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Yadav P, Singh Y, Chauhan D, Yadav PK, Kedar AS, Tiwari AK, Shah AA, Gayen JR, Chourasia MK. Development and approval of novel injectables: enhancing therapeutic innovations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:639-662. [PMID: 38703363 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2351987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel injectables possess applications in both local and systemic therapeutics delivery. The advancement in utilized materials for the construction of complex injectables has tremendously upgraded their safety and efficacy. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on various strategies to produce novel injectables, including oily dispersions, in situ forming implants, injectable suspensions, microspheres, liposomes, and antibody-drug conjugates. We herein present a detailed description of complex injectable technologies and their related drug formulations permitted for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). The excipients used, their purpose and the challenges faced during manufacturing such formulations have been critically discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel injectables can deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled way at the desired site. However, several challenges persist with respect to their genericization. Astronomical costs incurred by innovator companies during product development, complexity of the product itself, supply limitations with respect to raw materials, intricate manufacturing processes, patent evergreening, product life-cycle extensions, relatively few and protracted generic approvals contribute to the exorbitant prices and access crunch. Moreover, regulatory guidance are grossly underdeveloped and significant efforts have to be directed toward development of effective characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yuvraj Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashwini S Kedar
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Amrendra K Tiwari
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aarti Abhishek Shah
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Diedericks B, Kok AM, Mandiwana V, Lall N. A Review of the Potential of Poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for an Active Antimycobacterial Compound, 7-Methyljuglone. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:216. [PMID: 38399270 PMCID: PMC10893214 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
7-Methyljuglone (7-MJ) is a pure compound isolated from the roots of Euclea natalensis A. DC., a shrub indigenous to South Africa. It exhibits significant promise as a potential treatment for the highly communicable disease tuberculosis (TB), owing to its effective antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite its potential therapeutic benefits, 7-MJ has demonstrated in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines, raising concerns about its safety for consumption by TB patients. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential of poly-(lactide-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as a delivery system, which has been shown to decrease in vitro cytotoxicity, and 7-MJ as an effective antimycobacterial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Diedericks
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.D.); (A.-M.K.)
| | - Anna-Mari Kok
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.D.); (A.-M.K.)
- Research Fellow, South African International Maritime Institute (SAIMI), Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6019, South Africa
| | - Vusani Mandiwana
- Chemicals Cluster, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.D.); (A.-M.K.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 643001, India
- Senior Research Fellow, Bio-Tech R&D Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston IAU-016615, Jamaica
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Annamalai A, Karuppaiya V, Ezhumalai D, Cheruparambath P, Balakrishnan K, Venkatesan A. Nano-based techniques: A revolutionary approach to prevent covid-19 and enhancing human awareness. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023; 86:104567. [PMID: 37313114 PMCID: PMC10183109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In every century of history, there are many new diseases emerged, which are not even cured by many developed countries. Today, despite of scientific development, new deadly pandemic diseases are caused by microorganisms. Hygiene is considered to be one of the best methods of avoiding such communicable diseases, especially viral diseases. Illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 was termed COVID-19 by the WHO, the acronym derived from "coronavirus disease 2019. The globe is living in the worst epidemic era, with the highest infection and mortality rate owing to COVID-19 reaching 6.89% (data up to March 2023). In recent years, nano biotechnology has become a promising and visible field of nanotechnology. Interestingly, nanotechnology is being used to cure many ailments and it has revolutionized many aspects of our lives. Several COVID-19 diagnostic approaches based on nanomaterial have been developed. The various metal NPs, it is highly anticipated that could be viable and economical alternatives for treating drug resistant in many deadly pandemic diseases in near future. This review focuses on an overview of nanotechnology's increasing involvement in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of COVID-19, also this review provides readers with an awareness and knowledge of importance of hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaikkutti Annamalai
