20 cm aluminium-backed plates coated with 0.2 mm layers of silica gel 60 F254 (E-Merck, Germany) with n-hexane: ethyl acetate 60: 40 (v/v) as mobile phase. Camag TLC Scanner III was used for the UV densitometric scanning at 569. RESULTS This system was found to give a compact spot of 8-gingerol at retention factor (Rf) value of (0.39±0.04) and linearity was found in the ranges 50-500 ng/spot (r (2)=0.9987). Limit of detection (12.76 ng/spot), limit of quantification (26.32 ng/spot), accuracy (less than 2 %) and recovery (ranging from 98.22-99.20) were found satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS The HPTLC method developed for quantification of 8-gingerol was found to be simple, accurate, reproducible, sensitive and is applicable to the analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinale extract and ginger-containing dietary supplements, teas and commercial creams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen H, Soroka DN, Haider J, Ferri-Lagneau KF, Leung T, Sang S. [10]-Gingerdiols as the major metabolites of [10]-gingerol in zebrafish embryos and in humans and their hematopoietic effects in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5353-60. [PMID: 23701129 PMCID: PMC3840088 DOI: 10.1021/jf401501s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gingerols are a series of major constituents in fresh ginger with the most abundant being [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols (6G, 8G, and 10G). We previously found that ginger extract and its purified components, especially 10G, potentially stimulate both the primitive and definitive waves of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) in zebrafish embryos. However, it is still unclear if the metabolites of 10G retain the efficacy of the parent compound toward pathological anemia treatment. In the present study, we first investigated the metabolism of 10G in zebrafish embryos and then explored the biotransformation of 10G in humans. Our results show that 10G was extensively metabolized in both zebrafish embryos and humans, in which two major metabolites, (3S,5S)-[10]-gingerdiol and (3R,5S)-[10]-gingerdiol, were identified by analysis of the MS(n) spectra and comparison to authentic standards that we synthesized. After 24 h of treatment of zebrafish embryos, 10G was mostly converted to its metabolites. Our results clearly indicate that the reductive pathway is a major metabolic route for 10G in both zebrafish embryos and humans. Furthermore, we investigated the hematopoietic effect of 10G and its two metabolites, which show similar hematopoietic effects as 10G in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Dominique N. Soroka
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Jamil Haider
- Nutrition Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Karine F. Ferri-Lagneau
- Nutrition Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- Nutrition Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ma J, Zheng L, Deng T, Li CL, He YS, Li HJ, Li P. Stilbene glucoside inhibits the glucuronidation of emodin in rats through the down-regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A8: application to a drug-drug interaction study in Radix Polygoni Multiflori. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:335-340. [PMID: 23523942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The integrated effects of herbal medicines were the outcome of all of the inherent components. Currently, few studies have focused on the multicomponent interactions in an herbal medicine to elucidate its pharmacological and/or toxicological effects. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the interaction between stilbene glucosides and the anthraquinones contained in Radix Polygoni Multiflori (RPM) and to explore the interaction's mechanism from the perspective of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract of RPM was separated into a stilbene glucoside fraction and a emodin fraction. A rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to disclose the influence of stilbene glucoside on the pharmacokinetics of emodin in rats. Drug and Statistics 2.0 was used for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters. Gene expression analysis in liver and intestinal tissues was performed by a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS The analytical method appeared to be suitable for the analysis of emodin with desirable linearity, accuracy, precision and stability, and the total analysis time was less than 2 min on a short column. Glucuronide of emodin, which is the major metabolite of emodin, was determined after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. As the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies had indicated, the AUC, Cmax and T1/2 of emodin were increased after the stilbene glucoside treatment, and the glucuronidation of emodin was significantly inhibited. The mRNA levels from UGT1A8 and UGT1A2 were decreased by stilbene glucoside treatment. In contrast, the expression of UGT1A1, UGT1A6 and UGT1A9 mRNA was increased in the liver following treatment. CONCLUSIONS The influence of stilbene glucoside on the pharmacokinetics of emodin may be attributed to the inhibition of UGT1A8 mRNA expression. Thus, it is important to extend