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605 014, Puducherry, India
| | - Vimala Karuppaiya
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhineshkumar Ezhumalai
- Dr. Krishnamoorthi Foundation for Advanced Scientific Research, Vellore, 632 001, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manushyaa Blossom Private Limited, Chennai, 600 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kaviarasu Balakrishnan
- Dr. Krishnamoorthi Foundation for Advanced Scientific Research, Vellore, 632 001, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manushyaa Blossom Private Limited, Chennai, 600 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Venkatesan
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605 014, Puducherry, India
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Narmani A, Ganji S, Amirishoar M, Jahedi R, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. Smart chitosan-PLGA nanocarriers functionalized with surface folic acid ligands against lung cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125554. [PMID: 37356696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most prevalent and first killer cancer worldwide, and conventional approaches do not have enough ability to suppress it. Therefore, a novel targeted chitosan (CS)-poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-folic acid (FA) nanocarrier was developed for delivery of sorafenib (Sor) to lung cancer cells. The nanocarrier (CPSF) had a size of 30-40 nm with globular shapes. Surface charge and drug content of CPSF were ascertained at about 1.1 mV and 15 %, respectively. Controlled (4 % within 2 h) and pH-sensitive (18 % within 2 h at pH = 5.0) Sor release were observed for the nanocarrier. The MTT assay demonstrated a cell viability of 13 % after 24 h treatment with 400 nM CPSF in A549 cancer cells while it was 78 % in MSC normal cells. The qRT-PCR revealed >8 folds and 11 folds increase for Caspase9 and P53 genes after 5 h treatment with 100 nM (IC50) CPSF; but a reduction of 5 folds was observed for the Bcl2 gene. Besides, 57 % and 20 % apoptosis were attained in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis assays for CPSF, respectively. CPF indicated about 88 % internalization in cancer cells. These data prove that CPSF is a promising nanodelivery system for lung cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ganji
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Amirishoar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Jahedi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Istratov V, Gomzyak V, Vasnev V, Baranov OV, Mezhuev Y, Gritskova I. Branched Amphiphilic Polylactides as a Polymer Matrix Component for Biodegradable Implants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051315. [PMID: 36904556 PMCID: PMC10007683 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high mechanical strength has provided a steady growth in interest in the synthesis and application of lactic acid-based polyesters for the creation of implants. On the other hand, the hydrophobicity of polylactide limits the possibilities of its use in biomedical fields. The ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide, catalyzed by tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate in the presence of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, and an ester of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ester and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid accompanied by the introduction of a pool of hydrophilic groups, that reduce the contact angle, were considered. The structures of the synthesized amphiphilic branched pegylated copolylactides were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The resulting amphiphilic copolylactides, with a narrow MWD (1.14-1.22) and molecular weight of 5000-13,000, were used to prepare interpolymer mixtures with PLLA. Already, with the introduction of 10 wt% branched pegylated copolylactides, PLLA-based films had reduced brittleness, hydrophilicity, with a water contact angle of 71.9-88.5°, and increased water absorption. An additional decrease in the water contact angle, of 66.1°, was achieved by filling the mixed polylactide films with 20 wt% hydroxyapatite, which also led to a moderate decrease in strength and ultimate tensile elongation. At the same time, the PLLA modification did not have a significant effect on the melting point and the glass transition temperature; however, the filling with hydroxyapatite increased the thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Istratov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Baumanskaya 2-ya Str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.I.); (Y.M.)
| | - Vitaliy Gomzyak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, MIREA—Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA), Vernadskogo Avenue 78, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valerii Vasnev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Baranov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Mezhuev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.I.); (Y.M.)
| | - Inessa Gritskova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, MIREA—Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA), Vernadskogo Avenue 78, 119454 Moscow, Russia
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Raj R, Pinto SN, Crucho CIC, Das S, Baleizão C, Farinha JPS. Optically traceable PLGA-silica nanoparticles for cell-triggered doxorubicin delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112872. [PMID: 36179611 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent silica nanoparticles with a polymer shell of poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) can provide traceable cell-triggered delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), protecting the cargo while in transit and releasing it only intracellularly. PLGA with 50:50 lactide:glycolide ratio was grown by surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (ROP) from silica nanoparticles of ca. 50 nm diameter, doped with a perylenediimide (PDI) fluorescent dye anchored to the silica structure. After loading DOX, release from the core-shell particles was evaluated in solution at physiological pH (7.4), and in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) after internalization. The hybrid silica-PLGA nanoparticles can accommodate a large cargo of DOX, and the release in solution (PBS) due to PLGA hydrolysis is negligible for at least 72 h. However, once internalized in MCF-7 cells, the nanoparticles release the DOX cargo by degradation of the PLGA. Accumulation of DOX in the nucleus causes cell apoptosis, with the drug-loaded nanoparticles found to be as potent as free DOX. Our fluorescently traceable hybrid silica-PLGA nanoparticles with cell-triggered cargo release offer excellent prospects for the controlled delivery of anticancer drugs, protecting the cargo while in transit and efficiently releasing the drug once inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raj
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Life Science, Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India.
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carina I C Crucho
- iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Surajit Das
- Department of Life Science, Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769 008, Odisha, India.
| | - Carlos Baleizão
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Paulo S Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Song JS, Kim SY, Nam JH, Lee J, Song SY, Seong H. IVIVC of Octreotide in PLGA-Glucose Microsphere Formulation, Sandostatin® LAR. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:258. [PMID: 36123513 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02359-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) analysis reveals a relationship between in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic response of the drug of interest. Sandostatin LAR Depot (SLD) for endocrine tumors and acromegaly is a sustained-release formulation of octreotide, a cyclic oligomer of 8 amino acids, which prolongs therapeutic efficacy and enhances medication compliance of octreotide. Since the efficacy of SLD is dependent on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of octreotide released from a biodegradable matrix polymer, poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-glucose, of SLD, the IVIVC of SLD is critical for predicting an in vivo behavior of the octreotide. In this study, in vitro release of octreotide from SLD was investigated using the release test media each containing 0.02% or 0.5% surfactant and having different pH values of 7.4 and 5.5. In vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of SLD were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis of the systemic blood concentration of octreotide after the SLD injection to rodents. In IVIVC analysis, the Weibull model was adopted as a drug release model for biodegradable microsphere formulation. The IVIVC analyses revealed the in vitro release test condition of SLD with the highest IVIV correlation coefficient. By applying the in vitro release data to the model derived from the IVIVC analysis, pharmacokinetic parameters of SLD could be predicted with the prediction error of ± 10 ~ 15%. IVIVC analysis and pharmacokinetic prediction model of SLD in our study can be an efficient tool for the development of long-acting pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sook Song
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- General Technical Institute, Kolmar Korea, 61 (Naegok-dong) 8-gil, Heolleung-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06800, South Korea.,Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Song
- Peptron Inc., 37-24, Yuseong-daero 1628 beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Hasoo Seong
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.
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Gonella A, Grizot S, Liu F, López Noriega A, Richard J. Long-acting injectable formulation technologies: Challenges and opportunities for the delivery of fragile molecules. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:927-944. [PMID: 35899474 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of long acting injectables (LAIs) for protein and peptide therapeutics has been a key challenge over the last 20 years. If these molecules offer advantages due to their high specificity and selectivity, their controlled release may confer several additional benefits in terms of extended half-life, local delivery, and patient compliance. AREA COVERED This manuscript aims to give an overview of peptide and protein based LAIs from an industrial perspective, describing both approved and promising technologies (with exceptions of protein engineering strategies and devices), their advantages and potential improvements to aid their access to the market. EXPERT OPINION Many LAIs have been developed for peptides, with formulations on the market for several decades. On the contrary, LAIs for proteins are still far from the market and issues related to manufacturing and sterilization of these products still need to be overcome. In situ forming depots (ISFDs), whose simple manufacturing conditions and easy administration procedures (without reconstitution) are strong advantages, appear as one of the most promising technologies for the delivery of these molecules. In this regard, the approval of ELIGARD® in the early 2000's (which still requires a complex reconstitution process), paved the way for the development of second-generation, ready-to-use ISFD technologies like BEPO® and FluidCrystal®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonella
- MedinCell S.A. - 3 rue des Frères Lumiere, 34830, Jacou, France
| | | | - Fang Liu
- MedinCell S.A. - 3 rue des Frères Lumiere, 34830, Jacou, France
| | | | - Joël Richard
- MedinCell S.A. - 3 rue des Frères Lumiere, 34830, Jacou, France