this research to deepen our understanding of the pharmacological and/or toxicological effects of RPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen H, Soroka D, Zhu Y, Sang S. Metabolism of ginger component [6]-shogaol in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:865-76. [PMID: 23322474 PMCID: PMC3815528 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE There are limited data on the metabolism of [6]-shogaol (6S), a major bioactive component of ginger. This study demonstrates metabolism of 6S in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro metabolism of 6S was compared among five species using liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Following incubations with 6S, three major reductive metabolites 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-ol (M6), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M9), and 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M11), as well as two new oxidative metabolites (1E,4E)-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-deca-1,4-dien-3-one (M14) and (E)-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-dec-1-en-3-one (M15) were found in all species. The kinetic parameters of M6 in liver microsomes from each respective species were quantified using Michaelis-Menten theory. A broad CYP-450 inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, precluded the formation of oxidative metabolites, M14 and M15, and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, an aldo-keto reductase inhibitor, eradicated the formation of the reductive metabolites M6, M9, and M11 in all species. Metabolites M14 and M15 were tested for cancer cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis and both showed substantial activity, with M14 displaying greater potency than 6S. CONCLUSION We conclude that 6S is metabolized extensively in mammalian species mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human, and that there are significant interspecies differences to consider when planning preclinical trials toward 6S chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen H, Soroka DN, Hu Y, Chen X, Sang S. Characterization of thiol-conjugated metabolites of ginger components shogaols in mouse and human urine and modulation of the glutathione levels in cancer cells by [6]-shogaol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:447-58. [PMID: 23322393 PMCID: PMC3817846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Shogaols, a series of major constituents in dried ginger with the most abundant being [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaols, show much higher anticancer potencies than gingerols. Previously, we reported the mercapturic acid pathway as a major metabolic route for [6]-shogaol in mice. However, it is still unclear how the side chain length affects the metabolism of shogaols and how shogaols are metabolized in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We first investigate the metabolism of [10]-shogaol in mouse urine, and then investigate the biotransformation of shogaols in human urine. Our results show that eight major thiol-conjugated metabolites of [10]-shogaol were detected in mouse urine, while six major thiol-conjugated metabolites of [6]-shogaol, two thiol-conjugated metabolites of [8]-shogaol, and two thiol-conjugated metabolites of [10]-shogaol were detected in urine collected from human after drinking ginger tea, using LC/ESI-MS/MS. Our results clearly indicate the mercapturic acid pathway is a major metabolic route for [10]-shogaol in mice and for shogaols in human. Furthermore, we also investigated the regulation of glutathione (GSH) by [6]-shogaol in human colon cancer cells HCT-116. Our results show [6]-shogaol, after initially depleting glutathione levels, can subsequently restore and increase GSH levels over time. CONCLUSION Shogaols are metabolized extensively in mouse and human to form thiol-conjugated metabolites and GSH might play an important role in the cancer-preventive activity of ginger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Dominique N. Soroka
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Preventive and Protective Properties of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Complications, and Associated Lipid and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Brief Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:516870. [PMID: 23243452 PMCID: PMC3519348 DOI: 10.1155/2012/516870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale (ginger) has been used as herbal medicine to treat various ailments worldwide since antiquity. Recent evidence revealed the potential of ginger for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Data from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials has demonstrated the antihyperglycaemic effect of ginger. The mechanisms underlying these actions are associated with insulin release and action, and improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The most active ingredients in ginger are the pungent principles, gingerols, and shogaol. Ginger has shown prominent protective effects on diabetic liver, kidney, eye, and neural system complications. The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and the safety issues of ginger are also discussed in this update.