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Oral delivery of polyester nanoparticles for brain-targeting: Challenges and opportunities. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lim YW, Tan WS, Ho KL, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Abu Kasim NH, Abd. Rahman N, Wong TW, Chee CF. Challenges and Complications of Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)-Based Long-Acting Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:614. [PMID: 35335988 PMCID: PMC8955085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the preferred polymeric inactive ingredients for long-acting parenteral drug products that are constituted of complex formulations. Despite over 30 years of use, there are still many challenges faced by researchers in formulation-related aspects pertaining to drug loading and release. Until now, PLGA-based complex generic drug products have not been successfully developed. The complexity in developing these generic drug products is not just due to their complex formulation, but also to the manufacturing process of the listed reference drugs that involve PLGA. The composition and product attributes of commercial PLGA formulations vary with the drugs and their intended applications. The lack of standard compendial methods for in vitro release studies hinders generic pharmaceutical companies in their efforts to develop PLGA-based complex generic drug products. In this review, we discuss the challenges faced in developing PLGA-based long-acting injectable/implantable (LAI) drug products; hurdles that are associated with drug loading and release that are dictated by the physicochemical properties of PLGA and product manufacturing processes. Approaches to overcome these challenges and hurdles are highlighted specifically with respect to drug encapsulation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (Y.W.L.); (W.S.T.)
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (Y.W.L.); (W.S.T.)
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | | | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia
| | - Chin Fei Chee
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Vlachopoulos A, Karlioti G, Balla E, Daniilidis V, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Christodoulou E, Koumentakou I, Karavas E, Bikiaris DN. Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Microparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: An Overview of Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020359. [PMID: 35214091 PMCID: PMC8877458 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustained release of pharmaceutical substances remains the most convenient way of drug delivery. Hence, a great variety of reports can be traced in the open literature associated with drug delivery systems (DDS). Specifically, the use of microparticle systems has received special attention during the past two decades. Polymeric microparticles (MPs) are acknowledged as very prevalent carriers toward an enhanced bio-distribution and bioavailability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug substances. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and their copolymers are among the most frequently used biodegradable polymers for encapsulated drugs. This review describes the current state-of-the-art research in the study of poly(lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles and PLA-copolymers with other aliphatic acids as drug delivery devices for increasing the efficiency of drug delivery, enhancing the release profile, and drug targeting of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Potential advances in generics and the constant discovery of therapeutic peptides will hopefully promote the success of microsphere technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Georgia Karlioti
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Evangelia Balla
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Vasileios Daniilidis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Theocharis Kalamas
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Myrika Stefanidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Nikolaos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Evi Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Evangelos Karavas
- Pharmathen S.A., Pharmaceutical Industry, Dervenakion Str. 6, Pallini Attikis, GR-153 51 Attiki, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (D.N.B.); Tel.: +30-231-099-7812 (D.N.B.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (D.N.B.); Tel.: +30-231-099-7812 (D.N.B.)
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12
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Patil S, Yoo J, Won YY. Investigation of the Mechanisms and Kinetics of DBU-Catalyzed PLGA Copolymerization via a Full-Scale Population Balance Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samruddhi Patil
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jin Yoo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - You-Yeon Won
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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13
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Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of the Complex Release Kinetics of Octreotide LAR: Defining Sub-Populations by Cluster Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101578. [PMID: 34683871 PMCID: PMC8537465 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model, of Octreotide long acting repeatable (LAR) formulation in healthy volunteers, which describes the highly variable, multiple peak absorption pattern of the pharmacokinetics of the drug, in individual and population levels. An empirical absorption model, coupled with a one-compartment distribution model with linear elimination was found to describe the data well. Absorption was modelled as a weighted sum of a first order and three transit compartment absorption processes, with delays and appropriately constrained model parameters. Identifiability analysis verified that all twelve parameters of the structural model are identifiable. A machine learning method, i.e., cluster analysis, was performed as pre-processing of the PK profiles, to define subpopulations, before PPK modelling. It revealed that 13% of the patients deviated considerably from the typical absorption pattern and allowed better characterization of the observed heterogeneity and variability of the study, while the approach may have wider applicability in building PPK models. The final model was evaluated by goodness of fit plots, Visual Predictive Check plots and bootstrap. The present model is the first to describe the multiple-peak absorption pattern observed after octreotide LAR administration and may be useful to provide insights and validate hypotheses regarding release from PLGA-based formulations.
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14
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PLGA/PLA-Based Long-Acting Injectable Depot Microspheres in Clinical Use: Production and Characterization Overview for Protein/Peptide Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168884. [PMID: 34445587 PMCID: PMC8396256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, long acting injectable (LAI) depots of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) or polylactic acid (PLA) based microspheres have been developed for controlled drug delivery to reduce dosing frequency and to improve the therapeutic effects. Biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides are encapsulated in the microspheres to increase their bioavailability and provide a long release period (days or months) with constant drug plasma concentration. The biodegradable and biocompatible properties of PLGA/PLA polymers, including but not limited to molecular weight, end group, lactide to glycolide ratio, and minor manufacturing changes, could greatly affect the quality attributes of microsphere formulations such as release profile, size, encapsulation efficiency, and bioactivity of biopharmaceuticals. Besides, the encapsulated proteins/peptides are susceptible to harsh processing conditions associated with microsphere fabrication methods, including exposure to organic solvent, shear stress, and temperature fluctuations. The protein/peptide containing LAI microspheres in clinical use is typically prepared by double emulsion, coacervation, and spray drying techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the formulation attributes and conventional manufacturing techniques of LAI microspheres that are currently in clinical use for protein/peptides. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics of the microsphere formulations are deliberated.
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15
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Challenges and opportunities in the development of complex generic long-acting injectable drug products. J Control Release 2021; 336:144-158. [PMID: 34126170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable (LAI) drug products enable the controlled release of a drug over an extended duration of time to improve the therapeutic effect, safety profile, or administration of an injectable product. The development of generic [505(j)] and differentiated [505(b)(2)] LAI products helps to provide patients and healthcare providers with more treatment options and to reduce overall healthcare costs, including those associated with drug product administration and patient compliance. In this review, we analyze the landscape of LAI products and identify the most common technical challenges that potential generic product entrants face. We focus on five formulation technologies that account for ~90% of approved LAI products, including those eligible for generic product registration over the next five years, to illustrate technology-specific challenges. We then review efforts from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to promote more generic product competition and emphasize the importance of collaboration among government, industry, and academia to advance the knowledge and capabilities of the scientific community. Regulatory bodies, industry, and academia are encouraged to anticipate challenges with emerging innovative LAI technologies and to leverage the experiences built on established technologies to foster generic product development.