Collapse
|
44
|
The Cytotoxicity Mechanism of 6-Shogaol-Treated HeLa Human Cervical Cancer Cells Revealed by Label-Free Shotgun Proteomics and Bioinformatics Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:278652. [PMID: 23243437 PMCID: PMC3518257 DOI: 10.1155/2012/278652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. 6-Shogaol is a natural compound isolated from the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale). In this paper, we demonstrated that 6-shogaol induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial pathway were involved in 6-shogaol-mediated apoptosis. Proteomic analysis based on label-free strategy by liquid chromatography chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was subsequently proposed to identify, in a non-target-biased manner, the molecular changes in cellular proteins in response to 6-shogaol treatment. A total of 287 proteins were differentially expressed in response to 24 h treatment with 15 μM 6-shogaol in HeLa cells. Significantly changed proteins were subjected to functional pathway analysis by multiple analyzing software. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) suggested that 14-3-3 signaling is a predominant canonical pathway involved in networks which may be significantly associated with the process of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by 6-shogaol. In conclusion, this work developed an unbiased protein analysis strategy by shotgun proteomics and bioinformatics analysis. Data observed provide a comprehensive analysis of the 6-shogaol-treated HeLa cell proteome and reveal protein alterations that are associated with its anticancer mechanism.
Collapse
|
45
|
Xin GZ, Cao L, Shi ZQ, Li HJ, Wen XD, Chen J, Qi LW, Li P. Direct pharmacokinetic analysis of puqietinone by in vivo microdialysis sampling and turbulent-flow chromatography coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 899:127-34. [PMID: 22658466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is a key step in bioanalytical process because of possible interference and matrix effects in mass spectrometry analysis. In this work, a novel strategy towards high speed and sensitivity was developed combining in vivo microdialysis (MD) sampling, turbulent-flow chromatography (TFC), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The procedures of cleanup, preconcentration, and separation were completed on-line in one step within 10min. During the MD optimization procedure, 1% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was used to improve the relative recovery of the analyte. Untreated MD samples were directly injected, and a TFC precolumn was flushed for 1min with aqueous phase of 4mL/min flow rate to desalt and concentrate biosamples. The retained analytes were then back-flushed by a switching valve onto a fast LC column (4.6mm×50mm, 1.8μm) for separation. Another diverter valve was employed to prevent the HP-β-CD that interferes with the ESI process from entering the MS. Puqietinone, a lipophilic alkaloid from Fritillaria puqiensis, was used as a case for validation. Results showed that the limit of quantification for puqietinone was 0.10ng/mL, and good linearity (R(2)=0.9993) was maintained over the range of 1.02-200.02ng/mL. Accuracy and precision were satisfactory within the range of the standard curve. This approach was able to effectively eliminate the influences of matrix effect and carry-over as the injection volume increased up to 20μL. The developed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of puqietinone after intravenous administration to rat. Results demonstrate the potential of using MD with TFC-LC/MS for in vivo monitoring experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen H, Lv L, Soroka D, Warin RF, Parks TA, Hu Y, Zhu Y, Chen X, Sang S. Metabolism of [6]-shogaol in mice and in cancer cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:742-53. [PMID: 22246389 PMCID: PMC3310425 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger has received extensive attention because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, the metabolic fate of its major components is still unclear. In the present study, the metabolism of [6]-shogaol, one of the major active components in ginger, was examined for the first time in mice and in cancer cells. Thirteen metabolites were detected and identified, seven of which were purified from fecal samples collected from [6]-shogaol-treated mice. Their structures were elucidated as 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-ol (M6), 5-methoxy-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M7), 3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl-decan-3-one (M8), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M9), 5-methylthio-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M10), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M11), and 5-methylthio-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M12) on the basis of detailed analysis of their (1)H, (13)C, and two-dimensional NMR data. The rest of the metabolites were identified as 5-cysteinyl-M6 (M1), 5-cysteinyl-[6]-shogaol (M2), 5-cysteinylglycinyl-M6 (M3), 5-N-acetylcysteinyl-M6 (M4), 5-N-acetylcysteinyl-[6]-shogaol (M5), and 5-glutathiol-[6]-shogaol (M13) by analysis of the MS(n) (n = 1-3) spectra and comparison to authentic standards. Among the metabolites, M1 through M5, M10, M12, and M13 were identified as the thiol conjugates of [6]-shogaol and its metabolite M6. M9 and M11 were identified as the major metabolites in four different cancer cell lines (HCT-116, HT-29, H-1299, and CL-13), and M13 was detected as a major metabolite in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells. We further showed that M9 and M11 are bioactive compounds that can inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. Our results suggest that 1) [6]-shogaol is extensively metabolized in these two models, 2) its metabolites