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16
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Hasanzadeh A, Alamdaran M, Ahmadi S, Nourizadeh H, Bagherzadeh MA, Mofazzal Jahromi MA, Simon P, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Nanotechnology against COVID-19: Immunization, diagnostic and therapeutic studies. J Control Release 2021; 336:354-374. [PMID: 34175366 PMCID: PMC8226031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early 2020 soon led to the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since then, the clinical and scientific communities have been closely collaborating to develop effective strategies for controlling the ongoing pandemic. The game-changing fields of recent years, nanotechnology and nanomedicine have the potential to not only design new approaches, but also to improve existing methods for the fight against COVID-19. Nanomaterials can be used in the development of highly efficient, reusable personal protective equipment, and antiviral nano-coatings in public settings could prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Smart nanocarriers have accelerated the design of several therapeutic, prophylactic, or immune-mediated approaches against COVID-19. Some nanovaccines have even entered Phase IΙ/IIΙ clinical trials. Several rapid and cost-effective COVID-19 diagnostic techniques have also been devised based on nanobiosensors, lab-on-a-chip systems, or nanopore technology. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging role of nanotechnology in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Alamdaran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helena Nourizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sport Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Social Science, Media and Sport, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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17
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Hua Y, Su Y, Zhang H, Liu N, Wang Z, Gao X, Gao J, Zheng A. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere production based on quality by design: a review. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1342-1355. [PMID: 34180769 PMCID: PMC8245074 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1943056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has garnered increasing attention as a candidate drug delivery polymer owing to its favorable properties, including its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and mechanical strength. PLAG are specifically used as microspheres for the sustained/controlled and targeted delivery of hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs, as well as biological therapeutic macromolecules, including peptide and protein drugs. PLGAs with different molecular weights, lactic acid (LA)/glycolic acid (GA) ratios, and end groups exhibit unique release characteristics, which is beneficial for obtaining diverse therapeutic effects. This review aims to analyze the composition of PLGA microspheres, and understand the manufacturing process involved in their production, from a quality by design perspective. Additionally, the key factors affecting PLGA microsphere development are explored as well as the principles involved in the synthesis and degradation of PLGA and its interaction with active drugs. Further, the effects elicited by microcosmic conditions on PLGA macroscopic properties, are analyzed. These conditions include variations in the organic phase (organic solvent, PLGA, and drug concentration), continuous phase (emulsifying ability), emulsifying stage (organic phase and continuous phase interaction, homogenization parameters), and solidification process (relationship between solvent volatilization rate and curing conditions). The challenges in achieving consistency between batches during manufacturing are addressed, and continuous production is discussed as a potential solution. Finally, potential critical quality attributes are introduced, which may facilitate the optimization of process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Zengming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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18
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Ibrahim TM, El-Megrab NA, El-Nahas HM. An overview of PLGA in-situ forming implants based on solvent exchange technique: effect of formulation components and characterization. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:709-728. [PMID: 34176433 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1944207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the low oral bioavailability of several drugs, there is a renewed interest for parenteral administration to target their absorption directly into the blood bypassing the long gastrointestinal route and hepatic metabolism. In order to address the potential side effects of frequent injections, sustained release systems are the most popular approaches for achieving controlled long-acting drug delivery. Injectable in-situ forming implants (ISFIs) have gained greater popularity in comparison to other sustained systems. Their significant positive aspects are attributed to easier production, acceptable administration route, reduced dosing frequency and patient compliance achievement. ISFI systems, comprising biodegradable polymers such as poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based on solvent exchange mechanisms, are emerged as liquid formulations that develop solid or semisolid depots after injection and deliver drugs over extended periods. The drug release from ISFI systems is generally characterized by an initial burst during the matrix solidification, followed by diffusion processes and finally polymeric degradation and erosion. The choice of suitable solvent with satisfactory viscosity, miscibility and biocompatibility along with considerable PLGA hydrophobicity and molecular weights is fundamental for optimizing the drug release. This overview gives a particular emphasis on evaluations and the wide ranges of requirements needed to achieve reasonable physicochemical characteristics of ISFIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagia Ahmed El-Megrab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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19
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Cooper BM, Iegre J, O' Donovan DH, Ölwegård Halvarsson M, Spring DR. Peptides as a platform for targeted therapeutics for cancer: peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs). Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1480-1494. [PMID: 33346298 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peptides can offer the versatility needed for a successful oncology drug discovery approach. Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are an emerging targeted therapeutic that present increased tumour penetration and selectivity. Despite these advantages, there are still limitations for the use of peptides as therapeutics exemplified through their slow progression to get into the clinic and limited oral bioavailability. New approaches to address these problems have been studied and successfully implemented to enhance the stability of peptides and their constructs. There is great promise for the future of PDCs with two molecules already on the market and many variations currently undergoing clinical trials, such as bicycle-toxin conjugates and peptide-dendrimer conjugates. This review summarises the entire process needed for the design and successful development of an oncology PDC including chemical and nanomaterial strategies to enhance peptide stability within circulation, the function of each component of a PDC construct, and current examples in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | - Maria Ölwegård Halvarsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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20
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Garner J, Skidmore S, Hadar J, Park H, Park K, Kuk Jhon Y, Qin B, Wang Y. Analysis of semi-solvent effects for PLGA polymers. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120627. [PMID: 33915188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers (PLGAs) have been used in many clinical formulations of injectable, long-acting formulations. Frequently, PLGAs having different lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratios, molecular weights (MWs), end-groups, and molecular structures have been used individually or in mixtures. To understand the properties of existing formulations made of PLGAs and to develop new formulations, understanding PLGA properties is essential. Yet, the separation of individual PLGA components from a mixture and their characterization has been challenging due to an incomplete understanding of PLGAs. This study focuses on separating PLGAs based on their molecular properties, such as L:G ratio, molecular weight, and comonomer sequence. The separation of PLGAs exploits the use of semi-solvents that dissolve only PLGAs having lactide contents (L%) above a certain threshold. More semi-solvents have been identified that show a specific transition L% between 50 and 100%. The mechanism study of semi-solvents indicates that semi-solvents, in general, prefer PLGAs with relatively higher L%, lower molecular weight, and higher G-L sequences as opposed to G-G sequences. The examination of a series of esters and ketones indicates that a solvent with lower molar volume is more effective as a semi-solvent. At a similar molar volume, esters are more effective than ketones in dissolving PLGAs with the same L:G ratio. The ability to separate and identify PLGA fractions allows better characterization of existing formulations and higher flexibility in designing new injectable, long-acting PLGA formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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21
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Park K, Otte A, Sharifi F, Garner J, Skidmore S, Park H, Jhon YK, Qin B, Wang Y. Formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2021; 329:1150-1161. [PMID: 33148404 PMCID: PMC7904638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable long-acting formulations, specifically poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based systems, have been used to deliver drugs systemically for up to 6 months. Despite the benefits of using this type of long-acting formulations, the development of clinical products and the generic versions of existing formulations has been slow. Only about two dozen formulations have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during the last 30 years. Furthermore, less than a dozen small molecules have been incorporated and approved for clinical use in PLGA-based formulations. The limited number of clinically used products is mainly due to the incomplete understanding of PLGA polymers and the various variables involved in the composition and manufacturing process. Numerous process parameters affect the formulation properties, and their intricate interactions have been difficult to decipher. Thus, it is necessary to identify all the factors affecting the final formulation properties and determine the main contributors to enable control of each factor independently. The composition of the formulation and the manufacturing processes determine the essential property of each formulation, i.e., in vivo drug release kinetics leading to their respective pharmacokinetic profiles. Since the pharmacokinetic profiles can be correlated with in vitro release kinetics, proper in vitro characterization is critical for both batch-to-batch quality control and scale-up production. In addition to in vitro release kinetics, other in vitro characterization is essential for ensuring that the desired formulation is produced, resulting in an expected pharmacokinetic profile. This article reviews the effects of a selected number of parameters in the formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of microparticle systems. In particular, the emphasis is focused on the characterization of surface morphology of PLGA microparticles, as it is a manifestation of the formulation composition and the manufacturing process. Also, the implication of the surface morphology on the drug release kinetics is examined. The information described here can also be applied to in situ forming implants and solid implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Farrokh Sharifi
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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22