are bioactive compounds, and 3) the mercapturic acid pathway is one of the major biotransformation pathways of [6]-shogaol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kubra IR, Rao LJM. An impression on current developments in the technology, chemistry, and biological activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:651-88. [PMID: 22591340 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.505689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely cultivated as a spice for its aromatic and pungent components. The essential oil and oleoresins from ginger are valuable products responsible for the characteristic flavor and pungency. Both are used in several food products such as soft beverages and also in many types of pharmaceutical formulations. More than 100 compounds have been reported from ginger, some of which are isolated and characterized, others are tentatively identified by GC-MS and / or LC-MS. [6]-Gingerol, the major gingerol in ginger rhizomes, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cardiotonic effects. Ginger is considered as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA. Due to all these properties, ginger has gained considerable attention in developed countries in recent years, especially for its use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present review is a persuasive presentation of the current information on processing, chemistry, biological activities, and medicinal uses of ginger. Further studies are required for the validation of the beneficial uses. Formulation for novel products and new usages may emerge in the years to come, based on the revealed results of various studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Rahath Kubra
- Plantation Products, Spices, and Flavor Technology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570020, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cheng XL, Liu Q, Peng YB, Qi LW, Li P. Steamed ginger (Zingiber officinale): Changed chemical profile and increased anticancer potential. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Kim MG, Shin BS, Choi Y, Ryu JK, Shin SW, Choo HW, Yoo SD. Determination and pharmacokinetics of [6]-gingerol in mouse plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:660-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Gyeonggi-do; Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy; Catholic University of Daegu; Gyeongsan-si; Gyeongbuk; Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Gyeonggi-do; Korea
| | - Jae Kuk Ryu
- Pharm. R&D Institute; Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.; Hwasung; Gyeonggi-do; Korea
| | - Seung Woo Shin
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Gyeonggi-do; Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Choo
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Gyeonggi-do; Korea
| | - Sun Dong Yoo
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; Gyeonggi-do; Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yu Y, Zick S, Li X, Zou P, Wright B, Sun D. Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. AAPS J 2011; 13:417-26. [PMID: 21638149 PMCID: PMC3160151 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger extracts have been studied in various clinical trials for different indications. However, the pharmacokinetics of the ginger active constituents in human biological matrices is not well investigated. This study aims to develop a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous measurement of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol and study their pharmacokinetics in human plasma and colon tissues. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was established and validated with a low limit of quantification of 2-5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from -7.3% to 10.4% and from -9.4% to 9.8%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.9% to 10.9% and from 2.0% to 12.4%, respectively. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol in plasma and colon tissues were quantified after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase. After oral dosing of 2.0 g ginger extracts in human, free 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol were detected in plasma with peak concentrations (9.5 ± 2.2 and 13.6 ± 6.9 ng/mL, respectively) at 1 h after oral administration, but no free 6-gingerol and 8-gingerol were detected in plasma from 0.25 to 24 h. The peak concentrations of glucuronide metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol were 0.47 ± 0.31, 0.17 ± 0.14, 0.37 ± 0.19, and 0.73 ± 0.54 μg/mL at 1 h, respectively. The peak concentrations of the sulfate metabolites of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol were 0.28 ± 0.15, 0.027 ± 0.018, 0.018 ± 0.006, and 0.047 ± 0.035 μg/mL at 1 h, respectively. Very low concentrations (2-3 ng/mL) of 10-gingerol glucuronide and sulfate were found in colon tissues. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that half-lives of these four analytes and their metabolites were 1-3 h in human plasma. No accumulation was observed for 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol and their metabolites in both plasma and colon tissues after multiple daily dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Yu
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Room 2020, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065 USA
| | - Suzanna Zick
- />Department of Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 USA
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Room 2020, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065 USA
| | - Peng Zou
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Room 2020, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065 USA
| | - Benjamin Wright
- />Department of Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Room 2020, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065 USA
| |
Collapse
|