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Allen C, Evans JC. ‘Hip to be square’: Designing PLGA formulations for the future. J Control Release 2020; 319:487-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Hadar J, Skidmore S, Garner J, Park H, Park K, Wang Y, Qin B, Jiang XJ, Kozak D. Method matters: Development of characterization techniques for branched and glucose-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers. J Control Release 2020; 320:484-494. [PMID: 32027937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Defining the qualitative sameness of parenteral formulations comprised of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) requires assays of the relevant properties of polymer from each formulation. Gel-permeation chromatography with quaternary detection (GPC-4D) has been previously applied to other polymers, and the relevant mathematical parameters for their characterization are available; however, such parameters have not been described for branched PLGA polymers. Little information is available for the determination of glucose within glucose-PLGA (Glu-PLGA) branched polymers. This study describes the experimental methods of defining the mathematical parameters for characterization of branched PLGA polymers and the validation of these parameters using known branched-PLGA standards. The glucose, used as an initiator, was tracked through the synthesis of Glu-PLGA by both 13C NMR and enzymatic analysis. The analytical determination of the relevant parameters defining Glu-PLGA, such as the branching number, and the presence of glucose, requires the use of appropriate procedures experimentally validated in a systematic manner. The procedures described in this study were developed for characterization of Glu-PLGA with the lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratio of 55:45 used in Sandostatin® LAR. The procedures can also be used for characterization of Glu-PLGAs made of different L:G ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hadar
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jeff Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Chen T, Liu W, Xiong S, Li D, Fang S, Wu Z, Wang Q, Chen X. Nanoparticles Mediating the Sustained Puerarin Release Facilitate Improved Brain Delivery to Treat Parkinson's Disease. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45276-45289. [PMID: 31638771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted the potential of puerarin (PU) as a valuable compound to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), but its undesirable water solubility and bioavailability have constrained its utility. In this study, we sought to develop nanoparticles (NPs) that could be used to encapsulate PU, thereby extending its in vivo half-life and improving its bioavailability and accumulation in the brain to treat the symptoms of PD. We prepared spherical NPs (88.36 ± 1.67 nm) from six-armed star-shaped poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (6-s-PLGA) NPs that were used to encapsulate PU (PU-NPs) with 89.52 ± 1.74% encapsulation efficiency, 42.97 ± 1.58% drug loading, and a 48 h sustained drug release. NP formation and drug loading were largely mediated by hydrophobic interactions, while changes in the external environment led these NPs to become increasingly hydrophilic, thereby leading to drug release. Relative to PU alone, PU-NPs exhibited significantly improved cellular internalization, permeation, and neuroprotective effects. Upon the basis of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of NPs-administered zebrafish, we were able to determine that these NPs were rapidly absorbed into circulation whereupon they were able to access the brain. We further conducted oral PU-NPs administration to rats, revealing significant improvements in PU accumulation within the plasma and brain relative to rats administered free PU. In MPTP-mediated neurotoxicity in mice, we found that PU-NPs treatment improved disease-associated behavioral deficits and depletion of dopamine and its metabolites. These findings indicated that PU-NPs represent a potentially viable approach to enhancing PU oral absorption, thus improving its delivery to the brain wherein it can aid in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Sha Xiong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Dongli Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang 330004 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 999078 , China
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Park K, Skidmore S, Hadar J, Garner J, Park H, Otte A, Soh BK, Yoon G, Yu D, Yun Y, Lee BK, Jiang X, Wang Y. Injectable, long-acting PLGA formulations: Analyzing PLGA and understanding microparticle formation. J Control Release 2019; 304:125-134. [PMID: 31071374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injectable, long-acting depot formulations based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) have been used clinically since 1989. Despite 30 years of development, however, there are only 19 different drugs in PLGA formulations approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The difficulty in developing depot formulations stems in large part from the lack of a clear molecular understanding of PLGA polymers and a mechanistic understanding of PLGA microparticles formation. The difficulty is readily apparent by the absence of approved PLGA-based generic products, limiting access to affordable medicines to all patients. PLGA has been traditionally characterized by its molecular weight, lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratio, and end group. Characterization of non-linear PLGA, such as star-shaped glucose-PLGA, has been difficult due to the shortcomings in analytical methods typically used for PLGA. In addition, separation of a mixture of different PLGAs has not been previously identified, especially when only their L:G ratios are different while the molecular weights are the same. New analytical methods were developed to determine the branch number of star-shaped PLGAs, and to separate PLGAs based on L:G ratios regardless of the molecular weight. A deeper understanding of complex PLGA formulations can be achieved with these new characterization methods. Such methods are important for further development of not only PLGA depot formulations with controllable drug release kinetics, but also generic formulations of current brand-name products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Justin Hadar
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bong Kwan Soh
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gwangheum Yoon
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dijia Yu
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yeonhee Yun
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lee
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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